@article{ijisr-26-010-01,
author = {Ardi Parduzi and Arbenita Kllokoqi and Liridon Xhafa},
title = {{Assessing the Effects of CAP Implementation on Economic Growth in Croatia, Bulgaria and Slovenia}},
journal = {International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Reseach},
abbrev_source_title={Int. J. Innovation Appl. Stud.},
volume = {83},
year = {2026},
month = mar,
pages = {150--155},
issue = {2},
number = {2},
issn = {2351-8014},
issn={23518014},
url = {http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJISR-26-010-01},
abstract_html_url = {http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJISR-26-010-01},
pdf_url = {http://www.issr-journals.org/links/papers.php?journal=ijisr&application=pdf&article=IJISR-26-010-01},
file = {http://www.issr-journals.org/links/papers.php?journal=ijisr&application=pdf&article=IJISR-26-010-01},
abstract = {This paper analyses the impact of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) on economic growth and performance of many economic sectors related to the agricultural sector in Bulgaria, Croatia and Slovenia. Comparing the main economic indicators before and after EU integration, the study identifies both positive and negative trends.
The results show that in Bulgaria, economic growth slowed down slightly after the implementation of the CAP, while on the other hand unemployment decreased and agricultural exports and direct payments to this sector increased significantly, reflecting improved support and competitiveness in the agricultural sector.
In Croatia, GDP growth strengthened, accompanied by a modest decrease in unemployment and a significant increase in agricultural production and subsidies, which were a result of the work carried out over the years and the long period of membership. Both countries experienced a decrease in the number of farms, but on the other hand increasing their productivity and size, while increasing efficiency in the agricultural sector.
Overall, the findings show that CAP integration has contributed to improving agricultural performance and labor market conditions, although its effects on overall economic growth remain mixed as some sectors have experienced growth while others have experienced declines. The impact of the policy appears to be strongest in promoting modernization, investment, and export capacity within agriculture.},
author_keywords={Common Agricultural Policy, economic growth, agriculture, employment, EU integration},
keywords = {Common Agricultural Policy, economic growth, agriculture, employment, EU integration},
language = {English},
affiliation={Faculty of Business and Economics, Southeast European University, Republic of North Macedonia},
correspondence_address={Ardi Parduzi; Faculty of Business and Economics, Southeast European University, Republic of North Macedonia},
references={},
document_type={Article},
source={www.issr-journals.org}
}

@article{ijisr-25-361-21,
author = {Roger Nzapakembi Kwando and Nzembula Nyota Ruth and Liridon Xhafa},
title = {{Optimization of the general services of the Central Bank of the Congo: Contribution of lean management (Study conducted in 2023)}},
journal = {International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Reseach},
abbrev_source_title={Int. J. Innovation Appl. Stud.},
volume = {83},
year = {2026},
month = mar,
pages = {156--164},
issue = {2},
number = {2},
issn = {2351-8014},
issn={23518014},
url = {http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJISR-25-361-21},
abstract_html_url = {http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJISR-25-361-21},
pdf_url = {http://www.issr-journals.org/links/papers.php?journal=ijisr&application=pdf&article=IJISR-25-361-21},
file = {http://www.issr-journals.org/links/papers.php?journal=ijisr&application=pdf&article=IJISR-25-361-21},
abstract = {The Central Bank of Congo, a pillar of the country’s economic and financial stability, faces specific challenges related to resource management, operational efficiency, and the fight against economic volatility. It faces growing challenges, particularly in terms of responsiveness and adaptation to financial crises, exchange rate fluctuations, and increased transparency and regulatory compliance requirements. It relies on internal departments to ensure the smooth running of its missions, including general services.
We noted that, in the daily operations of these departments, administrative procedures are often lengthy and complex, leading to wasted time and suboptimal use of available resources. This situation compromises the bank’s responsiveness and efficiency in an environment where every minute counts, whether in responding to financial challenges or coordinating strategic missions. The adaptation of Lean Management (Value Stream Mapping, 5S, Kaizen, etc.), which involves eliminating waste and retaining only the steps that provide real added value, has proven particularly relevant.},
author_keywords={Lean Management, 5S, Kaizen, Central Bank, optimization},
keywords = {Lean Management, 5S, Kaizen, Central Bank, optimization},
language = {French},
affiliation={Diplômé d’Etudes Supérieures en Gestion des Entreprises et Organisation du Travail, Université de Kinshasa, RD Congo},
correspondence_address={Roger Nzapakembi Kwando; Diplômé d’Etudes Supérieures en Gestion des Entreprises et Organisation du Travail, Université de Kinshasa, RD Congo},
references={},
document_type={Article},
source={www.issr-journals.org}
}

@article{ijisr-25-361-16,
author = {Amadou MOUNDOM and MAPENDO KABYABU Feja and MUHINDO KASAY Thierry and GUETSA KAMANOU Flavien and François NGAPGUE and Thomas TAMO TATIETSE},
title = {{Contribution to the structural design of G+9 storey building without shear walls or bracing systems in seismic zones of Goma and Bukavu in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)}},
journal = {International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Reseach},
abbrev_source_title={Int. J. Innovation Appl. Stud.},
volume = {83},
year = {2026},
month = mar,
pages = {165--211},
issue = {2},
number = {2},
issn = {2351-8014},
issn={23518014},
url = {http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJISR-25-361-16},
abstract_html_url = {http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJISR-25-361-16},
pdf_url = {http://www.issr-journals.org/links/papers.php?journal=ijisr&application=pdf&article=IJISR-25-361-16},
file = {http://www.issr-journals.org/links/papers.php?journal=ijisr&application=pdf&article=IJISR-25-361-16},
abstract = {This work focuses on the seismic design of reinforced concrete structures in highly seismic areas such as Goma and Bukavu. Entitled ‘Contribution to the Structural Design of Buildings type G+9 in the Seismic Zones of Goma and Bukavu’, the study aims to analyze the influence of soil properties on the seismic behavior of a (G+9) or 10 storey building in accordance with the provisions of Eurocode 8. The analyses and designs were carried out according to the norm RPA99 modified 2003, MATLAB (for simplified manual calculations), Robot structural Analysis Professional (for automated calculations), Eurocode 8, Eurocode 2, Reinforced concrete to limit States 91 (mod.99). The building is a ten-storey reinforced concrete structure without shear walls or bracing systems, in order to clearly observe the effect of soil type on dynamic behavior. Two types of analyses were carried out: a manual static analysis for the preliminary design of structural elements (beams, columns, footings), and a modal response spectrum analysis according to Eurocode 8 for seismic evaluation. The results reveal that soft soil from Bukavu (Class C) produces higher internal forces, with an average increase in base shear forces of approximately 41%, and a 42% increase in lateral displacements compared to hard soil from Goma (Class A). This is due to the amplification of seismic waves in soft soils, which significantly affects tall buildings. Finally, the generated reinforcement plans were adapted to the specific loads for each soil type, highlighting the importance of adjusting the design to local ground conditions. This study underlines the critical impact of soil type on seismic analysis and structural design. It emphasizes the importance of prior geotechnical investigations and strict adherence to Eurocode 8 provisions to ensure structural safety in seismic regions.},
author_keywords={Eurocode 8, reinforced concrete structures, seismicity, soft soil, hard soil, modeling},
keywords = {Eurocode 8, reinforced concrete structures, seismicity, soft soil, hard soil, modeling},
language = {French},
affiliation={Maître de conférences en Génie Civil, FASA, Université de Dschang, Cameroon},
correspondence_address={Amadou MOUNDOM; Maître de conférences en Génie Civil, FASA, Université de Dschang, Cameroon},
references={},
document_type={Article},
source={www.issr-journals.org}
}

@article{ijisr-25-361-22,
author = {Roger Nzapakembi Kwando and Mamanu Djamal Issa and MUHINDO KASAY Thierry and GUETSA KAMANOU Flavien and François NGAPGUE and Thomas TAMO TATIETSE},
title = {{Assessment of inventory management practices in Nigerian small and medium enterprises at Kinshasa’s central market}},
journal = {International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Reseach},
abbrev_source_title={Int. J. Innovation Appl. Stud.},
volume = {83},
year = {2026},
month = mar,
pages = {212--216},
issue = {2},
number = {2},
issn = {2351-8014},
issn={23518014},
url = {http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJISR-25-361-22},
abstract_html_url = {http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJISR-25-361-22},
pdf_url = {http://www.issr-journals.org/links/papers.php?journal=ijisr&application=pdf&article=IJISR-25-361-22},
file = {http://www.issr-journals.org/links/papers.php?journal=ijisr&application=pdf&article=IJISR-25-361-22},
abstract = {A company’s success is determined by its ability to offer the right product at the right time. Intelligent inventory management plays a crucial role in achieving this.
Inventory is an operational resource that must be carefully managed. When inventory levels are insufficient, the company risks stockouts, which create additional costs and, more importantly, damage the company’s brand image. Conversely, excess inventory becomes a fixed asset, increasing production costs and straining cash flow.
Optimizing inventory management inevitably involves minimizing costs and using procurement methods tailored to each item.
Research results show that the vast majority of Nigerian SMEs operating in the Central Market of Kinshasa regularly experience stockouts, use different procurement methods depending on the circumstances, do not use inventory management software, and rely on traditional inventory management practices.},
author_keywords={management, inventory, SMEs, central market},
keywords = {management, inventory, SMEs, central market},
language = {French},
affiliation={Diplômé d’Etudes Supérieures en Gestion des Entreprises et Organisation du Travail, Université de Kinshasa, RD Congo},
correspondence_address={Roger Nzapakembi Kwando; Diplômé d’Etudes Supérieures en Gestion des Entreprises et Organisation du Travail, Université de Kinshasa, RD Congo},
references={},
document_type={Article},
source={www.issr-journals.org}
}

@article{ijisr-25-362-01,
author = {Kouassi Kouakou Alain François and Zonkouan-Kouame Badjo Ruth Virginia and Coulibaly Kolotioloma Alama and Dibi-Anoh Agoh Pauline and François NGAPGUE and Thomas TAMO TATIETSE},
title = {{Recent climatic variability in Côte d’Ivoire (1981-2025)}},
journal = {International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Reseach},
abbrev_source_title={Int. J. Innovation Appl. Stud.},
volume = {83},
year = {2026},
month = mar,
pages = {217--228},
issue = {2},
number = {2},
issn = {2351-8014},
issn={23518014},
url = {http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJISR-25-362-01},
abstract_html_url = {http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJISR-25-362-01},
pdf_url = {http://www.issr-journals.org/links/papers.php?journal=ijisr&application=pdf&article=IJISR-25-362-01},
file = {http://www.issr-journals.org/links/papers.php?journal=ijisr&application=pdf&article=IJISR-25-362-01},
abstract = {This study analyzes the evolution of the Ivorian climate between 1981 and 2025. It relies on CORDEX data derived from five regional climate models and 14 stations distributed across the country. The series were processed using the Hanning low-pass filter, standardized anomalies, the Pettitt test combined with the Bayesian approach of Lee and Heghinian, and the Hydro-Environmental Deficit Index (IDDH). The results first reveal a generalized increase in rainfall. However, a marked deficit period occurred between 1990 and 2014. Since 2014, most stations have shown a clear recovery. In parallel, temperatures have risen across the entire territory, with a stronger intensity along the coastline. Moreover, recent rainfall shifts are associated with substantial positive variations, exceeding 20% in coastal and forest zones. Rainy seasons have intensified in most stations, although Korhogo, Bouaké, and Yamoussoukro remain exceptions. Finally, monthly temperature increases are widespread, with a particularly strong rise during the dry season in the northern part of the country.},
author_keywords={Côte d’Ivoire, rainfall, temperature, climate},
keywords = {Côte d’Ivoire, rainfall, temperature, climate},
language = {French},
affiliation={Institut de Géographie Tropicale, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire},
correspondence_address={Kouassi Kouakou Alain François; Institut de Géographie Tropicale, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire},
references={},
document_type={Article},
source={www.issr-journals.org}
}

@article{ijisr-25-361-04,
author = {Kuasa Guyguy Guillaume and Shuku Onemba Nicolas and Wetshindjadi Loshakoy Benoît and Mvumbi Sylvain Mavinga and François NGAPGUE and Thomas TAMO TATIETSE},
title = {{Correlative analysis of changes in the Congo River’s discharge and its impact on hydroelectric power production at the Inga Dam from 1990 to 2021}},
journal = {International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Reseach},
abbrev_source_title={Int. J. Innovation Appl. Stud.},
volume = {83},
year = {2026},
month = mar,
pages = {229--241},
issue = {2},
number = {2},
issn = {2351-8014},
issn={23518014},
url = {http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJISR-25-361-04},
abstract_html_url = {http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJISR-25-361-04},
pdf_url = {http://www.issr-journals.org/links/papers.php?journal=ijisr&application=pdf&article=IJISR-25-361-04},
file = {http://www.issr-journals.org/links/papers.php?journal=ijisr&application=pdf&article=IJISR-25-361-04},
abstract = {An analysis of data on the flow of the Congo River and the energy production of the Inga Dam, from 1990 to 2021, was carried out in order to derive a mathematical equation that would establish a correlation between the two variables. This study yields the equation of the simple linear regression line below: y=204.618+0.142x. This equation found will therefore allow us to estimate, based on the water level of the Congo River, the quantity of electrical energy to be produced at the INGA Dam, while considering that the system remains constant. It is observed that the evolutionary trend of the energy production of the Inga Dam follows the rhythm of the evolution of the flow of the Congo River. The evolution of the flow of the Congo River would lead to either positive or negative impacts on the production capacity of the Inga Dam, knowing that this depends on the periods observed. During flood periods, the impact is positive because it increases the production of electrical energy, while during periods of deep low water the impact is negative, it significantly reduces the electrical energy production capacity of the INGA Dam.},
author_keywords={correlation, evolution, flow, electric energy, dam},
keywords = {correlation, evolution, flow, electric energy, dam},
language = {French},
affiliation={Enseignant, Département de Géographie et Gestion de l’Environnement, Institut Supérieur Pédagogique de la Gombe, RD Congo},
correspondence_address={Kuasa Guyguy Guillaume; Enseignant, Département de Géographie et Gestion de l’Environnement, Institut Supérieur Pédagogique de la Gombe, RD Congo},
references={},
document_type={Article},
source={www.issr-journals.org}
}

@article{ijisr-25-362-02,
author = {Kouakou Djakaria DRAMANE and Jarvis Brumel KOPOIN and Ange Edgar Habib Monket and Kouakou Claude-Victorien and Jean-Claude Koffi BENE and Thomas TAMO TATIETSE},
title = {{Influence of environmental and anthropogenic factors on the distribution of small and medium-sized carnivores in Taï National Park, south-west Côte d’Ivoire}},
journal = {International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Reseach},
abbrev_source_title={Int. J. Innovation Appl. Stud.},
volume = {83},
year = {2026},
month = mar,
pages = {242--252},
issue = {2},
number = {2},
issn = {2351-8014},
issn={23518014},
url = {http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJISR-25-362-02},
abstract_html_url = {http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJISR-25-362-02},
pdf_url = {http://www.issr-journals.org/links/papers.php?journal=ijisr&application=pdf&article=IJISR-25-362-02},
file = {http://www.issr-journals.org/links/papers.php?journal=ijisr&application=pdf&article=IJISR-25-362-02},
abstract = {Taï National Park (TNP) is home to an exceptional wealth of wildlife, with 146 species of mammals, representing 93% of the species found in the western Guinean forest zone. Due to this remarkable biological diversity, numerous conservation and scientific research programs have been implemented there with a view to ensuring the park’s sustainable management. However, despite the multitude of studies carried out, knowledge of the ecology of small and medium-sized carnivores remains patchy, mainly due to their discreet lifestyle and predominantly nocturnal activities. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of certain environmental and anthropogenic factors on the spatial distribution of small and medium-sized carnivores in Taï National Park. To this end, 285 camera traps were deployed throughout the park between March 2019 and February 2020. The results indicate that the distribution of the marsh mongoose and Johnston’s genet is positively influenced by distance from research or ecotourism areas, which have high concentrations of these two species. In contrast, the distribution of the brown mongoose, the Liberian mongoose, and the African civet shows no significant relationship with the preselected environmental and anthropogenic variables, suggesting a relatively homogeneous distribution within the park. These results provide useful additional information for managers of Taï National Park and constitute an important scientific basis for improving conservation strategies for small and medium-sized carnivores.},
author_keywords={Distribution factors, Carnivores, camera traps, Taï National Park},
keywords = {Distribution factors, Carnivores, camera traps, Taï National Park},
language = {French},
affiliation={Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Tropicale, UFR Environnement, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, BP 150 Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire},
correspondence_address={Kouakou Djakaria DRAMANE; Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Tropicale, UFR Environnement, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, BP 150 Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire},
references={},
document_type={Article},
source={www.issr-journals.org}
}

@article{ijisr-25-361-05,
author = {Shuku Onemba Nicolas and Kuasa Guyguy Guillaume and Mvumbi Sylvain Mavinga and Kouakou Claude-Victorien and Jean-Claude Koffi BENE and Thomas TAMO TATIETSE},
title = {{Socio-economic and environmental impact of water boreholes in the BAHUMBU II neighborhood of Kinkole, N’selé Commune, City of Kinshasa, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}},
journal = {International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Reseach},
abbrev_source_title={Int. J. Innovation Appl. Stud.},
volume = {83},
year = {2026},
month = mar,
pages = {253--263},
issue = {2},
number = {2},
issn = {2351-8014},
issn={23518014},
url = {http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJISR-25-361-05},
abstract_html_url = {http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJISR-25-361-05},
pdf_url = {http://www.issr-journals.org/links/papers.php?journal=ijisr&application=pdf&article=IJISR-25-361-05},
file = {http://www.issr-journals.org/links/papers.php?journal=ijisr&application=pdf&article=IJISR-25-361-05},
abstract = {An analysis of data on the socio-economic and environmental impact generated by water drilling in the Bahumbu II district of the N’sele commune was carried out. The study made it possible to highlight the contribution of drilling in improving the socio-economic and environmental conditions of the population of the said district.
It results from this study that the presence of water boreholes in the Bahumbu II district has a triple social, economic and environmental advantage. On the social level: Improvement in living conditions through the creation of temporary and daily jobs during borehole installation work, the engagement of water sellers in standpipes by the NGO ASUREP... On the economic level: improving public health through more reliable access to clean water, which reduces the cost of treating water-borne diseases. It is also the source of income for the owners of the boreholes through the marketing of water. On the environmental level: the negative impacts of water drilling are not obvious because since the installation of the various water drillings until today, we have not observed the likely effects that could harm the human environment and physical.},
author_keywords={impact, socio-economic impact, environmental impact, water drilling},
keywords = {impact, socio-economic impact, environmental impact, water drilling},
language = {French},
affiliation={Professeur, Département de Géographie, Environnement et Géomatique, Université d’Ottawa, Chercheur associé à l’université Laval et Attaché de recherche à l’Institut Géographique du Congo, RD Congo},
correspondence_address={Shuku Onemba Nicolas; Professeur, Département de Géographie, Environnement et Géomatique, Université d’Ottawa, Chercheur associé à l’université Laval et Attaché de recherche à l’Institut Géographique du Congo, RD Congo},
references={},
document_type={Article},
source={www.issr-journals.org}
}

@article{ijisr-25-364-01,
author = {Nsakala Tanda Reddy Andy and Penoy Delphin Delly and Prisca KATSHUNGA AKAZIA and Ngumba Ngumba Victoire and Kazadi Mujinga Stella and Mabaya  Arielle Arielle and Lubamba Lubamba Bob and Buluku Palamoke Grace and Ishaku Kaunga Omega},
title = {{Cartographic and petrographic study of Ntoni and its surroundings (Mbanza Ngungu territory, Kongo Central Province, DR Congo)}},
journal = {International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Reseach},
abbrev_source_title={Int. J. Innovation Appl. Stud.},
volume = {83},
year = {2026},
month = mar,
pages = {264--280},
issue = {2},
number = {2},
issn = {2351-8014},
issn={23518014},
url = {http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJISR-25-364-01},
abstract_html_url = {http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJISR-25-364-01},
pdf_url = {http://www.issr-journals.org/links/papers.php?journal=ijisr&application=pdf&article=IJISR-25-364-01},
file = {http://www.issr-journals.org/links/papers.php?journal=ijisr&application=pdf&article=IJISR-25-364-01},
abstract = {The cartographic and petrographic study of the Ntoni region, located in the Mbanza-Ngungu territory in Kongo Central province (DRC), aims to characterize and map the local geological formations. The methodology combines a documentation phase, a geological survey in the field, and microscopic analyses in the laboratory. The materials studied are mainly sedimentary rocks including limestones, dolomites, sandstones, and shales, whose limestone facies are classified according to Folk (biomicrites, intrasparites, intramicrites, biosparites, biopelsparites). The region benefits from a Sudanese climate and a varied relief, with a geological context dominated by the Neoproterozoic Inkisi group, composed of alternating schistose-sandstone and limestone terrains. The study made it possible to specify the lithology, spatial distribution, and depositional environment of the rocks, which vary between marine and continental settings depending on geological periods. An updated geological sketch was produced, showing significant stratigraphic complexity. This work enriches the geological knowledge of Kongo Central by providing a better understanding of the sedimentary formations, with implications for mineral resource exploitation and land use planning. It paves the way for more in-depth research on regional stratigraphy and tectonics.},
author_keywords={Geological mapping, Petrography, Sedimentary rocks, Inkisi Group, Neoproterozoic, Lithofacies},
keywords = {Geological mapping, Petrography, Sedimentary rocks, Inkisi Group, Neoproterozoic, Lithofacies},
language = {French},
affiliation={Centre National de Télédétection (CNT), Kinshasa I, RD Congo},
correspondence_address={Nsakala Tanda Reddy Andy; Centre National de Télédétection (CNT), Kinshasa I, RD Congo},
references={},
document_type={Article},
source={www.issr-journals.org}
}

@article{ijisr-17-317-02,
author = {John KITUMAINI BIJACHI and Penoy Delphin Delly and Prisca KATSHUNGA AKAZIA and Ngumba Ngumba Victoire and Kazadi Mujinga Stella and Mabaya  Arielle Arielle and Lubamba Lubamba Bob and Buluku Palamoke Grace and Ishaku Kaunga Omega},
title = {{Teaching techniques most applied in our professional practice: Advantages and their obstacles}},
journal = {International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Reseach},
abbrev_source_title={Int. J. Innovation Appl. Stud.},
volume = {83},
year = {2026},
month = mar,
pages = {281--285},
issue = {2},
number = {2},
issn = {2351-8014},
issn={23518014},
url = {http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJISR-17-317-02},
abstract_html_url = {http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJISR-17-317-02},
pdf_url = {http://www.issr-journals.org/links/papers.php?journal=ijisr&application=pdf&article=IJISR-17-317-02},
file = {http://www.issr-journals.org/links/papers.php?journal=ijisr&application=pdf&article=IJISR-17-317-02},
abstract = {This paper examines the teaching techniques most commonly applied in professional practice, with particular focus on the lecture method and practical work. The study highlights that the lecture method remains widely used due to its ability to convey a large amount of information efficiently to large groups and its pedagogical flexibility. However, this method has notable limitations, including learner passivity, limited consideration of individual differences, and weak development of practical skills.
Practical work plays a crucial role in the teaching-learning process by promoting the practical application of knowledge, the development of technical skills, learner autonomy, critical thinking, and creativity. It also enables teachers to better assess students’ actual levels of understanding. Despite these advantages, practical activities face several challenges, such as unequal participation in group work, insufficient student engagement, and material constraints.
The study concludes that an effective teaching strategy requires a balanced integration of lecture-based instruction and practical activities, particularly in professional and technical education contexts.},
author_keywords={teaching techniques, lecture method, practical work, learning process, professional training, pedagogy},
keywords = {teaching techniques, lecture method, practical work, learning process, professional training, pedagogy},
language = {French},
affiliation={Institut Supérieur Pédagogique d’Idjwi, RD Congo},
correspondence_address={John KITUMAINI BIJACHI; Institut Supérieur Pédagogique d’Idjwi, RD Congo},
references={},
document_type={Article},
source={www.issr-journals.org}
}

@article{ijisr-25-361-06,
author = {Alain Bosco Mansila Baketa and Shuku Onemba Nicolas and Jean Claude Mashini Dhi Mbita and Mvumbi Sylvain Mavinga and Kazadi Mujinga Stella and Mabaya  Arielle Arielle and Lubamba Lubamba Bob and Buluku Palamoke Grace and Ishaku Kaunga Omega},
title = {{Building densification and urban organization in the planned area of the Matete commune in Kinshasa (DRC)}},
journal = {International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Reseach},
abbrev_source_title={Int. J. Innovation Appl. Stud.},
volume = {83},
year = {2026},
month = mar,
pages = {286--300},
issue = {2},
number = {2},
issn = {2351-8014},
issn={23518014},
url = {http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJISR-25-361-06},
abstract_html_url = {http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJISR-25-361-06},
pdf_url = {http://www.issr-journals.org/links/papers.php?journal=ijisr&application=pdf&article=IJISR-25-361-06},
file = {http://www.issr-journals.org/links/papers.php?journal=ijisr&application=pdf&article=IJISR-25-361-06},
abstract = {Built on the alluvial plain of Kinshasa, the planned city of Matete is bordered on its peripheral areas by green spaces and benefits from a diversity of housing types and facilities laid out on serviced grids, compared to other neighborhoods of the city. Demographic pressure, population densification, and the spread of self-built housing on the former grid-based urban fabric—largely driven by rural exodus, the departure of colonial settlers on the eve of independence, the decline of the National Housing Office (ONL), the anarchic occupation of land extending to the foothills of hilly zones in complicity with the customary authorities of the time, and finally the shift to the rent-to-own system during the Zairianization period—are among the main factors underlying the current transformation of this former turnkey housing area.
A local land-use and development plan has now become necessary in order to address the effects of this spontaneous growth generated by upward urbanization.},
author_keywords={urban organization, built densification, planned housing, demographic pressure, development plan},
keywords = {urban organization, built densification, planned housing, demographic pressure, development plan},
language = {French},
affiliation={Doctorant et chef de travaux à L’UPN et au Département de Géographie-Gestion de l’Environnement, ISP, Gombe, Kinshasa, RD Congo},
correspondence_address={Alain Bosco Mansila Baketa; Doctorant et chef de travaux à L’UPN et au Département de Géographie-Gestion de l’Environnement, ISP, Gombe, Kinshasa, RD Congo},
references={},
document_type={Article},
source={www.issr-journals.org}
}

@article{ijisr-24-167-02,
author = {John KITUMAINI BIJACHI and Shuku Onemba Nicolas and Jean Claude Mashini Dhi Mbita and Mvumbi Sylvain Mavinga and Kazadi Mujinga Stella and Mabaya  Arielle Arielle and Lubamba Lubamba Bob and Buluku Palamoke Grace and Ishaku Kaunga Omega},
title = {{Parents’ behaviors toward drunken adolescents in South Kivu: Case of the city of Bukavu (DRC)}},
journal = {International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Reseach},
abbrev_source_title={Int. J. Innovation Appl. Stud.},
volume = {83},
year = {2026},
month = mar,
pages = {301--314},
issue = {2},
number = {2},
issn = {2351-8014},
issn={23518014},
url = {http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJISR-24-167-02},
abstract_html_url = {http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJISR-24-167-02},
pdf_url = {http://www.issr-journals.org/links/papers.php?journal=ijisr&application=pdf&article=IJISR-24-167-02},
file = {http://www.issr-journals.org/links/papers.php?journal=ijisr&application=pdf&article=IJISR-24-167-02},
abstract = {This study examines parental behaviors toward adolescent drunkenness in South Kivu Province, with a focus on the city of Bukavu (Democratic Republic of the Congo). Adolescence is a transitional stage characterized by significant biological, psychological, and social changes, which often expose young people to risky behaviors such as excessive alcohol consumption. This phenomenon affects not only adolescents but also family stability and social cohesion.
The main objective of this research is to identify parental attitudes and responses to adolescent drunkenness, analyze the consequences of these behaviors on adolescents’ development, and propose educational strategies adapted to the local socio-cultural context. The study employs a descriptive and analytical methodology, using documentary analysis, interviews, questionnaires, and field observations. An occasional sample of 1,200 respondents from different social categories was selected.
The findings reveal that although most parents possess general knowledge about adolescence, their reactions to drunkenness range from tolerance and neglect to imitation of parental drinking behaviors and the use of coercive measures. These parental attitudes contribute to negative outcomes such as persistent alcohol abuse, school dropout, juvenile delinquency, early sexual activity, and strained parent–child relationships. The study concludes by emphasizing the need to strengthen parental education, promote family dialogue, and implement community-based awareness programs to prevent and reduce adolescent drunkenness.},
author_keywords={adolescence, drunkenness, alcohol consumption, parental behaviors, family education, juvenile deviance, South Kivu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo},
keywords = {adolescence, drunkenness, alcohol consumption, parental behaviors, family education, juvenile deviance, South Kivu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo},
language = {French},
affiliation={Institut Supérieur Pédagogique d’Idjwi, RD Congo},
correspondence_address={John KITUMAINI BIJACHI; Institut Supérieur Pédagogique d’Idjwi, RD Congo},
references={},
document_type={Article},
source={www.issr-journals.org}
}

@article{ijisr-26-010-04,
author = {Bouslah Fatima and Sonia Maatoug-Ouzini and Jean Claude Mashini Dhi Mbita and Mvumbi Sylvain Mavinga and Kazadi Mujinga Stella and Mabaya  Arielle Arielle and Lubamba Lubamba Bob and Buluku Palamoke Grace and Ishaku Kaunga Omega},
title = {{Calibration and control of the correct functioning of milk analyzers}},
journal = {International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Reseach},
abbrev_source_title={Int. J. Innovation Appl. Stud.},
volume = {83},
year = {2026},
month = mar,
pages = {315--322},
issue = {2},
number = {2},
issn = {2351-8014},
issn={23518014},
url = {http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJISR-26-010-04},
abstract_html_url = {http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJISR-26-010-04},
pdf_url = {http://www.issr-journals.org/links/papers.php?journal=ijisr&application=pdf&article=IJISR-26-010-04},
file = {http://www.issr-journals.org/links/papers.php?journal=ijisr&application=pdf&article=IJISR-26-010-04},
abstract = {The analysis of milk in Tunisia is limited to two methods of analysis which has caused quality problems for industrial processing. The Department of Genetic Improvement specializing in the field of milk quality has solved the problem of milk quality control by the transformed Fourier spectrometer machine (FTS) and flow cytometry machine (FCM) which are the objective of this study. The work was summarized on the calibration and control of the proper functioning of the milk analyser (FTS / FCM) to have the quality desired for the food industry.},
author_keywords={milk, quality of milk; Milk analyses, food industry},
keywords = {milk, quality of milk, Milk analyses, food industry},
language = {French},
affiliation={Département production végétales et agroalimentaire, Ecole Supérieure d’Agriculture de Mateur, Université de Carthage, Tunisia},
correspondence_address={Bouslah Fatima; Département production végétales et agroalimentaire, Ecole Supérieure d’Agriculture de Mateur, Université de Carthage, Tunisia},
references={},
document_type={Article},
source={www.issr-journals.org}
}

@article{ijisr-26-006-02,
author = {Teddy Makuba SUNDA and Kalulu Muzele TABA and Francis ROSILLON and Bernard WATHELET and Kazadi Mujinga Stella and Mabaya  Arielle Arielle and Lubamba Lubamba Bob and Buluku Palamoke Grace and Ishaku Kaunga Omega},
title = {{Water disinfection by singlet oxygen generated by photosensitization of plant extracts}},
journal = {International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Reseach},
abbrev_source_title={Int. J. Innovation Appl. Stud.},
volume = {83},
year = {2026},
month = mar,
pages = {323--330},
issue = {2},
number = {2},
issn = {2351-8014},
issn={23518014},
url = {http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJISR-26-006-02},
abstract_html_url = {http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJISR-26-006-02},
pdf_url = {http://www.issr-journals.org/links/papers.php?journal=ijisr&application=pdf&article=IJISR-26-006-02},
file = {http://www.issr-journals.org/links/papers.php?journal=ijisr&application=pdf&article=IJISR-26-006-02},
abstract = {The present study has consisted to the disinfection of water by photosensitization with Bergamot essential oil. The results obtained show negligible inhibition of fecal coliforms in untreated water exposed to light. In contrast, for treated water exposed to light, complete inhibition of fecal coliforms was observed after one hour of exposure. In treated water kept in the dark, no inhibition of fecal coliforms was observed from the beginning to the end of the experiments. The activity observed in this oil is due to 5-methoxypsoralen (MOP-5). In the presence of light, this molecule is excited (1MOP-5*). The singlet excited form undergoes an intersystem crossing (transition from the singlet to the triplet state); from the triplet state, the 5-methoxypsoralen (3MOP-5*) transfers its energy to triplet oxygen (3O2). The triplet oxygen undergoes a transition from a triplet to a singlet state (1O2*). The singlet oxygen generated initiates a series of reactions with biomolecules, particularly the nitrogenous bases of DNA. These photo-oxidation reactions lead to the destruction of microorganisms.},
author_keywords={Photosensitization, bergamot essential oil, fecal coliforms, 5-methoxy psoralen, singlet oxygen (1O2)},
keywords = {Photosensitization, bergamot essential oil, fecal coliforms, 5-methoxy psoralen, singlet oxygen (1O2)},
language = {French},
affiliation={Université de Kinshasa, Faculté des Sciences, Département de Chimie, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et d’Energétique, BP 190, Kinshasa XI, RD Congo},
correspondence_address={Teddy Makuba SUNDA; Université de Kinshasa, Faculté des Sciences, Département de Chimie, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et d’Energétique, BP 190, Kinshasa XI, RD Congo},
references={},
document_type={Article},
source={www.issr-journals.org}
}

@article{ijisr-26-007-02,
author = {Nathalie Sia Doumbou Tenkiano and Eric Chauvet and Francis ROSILLON and Bernard WATHELET and Kazadi Mujinga Stella and Mabaya  Arielle Arielle and Lubamba Lubamba Bob and Buluku Palamoke Grace and Ishaku Kaunga Omega},
title = {{Aquatic Hyphomycetes from Selected Streams in Guinea (West Africa)}},
journal = {International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Reseach},
abbrev_source_title={Int. J. Innovation Appl. Stud.},
volume = {83},
year = {2026},
month = mar,
pages = {331--338},
issue = {2},
number = {2},
issn = {2351-8014},
issn={23518014},
url = {http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJISR-26-007-02},
abstract_html_url = {http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJISR-26-007-02},
pdf_url = {http://www.issr-journals.org/links/papers.php?journal=ijisr&application=pdf&article=IJISR-26-007-02},
file = {http://www.issr-journals.org/links/papers.php?journal=ijisr&application=pdf&article=IJISR-26-007-02},
abstract = {Aquatic hyphomycetes play a major role in the functioning of freshwater ecosystems by participating in the decomposition of organic matter and the recycling of nutrients. This study provides the first documentation of their diversity in streams of Guinea. Between May and July 2015, samples were collected from foam and filtered water, and taxa were observed and identified based on morphological characteristics. A total of 30 species are recorded, including both cosmopolitan taxa and species with tropical distribution. Nine of them represent new records for the African continent. These findings enhance current knowledge of aquatic fungal biodiversity in Guinea and establish a reference framework for further research on the seasonal dynamics and ecological roles of these communities in Guinea and across West Africa.},
author_keywords={fungi, freshwater ecosystems, microbial diversity, tropical biogeography, West Africa},
keywords = {fungi, freshwater ecosystems, microbial diversity, tropical biogeography, West Africa},
language = {French},
affiliation={Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature, Université Julius Nyerere de Kankan, BP 209, Kankan, Guinea},
correspondence_address={Nathalie Sia Doumbou Tenkiano; Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature, Université Julius Nyerere de Kankan, BP 209, Kankan, Guinea},
references={},
document_type={Article},
source={www.issr-journals.org}
}

@article{ijisr-26-010-07,
author = {Silué Zahalo Mamadou and Koudou Dogbo and Francis ROSILLON and Bernard WATHELET and Kazadi Mujinga Stella and Mabaya  Arielle Arielle and Lubamba Lubamba Bob and Buluku Palamoke Grace and Ishaku Kaunga Omega},
title = {{Influence of intra-annual rainfall fluctuations on fisheries production systems in the Poro region (Côte d’Ivoire)}},
journal = {International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Reseach},
abbrev_source_title={Int. J. Innovation Appl. Stud.},
volume = {83},
year = {2026},
month = mar,
pages = {339--356},
issue = {2},
number = {2},
issn = {2351-8014},
issn={23518014},
url = {http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJISR-26-010-07},
abstract_html_url = {http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJISR-26-010-07},
pdf_url = {http://www.issr-journals.org/links/papers.php?journal=ijisr&application=pdf&article=IJISR-26-010-07},
file = {http://www.issr-journals.org/links/papers.php?journal=ijisr&application=pdf&article=IJISR-26-010-07},
abstract = {Fishing in the Poro region is one of the main sources of fish for the local population. However, due to its essentially freshwater nature, the annual rhythm of these fishing activities is largely determined by the seasons of the local climate. The aim of this study is to highlight the influence of intra-annual rainfall variability on fish production systems in the Poro region. It is based on a documentary research, processing rainfall and temperature data provided by SODEXAM, fish production data from the regional office of MIRAH and a field survey. The results show that the climatic seasons give different physical and biological dynamics to the fishery production areas throughout the year. The rainy season brings rivers, lakes and floodplains to life through flooding. Conversely, the dry season, accentuated by the effects of the harmattan, leads to the deterioration of these environments. This environmental variability leads to highly seasonal fishing activities, with two alternating periods of good and low production.},
author_keywords={Côte d’Ivoire, Poro region, continental fisheries, fishing techniques, rainfall},
keywords = {Côte d’Ivoire, Poro region, continental fisheries, fishing techniques, rainfall},
language = {French},
affiliation={Département de Géographie, Université Peleforo GON COULIBALY, Korhogo, Côte d’Ivoire},
correspondence_address={Silué Zahalo Mamadou; Département de Géographie, Université Peleforo GON COULIBALY, Korhogo, Côte d’Ivoire},
references={},
document_type={Article},
source={www.issr-journals.org}
}

@article{ijisr-26-026-01,
author = {Aimé Tshibanda Fwabana and André Kayombo Mbumba and John Tshibamba Mukendi and Bernard WATHELET and Kazadi Mujinga Stella and Mabaya  Arielle Arielle and Lubamba Lubamba Bob and Buluku Palamoke Grace and Ishaku Kaunga Omega},
title = {{Effects of the aqueous extract of castor leaves (Ricinus communis var sanguineus L.) on pests and the yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) cultivation in the city of Mbuji-Mayi, DR Congo}},
journal = {International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Reseach},
abbrev_source_title={Int. J. Innovation Appl. Stud.},
volume = {83},
year = {2026},
month = mar,
pages = {357--367},
issue = {2},
number = {2},
issn = {2351-8014},
issn={23518014},
url = {http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJISR-26-026-01},
abstract_html_url = {http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJISR-26-026-01},
pdf_url = {http://www.issr-journals.org/links/papers.php?journal=ijisr&application=pdf&article=IJISR-26-026-01},
file = {http://www.issr-journals.org/links/papers.php?journal=ijisr&application=pdf&article=IJISR-26-026-01},
abstract = {The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of aqueous extract of ricin oil leaves on pests of two cowpea varieties in the field (Diamond and Mujilanga «H36» varieties) and to determine the best dose that promotes good yield. For the experiment, a completely randomized split plot design with four blocks and five treatments was set up, including the control (T0), Zalang 50EC (chemical insecticide) at 1 L/m2 (T1), ricin leaf aqueous extract at 1.125 L/ m2 (T2), ricin leaf aqueous extract at 1.375 L/ m2 (T3) and ricin leaf aqueous extract at 1.625 L/ m2 (T4).
The results obtained; with regard to the production variables, the best treatments that induced a high yield were T1 with 1.20T/ha and T3 with 0.935T/ha for the diamond variety (V1) and T1 with 1.22T/ha and T3 with 0.915T/ha for the Mujilanga variety (V2). As for the phytosanitary variables, the insect pests identified before and after the first application of phytosanitary products (organic and synthetic) were Ootheca mutabilis, Thrips megalothrips, Mylabri ssp, Muracate vitrata and pod bugs. After the second application, Aneplocnemis curvipes appeared while Thrips megalothrips and Mylabri ssp were no longer identified. The number of these insect pests decreased significantly after the application of plant protection products, except for the control treatment (T0) in which the number of insect pests increased with the cowpea crop cycle.},
author_keywords={Ricin, pests, cowpea, yield},
keywords = {Ricin, pests, cowpea, yield},
language = {French},
affiliation={Université Officielle de MbujiMayi, RD Congo},
correspondence_address={Aimé Tshibanda Fwabana; Université Officielle de MbujiMayi, RD Congo},
references={},
document_type={Article},
source={www.issr-journals.org}
}

@article{ijisr-26-004-01,
author = {Stéphane Mombo and Norbert Ondo Zue Abaga and Albert Novy Messi Me Ndong and Éphrem Nzengue and Alexis Nicaise Lepengue and Dhert Souviens Ontod  Tshi Tshi and Aurélien Mokéa-Niaty and Yaëlle Christie Massounga and Alain Souza and Camille Dumat},
title = {{Cassava Leaves (manihot esculenta crantz) Grown on the Soils of Moanda Rich in Manganese, Risks and Consequences for Consumer Health}},
journal = {International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Reseach},
abbrev_source_title={Int. J. Innovation Appl. Stud.},
volume = {83},
year = {2026},
month = mar,
pages = {368--376},
issue = {2},
number = {2},
issn = {2351-8014},
issn={23518014},
url = {http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJISR-26-004-01},
abstract_html_url = {http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJISR-26-004-01},
pdf_url = {http://www.issr-journals.org/links/papers.php?journal=ijisr&application=pdf&article=IJISR-26-004-01},
file = {http://www.issr-journals.org/links/papers.php?journal=ijisr&application=pdf&article=IJISR-26-004-01},
abstract = {In the city of Moanda, where one of the world’s largest manganese (Mn) deposits is located, the soils are very rich in manganese, which promotes the transfer of Mn from the soil to the various organs of fruits and vegetables that are grown near the manganese plateaus. Cassava is widely cultivated and consumed daily by the population of this region of Gabon. These cassava leaves pose a moderate but not negligible risk to the people who consume them daily. This study was conducted to assess the health risks to the population of this region who regularly consume cassava leaves. Manganese (Mn) concentrations in cassava leaves were measured at four sites in Moanda (La Gare, Leyima, L’Alliance, and L’Oasis), which have relatively high levels in the soil. The results show high concentrations of manganese in cassava leaves, concentrations above regulatory limits with a maximum of 48200 µg.kg-1. The risk factor calculation indicates that these concentrations represent a moderate but not negligible risk factor for the health of the inhabitants of Moanda who regularly consume cassava leaves.},
author_keywords={Manganese, cassava, absorption, potassium, health risk},
keywords = {Manganese, cassava, absorption, potassium, health risk},
language = {French},
affiliation={Laboratoire de Physiologie Végétale et Protection des Plantes, Unité de Recherche Agrobiologie, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku, Franceville, Gabon},
correspondence_address={Stéphane Mombo; Laboratoire de Physiologie Végétale et Protection des Plantes, Unité de Recherche Agrobiologie, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku, Franceville, Gabon},
references={},
document_type={Article},
source={www.issr-journals.org}
}

@article{ijisr-26-010-03,
author = {Ibra Kandji and Papa Babacar Diop Thioune and Mamadou Salif Diallo and Éphrem Nzengue and Alexis Nicaise Lepengue and Dhert Souviens Ontod  Tshi Tshi and Aurélien Mokéa-Niaty and Yaëlle Christie Massounga and Alain Souza and Camille Dumat},
title = {{Qualitative study of water from the Maastrichtian aquifer at Touba (Senegal): The case of fluoride and dry residue}},
journal = {International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Reseach},
abbrev_source_title={Int. J. Innovation Appl. Stud.},
volume = {83},
year = {2026},
month = mar,
pages = {377--383},
issue = {2},
number = {2},
issn = {2351-8014},
issn={23518014},
url = {http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJISR-26-010-03},
abstract_html_url = {http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJISR-26-010-03},
pdf_url = {http://www.issr-journals.org/links/papers.php?journal=ijisr&application=pdf&article=IJISR-26-010-03},
file = {http://www.issr-journals.org/links/papers.php?journal=ijisr&application=pdf&article=IJISR-26-010-03},
abstract = {The supply of quality drinking water in the religious city of TOUBA remains a major challenge for the state and local authorities. The aim of this study is to assess the hydrochemical quality of the Maastrichtian aquifer located in the TOUBA hydrogeological basin. Specifically, the study focuses on fluoride and dry residue concentrations. We worked with hydrogeological data received from the Water Resources Management and Planning Department from 54 boreholes that tap the Maastrichtian in Touba and the surrounding area. The results show that in the area, the quantity of dry residues and the concentration of fluoride are high, even exceeding the threshold set by the WHO in some boreholes. Fifty-two (52) out of fifty-four (54) of the boreholes studied, i.e. 96.3%, have a dry residue concentration above the WHO limit value (1000 mg/L), and only ten (10) of the 54 boreholes studied, i.e. 18.5%, have a concentration below 1.5 mg/L (WHO standard). Consumption of this water without prior treatment may constitute a public health problem in TOUBA.},
author_keywords={groundwater, borehole, maestrichtian, Touba, fluoride, dry residues},
keywords = {groundwater, borehole, maestrichtian, Touba, fluoride, dry residues},
language = {French},
affiliation={Laboratoire BIOGERENAT, Institut Supérieur Formation Agricole et Rural (ISFAR) BP 54, Université Alioune de Bambey, Senegal},
correspondence_address={Ibra Kandji; Laboratoire BIOGERENAT, Institut Supérieur Formation Agricole et Rural (ISFAR) BP 54, Université Alioune de Bambey, Senegal},
references={},
document_type={Article},
source={www.issr-journals.org}
}