International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies

Stabilization of local roads in the southeast of Guayas province

Flor-Chavez, Gino — 2026-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The soils of rural roads in Guayas province are characterized by being clayey and expansive, causing problems for vehicular and pedestrian traffic. This research analyzes the use of gravel as granular material in its natural state and then combined with another aggregate of the same category for soil stabilization. A qualitative experimental procedure was conducted to obtain laboratory results from natural and combined samples. After testing, soil properties were compared in both states, determining that a 50% dosage of each material improved the soil’s physical-mechanical characteristics: reduced plasticity index, increased maximum dry density, and significantly improved bearing capacity, meeting MTOP guidelines for subgrade improvement with selected material.

Oligoclonal patterns on serum protein immunofixation: Electrophoretic characteristics, etiologies, and biological interpretation (a series of 22 cases)

Konzi, Manzama-Esso Kassang — 2026-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: An oligoclonal pattern on serum immunofixation electrophoresis (SIFE), is defined by the presence of more than two monoclonal bands on the gel. It results from the proliferation of small clones of plasma cells within the bone marrow. Material and methods: It is a retrospective study from July 1, 2024, to July 31, 2025, analyzing results of SIFE performed on Hydrasis Sebia at Mohammed VI National Laboratory. When serum capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) was also present, abnormalities were noted. Results: The study found 22 cases of oligoclonal pattern. Majority of patients are older than 50 years old (72,5%). Most frequent isotype is IgG associated with light kappa and lambda chains (55%). Corresponding serum CZE all included an abnormality in the gamma globulin area. Discussion: An oligoclonal pattern or profile results from the proliferation of small plasma cells clones. These abnormalities are common in elderly subjects due to the immune system’s impairment. The detection of oligoclonal bands is easy but must remain precautious. Etiologies associated with such profiles include autoimmune, infectious diseases or malignant pathologies (lymphomas, plasma cells leukemia). A contributive interpretation could include a detailed report of the bands found on the gel in order to allow the detection of any ulterior modification of the clonality. Conclusion: An appropriate interpretation of an oligoclonal profile can only be done according to patient’s clinical history. It is recommended to repeat the SIFE to allow an early diagnosis of any monoclonal gammopathy.

Impact of the Security Crisis on the Production and Marketing of Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in the Lake Chad Basin: The Case of the Bosso Commune (Niger)

Kellou, Kaka Kiari Boukar — 2026-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is the most cultivated and most marketed vegetable crop in the Diffa region. However, since 2015, insecurity related to the «Boko Haram» crisis has profoundly transformed the sector, leading to production restrictions in certain municipalities, notably Bosso. The present study aims to analyze the impact of the security crisis on bell pepper production and marketing in this municipality. The methodology used consists of documentary research, direct field observation, data collection through quantitative and qualitative surveys, and finally data processing and analysis. The results obtained showed that the security crisis had negative impacts on the bell pepper sector in the Bosso municipality. Thus, the surveyed producers reported that insecurity (50 %) and flooding (20 %) are the main constraints on bell pepper production in this area. The security crisis has led to a considerable reduction in the cultivation area and a drastic drop in production. Indeed, a decrease of nearly 780 hectares, or 90 % of the production area, and a drop in production of around 75 % have been observed. The crisis has also caused a reduction of over 80 % in the average annual income of traders. Furthermore, the restrictive measures of the state of emergency imposed by the government have negatively affected the production and marketing of peppers in the study area. To cope with this crisis situation, producers have developed several local strategies such as paying taxes and fees to the GANES, reducing the cultivation area, reducing working hours in the field, mobilizing a significant workforce, and adjusting their cultivation calendar. These results highlight the need to strengthen the organization of the market and sector actors while implementing appropriate support measures to revitalize the production and marketing of bell peppers in the municipality of Bosso.

Design and implementation of a vehicle geolocation system using Arduino Mega2560, Gsm / Gps Sim808 and Esp 8266 microcontrollers

Hyann, Pinatibi — 2026-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study involved setting up a real time vehicle tracking system using the Arduino Mega 2560 board. This solution will be useful for anyone who wants to track their vehicle’s movements in real time. The aim of this project is to optimize vehicle geolocation by combining several geolocation methods, including GSM and GPS based geolocation. This system consists of two parts: a hardware component built using the Arduino board and its GPS / GSM SIM 808 and ESP 8266 modules and a software component built using the Laravel Framework to process data from the hardware system. The SIM 808 GPS / GSM module with a GPS sensitivity of -165 dBm has a good performance in challenging environments like urban or indoors places. This module enabled vehicle tracking with a speed accuracy (DGPS) of 0.05 m / s, an acceleration accuracy (DGPS) of 0.05 m / s2 and a time accuracy of 10 ns, in this study test speeds ranging from 35 km / h to 65 km /. Data transmission and reception by the ESP8266 module occurs at a frequency of 2.4 GHz and a network transmission signal level of +19.5 dBm.

Malaria prevention among pregnant women in bouaké: Between biomedicine and traditional practices

Anoua, Adou Serge Judicaël — 2026-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Background: Malaria remains a major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. In Bouaké, malaria prevention among pregnant women takes place in a context of high endemicity, characterised by the coexistence of biomedicine and traditional therapeutic practices. Objective: This study aims to analyse the social and cultural logics shaping malaria prevention behaviours during pregnancy, despite the implementation of national and international control policies. Matérials and Methods: A mixed-methods approach was adopted. Quantitative data were collected through a survey of 150 pregnant women attending three maternity wards in Bouaké (Ahougnanssou, Belleville, and Nimbo). Qualitative data were obtained from three focus group discussions involving 36 participants and three semi-structured interviews with midwives. Results: The findings indicate a high level of awareness regarding malaria transmission, predominantly attributed to mosquito bites. However, knowledge of severe pregnancy-related complications, such as prematurity, low birth weight, and maternal mortality, remains limited. Long-lasting insecticidal nets and intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine are widely recognised, yet their effective use is inconsistent. In addition, 78% of respondents report resorting to traditional practices, particularly medicinal plants, regardless of educational level. These behaviours reflect a form of therapeutic syncretism, in which local remedies coexist with biomedical interventions perceived as effective but sometimes restrictive. Conclusion: Malaria prevention during pregnancy cannot be addressed solely through biomedical interventions. Context-sensitive strategies that incorporate sociocultural realities and strengthen community involvement are essential to bridge the gap between recommendations and actual practices.

Modeling of the adsorption isotherm of methylene blue onto activated carbons derived from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) residues

Agossou, Gildas Fiacre — 2026-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this paper is to propose an adsorption isotherm model for methylene blue on composite activated carbons derived from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) hulls and capsules. The adsorption mechanism involved was described using a three-parameter model that is intermediate between the Langmuir and Frundlich models and is characterized by its ease of use and physical interpretability. The experimental adsorption data were first adjusted using nine classical isotherm models, whose performance was evaluated using five statistical criteria: the adjusted coefficient of determination, the residual sum of squares, the Akaike information criterion (AIC), and the Bayesian information criterion (BIC). The models were best fitted in the following order: Sips˃ Toth˃ Redlich-Peterson˃ Khan˃Langmuir˃ Frundlich˃ Jovanovich˃ Dubinin-Radushkevich. The proposed model provides the best fit with the experimental data for methylene blue adsorption on activated carbons derived from cottonseed shells and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) capsules, with a determination coefficient of 0.9910 and a theoretical maximum adsorption capacity qm of 820.86 mg.g-1, approximately double that predicted by classical models, illustrating an expected improvement in the predicted performance of the studied activated carbon.

Characteristics and uses of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae frass for plankton production: A review

TONOUKOUEN, S. A. Rodrigue — 2026-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Global population growth and the concomitant increase in biodegradable waste demand sustainable solutions for food production and waste management. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL, Hermetia illucens) represent a promising approach by converting organic waste into protein-rich biomass and frass, a nutrient- and organic-matter-rich by-product. Frass contains nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, micronutrients, chitin, and a beneficial microflora, and exhibits favorable physicochemical properties (pH 7-8, temperature 24-27 °C, low heavy metal content). Its nutritional composition varies according to the rearing substrate, thereby influencing the concentrations of N, P, K, and other mineral elements. BSFL frass has demonstrated fertilizing potential comparable to that of traditional organic amendments and can be used to stimulate plant growth, improve soil fertility, and enhance plant defense mechanisms through chitin and antimicrobial peptides. In aquaculture systems, frass promotes plankton production, including Chlorophyta and Chrysophyta, which serve as nutritional sources for fish larvae. However, application rates must be carefully optimized to avoid phytotoxicity or microbial imbalance. Overall, BSFL frass represents a multifunctional, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective organic resource that can be integrated into circular production chains, contributing simultaneously to waste valorization, reduced fertilizer costs, and the sustainability of agricultural and aquaculture systems.

Women’s growing engagement in informal activities in Bunia: A driver of socio-economic development

SHABA, Serge KAMARA — 2026-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article examines the growing engagement of women in informal economic activities in the city of Bunia, Democratic Republic of Congo, and highlights their contribution to local socio-economic development. Faced with unemployment, persistent poverty, and limited opportunities in the formal sector, many women turn to the informal economy as a survival strategy and a pathway to economic empowerment. The study aims to understand the motivations behind this trend, identify the main types of activities carried out, and analyze the challenges encountered by these women. The research adopts an inductive approach based on semi-structured interviews, direct field observation, and data analysis. The findings indicate that women’s involvement in the informal sector is driven by limited access to professional training, financial constraints, lack of banking guarantees, administrative and fiscal barriers, and the low recognition of women’s socio-economic status. Despite these constraints, informal activities represent a crucial source of household income and significantly contribute to local economic dynamism. The study therefore recommends the implementation of supportive public policies, including improved access to microcredit, targeted vocational training programs, and stronger institutional support to enhance women’s empowerment and entrepreneurial development.

Non-Wood Fiber Utilization in Indian Papermaking: Agro-Residue Potential, Bagasse and Wheat Straw Adoption, and Strategic Alternatives to Wood Pulp Dependency

Vashishtha, Shwet — 2026-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

India’s paper industry operates under a persistent structural constraint: demand for pulpable wood is approximately 11 million tonnes per annum, while domestic availability is about 9 million tonnes, resulting in a sustained fiber deficit. In this context, non-wood agricultural residues including bagasse, wheat straw, rice straw, and bamboo represent strategically important alternative fiber sources. India generates nearly 500 million tonnes of crop residues annually, of which an estimated 234 million tonnes constitute surplus biomass potentially available for industrial use. Sugarcane processing produces roughly 100 million tonnes of wet bagasse each year, while surplus wheat and rice straw contribute approximately 25 million and 44 million tonnes, respectively. Despite this substantial resource base, agro-residues account for only 6 to 9 percent of total fiber input in Indian papermaking, compared to 73 to 76 percent from recovered fiber and 18 to 21 percent from wood and bamboo. This limited adoption reflects structural constraints including seasonal availability, storage challenges, high silica content in cereal straws, feedstock variability, and competition from energy and fodder applications. Technically, non-wood fibers exhibit shorter fiber length and distinct chemical composition relative to wood, requiring adapted pulping chemistry and recovery systems. However, commercial operations demonstrate that acceptable quality writing, printing, and selected packaging grades can be produced when processing parameters are optimized. This review evaluates agro-residue availability, current utilization patterns, technical characteristics, economic trade-offs, environmental considerations, and policy frameworks influencing non-wood fiber integration. It argues that while non-wood fibers cannot replace recovered paper or wood entirely, they represent a viable and underutilized component of India’s long-term fiber security strategy, provided that logistical, technological, and economic barriers are systematically addressed.

Typology of family farms in the municipality of Fandène (Thiès/Senegal)

BARRY, Ismaila — 2026-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study develops a typology of family farms in the commune of Fandène, located in the peri-urban area of Thiès, Senegal. A purposive sample of 100 farms across nine villages was selected using a non-probabilistic approach. Data collection combined two complementary tools: a structured questionnaire for quantitative surveys and an interview guide for qualitative insights. The analysis, integrating descriptive statistics with multivariate techniques, revealed three distinct farm types: (I) low-production and vulnerable (77%), (II) intermediate production with moderate diversification (15%), and (III) intensive and high-income (8%). These categories differ in farming practices and average annual income (Type I: 1,107,052 FCFA; Type II: 3,887,867 FCFA; Type III: 8,294,750 FCFA). Key constraints vary by profile, including limited access to motorized equipment, labor shortages, restricted financing opportunities, and land tenure insecurity. This typology underscores the heterogeneity of family farms at the local scale, particularly in peri-urban contexts, and provides a strategic framework for guiding agricultural policies and rural development interventions.

Determination of the impact of agricultural credit on rice productivity in the Province of Mayo-Kebbi Est in Chad

Choukou, Mahamat Mallah — 2026-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Rice productivity needs to be increased to feed Chad’s growing population. Productivity can be increased through the adoption of improved varieties and management practices, which require additional capital inputs. In this paper, we aim to estimate the effect of formal and semi-formal credit on rice productivity in Mayo-Kebbi East Province. We surveyed 600 rice farmers to achieve these goals. We used descriptive statistics, propensity score matching and Heckman’s endogenous treatment effect model to analyze the data. The results indicate that literacy, television and training have had a positive influence on access to formal credit. In general, loan recipients have achieved higher productivity than non-recipients. In the case of the source-specific effect of credit, we have seen mixed results. Given the estimated difference of 438 kg/ha to 495 kg/ha, the results indicated that formal credit recipients had significantly higher productivity than non-formal credit recipients. In contrast, the results of the endogenous treatment effect model suggest that formal and semi-formal credit sources have a significant effect on rice productivity. There is strong support for increasing the disbursement of agricultural loans through formal and semi-formal credit institutions. Financial education training helps improve farmers’ ability to make decisions about the most efficient source of credit.

Determination of the lethal dose 50 (LD50) of the rice roots (variety X243) on albino mice

Marie, RATSIMBAZAFY Andraina Aubin — 2026-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Rice is a monocotyledonous plant in the Poaceae family. The cultivation of this cereal is prevalent in Madagascar. It is the staple food of the Malagasy people. This study concerns the determination of the lethal dose 50 of the X243 variety rice root by administering three different doses: 100 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 2048 mg/kg of the body weight of a Swiss-type albino mouse. The doses administered gave two values of LD50. The logarithmic value is 1258,93 mg/kg body weight, and the linear value is 1495,24 mg/kg. These values are very close. Consequently, the roots of the X243 variety rice are toxic. Moreover, phytochemical screening shows the presence of alkaloids, tannins, polyphenols, and cyanogenic compounds. There’s no doubt that cyanogenetic compounds are extremely poisonous and responsible for poisoning. Our results confirm the presence of poison in the rice roots already known to the population.

Valorization of Pyrolysis Residues as Organic Amendments for Soil Fertility Improvement

Erménégilde, RALAIBIA Boniface — 2026-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Sustainable management of organic residues is a major challenge for modern agriculture. Pyrolysis appears as a promising technology to convert biomass into a stable carbon-rich material called biochar. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of pyrolysis residues from whole Malagasy zebu horns (Bos indicus) as an organic amendment to improve soil fertility. Pyrolysis, carried out at controlled temperatures (450–490 °C) in a handmade furnace, resulted in a mass yield of approximately 40 %. The residues showed a high ash content (66.19 %), low moisture (4.09 %), and notable concentrations of major nutrients: total nitrogen 3.59 g/100 g, phosphorus 3.34 g/100 g, and potassium 0.089 g/100 g. Incorporation of these residues into soil could enhance water retention, nutrient availability, and organic matter stability. This study highlights the agronomic and environmental value of valorizing pyrolysis residues within a circular economy approach.

Petrology of Paleoproterozoic granitoids from the Zam region, Burkina Faso center, west african craton: Geodynamic implication

Dabone, Ignace — 2026-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Eburnean granitoids of the Zam area are located in the Boulsa square degree, in central-eastern Burkina Faso, approximately 80 km south of Ouagadougou. It is a group of granitic rocks (s.l.), of variable composition, calc-alkaline to alkaline, belonging to the Baoulé-Mossi domain of the West African craton. The petrography of the rocks that compose it reveals a range of facies. The lithological units observed show: i) a frequent association of gneissified tonalite-granodiorite; ii) biotite granites, sometimes muscovite granites, with passages of circumscribed porphyroid facies; iii) quartz-rich syenite massifs with felsic to neutral porphyritic veins at the western and eastern edges. Geochemical signatures, like petrographic studies, reveal contrasts in composition. The major elements, based on their silica content, show two groups: neutral rocks, with SiO2 < 65, and acidic rocks with SiO2 > 65. The analysis of rare earths and trace elements is telling. The various diagrams define an orogenic setting with varied sources (crustal, mantle, and mixed). Geochronological data from previous studies, combined with geochemical and petrographic data, show a sequential emplacement of these granitoids: i) Stage I: emplacement of tonalite-granodiorites; ii) Stage II: emplacement of granitic plutons; iii) Stage III: emplacement of the syenitic massif. (crustal, mantellic, and mixed).

Renal safety of Garcinia kola seed extract in koutoukou in Wistar rats in Abidjan, Ivory Coast

Allais, BAN Ouéméla Venance — 2026-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The use of medicinal plants such as Garcinia kola in the treatment of several diseases, including those considered incurable, is becoming increasingly common throughout the world in general and in Africa (Ivory Coast) in particular. This popularity can be explained especially by the therapeutic properties attributed to these plants. The objective of this study is to evaluate the safety of Garcinia kola seed extract prepared with koutoukou on the renal function of Wistar rats. The animal and plant material consisted of adult albino rats and Garcinia kola (Guttifferea) seeds, respectively. The preparation of plant extracts, phytochemical screening, Acute Oral Toxicity (AOT), determination of the LD50, blood tests, histological sections, and statistical analyses were performed using standard and certified methods. The yield of koutoukou extract (EKGK) is the highest (30.4 ± 0.61%). Phytochemical screening of EKGK reveals the presence of sterols and polyterpenes, polyphenols, flavonoids, catechin tannins, saponosides, and alkaloids with an LD50 greater than 2000 mg/kg of PC. Urea and creatinine did not increase significantly on day 14, confirming the absence of alterations in the renal parenchyma. In view of these results, it appears that EKGK belongs to the class of non-toxic substances and contains bioactive compounds that may confer therapeutic properties. Consumption of this cocktail showed no deleterious effects on renal function, a vital organ that plays a crucial role in body homeostasis.

Difficulties in Teaching Physical Sciences/Chemistry in the 8th Year of Basic Education in Schools of Bunia, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Jacob, KAMUHANDA BUGASAKI — 2026-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

An interview guide was developed and administered to a sample of 16 teachers who teach Physical Sciences/Chemistry in the 8th year of basic education in 30 secondary schools in Bunia city, with the objective of identifying the difficulties encountered by Physical Sciences teachers in teaching the chemistry component at this level. The results of the study revealed that these difficulties are related to the lesson plans preparation based on curriculum matrices, pedagogical resources, teachers’ professional knowledge, classroom management, the pedagogical approach used, and the time allocation of one hour per week provided for this discipline. When these results were analyzed using the Chi-square test, it was found that the observed differences between frequencies were significant for difficulties related to pedagogical resources, teachers’ professional knowledge, and the one-hour-per-week timetable allocated to this subject (with χ2cal > χ2tab at the 5% significance level). Consequently, the study recommends increasing the time allocated to the teaching of Physical Sciences, improving pedagogical resources in schools, and providing regular teacher training to ensure effective implementation of the situation-based approach, which is the pedagogical approach aligned with the curriculum of the Science Learning Domain for the 8th year of basic education.

Development and characterization of clay bricks incorporating copper-cobalt ore flotation rejects

Kyona, Crépin — 2026-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aims to characterize raw earth bricks containing respectively 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% of solid discharges from the flotation of oxidized, mixed and sulfur minerals stored in a dike of the Southern Katanga Mining Company in the Democratic Republic of Congo. This type of brick would promote better management of the environment following the evacuation of waste from their storage site and would limit deforestation. Estimated at more than 1534390 dry tons, they contain certain metals such as copper and cobalt. The micrographs of the different brick samples containing respectively 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% waste, along with their EDX spectra, revealed the presence of interparticle porosity and clay materials similar to kaolinite and illite. The presence of rhombohedral crystals was also detected, characteristic of the dolomite probably from the parent rock precursor of soils present in these bricks, and of the gangue of the ores initially treated by the General of Quarries and Mines also stored in the dike. The mechanical characterization of the samples by punching shows that the different material formulations have close punching resistances, which also appeals to the close results obtained during the sonic tests and which prove that the addition of the rejects almost does not modify the mechanical performance of the bricks. The pace of the punching curves and the shape of the craters are reminiscent of the presence of the collapse microstructure in the bricks.

Design of a system capable of classifying suspicious plastic luggage with reasonable accuracy using pre-trained CNNs within the framework of X-ray image classification

Boca, Konan Trinité — 2026-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Accurately detecting threats such as plastic firearms presents a complex challenge in modern security systems due to the difficulty in distinguishing these objects from harmless ones when examined using X-ray scanners. This paper explores CNN architecture and image projection methods to compare systems capable of classifying plastic firearms with high accuracy. The results show that integrating data from three sources (a Stream of Commerce dataset, staged images, and synthetically produced images) was crucial for achieving satisfactory classification performance. We also reveal that to improve accuracy and generalization, it is important to expand the training dataset and explore more advanced neural networks, despite the limitations imposed by available computing power. Future work could include exploring the need for multiple views of the baggage examined and the use of more sophisticated imaging technologies, such as CT scanners, to further improve detection capabilities.

The antechamber of land ownership: The fate of the depositor through the prism of Articles 83 and 84 of Law 14-07 concerning land registration

Gasmi, Imane — 2026-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Articles 83 and 84 of the Dahir of 12 August 1913 on land registration establish a key mechanism for protecting real rights created or altered during the land registration process, while ensuring their extinguishment through the final registration decision. This framework seeks to strike a delicate balance between legal certainty and transactional fluidity, reflecting the duality between the traditional Melk ownership system and the modern scheme inspired by the Torrens model. However, the coexistence of these provisions raises practical and interpretative uncertainties regarding their actual effectiveness: whereas Article 83 provides for the publication of a corrective notice in the Official Bulletin, Article 84 determines chronological priority through registration in the opposition register. Regulated by Law No. 14‑07, these formalities- based on authentic deeds and the payment of land registry fees- aim to guarantee both the enforceability and continuity of rights up to final registration. Nevertheless, procedural shortcomings relating to time limits and the autonomy of applicants highlight the need for reform to strengthen land security.

Gender contrast in household solid waste management in Bamako District

Mamadou, Kante — 2026-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Waste production is an integral part of life, and its management is essential for our well-being and development. Unfortunately, we observe that its poor management in Bamako is detrimental to our health and environment. This is due to the inconsistency of the management chain, with efficient basic management supported by women and continuity lacking clear practical guidance because of the absence of women. In other words, women are excluded from the part of the chain where there are greater economic benefits. Worse still, even at lower levels where they fully perform their roles, they do not benefit from social security and protection. This jeopardizes the achievement of SDG1 (Sustainable Development Goal), SDG5, and SDG8 in the circular economy sector. After this study, we recommend to the Malian Government to creating a national waste agency for an efficient analysis of gender considerations in the household solid waste management system and chain in Bamako. The objective of our work is to highlight the harm to women and children, the role of women and consequently their level of responsibility in waste management in Bamako district.

Diagnostic performance of the Standard Q Malaria P.f/Pan Ag rapid diagnostic test in the assessment of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum carriage in school-aged children in Koubri, Burkina Faso

Ouédraogo, Oumarou — 2026-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Asymptomatic malaria, or asymptomatic carriage of Plasmodium, poses a significant challenge to malaria control and elimination. Asymptomatic carriage of Plasmodium is particularly common among children living in areas of high transmission. Microscopic diagnosis and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are the two main methods recommended by the Permanent Secretariat for Malaria Elimination in Burkina Faso for the biological diagnosis of malaria prior to drug treatment. This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the Standard Q Malaria P.f/Pan Ag RDT compared to microscopy in asymptomatic school-aged children in Koubri, an area with high and stable malaria transmission. Data were collected during a cross-sectional survey of 751 children aged 5 to 15 years residing in the rural commune of Koubri, Burkina Faso. The standard Q Malaria Pf/Pan Ag RDT and thick blood/thin blood smear were used for laboratory diagnosis. The RDT reported a prevalence of 21.84% compared to 19.04% for microscopy. Compared to microscopy, used as the reference method, the standard Q Malaria Pf/Pan Ag RDT showed a sensitivity of 69.5% and a specificity of 95.1%, with positive and negative predictive values of 0.79 and 0.91, respectively. These results show that despite its modest sensitivity, the standard Q Malaria Pf/Pan Ag RDT is suitable for community-based diagnosis in asymptomatic carriers.

A Systemic and Intersectional Analysis of the Regulatory and Institutional Framework for Women’s Entrepreneurship in Southern Benin

Sabine, Toungakouagou Sama Tchokomi — 2026-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Despite the existence of a pro-equality regulatory and institutional framework, women SME owners in Southern Benin face systemic obstacles, revealing structural inadequacies in the state apparatus. This qualitative study employs a dual approach combining systemic analysis and intersectionality theory. The objective is to examine the strengths and limitations of Benin’s regulatory and institutional framework concerning SMEs owned by young and adult women through a differentiated lens. Data were collected through a comprehensive 2025 field survey among women SME owners and various support stakeholders in Southern Benin. Findings reveal that the regulatory and institutional framework fails to address both common and specific structural inequalities affecting women SME owners. From an intersectional perspective, young women are particularly disadvantaged by legitimacy deficits, spousal control, and institutional Gender-Based Violence (GBV), while adult women face constraints from family responsibilities and technological/educational exclusion. Policy ineffectiveness stems from the system’s failure to integrate differentiated socio-cultural realities, calling for a shift toward structural equity through targeted systemic reforms. This research extends systemic and intersectional analyses by documenting the multidimensional, age-differentiated constraints encountered by women entrepreneurs in Southern Benin. Our original contribution lies in analyzing Benin’s regulatory and institutional framework through a systemic and intersectional lens, revealing its inability to address both common constraints and age-specific needs.

Degradation of surfactants in electroplating wastewater through combined and electrochemical processes to improve treatment efficiency and reduce pollution

Chalen-Medina, Judith — 2026-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study evaluates the degradation of surfactants in wastewater generated by the electroplating industry using an integrated treatment train comprising physicochemical, biological, and electrochemical processes. The research addresses compliance with maximum permissible discharge limits established by the Unified Text of Secondary Environmental Legislation (TULSMA) and contributes to sustainable water resource management in the province of Guayas. The primary objective was to determine a technically efficient, scalable, and environmentally sound treatment configuration capable of reducing surfactants and associated contaminants derived from electroplating operations. Comprehensive wastewater characterization, treatability tests, and process performance evaluations were conducted at an average influent flow rate of 20 m3 per day. Primary treatment via dissolved air flotation achieved effective removal of oils and greases and ten percent reduction in chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand. Secondary treatment consisted of an activated biological system enriched with enzymes, urea, and phosphates, which enhanced microbial activity, promoted biodegradation of organic matter, facilitated surfactant removal, and induced precipitation of dissolved heavy metals. Tertiary treatment involved electrochemical oxidation using electrolytic cells, enabling surfactant hydrolysis and further reduction of recalcitrant compounds. The integrated treatment system achieved significant reductions in organic load, surfactant concentration, and metal content, producing an effluent that met all applicable regulatory discharge standards. The results demonstrate that the combined biological and electrochemical approach represents an effective, robust, and sustainable alternative for the treatment of electroplating wastewater. Furthermore, the proposed treatment scheme exhibits operational flexibility and potential applicability to other industrial effluents characterized by complex pollutant matrices and stringent regulatory requirements.

Fluctuation of populations of Helopeltis spp. (Hemiptera: Miridae) major insect pests of the cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale L.) in the Hambôl region (Central-North Côte d’Ivoire)

Stanislas, Kouadio Koffi Franck — 2026-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The damage caused by mirids of the genus Helopeltis to cashew orchards is one of the major concerns of cashew nut producers in Côte d’Ivoire. This study was conducted to determine the periods of high infestation of these pests in relation to the impact of abiotic and biotic factors. The study was conducted from 2020 to 2022 in three orchards in the Hambôl region in north-central Côte d’Ivoire. Direct and trap captures were made on 50 trees per orchard every three days. Temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and cashew tree phenology were recorded. The results revealed that Helopeltis is present in orchards almost all year round, with a single period of high population density. This period extends from July to January, with the peak observed in December. Population dynamics are positively correlated with relative humidity and negatively correlated with temperature. Population peaks were recorded during the flowering stage of the cashew tree. Knowledge of the fluctuation of Helopeltis populations could guide the choice of appropriate periods and means for an efficient control strategy.

Experimental and comparative brewing of Sorghum Bicolor and Eleusine Coracana cereals found in Haut-Katanga in the DR Congo and in the Copperbelt in Zambia

Eddy, Mbuyu Ilunga — 2026-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this work was to carry out micro-brewing trials of some cereals commonly used as a starchy material in the preparation of artisanal drinks in the province of Haut-Katanga in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and to make a complete analysis of the various parameters sought on the latter in a conventional brewery. Thus, we have selected two types of cereals traditionally used, sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor) and finger millet (Eleusine Coracana) and two other types of cereals conventionally used in brewing on an industrial scale, maize (Zea Mais) and Malt (Hordeum Vulgare). Different parameters such as density, turbidity, pH, coloring, filtration time, fat, humidity, saccharification and yield were sought and it emerges from the different results that the density of malts is found to be imposing by its extractable carbohydrate material compared to the selected test cereals, the turbidity was very acceptable in the two cereals including sorghum at 2.755 EBC and finger millet 2.39 EBC. Regarding pH, acidity was most noted in finger millet must 5.38; finger millet color was the highest of all samples, sorghum had a very long filtration time of 80 minutes, high moisture of 13.11% was found in semolina, fat was higher in the malt samples and finally, a conventional brew was performed to allow us to bring out the overall yield of 77.10% for the malt and that of 77.79%. These yields were quite high compared to those of the test cereals including finger millet with 55% and sorghum with 45.3%, but the yields obtained are still acceptable.

Directory and complete analysis of artisanal beverages produced locally in the province of Haut-Katanga in DR Congo: Case of KATATA and KATUBI beer

Eddy, Mbuyu Ilunga — 2026-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This work aims to make an inventory and make a complete analysis of artisanal beverages produced locally in the province of Haut-Katanga in DR Congo; Based on this, we identified fourteen different drinks from starchy and carbohydrate materials. Thus, ten drinks are prepared based on starchy material and the others based on carbohydrate material; the operating methods of their manufacture are imprecise. Two of these fourteen drinks attracted our attention for further physicochemical analyzes; KATATA beer and KATUBI, these beers have an acidity which is confirmed by their pH values which are between 3.65 and 3.85 and an alcohol content between 4.24% and 4.33% (V/V); these values are quite comparable to those of industrially prepared beers. As for the microbiology of these drinks, the presence of molds and wild yeasts has been demonstrated and this confirms the spontaneity of the alcoholic fermentation in the stages of maturation of these drinks during the artisanal preparation.

Resilience of fishing communities in the face of offshore gas field exploitation: The case of the Grand Tortue-Ahmeyim (GTA) project between Senegal and Mauritania

SARR, Serigne Modou — 2026-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The development of oil and gas activities represents a real threat to the marine and coastal environment, which has already been facing significant attacks for several decades, such as coastal erosion and the opening of the breach at the Langue de Barbarie. This research aims to study the environmental and socio-economic challenges linked to the exploitation of hydrocarbons (mainly gas) of the GTA project between Senegal and Mauritania. Thanks to the analysis of documentary reviews and field surveys, it was possible to synthesize knowledge on the resilience of fishing communities in the context of gas exploitation. The study involved a survey of 100 fishing stakeholders in the Saint-Louis region. The selection was carried out using quota sampling. The results indicate that fishermen are seeing disruptions to their activities and the environment. After the installation of the platform in the Jaatara area, access is prohibited to fishermen for a radius of 500m from the site. This directly impacts fishermen who practice angling. Consequently, the socio-economic repercussions are perceptible by the population in terms of economic losses (reduction in income) and change in living conditions. It is crucial to take into consideration the risks linked to the exploitation of hydrocarbons on the northern Senegalese coast in order to be able to manage them adequately.

Co-composting of sewage sludge and green waste: Multicriteria Optimization for sustainable organic amendments

Richard, Djiha Boni — 2026-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study, carried out in San Pedro (Southwest Côte d’Ivoire), evaluates the agronomic valorization of wastewater treatment sludge (WTS) and green waste (GW) through co-composting for sustainable soil improvement and circular economy promotion. Four GW/ WTS formulations (Co1: 0/100, Co2: 25/75, Co3: 50/50, Co4: 75/25) were monitored over 90 days, with regular measurements of temperature, moisture, and pH. Mature composts were characterized for physico-chemical properties, biological maturity, and heavy metal content. A weighted multicriteria matrix, based on ten strategic indicators, identified Co3 as the optimal formulation (score 40/45), outperforming Co4, Co2, and Co1. Co3 reached 65 °C by day 40, satisfying sanitary requirements, maintained optimal moisture, increased soil organic carbon by 284 %, corrected pH to 7.9, and complied with NFU 44-051 heavy metal standards. The heatmap and hierarchical clustering analysis confirmed its superiority, positioning Co3 as a safe and effective amendment for sustainable agriculture adapted to local soils.

Impacts of anthropogenic activities on environmental degradation in the Lake Toho basin in Southeast Benin

HOUNTON, Coômlan Charles — 2026-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The degradation of aquatic ecosystems is a widespread and concerning phenomenon in southern Benin, where most of the country’s wetlands are located. This study analyzes the impacts of anthropogenic activities and environmental degradation in the Toho Lake watershed in southern Benin through a combined approach of spatial analysis and field surveys. The results reveal that the main identified pressures are artisanal fishing, agriculture, deforestation, and urbanization. The expansion of agricultural land (+2.72%), the increase in bare soil (+25.49%), and the decline of gallery forests (– 4.5% per year) indicate a progressive degradation of the watershed. The hemeroby index highlights the growing artificialization of natural environments, which negatively affects environmental quality and the sustainability of ecosystem services (biodiversity, water quality, and hydrological regulation). In view of these findings, it is essential to adopt integrated management approaches that combine geospatial tools, ecological restoration, and the active involvement of local communities.

State of knowledge on cashew variety improvement and research prospects

Azonkpin, Adolphe — 2026-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale L.), of the Anacardiaceae family, is a woody species with multiple uses. In order to further research into varietal selection and vegetative propagation of the species, it is important to review the current state of knowledge on the subject and to understand the aspects that are still poorly understood. The purpose of this bibliographic review is to provide existing information on varietal improvement of the species in order to identify areas for research and development. The search engines Science Direct, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Sciences, and PubMed were used to search for peer-reviewed publications on the subject. Theses, dissertations, and books obtained from libraries were also consulted. A total of 78 articles and documents published between 1949 and 2024 were taken into account. It appears that varietal improvement of the cashew tree is much more concerned with the selection of high-performance cashew trees, grafted plants, and polyclonal seeds. Work has been carried out on both varietal selection and vegetative propagation. Previous work on selecting high-performance mother trees has taken into account criteria such as nut quality, productivity, and tree health, while neglecting the shape of the tree crown. The latter is an important criterion that promotes yield improvement. In order to improve the productivity of the species, further work needs to be undertaken on, among other things, varietal selection, grafting techniques, hybridization techniques, and graft propagation.

Fruit dehiscence: Mechanisms, genetic determinism, and evolutionary implications

HAMADOU, Rékiatou — 2026-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Fruit dehiscence is a complex process that leads to seed dispersal and affects the completion of the reproduction cycle of many plant species. This process has a negative impact on crop yields at harvest, regardless of the harvesting method used, and when dehiscence is complete, mechanized harvesting becomes almost impossible. Environmental factors such as temperature and humidity certainly play a crucial role, but structural factors and fruit anatomy also contribute significantly. The aim of this review was to summarize fruit dehiscence in general, including its causes, mechanisms, and genetic determinism. The intrinsic causes inherent in the fruit itself, which determine the type of dehiscence, and tissue desiccation as an extrinsic cause were reviewed. This literature review also provided an understanding that fruit dehiscence, its mechanisms, and its development are determined within the fruit and regulated by specific genes in the pericarp and the dehiscence zone.

Evaluation of the sanitation and urban restructuring project in response to flooding and its economic and environmental impacts in the Pikine neighborhood of Saint-Louis

Dia, Samba Mbaye — 2026-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Flooding in Senegal, particularly in cities such as Saint-Louis, has long represented a major challenge for public authorities. The Pikine neighborhood in Saint-Louis was characterized by a significant lack of sanitation infrastructure and by unplanned urban development, which hindered the proper drainage of stormwater, wastewater, and solid waste. In response to this situation, the Government of Senegal implemented a sanitation and urban restructuring project aimed at reducing flooding and its impacts in Pikine. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of this project in terms of flood reduction as well as its economic and environmental impacts within the neighborhood. A mixed-methods approach was adopted, combining a household survey conducted with 380 heads of households and interviews with institutional stakeholders involved in the project’s implementation. The findings indicate that 88% of respondents reported no longer experiencing flooding. In addition, 52% stated that septic tanks are now emptied by vacuum trucks, while 84% confirmed that solid waste is collected by carts or trucks. Furthermore, 55% of households expressed overall satisfaction with the project. However, stakeholders emphasized the need for regular maintenance and the establishment of sustainable management mechanisms to ensure the long-term durability of the infrastructure and a lasting improvement in household living conditions.

Evaluation of the morphological and physiological characteristics of ripening of 5 avocado accessions from the Daloa markets in Côte d’Ivoire

Jacques, YAO Kouadio Kouadio — 2026-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The avocado tree (Persea americana Mill.), belonging to the Lauraceae family, is a fruit tree native to Central America, specifically the mountainous regions of Mexico and Guatemala. It is now widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions around the world due to the high demand for its fruit, the avocado. This fruit is particularly prized for its nutritional qualities. The rapid or uneven ripening of certain fruits leads to significant economic losses, particularly in the absence of appropriate storage facilities. With this in mind, the present study aims to: (i) Characterize the different avocado accessions sold in the markets of Daloa through the analysis of their morphological characteristics (size, weight, shape, texture, color, etc.), (ii) Study the physiological dynamics of ripening (loss of mass, variation in firmness, etc.) of these accessions, and (iii) Identify accessions with qualities favorable to storage, marketing, and processing. The study was conducted in the municipality of Daloa in Côte d’Ivoire and identified five avocado accessions from the markets of Daloa. After four days of post-harvest storage, the results confirm that certain accessions have significant advantages for post-harvest storage, agri-food processing, and commercial value. Analysis of ripening parameters revealed that accessions with thick skin and slow softening rates are more suitable for storage and transport, while others that ripen earlier can meet immediate consumer demand.

Terrorism and school dropout in Alibori, Republic of Benin: Mediation of grade repeating in the communes of Banikoara and Karimama

ABOUBAKARI, Mohamed — 2026-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This research estimates and analyses the effect of terrorism on school dropout rates in the municipalities of Banikoara and Karimama in the Alibori department. Using a mixed approach combining econometric modelling and field data, the study reveals that the effect of terrorist incidents and school closures is not significant. However, school closures have a delayed effect of one year on the school dropout rate. Mediation analysis reveals that this link is entirely mediated by the repetition rate, since disruption to education leads to academic failure which, combined with the financial precariousness of households, causes permanent dropout. While parents attribute the causes of school dropout to fear of attacks and the resulting insecurity, teachers and head teachers point to the financial problems of families. To reduce school dropout rates in the context of the security crisis, the study recommends the implementation of ‘assisted promotion’ measures, cash transfers to families, the establishment of joint school-community monitoring committees, and specific bonuses for teachers working in communities affected by terrorism.

Exploring social media adoption in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Côte d’Ivoire: Usage, facilitating factors, advantages and barriers

Assielou, N’Doli Guillaume — 2026-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper aims to examine the usages, facilitating factors, advantages, and barriers influencing the adoption of social media in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Côte d’Ivoire. A questionnaire-based survey was used to collect data from 147 SME owners/managers in the Ivorian metropolitan areas of Abidjan and Bouaké. The results suggest that WhatsApp, Facebook, and TikTok are the most used social media platforms among Ivorian SMEs in order to build customer loyalty and interact with customers, and to increase their visibility and reputation. The determinants of adoption are ease of use, perceived usefulness and perceived benefits. The entertaining nature of social media, security and privacy concerns, and lack of trust in social media are the most significant barriers. SMEs in Abidjan appear to adopt social media more readily than their counterparts in Bouaké. The results of this study offer valuable information to SME owners/managers for adapting their adoption strategies.

Innovation and Technology Management in Power Systems Organizations

Mukena, Jean-Michel Mufuta — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Power systems are undergoing rapid transformation driven by decarbonization, digitalization, decentralization, and rising electricity demand. Innovation and technology management (ITM) is essential for utilities to adopt emerging technologies, integrate renewable energy, and maintain grid reliability. Key innovation areas include renewable and hybrid generation, advanced transmission systems, smart distribution networks, energy storage, and digital solutions such as AI, IoT, and digital twins. Utilities use frameworks like the Technology Life Cycle, Open Innovation, and Dynamic Capabilities to guide technology adoption. However, regulatory constraints, legacy infrastructure, cost barriers, and skill gaps continue to limit progress. Looking ahead, autonomous grid operations, digital substations, hydrogen integration, and grid-forming inverters will define the next stage of the energy transition.

Corporate Social Responsibility in the Public Sector: The Case of ANAPEC au Maroc

EL MAZOUDI, Jaouad — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study analyzes the implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) principles within a Moroccan public institution, focusing on the National Agency for the Promotion of Employment and Skills (ANAPEC). The research aims to examine how a public actor like ANAPEC can, through its operational strategies, contribute to an expanded societal responsibility and generate shared value. A qualitative methodological approach was adopted, including a systematic literature review, semi-structured interviews with key actors, and thematic analysis of data using NVivo software. The findings reveal that ANAPEC operationalizes a proactive form of institutional CSR through its flagship programs—IDMAJ, TAHFIZ, and TAEHIL—which address structural challenges such as the skills mismatch, lack of professional experience among youth, and territorial disparities. By transcending its legal mandate of intermediation, ANAPEC integrates ethical, philanthropic, and economic dimensions of CSR, thereby engaging multiple stakeholders and fostering shared value creation at the territorial level. The study concludes that ANAPEC embodies an emerging model of public-sector CSR, illustrating how public institutions can enhance their societal legitimacy and contribute to local socio-economic development. Limitations include the single-case design and the qualitative nature of the study, which suggest avenues for future comparative and quantitative research.

Hydro-sedimentary and geochemical dynamics of the Agnéby River (Côte d’Ivoire): Implications for coastal systems and the blue economy

KOUAME, Lou Brou Cécile — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study investigates the hydro-sedimentary and geochemical functioning of the Agnéby River, a tropical coastal basin in southern Côte d’Ivoire, based on the combined analysis of suspended sediments (TSS) and dissolved constituents (TDS) during the 2020 hydrological year. TSS concentrations and fluxes exhibit a strong dependence on river discharge, with sediment export largely controlled by flood events. More than 50% of the annual suspended sediment load is transferred within a short period, reflecting an impulsive transport regime typical of medium-sized tropical catchments. Water chemistry is dominated by bicarbonates and alkaline-earth cations, indicating a geochemical signature primarily governed by chemical weathering of basement rocks under humid tropical conditions. Seasonal variations in TDS reveal dilution effects during high-flow periods and enhanced water–rock interactions during low-flow conditions. The TSS/TDS ratios, ranging from 0.08 to 0.30, highlight a transition from weathering-dominated conditions during baseflow to a mixed regime increasingly influenced by mechanical erosion during floods. Comparison with larger Ivorian river basins, such as the Bandama and Comoé rivers, shows that the Agnéby River differs markedly by its rapid hydrological response and limited sediment storage capacity, whereas larger systems exhibit more progressive seasonal sediment transfer. These findings emphasize the significant contribution of small and medium tropical coastal rivers to sediment and solute fluxes toward lagoonal and coastal environments, with important implications for coastal sediment budgets and the sustainability of the blue economy.

Development and Physico-Mechanical Characterization of an Innovative Ternary Composite Based on Low-Density Polyethylene Waste, Sanaga Sand, and Coconut Shell Powder Using an Artisanal Process for Sustainable Construction

Fredy, Kontchou Herman — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Faced with the proliferation of plastic waste (LDPE), the overexploitation of Sanaga sand, and the under-utilization of coconut husks in Cameroon, this study developed and characterized an innovative ternary composite. The aim was to establish an artisanal manufacturing process and optimize the proportions of Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) waste, Sanaga sand, and coconut husk powder for sustainable construction. The process, inspired by ecological paving, tested nine formulations (LDPE 20-40%, sand/coconut 0-10%). Samples were characterized for their apparent density, water absorption rate, and mechanical properties (bending). Results showed a decrease in density with LDPE and coir powder. Water absorption remained very low (max. 0.640%), guaranteeing excellent durability in damp conditions. Although maximum flexural strength was lower than for thermo-compressed composites (probably due to the absence of pressure compaction in the artisanal method), the incorporation of coir conferred a certain ductility. Some formulations (F0/40, F5/20) are potentially usable for T4/T5 or T5 type pavers, and indoor flooring (P2). Future optimization will include pressure compaction and improvement of the LDPE/coconut interface to enhance performance. This work contributes to sustainable waste management and the promotion of environmentally-friendly building materials.

Physicochemical and organic characterisation of effluents drained by the Abidjan city sewerage network from 2020 to 2023

Ouattara, Zié Anicet — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this study is to assess the pollutant load of effluents drained into the sewerage system of the city of Abidjan. Between 2020 and 2023, three sampling campaigns per year were carried out to monitor these waters. A total of 144 wastewater samples were collected and analysed in the laboratory in accordance with the standards in force at the Sub-Directorate for the Inspection of Classified Installations (SDIIC). Parameters such as BOD5, COD, MES, NH4+, NTK, PO43-, NO2-, NO3-, T°C and pH were measured. A multivariate statistical analysis identified the origin of these effluents in the network. The pH varied greatly from very acidic 3.1 to strongly alkaline 13.6. The average values obtained were 292.0 mg/L; 60.9 mg/L and 82.0 mg/L respectively for MES, NH4+ and NTK, with limit values of 150 mg/L, 15 mg/L and 50 mg/L. The COD and BOD5 concentrations were 1232.1 mgO2/L and 374.9 mgO2/L respectively. The limit values for these parameters are 500 mgO2/L and 150 mgO2/L. The COD/BOD5 ratio varies from 2.6 to 4.8, while the BOD5/COD ratio is between 0.30 and 0.46. These values indicate non-biodegradable effluents. Multivariate analysis indicates that the effluents drained by the network are of industrial origin or predominantly industrial. The non-biodegradability of these effluents, which are often discharged into the Ebrié lagoon without any pre-treatment, poses an environmental risk to this natural receptacle.

Accuracy determination of Zij and Yij parameters of integrated passive components using WK6500B impedancemeter

Oumar, D.A. — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The characterization of planar components such as inductors in an important step in better to understand components behavior as a function of frequency. To do this, it is essential to use a dedicated measuring device and an innovative and appropriate characterization method to achieve good accuracy. In this article, we present a new method and techniques for characterizing Zij impedance and Yij admittance parameters of passive components (resistors, capacitors and inductors) using a WK6500B impedancemeter. Obtained results are very encouraging, with good accuracy of less than 1%.

Dynamics of land use in the agricultural system of the commune of Kéllé in Niger

Zanaidou, Ibrahim Souley Malam — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Niger, the combined effects of climate variability and climate change, together with anthropogenic pressure over recent decades, have strongly influenced land-use dynamics, particularly within agricultural systems. In the municipality of Kéllé, located in the Gouré Department (Zinder Region), spatio-temporal landscape analysis reveals, as in many other municipalities in Niger, significant changes in landscape evolution. In the present study, the analysis of satellite imagery and the use of a Geographic Information System (GIS) made it possible to trace ongoing changes between 1995 and 2025, in order to identify general trends and support decision-making in community-based natural resource management. The main objective of this study is to detect land-use dynamics in the municipality in response to climate change and human activities. The methodology is based on the interpretation of Landsat satellite imagery from 1995, 2015, and 2025. The results obtained from land-use maps, change-detection maps between observation dates, and a predictive map up to 2035 indicate that land use in the municipality is undergoing continuous transformation. Thus, areas occupied by tree-shrub steppe and dense tree steppe decreased from 62.54% and 10.79% in 1995 to 60.76% and 7.94% in 2025, respectively. In contrast, rainfed croplands and bare or degraded soils expanded, increasing from 17.44% and 0.82% in 1995 to 31.81% and 0.51% in 2025, respectively, relative to the total area of the municipality. The projected trend of the natural environment suggests that by 2035, tree-shrub steppe will continue to decline, while dense tree steppe is expected to expand.

Combination of organic and/or mineral fertilizers on corn crops in Daloa (Côte d’Ivoire)

Salla, Moreto — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The uncontrolled use of synthetic fertilizers pollutes the environment. These products cause soil imbalance, leading to their leaching and infiltration by water into groundwater or waterways. It is therefore important to turn to sustainable, environmentally friendly agriculture based on biological improvement techniques using organic waste to mitigate the effects of synthetic inputs. This study aims to compare the effect of organic and/or mineral amendments on corn cultivation. To this end, the experimental design consists of a randomized Fisher block with three (3) replicates in which four (4) treatments were applied with compositions based on Tithonia diversifolia leaves, poultry manure, and NPK. The effects of the treatments were assessed using growth and production parameters. The organo-mineral amendment (poultry manure + Tithonia diversifolia + NPK) indicates that each of the fertilizers significantly induced vegetative growth. The yield of the treatments was 9.50 t/ha for the control, 13.47 t/ha for Tithonia diversifolia + chicken manure, 16.88 t/ha for NPK, and 21.55 t/ha for Tithonia diversifolia+chicken manure+NPK. The results show greater growth and yield in corn grown on plots amended with Tithonia diversifolia+chicken manure+NPK. This combination of fertilizers proved beneficial for soil amendment by mobilizing nutrients for the plant.

Influence of the optical bandgap and the electron affinity of ZnSe on the performance of CIGS solar cells

Gning, Youssou — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study focuses on optimizing the influence of a zinc selenide (ZnSe) buffer layer on the performance of a CIGS thin-film solar cell, with the aim of proposing an alternative to CdS, a commonly used material that contains toxic cadmium. The choice of ZnSe is motivated by its advantageous optoelectronic properties, including a direct optical band gap of about 2.7 eV, high transparency in the visible and near-infrared ranges, an absorption coefficient on the order of 104 cm⁻1, and an electron affinity close to 4.1 eV. In addition, ZnSe can crystallize in zinc-blende or wurtzite phases, with possible structural transitions that may promote a type-II band alignment suitable for the ZnSe/CIGS interface. The main objective of this work is to analyze the effect of the optical band gap and the electron affinity of ZnSe on the key photovoltaic parameters of the cell, namely the short-circuit current density, the open-circuit voltage, the fill factor, and the conversion efficiency. The study is carried out through numerical simulation by solving the fundamental carrier transport equations. The results show that the optical band gap of ZnSe has a limited impact on the overall performance, with an optimal efficiency of about 23.16% for values between 2.3 and 2.6 eV. In contrast, the electron affinity appears to be a critical parameter: a range between 4.0 and 4.6 eV promotes optimal band alignment and enables good photovoltaic performance, with efficiencies ranging from 19.38% to 24.93%. These findings confirm the potential of ZnSe as an alternative cadmium-free buffer layer to CdS, opening promising prospects for the development of more environmentally and health-friendly CIGS solar cells.

Assessment of noise exposure among workers at a mining company in Senegal

Diédhiou, Bocar Baïla — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: Noise is a common pollutant in the workplace, particularly in the mining sector, which uses equipment that generates noisy environments. The aim of this study was to assess the occupational noise exposure of workers at a mining company in Senegal. Methodology: This was a retrospective, cross-sectional, and descriptive study that covered data recorded from May 2, 2016 to December 31, 2020. Results: A total of 393 noise exposure points were measured, with 17.6% exceeding 85 dB. The power plant was the noisiest area, with 53.8% of measurements exceeding 85 dB. Individual measurements of 51 workers in similar exposure groups (SEGs) from each department showed daily average exposure values (AELs) ranging from 55 dB in the SEG of WCP control room operators to 109 dB in the SEG of power plant electricians. Instantaneous noise exposure values (peaks) ranged from 115 dB in the WCP mechanics’ Similar Exposure Group to 143 dB in the MSP maintenance workers’ Similar Exposure Group. 85.6% of respondents had at least 5 years of service. Hypertension (4.9%) and moderate hearing loss (0.7%) were also recorded. Conclusion: Noise pollution is a reality at the Grande Côte Opération (GCO) mine. However, the technical and organizational measures implemented by the company have helped to reduce its harmful effects on workers’ health.

Land use mapping in the Sébi-Ponty watershed, Senegal

Diouf, Rokhaya — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Measuring the spatial impact of human activities on ecosystems is an important step towards effectively managing the changes affecting these natural areas. The objective of this study is to determine land-use dynamics and changes in vegetation cover in the Sébi-Ponty watershed in the Dakar region. To this end, we defined seven land-use classes (tree crops, water, market gardening, agricultural areas, shrub savanna, bare soil, and built-up areas). Satellite data and Landsat images from three periods (1984, 2000, and 2016) were carefully selected and analyzed. Auxiliary data (GPS surveys, topographic maps, and interviews) were also used. The analysis of changes in the land-use classes was carried out using the integration of geographic information systems (GIS) with ArcGIS software and remote sensing techniques with ENVI software. The results obtained highlighted strong dynamics within the land-use classes. This dynamic is characterized by an increase in tree farming, market gardening, and construction at the expense of bare soil, shrub savanna, and agricultural areas. During the same period, the shrub savanna has significantly declined in vitality, indicating a trend toward degradation. The values of the confusion matrix and the kappa coefficient confirm this situation. These results highlight the relevance of our integrated approach, which is applicable to other similar studies.

Assessment of Pregnant Women’s Knowledge on Maternal Nutrition During Antenatal Care in Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso)

Doussa, Bassirou — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Malnutrition, particularly among pregnant women, represents a major public health challenge in Burkina Faso due to its negative impacts on maternal and child health. This study aimed to analyze the level of knowledge of pregnant women attending antenatal care (ANC) regarding maternal nutrition. It specifically assessed their knowledge of the three food groups, the principles of a balanced diet, the consequences of malnutrition during pregnancy, and iron–folic acid supplementation. This was a quantitative, crosssectional, and descriptive study with prospective data collection, conducted from March 1 to April 30, 2024, at the Guimbi Ouattara Primary Health Care Center (CSPS) in BoboDioulasso. Data were collected using the Kobocollect application and analyzed with SPSS and Excel software. A composite indicator, the Maternal Nutrition Knowledge Index (MNKI), based on five domains, was developed to facilitate the analysis and interpretation of the results. The findings indicate a moderate overall level of maternal nutrition knowledge, with a global MNKI of 62.8%. Although most participants demonstrated good practical skills in composing a balanced meal, significant gaps remain regarding the identification of food groups, the recommended duration of iron–folic acid supplementation during the postpartum period, and the understanding of the consequences of inadequate nutrition during pregnancy. Women with no formal or low educational attainment, those living outside the health facility catchment area, and primigravidae in early pregnancy emerged as the most vulnerable groups, highlighting the need to strengthen targeted nutrition education and behavior change communication interventions.

Aboveground biomass and carbon sequestration capacity in an agroforestry system of the Luki Biosphere Reserve, DR Congo - Kongo Central

Isaac, Diansambu Makanua — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Luki Biosphere Reserve is under significant anthropogenic pressures that compromise its tree diversity and carbon sequestration capacity. In response to these challenges, agroforestry appears as a sustainable alternative, offering socioeconomic and environmental benefits while contributing to the fight against climate change. This study aims to quantify above-ground biomass and carbon sequestration capacity in an agroforestry system within this reserve. The study involved determining the floristic composition of the agro-forests and estimating the biomass of woody plants. Data were collected through floristic and dendrometric inventories conducted based on a hierarchical sampling method that included 8 plots of 0.25 ha each. Floristic and structural parameters were measured on trees with a diameter equal to or greater than 10 cm. Diversity was assessed using species richness and diversity indices. Floristic and structural parameters were measured on trees with a diameter greater than or equal to 10 cm. Diversity was assessed using species richness and diversity indices, while biomass was estimated using the allometric equation of Chave et al. (2005), adapted for humid tropical forests. The results reveal a woody flora composed of 42 species belonging to 24 botanical families. An average density of 76 stems/ha and an average basal area of 0.48 m2/ha were recorded. Estimated biomass ranges from 20.875 t for the conventional field to 50.404 t for the agro-forest. Carbon sequestration capacity is estimated at 10.421 t/ha in the conventional field and 25.193 t/ha in the agro-forest, thus confirming the study hypothesis.

Experimental study of the thermal performance of a hybrid photovoltaic-thermal collector

Hartwig, Combari Pagou — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Photovoltaic solar modules are in high demand in Sahel countries. Unfortunately, the intense heat reduces the performance of these modules. Cooling them is therefore recommended. One technique for cooling a photovoltaic solar module involves coupling it with a solar thermal collector to recover some of the heat produced and transfer it to a heat transfer fluid. This work is a comparative experimental study of the thermal performance of a solar thermal collector and a hybrid photovoltaic-thermal (PV-T) solar collector. A water-based solar thermal collector and a hybrid photovoltaic-thermal (PV-T) collector were designed. This experimental study consisted of monitoring the evolution of the water temperature at the inlet and outlet of each collector, the temperature at the surface of the PV-T module, the temperature of the air confined within the solar thermal collector, and the site’s solar irradiance. The results showed a maximum hot water temperature of 87°C for the solar thermal collector and 74°C for the PV-T solar collector under a maximum solar irradiance of approximately 985 W/m2. The thermal efficiency of the PV-T collector is about 0.36 times greater than that of the solar thermal collector. These results clearly demonstrate that sufficient heat can be recovered with a PV-T collector.

Comparison of four pollination techniques for the phenotypic maintenance of maize inbreed lines (Zea mays L.) in Kinshasa

Mbeyame, Christophe Asanzi — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present study consists in comparing pollination techniques in order to maintain the phenotypic characteristics of maize inbred lines. In fact, the objective of this work was to detect the influence of different pollination techniques on the maintenance of some characters of four maize inbred lines (i.e., REGN, CZL0919, MUL692 and CML312) in order to identify the most conservative multiplication technique of these inbred lines. To achieve this, two experiments were carried out. The first one consisted in maintaining the inbred lines according to the four techniques (selfing, SIB crossing, pollination with pollen bulk, and natural pollination in an isolated crossing block); and the second one consisted in the evaluation of their descendants (offspring) according to a split splot design with three replications at the Seed Production Center (CEPROSEM). The results of this study revealed that the selfing method presented the lowest genetic variance to the initial population. Therefore, this explains that the selfing method is the most conservative mode of multiplication. Notwithstanding, moving from one season to another, one should switch between self-fertilization (selfing) and the pollinisation with a bulk of pollen (half-sib), whether that being natural or artificial, to avoid the phenomenon of gene depression.

A New One-Dimensional Polynomial-Sinusoidal Chaotic Map for Image Cryptography

Saleh, Ahmat Mahamat — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this article, we propose a new one-dimensional discrete chaotic map, obtained by combining a polynomial logistic map and a sinusoidal map. Dynamic analysis of the proposed map shows that it has better chaotic properties, good ergodicity over a wide range of parameters, and a relatively large key space. Compared to classical logistic and sinusoidal maps, the proposed map exhibits improved ergodicity, with state variables uniformly distributed in the interval [0,1], confirming the dynamic superiority of the proposed map and its suitability for cryptographic and pseudo-random generation applications. Based on these properties, we propose a new image encryption algorithm using sequences from the new chaotic map. The scheme is based on a permutation phase and two a diffusion phase driven by the chaotic sequences generated by the new discrete map. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated through sensitivity tests to initial conditions and keys, key space analysis, and differential attacks. In addition, security indicators such as information entropy, NPCR, UACI, correlation coefficients, and execution time are calculated to validate the effectiveness and robustness of the encryption algorithm.

Psychosocial Factors Associated with the Use of Skilled Birth Attendance in Medical Settings in the City of Moundou, Chad

Madjita, Ngadandé — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this study was to identify the psychosocial factors influencing the use of medically assisted childbirth by qualified personnel in the city of Moundou, Chad. Data were collected through targeted surveys conducted in Moundou, involving a sample of 542 women. The analysis was performed using STAT software, version 15. Binary logistic regression within a multivariate framework was used to determine the factors affecting the dependent variable. The use of assisted delivery by qualified personnel in a medical setting in the city of Moundou was influenced by women’s perception of their ability to control their behaviour (Unfavourable: OR= 0.25; p ≤ 0.01), the woman’s level of education (secondary and above: OR= 2.34; p<0.01), the woman’s age (25 to 34 years: OR= 0.43; p<0.05), marital status (not in a union: OR=0.50; p<0.10), decision-making autonomy (spouse alone: OR = 0.46; p<0.05), ethnicity (Muslim ethnicity: OR=0.19; p<0.05), religion (Muslim: OR=4.87; p<0.05), spouse’s age (20 to 29 years old: OR=0.58; p<0.10), the woman’s occupation (shopkeeper/civil servant: OR=1.74; p<0.05) and the man’s level of education (primary: OR= 0.51; p<0.05). Identifying these factors can help policymakers enhance maternal health strategies and promote equitable access to skilled birth attendance.

Soil contamination and ecotoxicological risk associated with herbicides in cereal-growing areas of western Burkina Faso

BAYILI, Bazoma — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Rising herbicide use in the cereal-growing zones of western Burkina Faso has raised concerns about soil contamination and associated ecotoxicological risks. This study assesses soil contamination by thirteen herbicides commonly used in cereal cultivation across twelve localities in four regions of western Burkina Faso during a single agricultural season. Soil samples were collected in two phases: the first during herbicide applications and the second three months later. Residues were extracted using an adapted QuEChERS method and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results indicate spatiotemporally heterogeneous contamination, with maximum concentrations reaching 6,967 µg/kg for nicosulfuron and 1,027 µg/kg for mesotrione. Comparison with maximum allowable concentrations / predicted no-effect concentrations for soil (MAC/PNEC_soil) shows notable exceedances by factors of 10–700—signaling high risk for soil organisms and sensitive crops. Certain compounds, such as atrazine, terbuthylazine and bensulfuron-methyl, exhibit high persistence, whereas others, including nicosulfuron and prometryn, dissipate more rapidly. These findings underscore the urgency of tighter stewardship of phytosanitary practices, the implementation of sustainable management measures, and the integration of international benchmark thresholds into agricultural soil monitoring frameworks.

Management of available phosphorus in tropical ferruginous soils through the application of « Neyma » compost in the northern Sudanese zone of Burkina Faso

Bazemon, Jacques — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The lack of available phosphorus in Burkina Faso’s tropical ferruginous soils led us to produce an organic fertiliser called «Neyma compost» using local materials. The Fischer block system of 4 treatments with 3 replicates was implemented during the 2023 growing season at the Kamboinsé Centre for Environmental, Agricultural and Training Research to evaluate the performance of compost on the availability of assimilable phosphorus in cowpea crops. The treatments were the control (T0); 2 t/ha of Neyma compost incorporated during ploughing (T1); 2 t/ha of Neyma compost applied to the seed holes 15 days after sowing (T2) and 1 t/ha of Neyma compost incorporated during ploughing followed by 1 t/ha applied to the seed holes 15 days after sowing (T3). The objectives of the study were to evaluate the rate of available phosphorus in soils according to application methods, determine the most efficient application method in terms of available phosphorus content, and determine the soil properties that control phosphorus availability. The results showed that the assimilable phosphorus content was improved by approximately 21% overall through the application of Neyma compost, with the assimilable phosphorus content varying from 3.5 ppm to 6.1 ppm under the different compost application methodsThe greatest improvement in assimilable phosphorus content (56%) was achieved with the T1 application method. The availability of phosphorus varied according to the physical and chemical parameters of the soil. The methods of application and doses of Neyma compost were the main factors influencing the availability of phosphorus in the soil. Neyma compost may be a promising alternative for sustainable soil management in Burkina Faso by small-scale producers.

From Plastic Waste to Employment Opportunities for Youth and Urban Sanitation in Bukavu

Aganze Marhegane, Benjamin — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study examines the sustainability of local initiatives for the valorization of plastic waste in Bukavu and their impact on youth employment creation as well as urban sanitation. For several decades, the city has faced major challenges related to poor plastic waste management, undermining urban quality of life and threatening aquatic ecosystems. In a context where plastic waste is increasingly perceived as a resource, the study draws on 34 semi-structured interviews and observations conducted with stakeholders involved in the plastic recycling value chain. The findings reveal that many youth-led organizations and enterprises are engaged in the collection, disposal, and transformation of plastic waste. Their initiatives range from manufacturing utilitarian products from recycled materials to offering training on waste management and sanitation. These efforts have led to the creation of several green jobs, thereby contributing to the improvement of the city’s cleanliness. However, these initiatives remain fragile due to multiple challenges hindering their long-term sustainability. Grounded in the theory of the circular economy, the study recommends the establishment of an innovative ecosystem that fosters collaboration among all stakeholders in the sector. Such a framework would help optimize the benefits of plastic waste valorization, create more green jobs for young people, and sustainably improve urban sanitation in Bukavu.

Analysis of hospital waste classification in Lubao territory hospitals: Compliance with standards and management challenges

Kabemba, Alexandre Munkindji — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Hospital waste management is a major public health concern. This study analyzes the classification practices of hospital waste in the health facilities of Lubao Territory, Democratic Republic of Congo, assessing compliance with national and international standards, and identifying key challenges. Using a mixed-methods approach—surveys, direct observation, and interviews—the study finds that classification practices are often empirical and poorly aligned with regulatory standards. Key issues include lack of training, inadequate equipment, and absence of monitoring mechanisms. Recommendations are offered to improve environmental governance in healthcare facilities.

Raising awareness of sustainable water resource management at a high school in Franceville, Gabon

Abaker, Madi Guirema — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

L’eau est essentielle à la survie l’Homme. Pourtant elle n’est pas assez préservée. Une eau impropre est difficile à recycler. Consommer une eau impropre est un danger sanitaire. Nous avons souhaité évaluer les habitudes de consommation de l’eau des élèves d’un lycée gabonais. Nous avons créé un formulaire, l’avons distribué aux élèves en même temps que nous leur faisions une 1ère session de sensibilisation. Après la collecte de données, les résultats statistiques ont été obtenus et fournis aux élèves lors d’une 2ème session de sensibilisation. Les élèves consommaient surtout l’eau du robinet. Malheureusement, ils gaspillaient l’eau à la maison. Leur manière de stocker l’eau restait à désirer. Leur établissement devrait faire des efforts sensibles en termes d’hygiène à proximité des points d’eau. Davantage de mesures doivent être mise en place pour sensibiliser les jeunes sur la nécessité de gérer durablement l’eau.

Impact of eco-taxes on the rational management of household and similar waste in a decentralized territorial entity: The case of the city of MBUJIMAYI (DRC)

Sammy, MUYA MULUMBA — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Following the numerous negative externalities resulting from the absence of a rational waste management system for household was is several cities of the DRC, a study was organized in the city of MBUJIMAYI. The objectives of this study were to identify the waste disposal Profile, to verify the degree of application of eco-taxes in waste management and to present the revenue management protocol for these eco-taxes once they are implemented in decentralized territorial entities. To this end, a KAP survey was conducted with 477 household, in order to assess the implementation of selective sorting, the responsible behavior of different actors involved in sanitation and to take stock of application of polluter-pays principle via eco-taxes. We used analytical techniques and chi-square statistics. The harmful effects of household wastes are unknown to 83,2% (397 out of 477 subjects surveyed), selective sorting is not respected (53,2 % or 254 out of 477 cases have only one bin), over 80 % (459 out of 477) acknowledge that they have never been subject to waste eco-taxes by their local authorities; over 80 % (452 out of 477) agree with these eco-taxes, and 45,2% propose paying a monthly amount not exceeding $5 as the fee eco-tax fee.

Ethnobotanical study and in vitro evaluation of the antifungal activities of aqueous and hydro-ethanolic extracts of three Ivorian medicinal plants on fungal germs responsible for superficial mycoses in Ivory Coast

Germain, KOUASSI Kouassi — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Background: Following ethnobotanical surveys, Combretum paniculatum Vent (Combretaceae); Trema orientalis (L.) (Cannabaceae) and Duguetia staudtii (Diels and Engl) (Annonaceae) were the plants most cited and recommended in the treatment of various dermatoses, including superficial mycoses. Fungal infections, which are a frequent reason for consultation in dermatology, often have enormous consequences for victims, especially immunocompromised individuals. Objectives: To evaluate the in vitro antifungal activities of aqueous and hydro-ethanolic extracts of these plants on two dermatophytes (Trichophyton mentagrophytesR, Trichophyton rubrumR) and a yeast Candida albicansR 479 in order to confirm their use in traditional medicine and contribute to the fight against superficial mycoses which are on the rise in Ivory Coast. Methodology and results: Extracts from each plant were incorporated into Sabouraud agar using the double dilution method in tilted tubes. Dermatophytes (Trichophyton mentagrophytesR; Trichophyton rubrumR) and the yeast Candida albicansR 479 were sensitive to both aqueous and hydro-ethanolic extracts in 70% of the plants studied. However, it was the 70% hydro-ethanolic extracts that were the most active on all fungal strains with lower MICs (between 01.56 and 50 mg/ml); IC50 values ranging from (0.78 to 03.125 mg/ml). Conclusion and application of results: These results justify the traditional use of these medicinal plants and show that they would constitute a renewable and innovative source of therapeutic molecules that can be used to produce effective antifungals for the treatment of fungal dermatoses.

Study, based on indices, of the hydroclimatic variability of the watershed south of the Saloum River in Senegal

Gueye, Ndiakhate — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study analyzes the hydroclimatic variability of the watershed south of the Saloum River over the period 1961–2023 using the Standardized Precipitation Index (IPS) and the Standardized Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index (IPES), combined with statistical tests and seasonal methods (aridity indices of De Martonne, Bagnouls-Gaussen, and Euverte). The results confirm a Sudano-Sahelian climate characterized by a long dry season and a concentration of rains between June and October. Three climatic phases are identified: a humid phase, a dominant dry phase between the 1970s and 1990s, and a partial and irregular recovery since the 2000s. A Marked spatial variability is observed, with a more contrasted dynamic at Kaolack, more stable at Fatick, and a recent moist trend at Nioro. However, the irregularity of rainfall does not confirm of a sustainable return to normal, a situation also observed in other West African regions. The IPS proves to be more sensitive to rainfall extremes, while the IPES integrates the effect of increased temperatures via potential evapotranspiration. In this context of climate change, the IPES seems more suitable than the IPS for the analysis of drought and humidity trends at the territorial level and for support to water resources management.

Ethnobotanical survey of wild food plants sold in the main markets of Bangui in the Central African Republic

Xavier, WOROWOUNGA — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this study is to understand the diversity of edible wild species sold on the markets of Bangui. To do this, ethnobotanical surveys on the marketing of these resources were carried out from September to December 2023 with 150 sellers installed in six popular markets in Bangui. In total, 86 plant species have been recorded distributed in 69 genera and 41 different families. The analysis of the results showed that the Leguminosae family is the richest (8 species); fruits (68.43%) and leaves (22.12%) are the most sold plant organs; edible fruits (45.16%) remain the most predominant category of uses; these species are mainly trees (55.83%) and are more present in forest ecosystems (52.33%). It also appears that these wild food plants were not only consumed for nutritional needs but also for the traditional treatment of 45 pathologies. These results demonstrate that there is still a high diversity of spontaneous food species in the Central African Republic. Given the dual nutritional and therapeutic interest of these resources, and also in the face of socio-economic issues and the change in food culture in urban areas, the promotion of this precious heritage is necessary and essential. Such an approach would be an opportunity both economically and nutritionally for local populations, particularly women. Also, it would be beneficial to deepen research on the phytochemistry of some spontaneous food plants with medicinal properties in order to achieve the manufacture of improved traditional medicines accessible to all.

Influence of Cassava Root Bark (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) on economic yield

Hervé, Bondonga Mambomba — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

A study carried out at the INERA Mvuazi research center aimed to assess the influence of peel content in fresh cassava roots in order to recommend optimal methods for selecting high-performance clones, thereby reducing post-harvest losses due to peel. The aim was also to determine the genetic variability of varieties under selection at IITA/INERA Mvuazi with regard to their peel content. The results revealed that peels influence fresh weight of peeled roots and dry yield, with variations ranging from 20% to 25% and 18% to 27% respectively at 12 and 15 months after planting (MAP). Significant genetic variability was observed for peel content at 15 MAP, where the Rav variety showed a lower percentage of fresh peel (17.50±0.7%) compared to the MVZ 2008/0330 (267.50±10.6%), MVZ 2008/002 (217.50±24.7%), and OBAMA (205.00±28.2%) varieties. Despite these differences, dry yields remained similar for all varieties. At 15 MAP, the ranking of varieties according to unpeeled fresh root weight changed significantly after peeling. The Rav variety achieved a fresh peeled root weight of 825.00±7.0 kg per ton of unpeeled root, outperforming the OBAMA (795.00±28.2 kg), MVZ 2008/022 (782.50±24.7 kg), and MVZ 2008/0330 (732.50±10.6 kg) varieties, the latter having the lowest weight. In conclusion, we recommend that breeders and processors give preference to the Rav variety for the development of high-performance clones and processing into by-products, in order to minimize post-harvest losses linked to peelings.

Qualitative Diagnosis and Optimization of the Drinking Water Supply System of Amtiman, Salamat Province in Chad

Adjeffa, Epolyste — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aims to assess the current state of the drinking water supply system in the city of Amtiman, evaluating both its performance indicators and the quality of the distributed water. Following this assessment, a technical proposal is presented, along with a cost estimate for optimization to ensure a continuous drinking water supply to the city’s residents. To this end: The Epanet software was used to model the network. The reservoir, performance indicators, and population estimate were determined using an analytical method. The results obtained show that it is necessary to (i) construct an additional 300m3 elevated reinforced concrete reservoir to serve the estimated 69,706 inhabitants in 2044, (ii) extend the water distribution network to 14,816 km, for a total of 20,347 km, and (iii) drill 6 new boreholes capable of pumping at least 40m3/h each, connected by a 140mm diameter HDPE supply pipeline. The total cost of the rehabilitation amounts to 975,798,050 FCFA.

Gender Dynamics in Sports Governance: A Comparative Study of Volleyball and Rugby Federations in Senegal

Anna, Seye Amadou — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Women’s participation in sports governance remains a major issue in Senegal and, more broadly, in Africa. Although legislative and symbolic advances (notably the 2010 parity law) have led to some progress, their actual presence in decision-making positions remains limited. This article offers a cross-analysis of two cases: the Senegalese Volleyball Federation, often cited as a relative model of openness, and the Senegalese Rugby Federation, where resistance is more pronounced. We clarified and strengthened the methodological protocol, justified the comparative choice of the two federations, and introduced more measurable empirical data to support the analyses. Drawing on semi-structured interviews and field observations, we highlight the organizational and socio-cultural obstacles faced by women leaders, as well as the strategies they develop, such as female solidarity, alternative leadership styles, and mentoring. The study reveals contrasting results, supported by specific comparative examples, which provide a clearer understanding of the mechanisms through which gender relations are reproduced or transformed. It also shows that the strategic use of digital media can serve as a potential lever to enhance the visibility and legitimacy of women in sports governance. In addition, the comparative analysis indicates that the disciplinary context and the historical trajectories of federations strongly influence women’s access to decision-making positions and their capacity to bring about lasting change.

Comparison of the agronomic value of scum compost, faecal sludge ash and NPK fertilizer on cabbage (Brassica oleracea) in the Sangalkam area of Senegal

SONKO, El Hadji Mamadou — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Faecal sludge recovery, an option that is increasingly being explored in the context of faecal sludge (BV) management. This study is part of this framework and tests the effect of BV scum compost, ash from BV incineration and NPK fertilizer (10-10-20), on cabbage. For the methodology, a Fischer block culture device was set up with 6 treatments (T0, T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5). These treatments are organised in 4 replicates, with three factors (dose of compost, compost plus ash and NPK fertiliser) in 24 elementary plots of 4 m2. The parameters for monitoring vegetative growth are: leaf height, number of leaves, crowding, diameter at the neck, nitrogen content. And the production parameters are: the average weight of the fruit, the diameter of the fruit and the yield. For cabbage, chemical fertilizer (2.61 t/ha) is better in terms of size, number of leaves and nitrogen content with 54.37 cm respectively; 19,12; 0.64. The best yield is obtained with the dose of chemical fertilizer at a rate of 31.59 t/ha. As fertilisers, BV scum compost alone and BV scum compost plus ash are beneficial for plants, but for crops such as cabbage, they cannot replace chemical fertiliser (NPK).

Difficulties in understanding chromosome dynamics among qualifing-cycle learners and reflection on pedagogical solutions

Boumajane, Hicham — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The concept of genetic information has long been integrated into Life and Earth Sciences curricula in Morocco. However, the teaching materials commonly used in classrooms remain insufficient to effectively communicate the dynamic nature of chromosomes during the cell cycle. Chromosomal behavior in mitosis and meiosis is consistently identified as one of the most challenging topics for high school students in biology. This research focused on identifying the key factors that hinder students’ understanding of chromosome dynamics at the secondary level. It also aimed to evaluate the relevance and effectiveness of the didactic tools used in classrooms to represent these biological processes. The present study was conducted using an observation grid applied to two science classes. The findings reveal persistent misconceptions among students. The research advocates for pedagogical strategies that incorporate dynamic models, guided reasoning, and conceptual scaffolding to promote a deeper and more accurate understanding of chromosomal dynamics.

Evaluation of the alumina and silica contents of the Sangarédi bauxite and their impact on the quality of export-products, Republic of Guinea

Kourouma, Ibrahima Kalil — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

This research focused on assessing the chemical constituents of bauxite from Sangarédi, the dominant mining locality of Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinée (CBG), in an effort to assess the contributions of the constituents in deciding the final quality of exported products. Sampling was performed as a whole (from the deposit and intermediate stockpiled, and stockpiled for sale); then selected samples underwent analysis by x-ray fluorescence (XRF) in the laboratory. The study was completed based on alumina (Al2O3), and reactive silica (SiO2) whose variation can affect the sustainability and ultimately the profitability of a bauxitic ore in the Bayer process, which is the valorisation process of the ore. The study results indicate that alumina is relatively stable, with an average content of 49.66 %, which is very much like the contractual specification of 50.01 ± 1.5 %; approximately 90 % of the samples fall within the acceptable tolerance range, and it shows that the ore has good export quality. However, reactive silica is unstable and too high, with an average content of 2.38 %, which exceeds the contractual specification of 2.01 ± 0.3 %; only 40 % of the samples conform with the standard, while 60 % are above the standard. This non-conformance created over-consumption of caustic soda and reduced alumina yield, which was detrimental to the international competitiveness of Sangarédi bauxite. The proposed corrective actions are strengthening continuous quality control, improving stockpile homogenization, avoiding contaminations during handling and transport, and implementing differentiated deposit management. In sum, this study has shown that controlling the variability of reactive silica is a tactical lever for better compliance with contractual specifications, enhancing the value-added of exported products, and consolidating Guinea’s role as the leading bauxite producer in the world.

Study of the suitability of Touba groundwater for irrigation

Kandji, Ibra — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

With no surface water available during the dry season in Touba, using groundwater for irrigation is a real alternative. In general, the poor quality of irrigation water has an effect on soil quality, which is harmful to plant growth and therefore has an impact on yield. Irrigation water can even pose a risk to human health. It is crucial to assess the quality of irrigation water before use. Consequently, the aim of this study is to assess the suitability of the groundwater in TOUBA and the surrounding area for irrigation. For the purposes of this study, the Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), the Magnesium Absorption Ratio (MAR), the Doneen Permeability Index (IP) and the Potential Salinity (SP) were calculated for sixteen (16) boreholes tapping the Maastrichtian aquifer. The determination of these parameters is based on hydro-chemical data (Electrical Conductivity (EC), concentration of chloride (Cl-), sulphate (SO4 2-), calcium (Ca 2+), bicarbonate (H03-), magnesium (Mg 2+), sodium (Na +) and potassium (K+) ions) received from the Water Resources Management and Planning Department (DGPRE) and the Rural Drilling Office (OFOR). According to the SAR, 12.5% are C3S1, 12.5% C1S4, 31.25% C4S3-C3S4, 6.25% C2S4 and 37.5% C4S4. 93.75% of the samples have a MAR above 60% [FAO limit]. Determination of the Doneen index (PI) shows that all the samples have PI above 75%. However, only 18.75% of the waters studied have the SP values recommended by Doneen.

The participatory budget put to the test of the hopes and uncertainties of participation in the municipality of Parakou

Montcho, Rodrigue Sèdjrofidé — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Participatory budgeting is an ongoing experience in the municipality of Parakou in the Republic of Benin. This ongoing process sheds light on the relationship between principals and those mandated in the ongoing local development and decentralization process. This research aims to analyze the fulfilled or disappointed hopes and the uncertainties of the participatory budget of the municipality of Parakou. In a mixed approach, the questionnaire and the interview guide made it possible to collect data from 384 informants identified by reasoned choice and cluster techniques. It appears that the participatory budget mechanism in the municipality of Parakou comes to provide a response to the lack of participation and takes into account some priorities of the Community. But the participatory challenge has not yet been fully met. We have the impression of being in a partial process of participation which mobilizes the representatives instead of taking into account all the actors of the population in a perspective of global financial citizenship. The resources to achieve this are complex, particularly in communities with large populations, but it will be necessary to innovate with a good perspective of overall inclusion and not of selection for the purposes of good governance and budgetary democracy.

Risk and demand for insurance by hotels in Goma

HABINAMWISHO LUSHEKE, Jean Paul — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this article is to identify the link between business risks and the demand for insurance by hotel SMEs in the city of Goma. It follows a quantitative investigative approach since it aims to analyze the main risks to which hotels are exposed and to understand their insurance behavior. The results from the logistic regression analyses show that the level of risk has a positive and significant effect on hotels' demand for insurance in Goma. However, it turned out that the development of risk management practices positively and significantly moderates the relationship between risk and hotels' demand for insurance in Goma, to the point where the improvement of risk management practices inevitably leads to a decrease in demand for insurance. Thus, hotels can implement preventive measures and appropriate emergency plans, thereby improving the safety of guests and staff. Moreover, a better understanding of risks enables hotels to strengthen their operational management, protect their reputation, and optimize their financial performance.

Valorization of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) co-products in the feed ration of Sahelian sheep: Case of tops and pods

Mouctari, Ousseini Mahaman Malam — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The valorization of agricultural residues is a major concern in livestock feeding in Niger. The objective of this study is to evaluate digestibility and weight performance of sheep on stakes fed with cowpea by-products (tops and pods). The work was carried out on fifteen (15) entire rams of the Oudah breed, approximately 12 to 15 months old and with an average weight of 26.89±3.13 kg. These animals were randomly divided into four groups. Each group consisted of five (5) animals tied to the stakes. Batch 1 received 56% cowpea tops and 44% wheat bran; ration of batch 2 was composed of 42.04% cowpea husks, 28.66% wheat bran and 29.30% bush straw and that of batch 3 included 41.89% cowpea tops and husks, 27.03% wheat bran and 31.08% bush straw. These results show that animals ingested 99.0±.42; 112.8±5.78 and 100.9±7.72 g/day/kgP0.75 respectively for batch 1, 2 and 3. Average daily gains ranging from 52.20±34.80 g/animal/day for batch 1 (control); 70.65±47.98 g/animal/day for batch 2 and 108.05±43.88 g/animal/day for batch 4 were recorded. Cowpea co-products can be used in sheep feed by processing them from raw to corked form.

Managing overall performance through management control systems in large Moroccan companies: The case of the Béni Mellal-Khénifra region

AMAZZAL, Abdel-Ylah — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this article is to study the contribution of management control systems to steering the overall performance of large companies. To carry out this research, an exploratory qualitative study was undertaken in the form of a case study of a large Moroccan company. The data was collected via a semi-directive interview conducted with a management control and internal audit manager using an interview guide. The results show that the four control levers presented by Simons’ framework are present in the company’s management control systems. In addition, the company’s overall performance is managed by linking the diagnostic and interactive control levers using an ‘ambidextrous’ overall performance management control system.

Evaluation of the antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and anti-hyperglycemic potential of a fermented drink made from tamarind, ginger, and turmeric in rabbits

Stéphanie, Anoh E. Raïssa Inès — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Beverages are important in the diet because they help humans stay hydrated. However, they are implicated in the development of metabolic diseases due to their variable sugar content. A study was therefore conducted to develop and evaluate the antioxidant and hypoglycemic properties of a drink made from tamarind, turmeric and ginger, given the nutritional potential of these foods. For this, turmeric and ginger were added to tamarind in a ratio of 10%. The drinks were fermented spontaneously for 36 hours. The analyses were on pH, total polyphenols, and antioxidant activity according to DPPH determination. These beverages were then administered to healthy 2-month-old rabbits to assess their impact on blood sugar levels. Results revealed that beverages pH remained acidic and below 3 during fermentation. The combination of tamarind (90%), turmeric (5%), and ginger (5%) increased polyphenol content from 1.498 to 1.514 mg GAE/g. Fermented tamarind-turmeric and tamarind-turmeric-ginger drinks DPPH inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were 2.14 and 2.23 µg/ml respectively, revealing respective anti-radical powers of 37.74 and 44.84 µmol of reduced DPPH. Combination of tamarind (90%), turmeric (5%), and ginger (5%) also led to a decrease in blood sugar levels 2.5 hours after glucose induction from 126.6±15.30 to 112.8±5.63 (mg/dL) and from 121±9.72 to 112.6±6.65 (mg/dL), respectively. The anti-hyperglycemia test revealed a decrease in blood glucose levels for all beverages. Beverages made from tamarind, turmeric, and ginger have good antioxidant properties that promote lower blood sugar levels, contributing to fight against metabolic diseases.

Contribution of lithostratigraphy in revealing the anomalous contact between the basement and the ivorian sedimentary basin in the Alepe region (Côte d’Ivoire)

François, Kouao Assiè — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Alépé region is located in the southeastern part of the sedimentary basin Ivorian Onshore. Lithostratigraphic characterization helps clarify lithological facies, define sedimentary sequences and highlight the contact between the basement and the Ivorian sedimentary basin. The lithostratigraphic characterization rocks reveal an abnormal contact between Alépé formations and those of the base of the sedimentary basin. Tertiary-Quaternary deposits recover in discordance the Precambrian basement. The stratigraphic sequence occurs from the bottom up as follows: basal conglomerates, clays in various colors; conglomerates, sandy clays, clayey sands, ferruginous quartz sandstone with cement, stone line, earth bar. These sedimentary formations were deposited in fluvial channels to meandering braided type.

Determinants of the adoption of the IT management control tool in small and medium-sized enterprises in the city of Beni

Clovis, Mumbere Sihingirwa — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article aims to determine the factors underlying the adoption of IT management control tools in SMEs. A questionnaire survey was conducted on a population of 181 SMEs operating in the city of Beni. Data processing was performed using logistic regression with SPSS software. This technique allowed for the evaluation of the relationship between the adoption of IT tools and management control tools. The results show that the adoption of IT tools is associated with manager training and budget implementation. Factors such as SME size, age, professional experience, manager’s level of education, and the implementation of accounting within the SMEs were excluded from the model.

Assessment of production, hygiene practices, and consumption of fortified infant flour in the Sahel of Niger

Oumarou, Ismaël Mamane Laouali — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Misola® fortified infant flour is a product that helps prevent and combat moderate malnutrition. The overall objective of this study is to increase the consumption of Misola® fortified infant flour. A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted in the Sahel Niger Zone of Niamey, Dogondoutchi, Guidan Roumdji, and Tessaoua, and involved 211 households and three (3) production units (Niamey, Dogondoutchi, and Tessaoua). Data were collected using a household questionnaire, a producer interview guide, and a hygiene assessment grid at the production unit level. Analysis of these data revealed that the production of Misola® fortified infant flour is predominantly carried out by women within the production units, with an average of 88.5%. The output of Misola® fortified infant flour follows the same flowchart in all production units. Regarding hygiene during production, compliance rates of 70%, 58.8%, and 82.4% were observed for hygiene criteria in Niamey, Dogondoutchi, and Tessaoua, respectively. Regarding use, 49.8% of respondents start giving their children Misola® porridge from 6 months. However, the majority of Misola flour users (67.8%) learned to prepare Misola® porridge through self-training (using the instructions on the packaging), and 28.4% learned at the point of sale. Overall, the use of Misola® fortified infant flour in the study area is satisfactory. The production of Misola® fortified infant flour in our facilities is conducted in accordance with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs). However, some shortcomings regarding hygiene criteria were noted in the study area. It would be necessary to intensify quality control at the UP level to ensure greater compliance with hygiene standards.

Effect of weeds on the quality and productivity of an artificial pasture of Panicum maximum C1 (Jacques, 1786) and the composition of the cattle diet

Koutouan, F. P. — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

In order to determine the effect of weeds on artificial pastures, a study was conducted in central Côte d’Ivoire, on an artificial pasture of Panicum maximum C1 invaded by weeds. The flora of the pasture was determined from the floristic survey, and the degree of soiling and degradation was subsequently assessed from the weeds list and their cover. The feed ration for the cattle on this pasture was determined using the «shepherd’s collection» method. Pasture productivity was assessed by the full mowing method on plots previously protected. The results showed that the pasture studied was clean, composed of eight weed species, but very heavily degraded. The degree of degradation was 0.85. The cattle ration was composed mainly of grasses (94.5%), followed by legumes (5.4%). The specific contributions of Panicum maximum C1, a planted species, were 14.8% and 58.8%, respectively in the pasture and in the cattle diet. The species most appreciated by cattle remained Panicum maximum C1, with a selection index of 7.76. The potential forage productivity of the pasture was 5.73±0.08 tons of dry matter/hectare/year. This productivity rose to 10.35±0.11 tons of dry matter/hectare/year when the pasture was weeded and fertilised. The results obtained testify to the need to properly maintain and manage an artificial pasture.

Effect of sowing density on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) rosette under the agro-ecological conditions of the city of Kenge in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)

Kulapa, Blanchard Tebo — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present study aims to highlight the effects of different planting densities on the control of groundnut rosette under the agro-ecological conditions of Kenge. The study was conducted in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Kwango Province, in the city of Kenge. For this study, we used an experimental approach combined with statistical analysis. The experimental design was a 2 × 4 factorial in a split-plot arrangement with four treatments and three replications: T0 = random spacing, T1 = 20 cm × 20 cm, T2 = 40 cm × 20 cm, and T3 = 30 cm × 30 cm. The results showed that T1 (20 cm × 20 cm) achieved the best performance, with a lower incidence and less severe attacks compared to the other treatments. It was followed by T0 (random spacing), which gave results similar to T1. Lime amendment also proved important, providing better results on the plots where it was applied compared to plots without lime. These findings suggest that higher planting densities help control the aphid Aphis craccivora and combat groundnut rosette.

Characterization of Moringa (Moringa oleifera L.) farms in the urban community of Agadez

Moussa Dit Kalamou, Mahamadou — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article deals with the characterization of moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam., 1785) farms in the urban commune of Agadez. It analyzes the socio-professional activities that generate income for producers and the various production factors involved in moringa production. Moringa production enables producers to generate income throughout the year, with periods of peak profitability during Ramadan and socio-religious events. The aim of the study was to characterize moringa farms in the commune of Agadez. To this end, the survey covered 115 producers, i.e. 25% of the 459 moringa producers counted at six moringa production sites. The sample comprised 83.5% men and 16.5% women. Analysis shows that these producers farm an average of 3.29 ha, with decreases of up to 1.15 ha on average depending on the crop year. 60.9% of farmers surveyed inherited their land, while 13.9% purchased it. These modes of acquisition are followed by loans, gifts and rentals. Farmers engage in several socio-professional activities, the main one being market gardening, practised by 95.7% of those surveyed, with livestock farming coming in second place with 60.9%. Although it is a cash crop, moringa production generates costs for the purchase of agricultural inputs. The statistical correlation test reveals that the costs of fertilizers (-0.081), pesticides (-0.081), working materials (depreciation (-0.047)), permanent (-0.048) and daily (-0.086) employees and family labor (-0.089) were negatively correlated with yield.

Assessment of the chemical characteristics of soils and quantification of organic carbon for the ecological and sustainable management of ecosystems in the Guéra, Batha and Hadjer Lamis provinces in Chad

Daakreo, Gaiwa — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The provinces of Guéra, Batha, and Hadjer Lamis are under severe environmental pressure due to overgrazing, deforestation for fuelwood, and soil degradation, compromising essential ecosystem services. Despite the populations’ dependence on these services, no up-to-date environmental monitoring system exists, limiting understanding of the dynamics of degradation. In this context, the study aims to assess soil chemical characteristics and quantify soil organic carbon (SOC) in three provinces of Chad (Guéra, Batha, and Hadjer Lamis) in order to evaluate their fertility and carbon sequestration potential. A hierarchical sampling system, based on 10 km2 sentinel sites stratified into 16 clusters, was used to capture the spatial variability of the soils. The analyses show high grain size heterogeneity, with very clayey soils in Amdjamena and Bokoro (78%) and predominantly sandy soils in Temki (73%). pH values ranging from 4.94 to 10.74 indicate conditions ranging from slightly acidic to alkaline. The soils have high aluminum content, contrasting with very low levels of boron and zinc, indicating potential micronutrient deficiencies. Phosphorus, magnesium, and potassium levels are generally low, suggesting limited chemical fertility. Average nitrogen (0.04%) and COS (5.23 g kg⁻1) concentrations confirm a marked lack of organic matter. SOC varies greatly between sites, from 0.68 to 30 g/kg, with high values in Melfi and very low values in Amdjamena and Bokoro. These results highlight limited fertility and contrasting carbon sequestration potential, requiring appropriate management approaches to restore soil health and enhance agroecological resilience.

Deflection of greenhouse truss using finite element

Konan, Konan Eric — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study analyzes the behavior of a Warren truss for a greenhouse using the finite element method. The truss consists of 50 nodes and 47 identical galvanized steel bars with a span of 5.04 m. It is intended to support an agrivoltaic greenhouse. The objective is twofold: first, to determine the truss’ response to external stresses at these nodes—elongations, deformations, stresses, and normal forces in the bars-and second, to understand the modal deformations. This study is part of the development of a calculation tool for designing structures to address our specific challenges. This work is a static analysis of a flat truss beam of hinged bars for a greenhouse, aimed at optimizing agricultural production. It also incorporates the vibration analysis of the truss, including the determination of its natural modes. A calculation program was developed using matrix calculation software, Matlab R2022b. The results are consistent with the RDM 7 structural analysis software. The maximum stress is -3.3305 MPa (compression). This is considerably higher than the material’s elastic limit of 220 MPa. These results also confirm the suitability of the structure for agrivoltaic greenhouses. The natural frequencies vary from W1 = 266 rad/s to W47 = 24894 rad/s; W24 = 14232 rad/s is shown in the illustration.

Seroprevalence of autoantibodies associated with autoimmune liver disease in patients previously exposed to HBV and HIV

Lamiaa, Bouheria — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Autoimmune liver diseases are chronic liver diseases caused by the attack of the immune system against liver cells. They result from a variety of factors, including environmental, genetic and infectious. This study aims to compare the seropositivity of autoantibodies associated with autoimmune hepatopathy between patients previously exposed to HBV, HIV and these two viruses simultaneously, with patients who have never been in contact with HBV and HIV. We conducted a retrospective case-control study at Ibn Rochd University Hospital in Casablanca, from June 2023 to February 2024, on 80 patients divided into three groups: a control group without exposure to HBV and HIV, and two groups of cases involving HBV-infected patients and HIV. We evaluated the seroprevalence of autoantibodies associated with autoimmune hepatopathy using the immunodot technique with the LI7 DIV-24 kit and the Blue Diver automaton. Hbs antigen and total Hbc antibodies were detected by automated immuno-chemiluminescence. We found a seroprevalence of autoantibodies associated with autoimmune liver disease of 4% in controls, 30% in HBV-infected patients and 28.60% in HIV-infected patients. Anti-M2/nPDC and anti-Gp210 antibodies were positive in both HBV and HIV groups, anti-SLA predominated in HBV-infected patients, while anti-F-actin antibodies were more frequent in HIV-infected patients (P<0.02). In conclusion, our study, in agreement with several bibliographic data, suggests an established association between HBV, HIV and HBV-HIV co-infection and autoimmune hepatopathy.

Farmer Perceptions and Agroecological Adoptability of Two Forage Crops in Niger: The Case of Pennisetum purpureum and Dolichos lablab

Aziz, Soumaila Koure Abdoul — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Foo This study analyzes farmer perceptions and the agroecological adoptability of two forage crops (Pennisetum purpureum and Dolichos lablab) within Sahelian agro-pastoral systems in Niger. A survey was conducted among 304 producers across 11 villages in three departments (Dakoro, Madarounfa, Konni), using structured questionnaires, field observations, and statistical analysis. Dolichos lablab is widely known (70.8%) and primarily used for hay production, while Pennisetum purpureum remains marginally adopted (29.8%) despite its agronomic potential. Preferences vary by soil type, with Pennisetum purpureum favored on sandy soils and Dolichos lablab on clay soils. Major constraints include limited access to quality seeds and insufficient technical support. The complementary integration of these species, supported by participatory approaches and appropriate public policies, offers a strategic pathway to enhance agroecological sustainability and animal food security in Niger.

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant activity and Antibacterial activity of Essential oil of Hyptis spicigera Lam. grown in NIGER

Abba, Bala Namata — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study focuses on the analysis of the chemical composition and the evaluation of the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the essential oil of Hyptis spicigera from Niger. Hyptis spicigera is a plant that belongs to the Lamiaceae family. Analysis of the chemical composition of this plant’s essential oil by using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry allowed to the identification of 39 compounds with (E) -β-caryophyllene (38.04%) as the major constituent. The antioxidant activity of the oil essential was evaluated by using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging method and expressed as CI50, and the iron reduction method and expressed as CE50. An CI50 value of 4.56 mg/mL and an CE50 value of 2.51 mg/mL were obtained. The antibacterial activity was studied using the disc diffusion method and the microdilution method on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The essential oil showed good antibacterial activity on the bacterial strains tested, with an inhibition zone diameter of 35 ± 1.5 mm and a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.03 mg/mL for the Enterococcus faecium H3434 strain, and an inhibition zone diameter of 20 ± 1 mm and a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.5 mg/mL for the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus P1123 strain.

A cross-perspective of school stakeholders on the effectiveness and limitations of the « school fund » policy in Madagascar

GARBA, Kamel Arêo — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Madagascar, like several other African countries, introduced a support measure for public primary schools into its education system in 2002, known as the «school fund» (CE). While this measure, designed to alleviate the costs incurred by parents for financing minor maintenance and school operations, has seen some success, it appears to have lost momentum in recent years and reveals a significant gap between the current situation and its initial objectives. This research, which required both qualitative and quantitative data collected using administered data collection tools from one hundred and fifty-three (153) respondents, aims to understand the perceptions of school stakeholders regarding the «school fund» in the country. The results obtained show that while the «school funds» have alleviated some of the burdens faced by those involved in education, they still struggle to meet expectations. Their management and the mobilization of resources to fully cover schools’ needs were frequently cited as major issues by beneficiaries.

Contribution to the development of a modular approach to the cross-disciplinary integration of environmental skills training modules in initial training at secondary school level and in higher education

Dognon, Ahodegnon Zéphyrin Magloire — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article proposes a curricular engineering approach to the identification of competency modules with a view to their integration into university and secondary vocational training. The curricular theory based on the choice of a recommended curriculum and a possible curriculum dictated by the axiological and epistemological dimensions served as a framework for this research. Methodologically, a corpus of environmental skills modules was analysed and their potential for integration into existing VET curricula was examined. As a result, a set of three modules respecting the conditions of transversality was identified and proposed for integration into vocational and university training in the field of industry within the framework of a didactic programme to be carried out.

Spatio-seasonal variations of physico-chemical parameters in the waters of Lake KAN (Bouaké, Ivory Coast)

Coulibaly, Sékou — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Kan Lake plays a socio-economic role for the populations of Bouaké. However, due to increasing urbanization around it, the lake is becoming increasingly threatened. This study aims to examine the spatio-seasonal variations of the physico-chemical parameters of the lake. For this purpose, in-situ measurements and laboratory analyses were conducted using appropriate equipment. The results show that the Kan reservoir lake exhibits spatial homogeneity for certain parameters (temperature, pH, conductivity, salinity, dissolved oxygen, chlorine, alkalinity, hardness, iron, nitrite, nitrate, ammonium, orthophosphate, and transparency), but also significant variability for others (redox potential, depth). Seasonally, temperature, pH, redox potential, dissolved oxygen, salinity, chlorine, alkalinity, iron, nitrates, and nitrites vary significantly from one season to another. This situation illustrates the combined effect of tropical climatic conditions, water inputs, and human activities on the variation of physico-chemical parameters in the Kan reservoir lake. It also highlights the necessity to integrate seasonal variability into environmental management strategies to preserve water quality and aquatic biodiversity.

Characterization of green spaces in two rapidly expanding cities in Côte d’Ivoire: Case of Daloa and Bouaflé cities (Central-West of Côte d’Ivoire)

KOUASSI, Kanga Justin — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Green spaces have always played a crucial role in maintaining the balance of the urban ecosystem. However, very few scientific studies have focused on these spaces of high economic, social, and environmental value. This study was therefore conducted to characterize the types of urban forest management in the cities of Daloa and Bouaflé. To this end, a floristic inventory combining surface survey and mobile survey methods was carried out in all types of urban green spaces. Nine types of green spaces were identified in Daloa and eight in Bouaflé. The main results indicate a very high degree of similarity between the management types in these two localities, both in terms of floristic composition and management policies. These green spaces lack proper maintenance and are characterized by a mix of local and introduced plant species. The majority of these green spaces were created without a proper development plan, and a large number of plant species have regenerated naturally. However, planners generally favor exotic species for their aesthetic appeal, to the detriment of local plant species. This type of development raises numerous questions that warrant further investigation through additional studies in order to achieve a sustainable city model.

Comparative agronomic performance of bio-phospho-composts on rice (Oryza sativa L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) growth and yield in western Côte d’Ivoire

Beralex, Boueunan Wongbe — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

A rapid population growth in Côte d’Ivoire, notably in Man, leads to progressive degradation of agricultural soils, amplified by a heavy reliance on chemical fertilizers. To address this, the study evaluates the agronomic performance of three different bio-phospho-composts made from varying doses of Moroccan phosphate rock (150, 300, and 450 kg/ha). Field trials were conducted over three cycles to determine their effects on the agronomic parameters of rice and maize. Results show that, under high doses of phosphate rock (RP) (T3 to T6), grain yields range from 3.5 to 5.5 t/ha for rice and 3.93 to 5.5 t/ha for maize. Conversely, low RP doses (T1–T2) produce grain yields from 1.77 to 2.79 t/ha for rice and 1.77 to 3.5 t/ha for maize. The association of biofertilizers with chemical fertilizers (KCl, urea) strongly increases all agromorphological parameters (p < 0.0001) compared with treatments without chemical fertilizers (T2, T4, T6). However, treatment T6 with 450 kg RP/ha, without chemical fertilizer, shows an even more marked improvement, surpassing treatments with chemical fertilizers (T1 and T3) and recording a relative yield increase (TAR) of 319.76% compared with T0 under T6. Under T1 and T3, TARs are 179.89% and 295.52% respectively. The 450 kg RP/ha dose appears optimal for increasing the productivity of rice and maize. The study highlights the need for dynamic and crop-cycle–specific fertilization management to ensure sustainable production.

Political thought of President John Pombe Magufuli: Between populism and Pan-Africanism?

BYENDA, Adolphe AMANI — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

This reflection on the thoughts of the former Tanzanian president, John Pombe Maguli traces his history through his political speeches and spontaneous outings. From these, a systematic analysis was carried out to establish a link between political life and the pan-Africanist ideology which emerged from African leaders whom some consider to be pioneers of African thought. Thanks to a certain rigor that he set for himself when he entered politics, John Pombe Magufuli managed to revive the pan-Africanist ideas and models that some opinion doubts to attribute to the ideals of the former pan-Africanists from before, during and after African independence. In this way, he became an emblematic political actor not only for his own country, but also for Africa as a whole, even if he seems to be forgotten today in the modern history of Pan-Africanism. Its embodied pan-Africanist model refers to the culture of self-care through what can be described as ego-Africanism for a better political, economic, social and scientific future for Africa. In this sense, rethinking the South and Africa will only be possible if African leaders draw inspiration from the model of President John Pombe Magufuli.

Length-Mass Relationship and Condition Factor of the killifish Epiplatys chaperi sheljuzhkoi Poll, 1953 in the Banco River (Côte d’Ivoire)

Kouamé, Ouanko Affoué Danielle — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this study was to examine some biological aspects of Epiplatys chaperi sheljuzhkoi, in a habitat under the influence of urban wastewater in order to gather scientific information needed for better management and conservation of this resource. Four data collection campaigns, one per season, were carried out from January 2016 to December 2016. The standard length and mass of each specimen were taken. The length-mass relationship and the condition factor were analysed. The one-factor Student’s t test was used to check the significance of the difference between the theoretical and observed values of the allometry coefficient b. An analysis of the condition factor was performed. The size structure shows that individuals between 15 mm and 20 mm in standard length dominate the E. chaperi sheljuzhkoi population. The value of the allometric coefficient b (2.91) is lower than the theoretical value 3 (Student’s t-test, p ˂ 0.05). This indicates a negative allometric growth of E. chaperi sheljuzhkoi. The long dry season recorded the lowest average condition factor (Kc) (1.56 ± 0.61%). The highest value was recorded during the long rainy season (2.38 ± 0.27 %). The allometry coefficient shows that Epiplatys chaperi sheljuzhkoi develops more than in the river. These data form a necessary basis for the proper management and conservation of this aquatic ecosystem.

Assessing the invasive potential of Azadirachta indica and its effects on biodiversity in Delta of Saloum National Park, Senegal (West Africa)

Niang, Fatimata — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Forests represent a vital component of ecosystem services, offering significant benefits. However, these vital habitats are particularly vulnerable to the negative impacts of invasive species. In West Africa, Azadirachta indica has been introduced for timber production, the provision of shade, land restoration, etc. This species exhibits traits such as rapid growth, high seed production, etc., which may facilitate its establishment as an invasive species. The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential invasiveness of A. indica in the Delta du Saloum National Park, focusing on its abundance, temporal spread, and impact on woody species diversity. The data were collected through floristic inventories conducted in 2012, 2019 and 2022. The results indicated a consistent increase in the sites location, number and density of Azadirachta indica over the studied decades. This species demonstrates considerable capacity for natural regeneration, as evidenced by the predominance of young and diminutive individuals. The progressive dynamics of the species observed between 2012 and 2022 remain similar to those predicted for the next 10 years, providing information on future proportions with clear implications for woody flora. The presence of the species has been found to be associated with a decline in richness and diversity, as well as a change in the floristic composition of the forest. The findings of this study offer a management and control instrument that is timely, as it is being developed at a critical juncture when the proliferation of invasive species with severe ramifications typically occurs in an unanticipated manner.

Major Challenges Related to School Leaders in Integrating Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in Secondary Schools in Rural Areas of Tshilenge Territory (DRC)

Kayembe, Bertrand Mulumba — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Our research conducted in the rural area of Tshilenge Territory from 03/15 to 05/15/2024, focused on «Major Challenges Related to School Leaders in Integrating Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in Secondary Schools in Rural Tshilenge» and aimed to identify the major challenges of integrating ICT in secondary schools in Tshilenge Territory. As for the methodological approach, we used the survey method coupled with the techniques: Interview, Dialog, Participatory observation, Documentary, and statistical analysis using SPSS software. The results from the surveys proved that: the insufficient number of hours allocated for the computer course, the under-qualification of teachers assigned to teach the computer course, the lack of computer manuals and materials, the lack of monitoring of teachers by school administrators during computer course delivery, and the non-compliance with pedagogical methods in the computer course constitute the major challenges related to secondary school administrators in the integration of ICT in rural areas of Tshilenge Territory. It also seems desirable in the future to extend our surveys to other categories of schools, notably primary schools and higher and university education institutions across other sites in the Tshilenge Territory, in order to provide additional information to our research.

Data Colonialism: A Historian’s Perspective on the Struggle for Nigeria’s Data Sovereignty

Iroju, Opeyemi Anthony — 2026-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Nigeria is a data intensive country because the socio-economic system of the nation relies on the use of large volumes of data generated across diverse sectors which include oil and gas, banking, health and education. These data are used for policy formulation, budgeting, security and resource allocation. Nevertheless, Nigeria has long been vulnerable to data colonisation since the advent of the British administrators who collected, controlled and exploited data in Nigeria for administrative control, imperial socio-economic interest and classification of Nigerians into various ethnic groups. The consequences of data colonisation in Nigeria during the British rule were quite extensive. These include the distortion of historical narratives, resource exploitation, inter-ethnic rivalry as well as difficulty in accessing the data collected by the British administrators. Unfortunately, data colonialism in Nigeria spanned through the digital era where data collected from Nigerians are controlled by foreign Information and Communication Technology (ICT) platforms with or without consent and fair compensation, thereby further threatening the data sovereignty of the nation. It is against this background that this study provides an in-depth study of data colonisation in Nigeria from the colonial period to the digital era. This is with the view to revealing the struggle of Nigeria in achieving data sovereignty.

Evaluation of the performance of the parasitoid Diadegma insulare (Cresson) on cabbage moth populations in the laboratory

Labou, Babacar — 2026-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Recently introduced in Senegal, the parasitoid Diadegma insulare (Cresson) quickly acclimatized to the point of occupying the niche of the parasitic procession of the pest Plutella xylostella (L.). This study aims to evaluate the performance of the parasitoid D. insulare as a biological control agent for the diamondback moth. The work was carried out in the laboratory at a temperature of 25°C and a relative humidity of 60%. Ten females of the parasitoid, after 24 hours of mating upon emergence, were each placed in contact with 100 host caterpillars. The latter were removed from the cages 24 hours later and monitored until emergence, at which point the number of parasitized caterpillars was determined. This experiment was repeated throughout the female’s life. The aggressiveness of the females, the parasitism rate, and the influence of the larval stage on parasitism were evaluated. The results showed high aggression in females, which varied significantly with age (93% and 32%). The average parasitism rate was approximately 70%. In 15 days of oviposition, a female D. insulare is capable of parasitizing 809/1500 available caterpillars. Females remain active throughout their lives and their life expectancy was negatively correlated with the parasitism rate. They parasitized more L2 stage caterpillars, but their cycle duration was longer (15.9 days). The sex ratio shows a dominance of males. The parasitoid D. insulare is a good biological control agent and can be a good alternative in integrated pest management.

Assessment of environmental compliance of the mining rehabilitation plan of « Nasega Ressources Sarl » in Yakassé-Attobrou (Côte d’Ivoire)

KONE, Kinanpara — 2026-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study is part of a critical assessment of the conformity of the environmental rehabilitation plan applied in the context of a semi-industrial gold mining operation. The study aims to assess the relevance and effectiveness of the actions implemented with regard to the Ivorian mining code of 2014, interministerial decree n° 0026/MINEDD/MMG/2019 as well as international standards. The methodology adopted combines field observation, local survey, semi-structured interviews, regulatory analyses and GIS processing. The analysis is structured around three axes: the initial state of the site, the impacts of mining activities and the technical quality of the rehabilitation measures. The results reveal that only 32% of pits are properly backfilled, with signs of erosion, partial revegetation of the soil, and poorly recycled waste. Deficits in environmental monitoring and the low involvement of authorities constitute major limitations. This work proposes technical and institutional recommendations for better post-exploitation ecological governance. It is part of a dynamic of continuous, practical and rigorous strengthening of the regulatory, normative, operational, scientific, environmental, socio-economic and cultural framework of contemporary, inclusive and truly sustainable semi-industrial gold mining in Côte d’Ivoire.

Liberate to Innovate: A Tunisian Case Study on Rigidity and the Quest for Recognition

CHERIF, Hanen — 2026-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article explores how hierarchical rigidity and lack of recognition hinder autonomy and innovation in organizations. Through a qualitative case study at Confiserie Triki le Moulin in Tunisia (2019), based on 40 semi-structured interviews, we analyze the structural and cultural barriers to innovation in emerging contexts. Findings show that rigid hierarchies slow decision-making and communication, while lack of recognition weakens motivation and engagement. These dynamics foster distrust, reduce collaboration, and ultimately block organizational creativity. The discussion connects these findings to the liberated company model, stressing autonomy, trust, and recognition as levers for sustainable innovation. Beyond theory, managerial recommendations are proposed for Tunisian firms. The article highlights the importance of rethinking management models in emerging economies where traditional hierarchies remain dominant.

Evaluation of some anthropometric and cardiovascular variables in women working in the fields and sedentary women in Ziguinchor

Diop, Mountaga — 2026-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Context: The growing sedentary lifestyle, combined with an increase in cardiovascular disease and overweight, prompted this study of women in the commune of Ziguinchor, where rural work is the dominant activity. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of rural work on women’s health. Methods: We compared several parameters between two groups: those doing field work and those who were sedentary. The variables studied included weight, height, resting heart rate, resting blood pressure and body mass index (BMI). Results: The results showed that women who worked in the fields had lower weights and BMIs than sedentary women. However, no significant differences were observed in terms of heart rate and blood pressure. Conclusion: This study shows that working in the fields helps to reduce the weight of Diola women in Ziguinchor.

Phenology of trees at the National Center for Floristics at Félix Houphouët Boigny University in Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire

Souleymane, Diomande — 2026-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study sought to investigate the relationships between climate trends and tree reproductive cycles at the National Floristic Center of Abidjan over a period of more than thirty years. Climate trends were analyzed and reveal major increases in rainfall; more frequent extreme events; à decline in maximum temperature, which is a direct contradiction to the global records observed; and tree phenological rhythms. Monitoring of eleven tree species demonstrated continuous fruiting the greatest being in December for thirteen individuals, flowering at peak in February for five individuals belonging to three different species, and exhibiting different adaptations to new environmental conditions. The results indicated a high level of synchronization between the biological cycles of trees and climatic parameters. In this respect, the biological rhythms were particularly more sensitive to temperatures between January and May and the triggering of reproductive phases was more tied to rainfall. Overall mixes of responses were shown by the species, by climate trends and by climate variables.

Assessing the impact of customer loyalty on the long-term sustainability of microfinance institutions in Parakou, Benin

DAGBELOU, Vinablo Kodjo Dominique — 2026-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Most scientists today believe that microfinance is an effective means of alleviate poverty and financial exclusion. It plays an important role in improving the living conditions of rural populations; by providing them with productive resources through the provision of credit, savings, tontine and insurance services. The recognized importance of microfinance institutions has led to the creation of a multitude of microfinance institutions. This situation raises the problem of competition that the latter engage in, especially when the government decides to intervene in the sector with the creation of microfinance institutions with the «microcredit for the poorest» program. The methodology used consisted of collecting data from 265 MFI clients in the town of Parakou in Benin. Multiple regression was used to analyze the results. According to the results, individual factors (client satisfaction, client trust in the institution, and social networks) better explained client loyalty than factors relating to the quality of IMF service delivery. Likewise, the viability of the IMF is determined more by economic factors (resources necessary to meet the various charges, provisions for doubtful debts, volume of activities and collection capacity) than by social factors (physical proximity and the cultural proximity of the institution to their clients). And finally, customer loyalty explains the viability of the IMF.

Morphological variations of leaves and fruits of Sclerocarya birrea in two climatic zones of Niger

Haoua, Idi Ounani — 2026-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Variations in environmental factors induce morphological variations in the organs of plant species. This study was conducted to determine the morphological variations of leaves and fruits of Sclerocarya birrea along an aridity gradient North-South (Gaya - Dogondoucthi) to enable the selection of interesting ideotypes for the domestication of the species. For the methodology, thirty (30) individuals per site were chosen. The measurements were based on thirty (30) fruits and fifteen (15) leaves per individual. For fruits, the morphological descriptors chosen were length, width and weight and for leaves, the length of the leaf, length of the petiole, number of leaflets, length and width of the leaflet were considered. The obtained data were related and the averages were compared. The results showed significant differences between the zones for the weight of the fruit and the size of the leaflets. Fruit weights ranged from 16.03g to 14.75g, respectively, for the Sahelian and Sahelo-Sudanian zones. Leaflet lengths ranged from 2.48cm to 2.19cm, and leaf widths ranged from 1.37cm to 1.28cm, respectively, for the Sahelo-Sudanian and Sahelian zones. Significant and positive correlations were also observed between fruit and leaf parameters. Therefore, the existence of a water deficit adaptation strategy for Sclerocarya birrea, following the climatic gradient was noted. These results, although preliminary, confirm the possibility of using morphological traits to select interesting ideotypes for domestication of the species.

heterogeneous data sources Integration in the data warehouse in mining environment

MUSHAME, Edouard Ngoy — 2026-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Easily accessible and useful data provides businesses and customers with a solid foundation to make real-time decisions or revise them as necessary. Besides your personnel and your products, data is one of your company’s most valuable assets. As new information and communications technologies, digital transformation and smart technologies continue to reshape the industrial and mining landscape, data is essential to remaining competitive. For business leaders, it is imperative to fully understand data management tools and their impact on the industry. Organizations today have a multitude of information from most data sources: IoT, mining software, ERP, partners, websites, applications, cloud, customer feedback in the field, etc. These heterogeneous sources of varied formats are very often stored in independent silos. This heterogeneity combined with impressive volumes of data makes decision-making increasingly difficult. The objective of data integration is therefore to bring together all this data from different sources in order to allow decision-makers to have an overview.

Synthesis of Major Research on the Diamondback Moth (Plutella xylostella L.) in West Africa

Ramatou, Bargui A. — 2026-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L., is a significant lepidopteran pest of brassicas, posing a major threat to vegetable production in West Africa. This highly prolific, mobile, and adaptive species can cause up to 100% yield loss, particularly in intensive production systems lacking crop rotation. Larval feeding damages leaf tissue, reducing the marketability of crops and jeopardizing food security. Economically, control costs and financial losses are substantial, with global estimates exceeding $4 billion. In West Africa, producers heavily rely on chemical insecticides, leading to increased resistance, environmental pollution, and health risks. Despite research efforts, managing P. xylostella remains challenging due to the rapid development of resistance and the limited availability of viable alternatives. Various control strategies have been studied, including Chemical control, Biological control, Cultural practices and Integrated Pest Management (IPM). New avenues for research include biotechnology (RNAi, RIDL), varietal selection, digital forecasting tools, and participatory research involving producers. The review concludes that only an integrated agroecological approach combining scientific innovation, local knowledge, and institutional support-will enable sustainable control of P. xylostella in West Africa while preserving human health, the environment, and the profitability of the vegetable sector.

Road network and sanitation works in the municipality of Parakou

Agani, Rotimy Alabi Oyétchola — 2026-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Although asphalting of streets began around 1962 and today with the government’s policy of cleaning up and improving the living environment of these communities, the city of Parakou has been provided with road infrastructure. The objective of this chapter is to present the state of the road network and storm drainage in the municipality. The mixed methodological approach was adopted. Data were collected through observations and field surveys of targets defined by means of an observation grid, interview guide and questionnaire. The probabilistic method of D. Schwartz (1995) and snowball and reasoned choice sampling techniques were retained and applied to interview three hundred and ninety-three people. Data analysis shows that the municipality has experienced significant development of its road network and development, currently counting 113,059 km of paved roads, 226,118 km of gutters and 5,153 km of collectors. However, the road network of Parakou remains dominated by roads that are difficult to drive on. Similarly, 78% of respondents say that the city in general until 2023 was sinking into total insalubrity, compared to 22% who found the city somewhat clean. Today, more than 90% have a good assessment of the state of cleanliness of the Municipality. For them, with the work of the SGDS, the city is very clean with very well cleaned gutters.

Resilience of households to the deficit of hydraulic infrastructure in Parakou: The role of autonomous water posts

AHODJIDE, Soulémane — 2026-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Access to drinking water remains a major challenge in several West African cities, particularly in Parakou (Benin), where existing public water infrastructure is struggling to meet growing demand. Faced with this deficiency, populations are developing alternative solutions such as Autonomous Water Posts (AWP), which are becoming essential levers of resilience. The research analyzes their role in helping populations adapt to the lack of water infrastructure. It is based on a mixed methodology that combines field surveys, semi-structured interviews, and direct observations. The results reveal that Parakou needs 1,631 water points, while it only has 184 functional structures, representing a coverage rate of 11.28% and a deficit of approximately 89%. This deficit is aggravated by an insufficient supply from SONEB, despite a 70% increase in production between 2019 and 2023. As a result, a deficit of approximately 2 million cubic meters of water remained in 2023. In this context, family (76.56%), community (7.34%) or denominational (16.09%) AWP have multiplied, particularly in the 2nd district and contribute 2.94% to meeting household water needs. All AWP contribute 41% of the water needs of the households concerned. Eighty percent of respondents considered AWP a sustainable alternative, while the remaining 20 percent cited the high cost of implementation as the main obstacle to their adoption. The research suggests that these local initiatives should be supervised and integrated into public policies to strengthen equitable and sustainable access to drinking water.

Effect of Exogenously Applied Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) as Foliar Spray on the Growth of Maize (Zea mays L.)

Khan, Farhana Ilyas — 2025-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) is a growth regulator that stimulates plant growth and development. First, a preliminary experiment was performed to find the optimal Vitamin C dosage for maize plants. A single genotype of maize, Golden, was grown in sand under pot conditions. Hoagland’s nutrient solution was applied for seven days. Four doses of Vitamin C (i.e., 0.5, 1, 1.5and 2 mM) were applied as foliar spray on maize seedlings for two weeks. Then, in the main experiment, two genotypes of maize (Zea mays L.) namely Golden and Agaiti 2000 were grown in soil in a wire house at the Botanical Garden, the University of Agriculture in Faisalabad (Pakistan). Based on the preliminary results, the optimal dose (2 mM) of ascorbic acid was applied exogenously as foliar spray on leaves of both genotypes every third day for five weeks at seedling stage (3 leaf stage). Findings were noted both qualitatively and quantitatively in terms of different physiological and growth parameters. In addition, COSTAT software was employed to perform statistical analysis of quantitative readings for all parameters using analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique. It was observed that treated plants showed improved health and growth compared to non-treated plants with higher contents of physiological variables including chlorophyll, carotenoids, soluble carbohydrates, and minerals etc. and increased leaves, roots and shoots sizes and biomass. Moreover, Agaiti 2000 genotype was observed to show better results than genotype golden.

Factors favoring early pregnancies among adolescents in the Leproserie neighborhood, Mopela Health Area, Bwamanda Rural Health Zone, South Ubangi Province, DRC

Frederick, Makongo Malaka — 2025-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Early pregnancy in school settings remains a major public health and social concern in the Democratic Republic of Congo, particularly in rural areas affected by socioeconomic challenges. Although pregnancy is not a disease, its occurrence among adolescents is often unintended and has serious consequences for health, education, and social integration. This study aimed to identify factors associated with early pregnancy among adolescents in the Léproserie neighborhood, located in the Mopela health area within the rural health zone of Bwamanda (South Ubangi). A cross-sectional study was conducted between July and September 2023 using field surveys and interpersonal interviews. A non-probability sampling method included 59 participants (43 girls and 16 boys) who had experienced pregnancy or fatherhood before the age of 18. The results indicate that most adolescents initiated sexual activity between the ages of 13 and 15, while regular condom use was low. The main reasons for non-use included perceived loss of sexual pleasure, partner refusal, and cultural or religious constraints. The findings highlight the combined influence of socio-cultural, economic, and educational factors, compounded by limited access to sexual and reproductive health information. The study underscores the need to strengthen comprehensive sexuality education, encourage parental involvement, and improve access to reproductive health services to reduce early pregnancies among school-aged adolescents.

Weight, morphological, and demographic characteristics of Djallonké goats: Assets for community breeding programs in Western Burkina Faso

Pierre, Zongo — 2025-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aimed to understand the demographic structure of herds and the real-world performance of Djallonké goats, including body weight and three morphological traits, in western Burkina Faso. The data was collected from December 2023 to September 2024 in Poni province. A total of 1016 Djallonké goats were used in this study, divided into six age classes according to dentition. Data on body weight, withers height, body length, and thoracic circumference were collected. The herd structure was evaluated by calculating the proportions of different age groups. The results showed a decrease in the proportion of males from the class DL1 to the class 3PPI. A total absence (0%) of adult males in the 4PPI class was observed in the study area. The mean live weights were 4.29±1.74, 6.41±1.78, 8.99±2.47, 12.59±3.22, 15.04±4.05 and 15.88±3.72 kg for the DL1, DL2, 1PPI, 2PPI, 3PPI and 4PPI age classes, respectively. The demographic structure of the Djallonké goat population, characterized by high proportions of young males and variability in morphological traits, represents an asset for the improvement of community livestock.

Characteristics and typology of the cattle farming system and genetic resource management in Burkina Faso

Traore, Gniné Fabiola — 2025-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

In recent decades, cattle in Burkina Faso have been crossbred without any clear long-term management of the introduced genes. The socio-economic characteristics of producers can provide an insight into the management of genetic resources. This study was designed to investigate these characteristics and the management of bovine genetic resources in Burkina Faso. A survey of 735 producers from all 13 regions of Burkina Faso was conducted. The results showed that the farmers were mainly men (98.91%) over 40 years of age (80.44%). Extensive (57.69%) and semi-intensive (41.9%) farming systems were dominant, with the majority of farmers being sedentary (78.82%). Food resources included natural grazing, crop residues, agro-industrial by-products, and minerals. The use of these resources varied depending on the season. Farming objectives varied and included milk production, sales, traction, manure production and cultural reasons. While farmers have access to veterinary services, some also use traditional medicine (10.56%). The Fulani zebu, which was reared by 97.9% of the sample, was the dominant breed and was found throughout the country. It was sometimes found alongside other breeds. Crossbreds were found among 16.15% of farmers. Breeders mainly chose their male breeding stock on the basis of conformation, growth, temperament, tail length, colour, and body size. However, there was very little mating control. Crossbreeding between zebus and taurines threatens the existence of the latter. The typology shows three groups of breeders with a significant link to the administrative regions. Action is required to ensure the sustainability of crossbreeding practices.

Impact of Agency Conflicts on Financial Performance: Evidence from Publicly Listed Companies in Africa

KOUNOUWEWA, Jules — 2025-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study examines the impact of agency conflicts on the financial performance of publicly listed companies in Africa, where governance challenges, ownership concentration, and institutional frameworks vary widely across countries. Building on agency theory, the paper investigates how ownership structure, board characteristics, managerial entrenchment, and free cash flow considerations affect firm performance in emerging capital markets. Using a balanced panel of firms listed on major African stock exchanges over the period 2010–2024, the analysis employs fixed effects and dynamic system generalized method of moments (GMM) estimations to address unobserved heterogeneity and endogeneity concerns. The findings reveal that higher managerial ownership initially aligns the interests of managers and shareholders, improving firm performance, but beyond a threshold, entrenchment effects emerge and weaken returns. Board independence and audit committee effectiveness show positive associations with profitability and market valuation, while CEO duality and extended tenure negatively affect firm outcomes. Moreover, excess free cash flow is linked to overinvestment, particularly in weak governance environments, highlighting the moderating role of institutional quality and investor protection. This study contributes to the literature by providing multi-country evidence from Africa, where capital markets are under-researched yet increasingly relevant to global investors. The results have implications for policymakers, regulators, and boards of directors in strengthening corporate governance codes, enhancing investor protection, and promoting sustainable firm value creation.

Water pollution indices in the Lufira River basin due to heavy metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn) discharged in mining effluents from the city of Likasi and its surroundings, Haut Katanga (DR Congo)

KALALA, Boris UNYUMBE YANGA — 2025-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the province of Haut Katanga, the quality of waterways is particularly threatened by mining activities that do not take into account the environmental protection criteria recently introduced through Congolese mining legislation. The objective of this study is to analyze the level of pollution in the water of rivers and Lake Tshangalele, which is rich in fish consumed by local populations in the upper part of the Lufira River basin, near the city of Likasi in the province of Haut Katanga in the Democratic Republic of Congo, in order to assess the level of risk and exposure faced by these aquatic ecosystems and their resources. The concentrations of ten heavy metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn) were measured in river and lake water using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). Water pollution indices based on ETM concentrations were calculated using the weighted arithmetic method. The results obtained show that in terms of contamination levels, As (Kapulande ˃ Kapemba ˃ Lake Tshangalele), Cd (Kapemba ˃ Lufira 2), Co (Kapulande ˃ Panda 2 ˃ Lufira), Cr (Lufira ˃ Kapamba ˃ Kapulande), Cu (Kapulande ˃ Tshangalele), Mn (Kapulande ˃ Panda 2 ˃ Kapemba ˃ Lufira 2 ˃ Tshagalele), Ni (Lufira ˃ Buluo), Pb (Kapulande ˃ CLP ˃ Panda), Se (Kapulande ˃ Panda 3 ˃ Kapemba) and Zinc (Kapulande ˃ Tshangalele) show very high contamination levels with a very significant statistical difference (p < 0.05) compared to WHO standards for drinking water and good ecological quality. Based on the Pollution Load Index (PLI), it can be seen that the water in the Kapulande River (PLI = 31.9) is highly polluted compared to that of the Kapemba (PLI = 9.2), Lufira 2 (PLI = 5), Buluo, and Lufira 1 rivers, with PLI values of 4.7 respectively, followed by Panda 2 (PLI = 3.4) and Lake Tshangalele (PLI = 13.3), compared to the PLI of other rivers where pollution was considered to be low. Taking into account the ecological, social, and economic roles of the Lufira basin, which has been designated a Ramsar Site since 2017, and in view of the chemical and ecotoxicological risks to the aquatic ecosystems surveyed and their resources, as well as to the population exposed to them, appropriate measures must be taken to combat the degradation of these environments.

Coupling geophysics and granulometry for the siting of high-flow boreholes in a sedimentary environment

BOUADOU, Rock Armand Michel — 2025-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Cotonou and agglomerations drinking water supply project is located in the District of Ouédo (commune of Abomey-Calavi). In this area, the water supply has become insufficient, due to urbanization and the deterioration of hydraulic infrastructure. An establishment of high-flow drilling by electrical surveys and brief particle study was thus undertaken. Five geological layers, whose resistivities and thicknesses varying respectively from 31.95 to 872.12 Ω.m and between 1.99 to 244.5 m are highlighted. Three aquifers lying between 60 and 114 m deep are revealed. These aquifers are formed of coarse elements with a diameter greater than one mm. A catchment field of sixteen boreholes, each providing a high flow rate (100-250 m3/h), was carried out. This one mobilized an overall flow of 2680 m3/h (i.e. 64,320 m3/d). This flow has contributed to the achievement of more than 60 % of the Millennium Development Goals development in terms of drinking water by Benin.

Agronomic effectiveness of improved organic amendments based on effluent from the biodigester on corn cultivation in the Cascades region of Burkina Faso

LANKOANDE, F.Y. — 2025-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present study aimed to determine the agronomic value of composts based on the effluent from the biodigester, which is a semi-buried structure with a fixed dome. The chemical characteristics of the composts and the soil were determined. The effects of the composts on the yield parameters of maize were evaluated using an experimental design. The design was in completely randomized blocks repeated six times. Each block included six elementary plots, each corresponding to a treatment: a control without fertilization, a treatment exclusively mineral, two plots amended only with compost, and two treatments combining compost and mineral fertilizers. The results showed that effluent-based composts have acceptable contents of organic matter (20.11 and 20.95%), nitrogen (0.66 and 0.75%), total potassium (0.51 and 0.62 g/kg), and carbon to nitrogen ratios (16 and 19) compared to the FAO’s evaluation grid for the quality of organic substrates. On corn, fertilization with this compost alone or in combination with mineral fertilizers had positive effects on biomass and grain yield compared to the control. The obtained results revealed the fertilizing value of effluent-based compost. Its use could be an alternative to improve agricultural yields.

Physicochemical characterization of flours derived from undergrowth yams cultivated in association with rubber trees in two locations in Haut-Sassandra (Côte d’Ivoire)

Flora, N’GORAN M’Modjou — 2025-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Cocoassié undergrowth yam tubers, recently cultivated in association with rubber trees in the Haut-Sassandra region, are used as staple foods. They are highly perishable once harvested. Processing them into flour could help reduce post-harvest losses and be a means of adding value. This study aimed to to determine the physicochemical characteristics of undergrowth yam flour for value addition purposes. Untreated, bleached, and citric acid-treated flours were produced from yam tubers from the localities of Gonaté and Séria and characterized using conventional methods. The results revealed that yam flours are energy-rich foods high in total carbohydrates (92.77-94.31% DM), low in ash (0.99-1.98% DM) and lipids (0.14-0.25% DM). These flours contain proteins (4.40-5.21% DM), polyphenols (27.90-50.97 mg EAG/100 g), including flavonoids (2.53-7.32 mg EQ/100 g). Their tannin, phytate, and oxalate contents are 15.09-28.22 mg EAT/100 g, 12.41-16.04 mg/100 g, and 25.50-54.06 mg/100 g, respectively. In addition, anti-browning treatments, particularly bleaching and citric acid treatment of the tubers, had a significant impact on the physicochemical characteristics determined. Untreated flours generally had the highest ash, protein, and lipid contents, unlike acid-treated flours. As for bleached flours, they had the lowest levels of antinutritional compounds. For the efficient use of these flours in the food industry, their functional and rheological properties must be determined.

Effects of Ascleipiadaceae Secamone afzelii (Rhoem. and Schult.) aerial parts meal on growth performance and health of broiler chickens

Koné, Gningnini Alain — 2025-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Broiler chicken production in developing countries faces challenges in balancing growth performance, health, and food safety. This study pointed out the effects of Secamone afzelii aerial parts meal on broiler growth, and their health. A total of 300 broiler chicks of twenty-one days old were randomly assigned to six dietary treatments containing 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, or 2.5% S. afzelii aerial parts meal for 49 days. Performance parameters, serum lipid profiles, Hematological indices and carcass traits were assessed. Inclusion of 1.5-2.5% S. afzelii significantly increased final body weight and average daily gain while improving feed conversion ratio. Birds fed supplemented diets exhibited no morbidity, in contrast to control birds receiving medical treatments. Serum analyses revealed decreased total cholesterol and LDL and elevated HDL levels with increasing S. afzelii content. Carcass yield improved and abdominal fat decreased, particularly in diets containing 1.5-2.5% of S. afzelii aerial parts meal in supplementation. Moreover, total white blood cell and lymphocyte counts were significantly reduced in birds receiving diets containing 1-2.5% of S. afzelii aerial parts meal in supplementation. Overall, S. afzelii aerial parts meal is a promising natural feed supplement that promotes broiler growth and health, providing a sustainable alternative to synthetic additives in poultry nutrition.

Comparative study of the temporal and special algorithmic complexity of iterative structures versus recursive structures

Ornella, DIONGA NDIBU — 2025-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article focuses on the comparison of the temporal and spatial algorithmic complexities of iterative and recursive structures, through the analysis of classic cases (factorial, Fibonacci sequence, tree traversal). We demonstrate in this study that on the one hand iteration generally offers better memory efficiency (O (1) in many cases) and avoids the risks of stack overflow, and on the other hand that recursion, although more elegant and intuitive for certain problems (such as tree traversals), can generate a memory overload (O (n) in call stack) and degraded time complexity in non-optimized cases (eg: naive Fibonacci in O (2ⁿ)). The results obtained here highlight that the choice between these two approaches depends on the context the developer is in. It is therefore worth noting that iteration is better suited to linear and memory-constrained problems, and recursion to nested structures (trees, divide-and-conquer), especially if the language supports tail call optimization. This comparison provides objective criteria to guide developers in selecting the most effective approach based on needs.

Diversity and Conservation Status of the Ichthyofauna of the Black Volta River, Côte d’Ivoire

OUATTARA, Yelayaha Arouna — 2025-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Ichthyological investigations were conducted on the Black Volta River, a tributary of the Volta River, as part of a broader inventory of fish fauna in Ivorian freshwater ecosystems. Sampling, carried out between 2022 and 2023, employed a combination of techniques including gill nets, longlines, and fish traps, and was complemented by the analysis of artisanal fishing catches. A total of 63 species, belonging to 22 genera and 17 families, were identified. Species richness varied among sites, with 45 species recorded at Vonkoro, 31 at Machinté, 26 at Tchomi, and 21 at Tatama, with eight species common to all four sites. The most dominant families were Mormyridae (26%), Mochokidae (16%), Alestidae (8%), Cichlidae (8%), Claroteidae (7%), and Cyprinidae (6%). The Shannon diversity index ranged from 2.3 (Tatama) to 3.2 (Vonkoro), indicating a relatively high level of biodiversity. Evenness values ranged from 0.74 to 0.85, reflecting a balanced species distribution. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 86% of the recorded species were classified as «Least Concern». These findings provide a valuable scientific baseline for the sustainable management and conservation of the ichthyofauna in the Black Volta River basin.

Petrology of the Birimian formations of Zaakro: Geodynamic implication of the southern part of the Toumodi-Fètêkro volcano-sedimentary belt (Man-Léo Ridge, Côte d’Ivoire)

Roland, Kouassi Brice — 2025-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The study area is located northwest of Toumodi in the Toumodi-Fètêkro volcanic belt. This work would be a contribution by petrography and structural, to a better knowledge of Zaakro Birimian formations area. The macroscopic and microscopic petrographic study showed that the study area contains metavolcanic rocks, volcano-sedimentary rocks associated to an orthoschist. The metavolcanic formations composed of meta-andesite, metarhyodacite and meta-rhyolite, massive, schistosed or sheared, and volcano-sedimentary formations composed of pyroclastic, volcanic breccias, cinerites these two formations associated to an orthoschist. The texture and mineralogical composition of the rocks have changed. The rocks have undergone deformations are metamorphosed and the original minerals were transformed into secondary minerals (epidote, chlorite, amphibole, carbonates). At the structural level, two deformation mechanisms are highlighted ductile shearing and brittle. The major directions of veins and fractures are ENE-WSW. The abundant presence of sulphides in samples characterized hydrothermal alteration and might indicate the presence of gold mineralization. The formations of ZAAKRO was implemented following two types of volcanism: A basic effusive volcanism generating andesites, and acid generating rhyolites and rhyodacites; Explosive volcanism at the origin of the formation of pyroclastic (volcanic breccias and cinerites). They have subsequently undergone a regional metamorphism of low degree corresponding togreen schist facies.

Energy Efficiency of Network Equipment: Best Hybrid Strategies

Kra, Lagasane Ouattara — 2025-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The energy efficiency of network equipment has become a priority in the current context of sustainability and cost reduction. This article examines hybrid strategies for improving this efficiency, integrating approaches based on software and hardware optimisation. Simulation results show a 30% improvement in energy efficiency over traditional methods. By comparing these results with other work, we discuss the implications of these strategies for the network industry.

Advancing French-Fon Neural Translation System through Cross-Linguistic Transfer and Continuous Improvement

Atohoun, Béthel C. A. R. K. — 2025-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper presents a bidirectional neural machine translation system between French and Fon, a major language spoken in Benin and belonging to the Gbe family. Unlike existing generic translation tools, our system is specifically designed to address the linguistic, cultural, and computational challenges of low-resource African languages. The proposed architecture builds upon Facebook AI’s NLLB-200 model, which we adapt through cross-linguistic transfer from Ewe to Fon, taking advantage of structural similarities within the Gbe languages. To further enhance performance, we employ the T-Projection method for more reliable annotation and integrate a continuous improvement framework driven by real-time user feedback. Evaluation was conducted on a 73MB French–Fon parallel corpus. The results indicate a 25% improvement in the translation of idiomatic expressions, as well as a 40% reduction in inference time through knowledge distillation. Beyond linguistic accuracy, the system introduces a cultural evaluation module, enabling context-aware translation in domains such as Vodoun practices, royal discourse, and traditional expressions. This ensures not only linguistic fidelity but also cultural adequacy. The system achieves a BLEU score of 0.94 and a user satisfaction rate of 0.93, confirming its effectiveness and relevance for real-world use in Beninese contexts.

The bar: A pretext of an exultant aesthetic in the writing of Tierno Monénembo

Gnengba, Yao Dicy — 2025-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

This reflexion attempts to analyse how the notion of «bar» in the writing of Tierno Monénembo offers itself as the anchor of an aesthetic outlet. Like a pretext, the topos of the bar in his work illustrates the outlet of a counter-moral story. The objective is to demonstrate that the space of the bar constitutes an inscription of pretext consciously developed by the author to translate this aesthetic outlet. Thus, the postulate is that the consummated story deviates while undermining the reader’s expectations and makes the work particular. The analysis, with an onomastic aim, makes it possible to elucidate the events and the behaviour of the characters based on the meaning of their place of manifestation or attachment, notably in L’Aîné des orphelins, Le Terroriste noir, Bled and Saharienne indigo. It emerges from the examination that the outlet dimension in the Monenembian story reveals itself as a new taste for youthful need and above all, a change of scriptural paradigm.

Interannual variability of intra-seasonal rainfall descriptors and drawbacks on the spatio-temporal dynamics of Helicoverpa armigera and Jacobiella facialis infestations on cotton in Côte d’Ivoire

DEKOULA, Sekpa Charles — 2025-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Cotton yield decrease in Côte d’Ivoire are important because of the climate change and pest infestations. The target of this survey is to analyze the spatio-temporal dynamics of Intra-Seasonal Descriptors (ISD) of rainfall and the annual mean infestation levels (MILs) of two pests, Helicoverpa armigera and Jacobiella facialis, as well as their interactions. The analysis datas are mainly constituted of annual rainfall and entomological data of H. armigera and J. facialis covering the period 1971-2016. The spatio-temporal distributions of rainfall ISDs and pest MILs were statistically analyzed, mapped, and their interactions determined using Instat+ and Surfer 11 software. Outcomes showed an interannual variability in rainfall ISDs, with coefficients of variation exceeding 30%. For H. armigera, MIL peaks shifted from the South and Center (1995–2000) to the Center-East and North-East (2011–2016), with an overall declining trend in MILs, attributable to the adoption of the Insecticide Resistance Management Program (IRMP) in 1999. However, a recent increase in peak levels suggests that climatic conditions particularly reduced cumulative rainfall and fewer rainy days favor its development. Regarding J. facialis, MILs increased from 3 to 16 infested plants per 30 plants, due to the IRMP’s limited focus on this pest, with the infestation hotspot shifting from the North (1995-2000) to the North-East and Center-East (2011-2016). These results demonstrated the relevance of integrating climatic conditions into pest management strategies.

Mosquito species composition and distribution dynamics in Kalehe Territory, Democratic Republic of the Congo: A focus on Anopheles funestus s.s. and Anopheles gambiae s.s

N’DO, Sévérin — 2025-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Malaria remains a major public health issue in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), with limited entomological data on mosquito species composition in some regions. This study investigates the mosquito species composition in Tushunguti, Kalehe Territory, with a particular focus on Anopheles funestus s.s. and Anopheles gambiae s.s. Adult mosquitoes were collected using CDC light traps and pyrethrum spray catches. Morphological identification was supplemented by molecular techniques (PCR) to confirm species identities. A total of 245 mosquitoes were collected, with Culex species being the most abundant (n=150), followed by Anopheles funestus and Anopheles gambiae. Molecular analysis identified 49 Anopheles funestus s.s. and 20 Anopheles gambiae s.s. specimens. The human biting rate (HBR) for An. funestus was significantly higher (0.071 bites/person/night) compared to An. gambiae (0.028). These results suggest that An. funestus plays a dominant role in malaria transmission in the area, particularly in indoor environments. The co-occurrence of both species underlines the need for targeted vector control strategies that address species-specific behavior and distribution. The study emphasizes the importance of continuous entomological surveillance to adapt malaria interventions based on local vector dynamics.

Use of fodder species by pastoralists and agro-pastoralists for the health treatment of domestic ruminants in western Burkina Faso

Coulibaly, Nafizatou — 2025-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

In a context of limited access to modern veterinary care, this study aims to document the ethnoveterinary practices used by pastoralists and agro-pastoralists in the province of Houet in western Burkina Faso for the treatment of animal diseases. A survey was conducted between July and October 2022 among 270 livestock farmers, using semi-structured questionnaires, individual interviews and focus groups. A total of 44 plant species belonging to 28 families were identified. The most frequently cited species were Faidherbia albida (58.1%), Khaya senegalensis (54.2%), Guiera senegalensis (43%), Parkia biglobosa (31.8%), followed by Vitellaria paradoxa and Sterculia setigera. The leaves and bark were the most commonly used parts of the species listed. The fruits (5%) and pulp (7%), which are rarely prepared, were mainly administered as food (100% and 50% respectively). The leaves are used in all kinds of recipes and administered in parallel through force-feeding, food, exposure and application. The most commonly treated pathologies were animal trypanosomiasis (19.04%), envenomation (14.28%) and parasitic infestations (12.85%). Multiple factor analysis revealed significant differences between the two groups of livestock farmers in terms of the species used and the therapeutic approaches adopted. These results confirm the importance of endogenous knowledge in local animal health and could help in the search for resilient solutions for the health treatment of domestic farm animals.

Characterization of the level of contamination of surface water by illegal gold mining: Case of the Mé river (south-east of Ivory Coast)

EBA, Anowa Evrade Larissa — 2025-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

In a context of strong dependence of Ivorian populations on surface water resources, the Mé River occupies a strategic position, particularly for the supply of drinking water to the city of Abidjan. However, this resource is facing a growing threat due to the intensification of artisanal gold mining activities within its watershed. This study therefore aims to assess the impact of these activities on the water quality of the Mé River, with a view toward the sustainable management of this resource. The methodological approach first involved a physicochemical analysis of the water resource in relation to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2017) guideline values, followed by a qualitative assessment using contamination and pollution indices based on trace metal elements (TMEs). The results show an alkaline pH (10.2), low mineralization (113.13 µS/cm), and a very high average turbidity (13,115.78 NTU). The analyses also revealed high concentrations of cadmium (Cd; mean: 36.81 µg/L), copper (Cu; mean: 166.72 µg/L), mercury (Hg; mean: 46.31 µg/L), and lead (Pb; mean: 72.5 µg/L), indicating contamination of anthropogenic origin, directly linked to artisanal gold mining activities. The contamination index shows a decreasing ranking of TMEs as follows: ICM (Cd) > ICM (Pb) > ICM (Hg) > ICM (Cu) > ICM (Mn) > ICM (As). Furthermore, the heavy metal pollution index (HPI) reveals that all analyzed water samples (100%) have an HPI value greater than 100, indicating a high pollution risk and rendering the water unsuitable for use.

Application of game theory and remote sensing to the identification of flood-prone areas in the Marahoué Watershed (Côte d’Ivoire)

Jean-Robert, KAMENAN Satti — 2025-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Every year in Côte d’Ivoire, during the rainy season, several localities, including those within the Marahoué watershed, are subject to recurrent floods that cause loss of human lives, population displacement, and significant material damage. Identifying areas sensitive to this phenomenon is therefore crucial for the implementation of effective and sustainable preventive measures. This study thus aims to identify flood-prone zones in the Marahoué watershed by using current physical and hydrological characteristics derived from remote sensing observations, with the goal of supporting decision-makers in their sustainable development projects. The methodological approach employed begins with the delineation of the watershed into sub-basins, followed by the extraction of topographic, morphometric, hydrological, and environmental parameters associated with flooding, and the identification of sensitive areas through game theory algorithms (Borda and Condorcet). The results indicate that the downstream areas of the Marahoué watershed, particularly those located along the main river course, are highly sensitive to flooding. Conversely, upstream areas, which are generally situated at higher altitudes, were classified within the low to very low flood risk categories.

Analysis of the determinants of pastoral livestock farming in the face of global changes using the Random Forest model in Burkina Faso

Gandema, Abdoul Kader — 2025-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Burkina Faso, pastoralism plays an important role in the development of animal production. However, the factors of its survival today remain insufficiently controlled. The objective of this study is to determine the important variables involved in predicting the survival of pastoralism in Sahelian countries plagued by insecurity. This study was conducted in two agroecological zones of Burkina Faso. It consisted of the selection of variables using the Random Forest package of Minitab 19.1 software to assess the importance of these variables in predicting the future practice of pastoral mobility. The results showed that the number of cattle was high among migrants with great variability (60 to 80 heads). Native herders have the highest numbers of small ruminants respectively 25 to 35 for sheep and 20 to 33 for goats. The results of the model showed eleven (11) variables strongly influenced the importance of the variables; The main variables were the village (55.48%), cattle population (14.754%), animal acquisition method (8.716%), and age (4.461%). Geographical and zootechnical factors were predominant, unlike social variables, which had little influence. In the current context of major social changes, it would be important to emphasize that a strategic approach could benefit the sustainability of pastoral farming. In order to ensure the survival and prosperity of this ancestral practice, it would be wise to carefully consider and effectively integrate the important variables.

Impact of garlic and lemongrass intercropping on Diaphania hyalinata (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) attacks in Citrullus lanatus (Thunb) cultivation in Man, Côte d’Ivoire

Diabaté, Dohouonan — 2025-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The watermelon Citrullus lanatus contributes to food security. It production is dicreased by the attacks of Diaphania hyalinata. This study was carried out to evaluate the repellent effect of garlic (Allium sativum) and lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) on D. hyalinata in watermelon cultivation. The experimental setup was a Fisher block with four treatments. Insects were collected ten times, one observation per week, using the direct observation method. In the control plot, the attack rate on C. lanatus plants was 95.83%. The attack rate was lower on the C. lanatus plots than on plots associated with lemongrass (68.75%) than on plots associated with garlic plants (87.50%) and plots treated with Tihan 175 O-TEQ (83.33%). The plant attack intensity was type II on the plots with treatments and type III on the untreated plot (I = 35.42%). The highest fruit attack rate was recorded on the control plots. The C. lanatus fruit attack rates on plots with lemongrass (23.79%) or garlic plants (23.73%) and those treated with Tihan 175 O-TEQ (23.87%) were similar. Yield losses caused by D. hyalinata were higher on the control plot (66.49%) than on the C. lanatus plots associated with lemongrass (23.86%), garlic (22.17%) and Tihan 175 O-TEQ treatment (23.50%). The percentage reduction in attacked fruit compared with the untreated control was 75% for C. lanatus plots combined with lemongrass, 85% for plots combined with garlic and 75% for plots treated with Tihan 175 O-TEQ. Plants of A. sativum and C. citratus intercropped with C. lanatus cultivation increased yields.

Determination of liver enzyme activity among beer consumers in the city of Gemena from 2022 - 2023, Sud Ubangi Province, DRC

Tebopele, Zachée Kombo — 2025-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study concerns the determination of hepatic enzyme activity in beer consumers. It was carried out in the city of Gemena, with the overall objective of determining hepatic enzyme activity in beer consumers, evaluating the liver function of beer consumers, and detecting possible hepatic dysfunctions. The study involved a total of 60 confirmed beer-consuming subjects recruited mainly from students of ISTM Gemena in a purposive sampling because the characteristics of the respondents were well known and determined in advance to participate in the study. Laboratory analysis of ALT (GPT/ALAT), AST (GOT/ASAT) and GGT performed on whole blood collected in plain tubes and centrifuged to obtain serum revealed abnormally elevated enzymatic activity with estimated values approximating: 40.39±3.2 U/l, 55.44±9 U/l and 48.11±5.8 U/l respectively for GPT, GOT and GGT compared with 37.9±3.3 U/l, 35.36±3.2 and 40.96±3.3. It should be noted that there were more male consumers than female consumers (73.3% versus 16 female cases, i.e. 26.7%). The mean age of the respondents was between 20 and 30 years. The beer most consumed by the respondents was Castel (a beer imported from West Africa).

Effect of Antioxidant (Ascorbic Acid, AsA) on Maize (Zea mays L.) Growth

Khan, Farhana Ilyas — 2025-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Ascorbic acid (AsA), an antioxidant form of vitamin C, helps the plants in photosynthesis as an enzyme’s cofactor. It also increases the rate at which plants grow, produce, and germinate. The main goal of this study was to find out how ascorbic acid affects the growth of maize (Zea mays L.) while applying on rooting medium. First, a trial experiment was performed to determine the most effective dose of AsA application for maize plants to adopt in the main experiments. A single variety of maize, Golden, was grown in sand under pot conditions. Hoagland’s nutrient solution was applied every week and four doses of AsA (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mM) were applied in root medium of maize seedlings every three days for two weeks. Then, in the main experiment conducted at the Botanical Garden at the University of Agriculture Faisalabad, two cultivars of maize i.e., Golden and Sadaf, were grown in the soil inside a wire house. The selected optimal dosage of vitamin C from trial experiment (1 mM) was applied to roots of maize plants for five weeks after every three days at seedling stage. Growth and physiological parameters were measured and statistically analyzed with the help of COSTAT software using analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique. When compared with the control plants, all plant parameters (root length, shoot length, leaf area, fresh and dry biomass, chlorophyll a and b content, soluble carbohydrates, osmotic potential, Potassium, Calcium, and Phosphorus content) were observed to be enhanced with AsA treatment. On the other hand, application of ascorbic acid decreased the sodium content of both roots and shoots of the treated plants. Moreover, genotype Sadaf demonstrated relatively better results in comparison to genotype Golden.

Use of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Mapping Low-Lying Areas in the Man County (Western Côte d’Ivoire)

Léréyaha, COULIBALY — 2025-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this work is to identify and enhance the value of lowlands in the face of the challenges posed by climatic hazards, with a view to the sustainable use of land that represents a major challenge for agriculture in Ivory Coast. The data used in this study are sentinel-2 images for the year 2023. The various methodological approaches used consisted of the combined extraction of vegetation, moisture and topographical indices. Analysis of the results shows that our study area has lowlands covering an area of around 31,100 ha. In the department of Man, 121584 ha of wetlands have been inventoried, covering 12% of the territory. They offer opportunities for a variety of crops, particularly rice and market gardening, and play a crucial role in food security and people’s livelihoods. However, their use faces challenges linked to climatic hazards, water management constraints and land pressure from urban expansion. Lowlands benefit from higher humidity and soils that are often rich in nutrients, which encourages crop growth. Farming in these areas contributes to local food security and can generate additional income for households. At times, these areas are prone to flooding and drought, which can lead to crop losses. It is important to manage these different plots in a sustainable way, taking into account the needs of the local population and the preservation of the environment. This work highlights the effectiveness of the remote sensing-GIS approach for monitoring wetland ecosystems and strategies for adapting to climate change.

Comparative analysis of the anthropometric characteristics of young Senegalese U18 and U20 handball players with young handball players from other African and global nations: Towards an optimal morphological profile for high-level competition

Mbengue, Ndarao — 2025-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study analyses the anthropometric characteristics of young Senegalese handball players (U18 and U20 categories) in order to determine the extent to which their morphological profile is compatible with the demands of high-level handball. Based on measurements of height, weight, body mass index (BMI), wingspan and hand span, the data collected from a representative sample were compared with data from young international handball players who participated in the 10thWorld Youth Handball Championship (U19) in Croatia in 2023. The results show that while the height and wingspan of Senegalese players are broadly in line with African and European benchmarks, their weight, BMI and hand span are lower. The study concludes that a morpho-functional approach is needed in the detection and training of young handball players.

Water productivity of soybean (Glycine max) under combined application of biochar and manure in the commune of Parakou

TOVIHOUDJI, Pierre G. — 2025-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Numerous innovative climate-smart agricultural practices are being implemented across Africa, contributing to increased productivity and enhanced resilience. However, their efficiency remains relatively low at the continental and even regional levels. This study aims to assess the water use efficiency (WUE) of soybean (Glycine max) under the combined application of biochar and manure. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was used for the experiment. The factor studied was organic amendment, with four levels: no amendment (T0), manure (T1), biochar (T2), and a combination of biochar and manure (T3). The methodology included rainfall and soil moisture measurements to monitor water availability in each experimental unit. Data on growth and yield parameters were collected. Analysis showed that manure, particularly when combined with biochar, significantly improved growth parameters. Furthermore, the biochar-manure treatment enhanced soybean grain yield by up to 37.34% compared to the control (i.e., 1642 kg/ha). It also resulted in the highest water use efficiency, with an improvement of up to 37.03%. Therefore, applying manure combined with biochar appears beneficial for soybean cultivation. The combination reduces nutrient loss by limiting leaching, thanks to the biochar’s retention capacity. Further research involving different application rates of biochar and manure would help determine the optimal quantities for maximizing water use efficiency.

Study of Phytoplankton Composition in the Bays of Plateau, Cocody, Koumassi, and Vridi, Located in the Ébrié Lagoon, Côte d’Ivoire

N’Guessan, LOZO Roméo — 2025-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Most major urban centers in Sub-Saharan Africa are located along the shores of estuaries, lakes, or lagoons which, due to their high biodiversity, are often subjected to significant anthropogenic pressures, particularly waste pollution. This study aims to analyze the phytoplankton community structure of the Ebrié Lagoon, an ecosystem heavily impacted by human activities. Phytoplankton samples were collected between February and November 2020 using a 20-µm mesh plankton net, targeting specific areas of the lagoon exposed to intense anthropogenic pressure. A total of 53 taxa belonging to five phyla were identified: Heterokontophyta, Dinophyta, Cyanoprokaryota, Euglenophyta, and Chlorophyta. Among these groups, Heterokontophyta exhibited the highest diversity, accounting for 58% of the total abundance. Furthermore, Cocody Bay emerged as the most biodiverse site, with 45 species recorded, representing 46% of all identified taxa. These findings highlight the ecological importance of the Ébrié Lagoon as a phytoplankton habitat and emphasize the urgent need for management strategies to safeguard this fragile ecosystem against increasing urbanization.

Borehole water in the DR Congo: A salutary and suicidal socio-ecological urban resilience

GONZALEZE, Jean Rufin MUNKUOMO — 2025-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Water is essential to life, and the health status of a population largely depends on the quality and accessibility of drinking water services. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, urban populations face significant challenges in accessing safe drinking water. REGIDESO, the national water supply company, is unable to meet the needs of the entire population due to rapid demographic growth and the deterioration of its infrastructure. In response to this socio-environmental crisis, a large proportion of households (82%) in the town of Idiofa rely on borehole water. However, this water, which is often untreated and insufficiently protected, is a major source of waterborne diseases such as amoebic dysentery, cholera, malaria, bilharzia, and typhoid fever. Children are particularly vulnerable to these health risks. This study proposes appropriate solutions aimed at ensuring sustainable production, consumption, and management of drinking water, in order to strengthen urban resilience and reduce environmental vulnerability within the urban ecosystem of Idiofa.

Comparative study of soybean (Glycine max L.) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) crop precedents on macroinvertebrate populations and certain chemical properties of agricultural soil in the Karamokola area, central-western Côte d’Ivoire

Ambroise, N’Dakou Koua — 2025-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

In response to the continuing decline in the fertility of tropical agricultural soils, the use of grain legumes has been developed as an alternative form of organic fertilization, as it integrates the conservation and sustainable management of biodiversity. The present study, conducted in the Karamokola area in central-western Côte d’Ivoire, falls within this framework and aims to compare the effect of two legume crops (soybean: Glycine max and bean: Phaseolus vulgaris) on soil macroinvertebrates. To this end, an experimental design consisting of four randomized blocks comparing four treatments (beans, soybeans, beans and soybeans, and a control) was set up on two fallow plots that were more than five years old. The results showed that the plots with a previous monoculture of beans and a previous mixed crop (beans and soybeans) harbored 15 taxonomic groups, compared to 10 groups for the control. In addition, there was a greater abundance of macroinvertebrates, with 675.75 individuals per m2 (previous bean monoculture) and 653.25 individuals per m2 (previous bean-soybean intercropping). Furthermore, soybean monoculture hosted an intermediate abundance of macroinvertebrates of 156.12 individuals per square meter.In addition, bean monoculture significantly improved (p˂0.05) the organic matter content (OM = 1.82%), carbon (C = 1.06%), and nitrogen (N = 0.09%) content of the soil compared to the other treatments (soybean monoculture and bean-soybean combination), which recorded statistically identical values (OM = 1.00% soybean and 1.17% bean-soybean); C = 0.58% soybean and 0.68% bean-soybean: N = 0.05% soybean and 0.06% bean-soybean). The positive correlations (r ≥ 0.85) between soil organic status and macroinvertebrate density, taxonomic richness, and Shannon diversity index suggest a synergistic relationship between these two compartments (soil organic status and density). The mechanisms governing the increases in abundance and diversity under the bean and bean-soybean treatments are discussed, and we recommend that farmers grow beans or bean-soybeans before planting any other crops in the Karamokola area of Béré in Côte d’Ivoire.

Frequency, characterization and sensitivity to antibiotics of bacteria isolated from urinary infections during pregnancy in Bunia: Case of pregnant women attending the CPN at the Hospital Center SALAMA

Daniel, KILEKA MANGALA — 2025-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aimed to determine the frequency, bacterial profile, and antibiotic susceptibility of urinary tract infections among pregnant women attending antenatal care at the SALAMA Hospital Center. A total of 58 pregnant women were included, constituting an exhaustive sample. The prevalence of urinary tract infections was 29.31%. Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated pathogen (35.29%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae (17.65% each). E. coli showed high susceptibility to levofloxacin (83.33%) and piperacillin (66.67%). Staphylococcus aureus was fully susceptible to piperacillin (100%), while Klebsiella strains showed 100% susceptibility to levofloxacin.

The feeling of psychological loneliness among elderly residents in a social welfare institution: Field study in Meknes city, Morocco

FAOUZI, Fatima — 2025-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The purpose of this study is to reveal the level of psychological loneliness experienced by older people residing in a social welfare institution and to identify gender differences among the study sample consisting of 20 elderly men and women. The study used the Russell loneliness scale adapted to the Arab context. The Welch’s t- test arithmetic means and standard deviations are used for statistical analysis. The results revealed a moderate level of psychological loneliness among the sample studied. They also showed no statistically significant gender differences. So, they do not support the study’s two main hypotheses.

Feeding practices and socioeconomic characterization of small ruminant farms in the peri-urban area of Bouake, Cote d’Ivoire

Eugène, Kouadio Kouakou — 2025-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The feeding practices and socio-economic characteristics of small ruminant farms in the periurban area of Bouaké were analyzed through a field survey of breeders. Over a period of 45 days, this survey was carried out on sheep and goat farms within a radius of around twenty km from the city center. It involved 26 goat breeders and 78 sheep breeders. The results obtained indicate that 84.6% of goat breeders are Muslims compared to 15.4% Christians and their main activity is breeding with 46% and 23% for commerce. In sheep farms, similarly, 97.4% of breeders are Muslim compared to 2.6% Christian and their main activity is dominated equally between breeding and commerce with 34 and 35% respectively. Production costs for males ready for sale vary from 17,450 FCFA to 45,245 FCFA depending on the breed and species. As for the selling price of animals, it essentially depends on the breed, age and sex, and varies from 20,000 FCFA to 600,000 FCFA. For feeding, natural pasture is the most used with 92.3% for goats and 53.8% for sheep. Goat breeders don’t practice fattening, however 41% of sheep breeders do. Breeders use crop residues for 61.5% and 97.4%, for goats and sheep respectively to compensate for the grazing deficit. Production costs for males ready for sale vary from 17,450 FCFA to 45,245 FCFA depending on the breed and species. As for the selling price of animals, it essentially depends on the breed, age and sex, and varies from 20,000 FCFA to 600,000 FCFA.

Evaluation of the effect of incorporating Moringa oleifera and Carica papaya into the diet on the zootechnical performance of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Delma, Barkwendé Jethro — 2025-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aimed to evaluate the zootechnical effects of incorporating Moringa oleifera leaf powder or Carica papaya leaf powder into the diet of rabbits during the fattening period. The experiment was conducted on 28 weaned rabbits aged 45 days, randomly divided into 7 groups of 4 individuals each. For 56 days, the animals received rations containing different proportions of Moringa oleifera or Carica papaya leaf powder: 0% for the control ration, and 5%, 10%, and 15%. Results revealed a significant improvement (P < 0.05) in average daily gain for rabbits fed rations including 15% Moringa oleifera leaves and 15% Carica papaya leaves, with respective values of 13.41 ± 3.7 g/day and 8.30 ± 2.45 g/day. These results contrasted with other groups: control ration (3.85 ± 3.85 g/day), 5% Moringa oleifera (4.815 ± 0.9 g/day), 5% Carica papaya (6.92 ± 1.45 g/day), 10% Moringa oleifera (8.07 ± 1.14 g/day), and 10% Carica papaya (7.13 ± 1.42 g/day). Additionally, the 15% Moringa oleifera and Carica papaya leaf rations showed the lowest feed conversion ratios (5.06 ± 1.12 and 4.06 ± 1.2 respectively), indicating enhanced feed efficiency. Incorporation of up to 15% Moringa oleifera and Carica papaya leaf powder in rabbit diets produced no adverse effects and improved growth performance as well as feed efficiency. These results suggest that these plants may be used as alternative dietary supplements to enhance rabbit production in Burkina Faso.

Proposal for an Operational Directory of Sports Professions in Senegal

NDIOUCK, Amadou Moctar — 2025-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the economic and social crisis that affects the world and in particular the countries of the South, unemployment is considered to be the most disastrous consequence that weighs on young people by plunging them into desperate poverty. Consequently, the sectors of public life, including sport, contribute to providing structural responses. This study identifies operational professions and offers their training.

Innovation and sustainable development in Morocco: A descriptive analysis of the link between innovation and Moroccan sustainable development

RHAZI, Zineb — 2025-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Innovation is a powerful driver of development and improved well-being, which can be mobilized to meet social and global challenges. According to the OECD’s Oslo Manual, innovation is defined as «the implementation of a new or substantially improved product (good or service) or (production) process, a new marketing method or a new organizational method in business practices, workplace organization or external relations». This study explores the global innovation index and sustainable development indicators through an in-depth descriptive analysis of the impact of sustainable development on innovation in Morocco. After data analysis and processing, the results highlight the key factors influencing the Global Innovation Index (GII). They make it possible to identify the levers of growth and to steer public policies towards more effective strategies adapted to local realities.

Modeling and implementing an innovation process in project-based learning activities: Case of mechanical engineering training in Morocco

ZERGOUT, Imane — 2025-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Engineers are recognized as key players in the development of innovative projects thanks to their professional experience and their training. However, in some growing countries such as Morocco, involving innovation in engineering education is poorly integrated within engineering training curricula. In this study, we propose an innovation process model proper to the design and realization of innovative projects within engineering schools, particularly in the field of mechanical engineering. Our modeling approach is based on systems engineering. Experiments were conducted in the mechanical engineering department of an engineering school in Morocco to implement the proposed model in student projects. The students were guided to implement the proposed process and deploy innovative methods, then a quantitative assessment that considered their innovativeness and adherence to the innovation process was led. The innovativeness of the projects was assessed based on international patterning criteria, and an assessment system was used to analyze the level of compliance of the demonstration projects with the steps and support means and methods of the model’s process. The findings of the study enabled us to improve our model of the innovation process by including methodologies and instruments personalized to the environment of engineering schools and based on a technological approach that emphasizes interdisciplinary theoretical and methodological contributions. The current study enabled us to confirm that an innovative project carried out within an environment characterized by the interaction and management of a set of material and human resources and methods and engineering skills can help to boost innovation in engineering education.

Wine as a Mirror of Civilizations: The Cup of Otherness between Religious Tensions and Intercultural Representations

Mabrouk, Zineb — 2025-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article is a study of the chapter « Les Arabes et leur rapport au vin selon les voyageurs occidentaux » by Mohammed Bernoussi, taken from the book Introduction à l’interculturel. It analyzes how wine, prohibited in Muslim culture yet sometimes consumed clandestinely, becomes an ambivalent symbol in Western travel accounts from the Middle Ages to the 19th century. Taking an interdisciplinary approachcombining anthropology, semiotics, and history, the study highlights the tensions and contradictions that this product evokes. Through this lens, it sheds light on intercultural dynamics and representations of otherness, showing how wine crystallizes both the intriguing subtleties and the recurring stereotypes that characterize the encounter between the Muslim Orient and the Christian West.

Comparative study of different germination tests to determine the germinative vigor of seeds of five cowpea varieties popularized in Burkina Faso

Boureima, Sakande — 2025-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Aims: Seed is the first basic input in agriculture, which is why seed production remains a key sector in a country’s agricultural development. However, germination capacity is extremely important in the context of seed exchange. The aim of this study is to evaluate the seed quality of five cowpea varieties. Methodology: One hundred (100) seeds of five cowpea varieties (Issa SOSSO, Neerwaya, Makoyin, Teeksongo and Yipoussi) were germinated in three germination tests (field test, Petri dish test and pot test). For this purpose, an Alpha design device with one repetition and five elementary plots for the germination test in open ground; 20 Petri dishes for the germination test in Petri dishes and 25 pots for the germination test in pots, were used to set up the various tests. Parameters such as germination rate, average germination time and seedling vigor were collected. Results: The results showed that the Issa SOSSO variety performed best in terms of germination rate (100%) in Petri dishes, while the Yipoussi variety performed best in pots (91%) and in the field (94%). In addition, a good germination capacity ranging from 88% to 100% in Petri dishes, from 59% to 91% in pots and from 60% to 94% in the field was observed in this study. However, the results of this work showed that the germination test in Petri dishes is the best method for testing the germinative vigour of seeds. Conclusion: On the other hand, the best seedling vigor performances were observed in pots and in the field. The good germinative capacity of seeds of the different varieties (>50%) observed could help boost cowpea production in Burkina Faso.

Characterization of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) storage practices in the south-central strip of Niger

Naroua, Chaibou — 2025-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Storage practices determine the quality and added value of peanuts as well as their contribution to household nutrition. The objective of the study was to characterize the types of warehouses and methods of peanut protection. A survey was conducted among 500 stakeholders (240 producers, 160 processors and 100 traders) selected by random sampling. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics. The results show that the stakeholders mainly store shelled or unshelled peanuts in polypropylene bags. They adopted as warehouses their residential houses (64.7%); mud stores (11.8%); and stores made of final materials (23.5%). The choice of peanuts to be stored is made on the basis of the criteria of absence of mold and rot (38%), without impurities (37%) and without holes (25%). The average quantity of peanuts stored is 1,049.63 kg; 1,300.7 kg and 98.81 kg respectively for producers, traders, and processors. The majority of respondents store peanuts for a period of three months (80%). Only 37.8% of stakeholders apply any treatment to stored peanuts, primarily using phytosanitary products. The main storage constraints concern pest and parasite attacks (58%) and poor sales (38.6%). These constraints are more acutely felt by producers. Adopting appropriate types of warehouses and understanding protection methods are essential prerequisites for preserving peanut quality before sale or processing in the south-central region of Niger.

Factors Contributing to Poor Performance in English Language Learning in Kaziba Secondary Schools

BAHIZIRE, Styve CHINDJA — 2025-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study explores the underlying causes of underachievement in English language learning among students in secondary schools in Kaziba, Democratic Republic of Congo, during the period from January to June 2023. The investigation was prompted by the persistent observation that, despite completing four years of English instruction, many learners graduate without attaining functional communicative competence. To identify the root causes of this phenomenon and suggest remedial strategies, we conducted a cross-sectional survey involving 484 students across nine strategically selected schools. The selection criteria included socioeconomic background, school infrastructure, teacher remuneration, working conditions, and annual diploma performance. Schools were categorized into «large» «medium» and «small» institutions. After excluding 21 incomplete responses, data from 463 students were analyzed. The research addressed three core questions: (1) What factors hinder students from achieving English language proficiency? (2) How do institutional practices influence opportunities for effective English communication? (3) What interventions can enhance English language outcomes in Kaziba secondary schools? Findings indicate that underachievement is primarily attributed to ineffective pedagogical practices, including outdated teaching methodologies and inadequate instructional materials, compounded by learner-related issues such as low motivation and disengagement. The study concludes with recommendations for curriculum reform, enhanced teacher training, and learner-centered approaches to promote meaningful language acquisition and communicative competence.

Inventory of aphrodisiac plants sold at the central market of the city of Kenge, Kwango Province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)

Kitoko, Ruffin Nsielolo — 2025-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this study is to contribute to the knowledge of certain medicinal plants and their traditional uses on sexual weaknesses in the town of Kenge in the Democratic Republic of Congo. A survey was carried out among 56 traditional practitioners and sellers of aphrodisiac products, sampled using the «snowball» method. The ethnobotanical data collected, supplemented by ecological information, enabled us to identify 27 plant species, divided into 18 families and 14 botanical orders. The results show that the most commonly used species belong to the Fabaceae (14.8%), Amaranthaceae and Zingiberaceae (11.1%), Apocynaceae and Euphorbiaceae (7.4%) families, in the Fabales, Malpighiales and Zingiberales orders respectively. Among the organs most frequently used to treat sexual weaknesses, roots are cited in first place with 34%, leaves and seeds come in second and third place at 24 and 17% respectively, and the combination of these organs is also sometimes reported. The study showed the importance of traditional medicine, which is justified by the specific diversity of local indigenous species present and the endogenous knowledge of traditional practitioners on the use of these species.

Enhancement of Soil Fertility and Musa sp. AAA (Cavendish) Yield by Arachis repens and Desmodium adscendens Cover Crops in Côte d’Ivoire: An Agroecological Approach

Boka, Kosso Nina Reine — 2025-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study, conducted in Akressi, Côte d’Ivoire, assesses the impact of cover crops (Arachis repens and Desmodium adscendens) on soil properties and dessert banana production (Cavendish, Grande-Naine) over two cycles. Ferralitic soils, degraded by intensive monoculture, are examined using a Fischer block design with three treatments: control (bare soil with herbicides), A. repens, and D. adscendens. Soil physical properties (bulk density: 1.90–1.94 g/cm3, porosity: 25.15–27.18%, gravimetric moisture: 17.34–21.58%) remain unchanged (p > 0.05). After 12 months, cover crops enhance chemical properties: pH (5.80 control, 6.03 A. repens, 5.93 D. adscendens), organic carbon (1.11% control, 1.24% A. repens, 1.38% D. adscendens), organic matter (1.90% control, 2.13% A. repens, 2.37% D. adscendens), nitrogen (0.10% control, 0.11% A. repens, 0.12% D. adscendens), CEC (5.38 cmol/kg control, 7.20 cmol/kg A. repens, 8.61 cmol/kg D. adscendens), and calcium (1.56 cmol/kg control, 1.66 cmol/kg A. repens, 1.75 cmol/kg D. adscendens) increase significantly (p < 0.05). In the first cycle, growth (height: 245–247 cm) and yield (41.21–42.08 t/ha) are similar (p > 0.05). In the second cycle, control plants are taller (271.76 cm vs. 255.36 cm A. repens); A. repens delays flowering (158 vs. 135 days) and harvest (235 vs. 214 days D. adscendens) and reduces functional leaves (10.84 vs. 11.66 control at flowering) (p < 0.01). Desmodium adscendens increases hands (7.82 vs. 7.33 A. repens) and fingers (140.57 vs. 127.10 A. repens) (p < 0.05). Yields remain comparable (44.17 control, 44.36 A. repens, 44.50 t/ha D. adscendens). Cover crops, particularly D. adscendens, enhance soil chemical fertility without compromising yield, supporting sustainable banana production.

Study of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) varietal diversity in three growing basins in Côte d’Ivoire

Fulgence, Thiémélé Deless Edmond — 2025-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Cassava is a staple food that plays a very important role for the Ivorian population. In the Central, Central-Western and Western regions of Côte d’Ivoire, where cassava is a staple food, growers cultivate several varieties whose diversity remains poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to analyze the agromorphological variability of cultivars collected in these growing basins, in order to make better use of this varietal diversity. Agromorphological characterization was carried out on a collection of 70 accessions collected from growers, using ten quantitative variables. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant phenotypic differences for all the traits studied. Principal component analysis (PCA) confirmed this polymorphism at 83.49% for the first three axes. Accessions were structured into 5 groups of morphological variability following Hierarchical Ascending Classification (HAC). These groups are distinguished by plant height, height of first branching, central lobe length, central lobe width, number of lobes, leaf length to width ratio, petiole length, tuberous root weight per plant and total yield. The first three groups have cultivars with yields in excess of 20 t/ha and constitute the best genetic resources for increasing cassava production in these growing basins and in Côte d’Ivoire.

Rainfall Floods in Boma and Kinshasa: Natural Hazards Due to Environmental Vulnerabilities

Mavinga, Mvumbi Sylvain — 2025-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

For centuries, urban dwellers have tended to settle on fertile lands and floodplains, simply because living conditions there seem more convenient than elsewhere due to proximity to water and food resources. In the Democratic Republic of Congo, this phenomenon is highly visible along lotic hydrosystems, including the Ndjili and Kalamu rivers in the city of Kinshasa, and the Kalamu River in the city of Boma. Conversely, the same waterways that provide life to surrounding inhabitants pose the threat of cyclical and severe flooding. Moreover, intense activities carried out within the areas comprising the hydrographic network repeatedly expose it to multiple ecological problems: sedimentation, narrowing of main channels, reduced flow, pollution, etc. In the face of this dramatic and drastic phenomenon, it is worth noting that very few efforts are made for large-scale maintenance, functional management of waterways, or their proper sanitation. As a result, almost all rivers in Kinshasa and Boma are rarely managed or dredged. Sediment accumulation in riverbeds is observed in all rivers, causing overflows and flooding in urban areas, leading to significant human and material damage during heavy rains or downpours.

Africans and the challenges of corruption: An analysis of Achebe’s The Trouble with Nigeria

Ouarodima, Maina — 2025-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

From the declaration of independence of African countries and up to date, many African countries struggle hard to tackle the problems of corruption in Africa. The challenge of corruption is considered as one of the greatest challenges that destabilizes, blocks and impedes the development of many African countries. There is no doubt, corruption is a subject-matter that can be regarded as one of key points in the struggle of many African leaders. In fact, some civil servants, political leaders and army officers themselves consider and embrace corruption as a way of life that facilitates easy earning. Moreover, the aim of the current paper is to demonstrate how corruption can be considered as a source of underdevelopment of Africa through depicting the types of corruption in The Trouble with Nigeria. The paper seeks to provide some examples, through The Trouble with Nigeria, on how corruption impacts Africa negatively. Finally, applying postcolonial theory, the paper concludes with some useful recommendations that can help reduce and alleviate the corrupt practices in Africa.

EVALUATION OF MARKET GARDENERS’ KNOWLEDGE LEVEL ON GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES FOR TOMATOES IN THE CITY OF KORHOGO

Régine, N’Goran-Bla Ahou — 2025-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Côte d’Ivoire, tomatoes are among the most widely grown and consumed vegetables. However, tomato production faces several biotic and abiotic constraints. Technical data sheets for good agricultural practices exist and are available. The aim of this study is to examine the agricultural practices of tomato market gardeners. The target population consisted of all market gardeners in the urban and peri-urban area of Korhogo. All urban and peri-urban areas with market garden crops were surveyed. Information on the sociodemographic profile of the market gardeners, the variety of tomato grown and the agricultural practices of the market gardeners surveyed were collected. The results showed a dominance of women (71%) in tomato cultivation. Furthermore, 55% of the market gardeners were between 45 and 50 years old, 80% were not educated and 75.80% had more than 10 years of experience. The variety of tomato grown was mainly the local variety with ribbed fruit. Regarding the choice of land, the establishment of the nursery and the cultivation, the market gardeners had practices similar to good agricultural practices. However, clearing, weeding and irrigation were done manually. In addition, organic fertiliser was used more widely. Chemical control was the only method used. At the end of this study, it appears that the agricultural practices of tomato growers in Korhogo are generally similar to the good agricultural practices recommended by research structures.

QUALITY AND POTABILITY OF GROUNDWATER IN THE AQUIFER SYSTEMS OF THE KANDI SEDIMENTARY BASIN (BENIN, WEST AFRICA)

Sonya, Alowakinnou — 2025-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aims to assess the quality of groundwater in the aquifer system of the Kandi Sedimentary Basin (BSK). The methodological approach adopted is based on the evaluation by the dosage of physico-chemical parameters of groundwater and the calculation of water quality indices (IQE). The results obtained show that the values of electrical conductivity, pH, dissolved solids rate (06ppm and 584 ppm) and temperature (29_32.8 C) are within the quality standards with the exception of EPP samples LOLO and Drogine. The quality of groundwater in a (BSK) is assessed from different criteria. The calculation of water quality indices made it possible to identify the classes of groundwater quality and the different possible uses. Overall, the waters are of good quality and can be used for drinking, irrigation and industry.

Analysis of the Occurrence of Climate Extremes and Mapping of Hydro-Climatic Risks in Agro-Ecological Zone 4 of Benin

Médard, Ouinakonhan — 2025-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Planet Earth is severely threatened by natural disasters whose impacts significantly affect the environment, human populations, and socio-economic activities (FFA, 2015). The aim of this study is to analyze the occurrence of extreme rainfall events and the risks of flooding and drought in Agroecological Zone 4 of Benin. The data used in this research include climatological data (daily rainfall and temperature series) as well as planimetric data (geological and pedological maps at a 1: 200,000 scale, land use data, and a Digital Elevation Model). The climatic data were used to calculate climate extreme indices and determine their occurrence using statistical frequency analysis. Flood and drought risk mapping was carried out using a Geographic Information System (GIS), by coding and combining the contributing factors through an index-based mapping method. The results of this study show that extreme rainfall events with return periods ranging from 50 to 100 years are mainly driven by an increase in precipitation events exceeding 20 mm and maximum rainfall recorded over five consecutive days. The flood risk map reveals that high and very high flood risk zones represent 22.37% and 15.24% of the study area, respectively, and are mainly located in the immediate vicinity of watercourses. Regarding drought risk, the mapping indicates that low and moderate risk zones cover 27.10% and 19.44% of the study area, while high and very high risk zones account for 35.75% and 17.70% of the territory, respectively.

Physicochemical and mechanical characterization of a composite based on cotton stem particles and Grewia Venusta bark powder

Melon, Lokossou — 2025-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Bio-based composites are presented as ecological alternatives to synthetic materials whose production contributes to the depletion of natural resources and climate change. This study aims to develop a new material from cotton stem particles (CSP) and Grewia Venusta bark powder (GWP) intended for the manufacture of thermal insulation panels. Eleven (11) formulations were selected by varying the CSP rate and the granular classes of CSP under a temperature of 140°C. This work specifically aims to physically and mechanically characterize this material with the European standards EN 310, 322 and 323. The results obtained show that the density of the composites increases from 402.08 to 998.69 Kg/m3 when the binder rate is increasing, and decreases from 895.35 to 793.38 Kg/m3 when the granular class of the particles increases. The Elastic Flexural Modulus MOE) and the Flexural Breaking Strength (MOR) increase respectively from 162.25 to 345.03 MPa and from 4.53 to 5.53 MPa for a binder rate varying from 60 to 75%, then decreases when this rate takes a value above 75%. These values increase from 209.82 to 562.28 MPa and from 5.65 to 6.18 MPa, respectively, as the grain size increases from [0.063-0.630 mm] to [0.063-2 mm]. The formulation conforming to the required ANSI 208.1.1999 standard has a density of 691.15 kg/m3, an MOE of 562.28 MPa, and an MOR of 6.18 MPa.

Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in the sediments of the Koumassi estuarine bay (Ebrié lagoon)

Irié, Bi Trazie Jean-Gael — 2025-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study investigates the distribution and origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments from the Koumassi Estuarine bay (Ébrié lagoon, Côte d’Ivoire). Ten sediment samples were analyzed to determine the concentrations of 16 priority PAHs. The results show that PAH levels are generally low and remain well below Canadian sediment quality thresholds. Fluoranthene is the dominant compound (22.6%), indicating contamination primarily of pyrolytic origin, linked to the combustion of biomass (charcoal, coconut charcoal) and fossil fuels. Some molar ratios (BaA/Chry, LMW/HMW) also suggest a minor contribution from petroleum sources, likely transported by road runoff. This study provides a useful first approach for the environmental management of dredged sediments in this sensitive urban area.

Evaluation of the level of application of the situational approach (APS) in learning sciences in pilot secondary schools in MBUJIMAYI

Sammy, MUYA MULUMBA — 2025-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Following the integration of the situational approach (APS) in DRC education system, a study was Undertaken in pilot secondary schools in city of MBUJIMAYI. The objectives of this study were to verify compliance with thé standards of this new paradigm among science teachers, to identify the difficulties encountered in the effective implementation of this new reform as well as the methods used by teachers in their teaching - learning. To do this, a CAP survey was carried out among 54 secondary schools teachers, in order to situate them in relation to APS, in particular APS training, the use of the evaluation grid, thé use of the correction grid, the questioning method used in the evaluation of their learners as well as the use of DAS observation grid by their heads of establishment. We were guided in our research by techniques such as analysis, interview and observation. Problem-situations are used by science teachers in the assessment at an insufficient rate (16,5 %, or 205 cases out of 1246 semester exam questions collected and analyzed), while the items were used at 83,5 % (1041 questions out of 1246 collected). More than 75 % of study perfects are notre trained in APS, more than 75 % of science teachers do not provide any methological information on the teaching sheet and use untimed essential knowledge frameworks. Severals efforts remain to be made in order to consolidate this new educational approach.

Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in the West African Semi-Arid Zones Facing Climate Change: The Case of Senegal

Diop, Mamadou — 2025-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study analyses the reactions small and medium-sized enterprises’ managers to the adverse effects of climate in Senegal’s semi-arid zones and the difficulties they face in adapting to climate risks. A mixed methodological approach was used, comprising a review of relevant documents and a field survey using a questionnaire administered to SMEs managers. The survey involved 161 SMEs managers in three regions of the country. SMEs were selected using a mixture of random and snowball sampling methods. The results of the study showed that 91% of SMEs are affected by adverse climatic conditions, including rainfall deficits, extreme heat, exceptional rainfall and flooding. 70% of them do not have a plan to deal with climate risks. In spite of all this, economic players have gone to great lengths to take measures to adapt, but their efforts are limited by a lack of support from the public authorities, etc. To this end, substantial political and financial efforts are needed to promote a favorable environment for SME adaptation.

Environmental considerations as a cross-cutting approach in the daily lives of households: An overview of environmental management, protection and education in the rural commune of Aru, North-Eastern DR Congo

Katabuka, John Kisembo — 2025-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Environmental management and protection, like the cross-cutting approach, is an obligation for everyone; even more so at a time when, according to the future of our planet is in jeopardy. The aim of this study is, on the one hand, to list the measures taken and the policies, but also and above all the tools put in place for environmental management, both by the competent authorities (environmental service managers and educators) and by households and some community groups, and to identify the interests of households in protecting the environment. On the other hand, it will shed light on the promotion of environmental education in schools. It is therefore the responses obtained from the various categories that have enabled us, by triangulating the data, to respond to the concern linked to environmental considerations as a cross-cutting approach in the daily lives of households. In short, we found irregularities with regard to environmental management and protection in our study area: no clearly defined environmental protection policy, no tools for implementing environmental management policies, no support for environmental management initiatives, and a low level of environmental knowledge and protection among learners. The same applies to households. In the light of the results obtained, we have proposed a tool adapted to the environmental situation in the study area.

Review on network architecture sizing and optimization

FIRMIN, MALOBA MBUYA — 2025-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The increase in the number of workstations, the need to diversify applications and the rise in traffic are prompting a reassessment of network capacity in order to guarantee quality of service and cope with increasingly frequent congestion. Many authors address the sizing of networks, whether physical, virtual, software-based, fibre optic or wireless, by quantifying traffic in order to determine network behaviour. By superimposing each of these studies, it becomes clear that future research on dimensioning will be based on machine learning models with a view to continuously adapting to the overall behaviour of the network.

Factors associated with the Low Involvement of Male Partners in the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) Service in the Bunia Health Zone, Ituri Province, Democratic Republic of Congo

Kyomuhendo, Consolée — 2025-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study was conducted to describe factors explaining the low involvement of male partners in the PMTCT service in the Bunia health zone. The cross-sectional method, supported by a questionnaire survey, was used to conduct this study among 400 male partners of pregnant women in the Bunia health zone in August and September 2021. Content analysis supported by percentage calculations was used to analyze the data. After analysis, the study revealed the following: - The main factors associated with the low involvement of male partners in accompanying their wives to the PMTCT service are respectively the perception of poor organization of PMTCT services (73%), lack of time on the part of spouses (48%), ignorance of the importance of PMTCT by spouses (36.75%) and the PMTCT service being perceived as a female environment (21%). - Nearly 2/3 of respondents mentioned that non-participation in the PMTCT service could result in remaining sero-ignorant (36.68%) and increase the risk of contamination (29.65%). In the light of these results, it must be admitted that efforts still need to be made to ensure the effective involvement of male partners in PMTCT services. An important aspect is to develop strategies to overcome the main factors affecting the non-involvement of male partners in PMTCT services.

Contribution of descriptive statistics to the study of water drilling productivity in bedrock environments: The case of the N’Zi-Comoe region in Côte d’Ivoire

KOUADIO, Assoue Kouakou Sylvestre — 2025-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study is part of a search for sustainable solutions for access to drinking water in rural areas of Côte d’Ivoire, where boreholes in bedrock areas are the main source of drinking water supply. The objective is to statistically analyse the flow rates (Q, in m3/h) of water boreholes in the N’zi-Comoé region in order to assess their variability, distribution and relevance in characterising the aquifer potential in bedrock environments. To do this, descriptive statistics and the Shapiro-Wilk and Chi2 statistical tests of normality were used. This approach yielded relevant results, namely an average flow rate of 5.71 m3/h, which is lower than the standard deviation, and a coefficient of variation of 131%. These values indicate a high degree of heterogeneity in flow rates in the N’ZI-Comoé region. This highlights the discontinuous nature of the aquifer tapped for drinking water supply not only in the study area but also in the bedrock environment in Côte d’Ivoire.

Determinants of Public Transport Hygiene in the Town of Isiro, Haut-Uélé Province, DR Congo

Innocent, Bulupiy Wowo — 2025-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study was conducted in order to describe the determinants of public transport hygiene in Isiro town, in Haut-Uélé Province, DR Congo during the period from 8 February to 8 June 2023. The cross-sectional method supported by the survey questionnaire and direct observation of devices for maintaining hygiene in agencies and buses enabled us to collect the data. After analysis, the following results were recorded: - All the material devices relating to public transport hygiene are totally absent. - The majority of respondents reported vomiting on the bus (100%), not wearing a mask (57%), lack of knowledge about hygiene on public transport (62%), eating on public transport (100%) and smokers on the bus (83%). - The main consequences of hygiene problems are the presence of insects on the bus (83%), the presence of odours on the bus (70%) and poor hygiene on public transport (67%). In view of these results, it can be concluded that hygiene in public transport is still a major concern in the town of Isiro. As a result, training for agency managers and drivers and awareness-raising among passengers should be considered in order to avoid potential public health risks.

Non-Gaussian statistics of surface velocities from drifter data in the Gulf of Guinea

Amemou, Hilaire — 2025-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Abstract: We present a thorough Lagrangian analysis of the statistics of surface velocities in the Gulf of Guinea, based on more than twenty years of drifter data. After subtracting the mean Eulerian velocity field and normalizing by the local standard deviation, we compute the probability density functions (PDFs) of the zonal and meridional components of the relative velocities. The distributions obtained display systematic deviations from normality, with heavy tails and moderate asymmetry, suggesting the influence of intermittent energetic events, probably related to mesoscale eddy activity. The analysis of Lagrangian autocovariance functions highlights anisotropy in the integration times, with longer persistence in the zonal direction, in line with the dynamics of equatorial currents. Finally, segmenting trajectories into 10-day segments confirms the robustness of these statistical signatures at the meso scale, supporting the hypothesis of a dynamics dominated by non-Gaussian coherent structures.

Biochemical, Microbiological and Sensory Characterization of Three Fonio By-products in Guinea

Sangare, Lanciné — 2025-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Fonio is a traditional cereal that has long been marginalized in Guinean agriculture but is now attracting growing interest from various stakeholders. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate the effect of fonio processing techniques on its biochemical, microbiological, and sensory qualities. The Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) method was used to determine the levels of the various parameters. A 44-person tasting panel was organized to assess taste, color, and odor. The results show that the applied processing methods (precooked, parboiled, and roasted) had a significant impact on the biochemical characteristics of fonio, including protein, ash, lipid, and carbohydrates contents. From a microbiological perspective, roasted fonio was the least contaminated by the analyzed microorganisms. However, it is important to note that all three processing techniques produced fonio with generally satisfactory hygienic quality. In terms of sensory attributes, parboiled fonio was the most appreciated for its taste, while precooked fonio received the highest scores for color and aroma. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential for fonio valorization through appropriate processing methods that could enhance its competitiveness and market appeal on local markets in Guinea.

Implication of low intensity rain spectra (R≤1mm/h) in the variability of Z-R relationship linked to the microphysical processes of precipitation: Size-controlled, number-controlled and mixed control of drops

Bamba, Bakary — 2025-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Understanding the necessary relationship between the radar reflectivity factor Z and the rain rate R is still important today and constitutes an interesting challenge for the scientific community. Despite this interest and the advances already obtained in this field, understanding the variability of this Z-R law is not yet trivial. This work therefore consists of studying the implication of rain spectra at low intensities R≤1mm/h in this variability. Thus, from a large historical database of raindrop size distribution (DSD) acquired in tropical Africa, we have shown that rain spectra R≤1mm/h lead to high values of the coefficients A and b of the Z-R power relationship. However, the variability of pre-factor A is pronounced in agreement with those of the NT and D0/NT parameters of the DSD; while the exponent b remains quasi-constant in such rainy samples, independently of their percentage. Establishing the link between the observation parameters D0, NT and D0/NT of the DSD and the pre-factor A of the Z-R relationship made it possible to arrive at close power relationships D0 – A, NT – A and D0/NT – A corresponding respectively to the microphysical modes «D0 constant, NT variable», «D0 variable, NT constant» and «D0 variable, NT variable». The last microphysical condition seems to be more suited to the power relationship A – α where α, is the pre-factor of the power relationship D0/NT – R found in the literature.

Explainable Diabetes Risk Assessment Using Optimized Stacked Machine Learning: XGBoost-MLP-Random Forest Ensemble with Cross-Cohort Validation

Kouassi, Adlès Francis — 2025-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Early detection of type 2 diabetes is a public health priority due to its high prevalence and the severe complications that may result. However, traditional machine learning approaches face several limitations, particularly in model optimization, handling class imbalance, and ensuring clinical interpretability. In this context, we propose an optimized machine learning approach that combines advanced preprocessing, optimization, and modeling techniques. Our methodology is based on four key components: (i) feature engineering guided by medical knowledge (e.g., Glucose/BMI, Age×BMI), (ii) adaptive class rebalancing using SMOTEENN, (iii) Bayesian hyperparameter optimization with Optuna for XGBoost and MLP (Multilayer Perceptron) models, and (iv) an ensemble stacking strategy integrating Random Forest, XGBoost, and MLP, with logistic regression as the meta-learner. The PIMA Indians and Frankfurt Hospital datasets were used to validate this approach. The results are remarkable: an accuracy of 94.05% on PIMA, 99.27% on Frankfurt, and 99.71% on the merged data, with an AUC reaching 99.99%. SHAP analysis highlights the increased importance of insulin in PIMA and the Age×BMI interaction in Frankfurt, while confirming the stability of universal markers such as glucose and BMI. This approach not only delivers outstanding predictive performance but also provides differentiated interpretability, paving the way for more personalized and equitable predictive medicine.

Effect of three biofertilizers based on Azolla filiculoides, Tithonia diversifolia, and Galus galus manure on the productivity of eggplant (Solanum melongena) in Daloa (Ivory Coast)

Noël, GROGA — 2025-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study is part of the sustainable management of soil fertility. It aims to identify biofertilizers to boost eggplant production. For this purpose, a randomized block device with three repetitions was set up. Within this device, the treatment consisted of the application of two biofertilizers separately or in combination: T0 (control): plot without fertilizer, T1: Plot fertized only with Azolla filiculoïdes, T2: Plot fertilized only with Tithonia diversifolia and T3: Plot fertilized only with chicken manure. From planting to harvest, growth parameters and yield (leaf length and width, height, diameter, wingspan, number of vegetables) of the Kalenda F1 eggplant variety were collected. The result of statistical analyses showed that the growth and production of plants was booted by the biofertilizer T.diversifolia. However, Azolla filiculoides could be applied in the absence of T.diversifolia.

Study of the impact of the Teke-Yaka conflict on the experiences of host families in the town of Kenge in the Kwango province of the Democratic Republic of Congo

Mangumbu, Jules Kapay — 2025-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Etymologically, conflict refers to opposition between two or more individuals whose ideas, interests, or expectations diverge. Four main types are generally recognized: conflicts of interests, ideas, individuals, and positions. Our study examines the impact of the Teke-Yaka conflict on host families in the city of Kenge, Kwango province. The objective was to assess how this conflict has affected the daily lives of households hosting displaced persons. This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study conducted on a sample of sixty (60) displaced persons who fled the Batéké plateau and sought refuge with families in Kenge, Kwilu province. Among respondents, 60% were men and 40% women. The predominant age group was 26–35 years (53.3%). Most were married (73.3%). Educational levels were mainly secondary (58.3%) and primary (21.6%). Civil servants represented 46.6% of the sample. Importantly, all respondents (100%) reported having hosted displaced persons in their households. Before the conflict, 53.3% of households comprised 4–6 members. Following the influx, most host families (60%) received between 6 and 10 displaced persons. The study highlighted several difficulties faced by host families: child malnutrition, prostitution among young girls for survival, increased illnesses, begging and degrading small jobs among boys, as well as overcrowded housing. These findings align with prior research, confirming that such crises exacerbate social and economic vulnerabilities in host communities. In conclusion, the Teke-Yaka conflict has profoundly disrupted family life in Kenge, creating humanitarian, social, and health challenges. Conflict remains a global issue and continues to be a pressing concern in the studied region.

Detection of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in wastewater from a former slaughterhouse in Ivory Coast

Coulibaly, Ibourahema — 2025-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The research presented in this memory was carried out at the Institut Pasteur in Côte d’Ivoire and carried out on E. coli and Salmonella spp. The objective of this study was to isolate E. coli and Salmonella spp. strains resistant to antibiotics from wastewater from the Port-Bouët slaughterhouse. From September 2017 to March 2018, 17 strains of E. coli and 7 Salmonella spp. were isolated in 63 samples of wastewater collected at the slaughterhouse of Port-Bouët. Their identification was performed according to conventional bacteriological tests. An antibiogram according to the disk diffusion method was carried out for 21 antibiotics commonly used in human and veterinary medicine. The prevalence observed was 26.98% for E coli strains. and 11.11% for Salmonella spp. All strains of E. coli showed complete (100%) resistance to 3rd generation cephalosporins, aztreonam, amocixillin + clavulanic acid, and ampicillin. However, family resistance rates of quinolones, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides and cyclins remain very high. The sensitivity of E. coli to imipenem and amikacin was 100%. Salmonella spp. strains, on the other hand, were resistant only to beta-lactam at lower levels compared to E. coli strains. coli. In-depth studies are needed to determine the resistance mechanisms of these bacteria.

Application of interaction patterns to Storybook components and their impact on technical debt in web projects

Guerrero, Jonathan Delgado — 2025-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study focuses on technical debt in web development, specifically how the early adoption of Storybook can mitigate this challenge. Our research used a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative data on code quality and technical debt metrics with a qualitative case study involving three development teams. Storybook is a powerful tool for designing components with well-defined interaction patterns. By integrating these practices, it not only improves software quality and maintainability but also aids work in agile development environments. Technical debt often arises when teams create components with deficient interaction patterns; however, Storybook enables programmers to build components with consistent interaction patterns, which increases productivity and minimizes errors. In summary, the findings strongly suggest that integrating atomic design principles with interaction patterns and specialized tools like Storybook optimizes development processes, enhances technical debt management, and leads to the creation of more resilient and effective software.

Contamination by Toxigenic Fungi in Animal Feed in the Maradi Region: Current Status and Treatment Perspectives

Ousseini, Rabiou Abdou Mamane — 2025-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Animal feed is a major source of contamination by toxigenic fungi. The objective of this study was to provide an overview of fungal contamination in animal feed and to explore alternative treatments. An ethnobotanical survey was conducted in eight localities in the Maradi region through semi-structured interviews with livestock breeders, veterinarians, animal health officers, medical doctors, and biologists. A total of 539 individuals were interviewed, including 457 breeders, 45 animal health officers and veterinarians, and 37 medical and biological professionals. The study revealed that 20% of fungal contaminations originate from forages. Indicators such as moist forage with black spots, contaminated water, odor changes, and rotten feed residues were identified as warning signs. The most commonly reported diseases included foot-and-mouth disease, fever, lumpy skin disease, rhinitis, pasteurellosis, anthrax, bloating, diarrhea, intestinal worms, infections of unknown origin, allergies, laminitis, avian influenza, colic, and sheep pox. The main symptoms observed were weakness, reduced feed intake, rough hair coat, dry nostrils, lack of rumination, and weight loss. Viral infections were the most frequently encountered, accounting for 45% of the reported cases. According to 45% of doctors and biologists, mycotoxins can be transmitted to humans through the consumption of contaminated meat. To mitigate the effects of fungal contamination, veterinarians often use antimicrobial agents. However, effective alternative treatments using medicinal plants could be explored to improve animal health and food safety.

Adaptation of a double hopper seeder for the improvement of cowpea productivity (Vigna unguiculata) in Niger: Case of the Maradi and Zinder regions

Mamane, Abdoulahi — 2025-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aims to evaluate the effect of using the adapted Gangaria seeder combined with localized organomineral fertilization on labor productivity, yield and profitability of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) cultivation in Niger. A randomized block trial with four treatments crossing sowing method (manual or mechanized) and fertilization (with or without microdose) was conducted over two (2) agricultural seasons (2023 and 2024) in the Mardi and Zinder region. The results show that mechanized sowing halved the working time per hectare and contributed to a significant improvement in grain yields up to 959 kgha -1 and dried haulm (1052 kgha -1) at the level of the mechanized treatment combined with localized fertilizer inputs (T3). Mechanization alone resulted in an increase in grain yield of 180 kg/ha, a 26.8% improvement compared to manual sowing. The average yield of the two treatments obtained with the application of microdoses of compost was 274 kg/ha higher than the yield in the two treatments without microdoses, which corresponds to an increase of 43.0%. Compared to manual sowing, the economic analysis shows that mechanized sowing without fertilizer application (T2) generates the highest net margin, due to the high cost of purchased compost. Local production of compost thus appears as an alternative to optimize the benefits of the technology. The use of the adapted Gangaria seeder constitutes a promising strategy to sustainably increase agricultural productivity and improve the agricultural incomes of cowpea producers in Niger.

Informatics as a tool and enable for business environment optimization: An examination of small private and informal business

Jacques, Omatete Okitodinga — 2025-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article examines the importance of information technology as a tool and support for informal private sector operators. Despite limited use of information technology, entrepreneurs recognize the importance of telecommunications, particularly smartphones, for their businesses. The article raises questions about these operators’ understanding and adoption of information technology, while advocating for increased awareness of its benefits. The objectives of this study include increasing the appeal of information technology tools and recognizing their essential role in communication and improving productivity. As a pillar of the business environment, information technology is presented as indispensable for management, monitoring, and innovation. The rapid evolution of information technology and its integration into various sectors underscore the need for businesses to adapt to new technologies. Social media, in particular, is identified as crucial platforms for marketing and business development. They strongly influence consumer purchasing decisions and facilitate the creation of lasting customer relationships.

Examining the environmental impact of mining activities using life cycle assessment (LCA): A case study of the Kiniero gold mine (Semafo) in Guinea

Konaté, Bintou — 2025-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study examines the environmental impact of gold mining activities, particularly focusing on the Kiniero Gold Mine in Guinea. Utilizing Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology, the study evaluates potential environmental impacts from exploration to post-mining phases. Seven impact categories are assessed using ReCiPe 2016 H, CML-IA, and IMPACT 2002 + methods via OpenLCA 1.11 2021 software. These categories include particulate matter formation, global warming, non-carcinogenic human toxicity, land use, aquatic eutrophication, metal resource depletion, and water consumption. Findings reveal that the exploitation phase has the most substantial environmental impact, notably through greenhouse gas emissions, primarily Carbon dioxide (90%), Methane (9%) and Nitrogen monoxide (1%) from diesel combustion. Metal emissions into water contribute significantly to non-carcinogenic human toxicity, while aquatic eutrophication is mainly attributed to nitrogenous nutrient emissions from gold ore processing (N: 76%, NH_4^+: 15%, NO_3^-: 6% and NH3: 3%). Climate change emerges as the most significant impact, equivalent to the impact of three individuals annually compared to other impacts. To mitigate these effects, reducing GES emissions by replacing diesel with biodiesel in transportation and promoting renewable energy for electricity production is suggested. Applying LCA facilitates environmentally sustainable mining practices, preserving ecosystems, and mitigating climate change risks.

Petroleum system characterization of the northeastern edge of the Termit Basin, eastern Niger: The case of the Boul prospect

Hamani, Boubé — 2025-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Since the discovery of the first oil showings in the Tamesna sub-basin (north-western Niger) in the 1960s, several oil exploration campaigns have been undertaken in the other Niger basins. These are Eastern Niger and Djado basins. From 2008 onwards, continued oil exploration led to the development of the Goumeri, Sokor and Agadi fields. Thanks to new economically profitable discoveries, Niger has been exporting crude oil since 2024. However, challenges remain, requiring in-depth geological and geophysical studies to increase reserves. Indeed, the Boul-1D well, drilled in 2016 in the Boul prospect on the Bilma block, revealed no hydrocarbons despite promising indications observed during drilling. This lack of productivity is all the more surprising given that the area was covered by a 3D seismic survey and lies in close proximity to the productive Gabobl-1D well. To better understand the reasons for the non-productivity, investigations were carried out to determine the characteristics of the petroleum system at the northeastern end of the Termit Basin, focusing on the Boul prospect, and using seismic and logging data in particular. Three software packages were used to carry out these investigations. GeoEast was used to analyze seismic data, Techlog to study logging data and Petrel to correlate well data. To deepen the investigations, sample analyses (cuttings and cores) and pressure tests (RFT) were carried out to better identify reservoir levels. An in-depth analysis was then carried out to understand the reasons for the non-productivity of the Boul-1D well, and to determine the key factors for successful drilling in the study area. This study shows that lateral sealing is the main cause of drilling failure in exploration activities in the northeastern part of the Termit Basin. This lateral sealing is the first important factor to which more attention needs to be paid. The phenomenon of hydrocarbon dissipation in the Madama formation is the second factor to be closely monitored when evaluating prospects in this area.

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CARTOGRAPHIC AND TECTONIC STUDY OF LEMBA AND ITS SURROUNDINGS (PATU SECTOR, KONGO CENTRAL PROVINCE)

Danielle, Kahindo Katoto — 2025-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

A regional cartographic and tectonic study provided us with valuable information on the geological processes that shaped this region and its structural characteristics. This study allowed us to better understand the regional tectonics and briefly describe the geological history of the region and the formation of the main geological units. Geological mapping: Produce a detailed geological map of the rock formations of the region, including major geological units, faults, folds, lithological contacts and geological structures (faults, folds and deformation zones). The processing of the structural data highlighted the fact that the area was affected by several phases of deformation or orogeny. It is a polyphase zone. Statistical analysis with representation of the fracture distribution confirms the presence of three major peaks. This provides irrefutable proof that the area was affected by: - A family of submeridian breaks including NNW-SSE directed breaks. - An ENE-WSW fracture family. - And another fracture family orthogonal to the previous one, directed WNW-SE. The tectonic regime index (R’) values of 2.62 and 2 confirm that the study area was subjected to two types of regimes: the compressive regime and the shear regime. Using Win Tensor software, we understood that from a tectonic point of view, the area is polyphase, and the analysis with distribution representation highlighted the presence of three major peaks, confirming the presence of three fracture families: the NNW-SSE fracture family, the ENE-WSW fracture family, and the WNW-ESE fracture family. Based on the different results obtained from R’, the index of the tectonic regime (rotational optimization of stress tensor and PBT axes), two types of tectonic regimes are derived, namely a compressive regime with R’ = 2.62 and a shear regime with R’ = 2.

CONTRIBUTION TO THE PETROGRAPHIC STUDY OF LEMBA AND ITS SURROUNDINGS (PATU SECTOR, KONGO CENTRAL PROVINCE)

Danielle, Kahindo Katoto — 2025-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This petrographic study involves analyzing rocks to understand their mineralogical composition, origin, and characteristics. The regional geological description allowed us to understand its geological history as well as the diversity of its rock formations by identifying and characterizing the different rocks present in the region. Microscopic analysis of thin sections helped us understand the mineralogical composition of our geological formations to gain insight into the geological processes that formed these rocks and their importance in understanding the geological phenomena of the region. In short, the study area includes metamorphic assemblages: gneisses, migmatites, amphibolites, amphiboloschists, chloritoschists, and metaquartzites. They therefore correspond to three metamorphic domains: Epizone, Mesozone, and Catazone.

Physical and psychological disorders in elderly people residents of social welfare institutions: Field study in the cities of Safi and Settat, Morocco

FAOUZI, Fatima — 2025-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aims to reveal the physical and psychological disorders suffered by the elderly residing in the social welfare establishment and the gender differences among the study sample consisting of 75 elderly men and women. Two lists were used to collect data, the first one for physical diseases and the second for psychological disorders. The Khi2 test and percentages were used to process on data. The results showed that the study sample was exposed to physical and psychological illnesses, and the difference between the sexes was not statistically significant. These results hold the study two main hypothesis, emphasizing the need for appropriate diagnosis and treatment for both sexes.

Efficacy of the biopesticide Astoun 50 EC on Prosoestus minor and Prosoestus sculptilis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), pests of female inflorescences, and its impact on Elaeidobius camerunicus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), main insect pollinator of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) in Côte d’Ivoire

Yao, Atta Kouamé Jean-Claude — 2025-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is an important crop in tropical agriculture, particularly in Côte d’Ivoire, where it is a major source of income and large-scale by-products. However, oil palm cultivation is confronted with several problems, including attacks by pests, particularly the beetles Prosoestus minor and Prosoestus sculptilis, which damage female inflorescences and production. These insects cause significant yield losses, compromising palm oil production. In this context of sustainable oil palm cultivation, efficacy of the biopesticide Astoun 50 EC on these pests was evaluated at Centre National de Recherche Agronomique of La Mé, Côte d’Ivoire. The study aimed to determine the effect of this biopesticide on populations of P. minor and P. sculptilis, and to assess its impact on the main pollinator, Elaeidobius camerunicus. Results showed that the toxic effect of Astoun 50 EC increased significantly with increasing doses, from 3.96.10-4 g/mL to 1.96.10-3 g/mL. The highest mortality rate was recorded in Prosoestus minor at 1.96.10-3 g/mL after 72 h observation (82.25 ± 4.57%). However, Astoun 50 EC also showed a negative effect on the pollinator E. kamerunicus, with 58.25 ± 4.71% mortality. This impact on the pollinator must be incorporated into the control strategy for these pests.

New petro-structural data of the Marabadiassa-Katiola volcano-plutonous-sedimentary greenstone belt (Central Côte d’Ivoire)

Pierre, Kone Massahona Jean — 2025-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Marabadiassa-Katiola volcano-plutono-sedimentary greenstone belt (Central Côte d’Ivoire) belongs to the Paleoprotozoic domain of the West African craton, known to contain significant gold mineralization like other regions of the country (Tongon, Yaouré, Ity, Sissingué,...). Our study was based on the description (macroscopic and microscopic) of rock samples collected in the field during our various missions and on the analysis of teleanalytical and aeromagnetic maps of the study area. The Marabadiassa-Katiola greenstone belt is formed of Birimian volcano-sedimentary units intruded by plutonites. These are mainly basalts, andesites, pyroclastics and volcaniclastics associated with phillitous or sandstones detrital sediments. The plutonism is marked by gabbros with a grainy or micro-grained texture in places, granites in the form of arena or in outcrop, sometimes alkaline or with two micas with small dark enclaves, diorites, granodiorites with a medium-grained texture with sometimes few dark enclaves or sometimes little deformed to basic dark enclaves or sometimes not deformed. All of these formations are affected by low-grade metamorphism of the greenschist facies. At the structural level, the area is part of the phases of regional tectonics that generated the sinistral shear corridors, thus causing a fracture network that can host mineralization. Several structural markers are found there, both ductile and brittle. These include foliation, fractures and faults, veins and dikes, sigmoidal tension cracks, and NE-SW-trending shear zones.

Current Status of Grasscutter Meat Processing and Consumer Perceptions in Southern Benin

Elie, Linton — 2025-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Benin, bushmeat from the greater cane rat (Thryonomys swinderianus) is the most consumed, despite the availability of domesticated cane rats. The objective of this study was to assess the current state of meat processing for both types of cane rats in southern Benin through a retrospective survey involving 12 hunters, 13 processors, and 68 consumers. Firearms (83.33%) and traps (50%) were the main hunting tools used. Among hunted cane rats, large-sized animals were the most frequent (39.09%), followed by small-sized (30.91%) and medium-sized ones (30%). They were most often sold without any processing (p<0.05). Regarding processors, the main selection criteria for either wild or farmed cane rats were tasting (76.92%) and customer demand (69.23%). The most common processing method was frying (69.23%). Processing cane rat meat was profitable for the majority of respondents (69.23%). The factors contributing to profitability included animal size (38.46%) and the selling price of the processed meat (23.08%). Bushmeat cane rat was the most preferred by consumers (70.59%) due to its good taste (56.25%), availability, and lower purchase price (16.67%). Reported health risks associated with its consumption included Ebola virus (61.11%), Lassa virus (58.33%), gout (60%), and haemorrhoids (30%). Therefore, cane rat meat processing remains traditional, and improving processing methods for both wild and farmed cane rats will better meet consumer expectations.

IMPACT OF MODERATE BLOOD ALCOHOL CONTENT ON THE EXPLICIT LEARNING OF A LIST OF WORDS IN YOUNG SCHOOLCHILDREN IN THE CITY OF ABIDJAN (CÔTE D’IVOIRE)

Kouadio, Koffi Serge Pacôme — 2025-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Excessive alcohol consumption is associated with health, social and school problems. As for moderate drinking, opinions differ depending on authors. Taking account of the way young people drink alcohol and their particular sensibilities to alcoholism at neuroanatomical level, we are led to wonder about the impact of moderate alcohol consumption on their cognitive abilities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of moderate alcohol consumption on memory capacity, and more specifically on explicit learning capacity using the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) that is to say a memory test for young people. To do this, 56 young people were selected and divided into four groups including one control group (with a blood alcohol content of 0.0 g/l) and three experimental groups (with blood alcohol contents of 0.2, 0.5 and 0.8 g/l). Each group comprised two sub-groups (occasional and regular drinkers). Participants were subjected to a neuropsychological test, namely learning words from list A of the CVLT. The results of this study showed that alcohol consumption, even in moderate doses, significantly perturb immediate memory, thereby significantly reducing the ability to learn words for occasional drinkers (OD), especially when the blood alcohol content is 0.8 g/l. It also appears that regular drinkers (RD) are better able to tolerate the acute effects of alcohol, when blood alcohol contents are above 0.5 g/l. Schoolchildren are therefore advised to avoid drinking even at moderate dose in the school environment.

Petro-structural Characterization of the Pan-African Terrane of Tchilit in the Gofat-Tafadek Area (Aïr Massif, Northern Niger)

Amadou, Salissou Abdoul Ganiou — 2025-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study focuses on the petro-structural characterization of the Pan-African terrane of Tchilit in the Gofat-Tafadek sector, within the Aïr Massif (Northern Niger). The Aïr Massif consists of metamorphic rocks intruded by granitoids. Previous works related to the petrographic characterization and structural analysis of the Pan-African terrains in this region are superficial and fragmentary. The general objective of this study is to analyze the petro-structural characteristics of the Pan-African formations. Specifically, the study aims to: (i) determine the petrographic characteristics of different facies, (ii) identify the deformation structures that have affected them, and (iii) establish a relative chronological relationship between the main deformation phases. To achieve these objectives, a methodological approach was implemented, incorporating petrographic analysis and structural measurements. The schistosity/foliation planes, fault planes, and fractures were analyzed using the Win-tensor and Stereonet programs. Petrographic analysis shows that in the Gofat-Tafadek sector, the Tchilit terrane consists of phyllites, chlorite schists, biotite quartzites, mica schists, muscovite quartzites, quartz schists, paragneiss, biotite orthogneiss, amphibolites, metarhyolites, meta-arkoses, two-mica granites, heterogeneous granites, and pegmatites. Structural analysis of the Tchilit terrane in the Gofat and Tafadek sectors reveals three deformation phases: D0, D1 and D2. The extensional deformation phase D0, characterized by a NNE-SSW extension direction (N20°), is evidenced by normal microfault mirrors observed in quartzites. The first deformation phase, D1 (Pan-African), is ductile to semi-ductile and comprises two episodes: D1a (ductile) and D1b (semi-ductile to brittle). The first ductile episode (D1a), related to Pan-African shortening, is characterized by an ENE-WSW shortening direction (N70° on average), while the second semi-ductile to brittle episode (D1b) is marked by an average shortening direction of NE-SW (N40°). The second deformation phase, D2, marked by a shortening direction of N10° (NNE-SSW), is late to post-Pan-African. It is characterized by the development of a fracture schistosity. The structural evolution over time of the shortening direction in the Tchilit terrane highlights a sinistral counterclockwise rotation, from the ENE-WSW direction (Phase D1) to the NNE-SSW direction (Phase D2). This indicates a deformation continuum during the Pan-African event, associated with the convergence between the West African Craton, the São Francisco Craton, the Congo Craton, and the Saharan Metacraton.

Soil-Structure Interface Modeling and Characterization

Sall, Oustasse Abdoulaye — 2025-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this work, we propose to study the influence of soil and concrete mechanical properties on soil-structure interaction parameters. Soil-structure interaction is modeled by two parameters, the vertical (k) and horizontal (T) reaction modulus. These two parameters depend on the system’s geometric and mechanical characteristics. This study shows that the vertical reaction modulus is not an intrinsic characteristic but depends on soil and concrete parameters (Es νs, Eb and νb) and foundation dimensions. The analysis shows that soil parameters are more influential than foundation parameters.

CONTRIBUTION OF MACHINE LEARNING TO THE ESTIMATION OF MONTHLY FLOWS IN THE BAGOÉ RIVER AT THE KOUTO HYDROMETRIC STATION IN NORTHWESTERN CÔTE D’IVOIRE

Germain, Adja Miessan — 2025-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Streamflow data are very important in assessing the groundwater and surface water resources of a given region. In northern Côte d’Ivoire, particularly in the Bagoé region, although there are long series of rainfall data, streamflow data are still scarce. The few chronicles available are very short and incomplete. The aim of this study is to obtain a long flow chronicle for the period 1996-2016. It aims to estimate flows in the Bagoé River at the Kouto hydrometric station using neural networks. To this end, two neural models were developed to estimate variations in monthly flows of the Bagoé River from 1996 to 2016. The modeling was validated using the Nash criterion (%), the Pearson coefficient (R), the maximum flow ratio and the robustness criterion. The results showed that the validation criteria for these models are optimal. The Nash criterion is greater than 84% for both calibration and validation. The Pearson coefficient ranged from 92% to 96% in calibration and validation. The maximum flow ratio ranges from 93% to 118% in calibration and validation. The robustness criterion ranged from 2.91% to 7.62%. All these results reflect the good performance and stability of neural network-based models for estimating flows in the Bagoé river.

USE OF BIO-SOURCE MATERIALS IN THE THERMAL INSULATION OF DWELLINGS: CASE OF RICE STRAW AND REED MAT

Adoum, Waibaye — 2025-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

This work explores the use of innovative eco-friendly solutions from bio-based materials Sources such as rice straw and reed mat in the thermal insulation of buildings to optimize energy requirements and limit loss of ambient temperature inside homes. For this purpose, an experimental cell in clay brick of dimensions 1.60 m x 1.50 m x 1.55 m was built to highlight these materials. As for the cases of one of the vertical walls and the roof insulated with rice straw and reed mat, the results obtained on the vertical wall made of terracotta brick + reed + rice straw + reed + clay coating show that the surface transmission coefficient defined by U has a value of 0.24 W/m2K equal to the recommended limit value. This wall therefore has the thermal qualities of a good insulator. Which leads to the absence of water condensation in the wall and the hygrometry content is good and pleasant to human life as well as the summer comfort as a whole must be better. It appears that this wall has a strong thermal resistance and diffuses little heat from the outside to the inside. At the roof level, two cases were considered. One without insulation and the other with insulation. U of the non-insulated roof is 1.6 W/m2K, higher than the recommended limit value of 0.24 W/m2K. Once insulated, it is equal to 0.24 W/m2K. Based on the results of this parameter, we can conclude that the sheet metal roof, insulated with rice straw, acts as an insulator.

Hydrodynamic modelling of the Saloum coastal aquifer (central western Senegal) using stochastic approach

NDOYE, Seyni — 2025-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Water supply in the Saloum area is provided by the groundwater in the sandy-clay formations of the Continental Terminal. The presence of hypersaline waters from the Saloum River in the north and the ocean in the west, climate change and population growth are threatening groundwater resources, hence the need for a better understanding of the aquifer system. The aim of this work is to establish a hydrodynamic model that can reproduce the behaviour of flows by identifying the main recharge and evaporation mechanisms and estimating the hydrodynamic properties. The heterogeneity of the geological formation is at the root of a very large variation in the hydraulic parameters. This heterogeneity and the very limited uncertainty in the data justify opting for a stochastic modelling approach. The modelling is carried out under steady state conditions with imposed loads in order to quantify the natural flows passing through the aquifer and to understand the distribution of hydrodynamic parameters in order to reconstruct the piezometry. The probability densities for the values of permeability and recharge obtained indicate a high sensitivity of the simulations to these two parameters. The hydraulic conductivity values oscillate between 10-2 and 10-5 m.s-1 and are identical to those obtained by test pumping. The overall average balance shows a perfect balance between inflow and outflow. The average annual recharge of 13.98 mm is provided mainly by rainwater, and evapotranspiration is 13.65 mm. The model, which is deemed acceptable under steady-state conditions, will serve as the basis for modelling saline intrusion.

Study of the impact of Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae) on soil properties (acidity and moisture) and on the agronomic performance of maize (Zea mays) in the Haut Sassandra region, central-western Côte d’Ivoire

Firmin, Konan Kouamé — 2025-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Chromolaena odorata is a fast-spreading invasive plant species that poses a serious threat to agricultural ecosystems, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite its reputation as a harmful weed, there has recently been an increase in interest in its potential use as an organic soil improver. This study evaluates the impact of C. odorata biomass on soil physicochemical properties, specifically pH and moisture content, as well as on the agronomic performance of maize (Zea mays). The experiment was conducted in Zépréguhé, in the Haut Sassandra region of central-western Côte d’Ivoire, using a randomised complete block design. Four treatments were tested: C. odorata biomass alone; C. odorata combined with a 170 kg/ha mineral fertiliser (NPK 15-15-15); mineral fertiliser alone; and an untreated control. A single maize variety (LG-501) was used to ensure consistency across the treatments. The agronomic parameters measured included plant height, the number of leaves, the stem base diameter and the yields of ears and grain. Soil pH and moisture were also assessed. The results showed that the treatments involving C. odorata significantly enhanced plant growth and increased soil moisture, while slightly neutralising soil acidity. Applying C. odorata alone produced the highest yields (10.74 t/ha for ears and 7.62 t/ha for grain), outperforming the mineral fertiliser treatment and the control. The combination treatment also yielded good results, albeit slightly lower. These results suggest that C. odorata biomass could be used as an effective, inexpensive alternative to or addition to synthetic fertilisers, thereby promoting soil health and sustainable maize production in tropical agroecosystems.

Effect of hoeing on the yield and profitability of eggplant in off-season cultivation in Faranah, Republic of Guinea

Balde, Mamadou Malal — 2025-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Many weed management techniques exist everywhere on farms. However, the frequently used mechanical weeding reduces their nuisance. The combination of weeding and hoeing has multiple advantages on crop development. The objective of this research is to evaluate the effects of hoeing on the yield and profitability of eggplant cultivation in the off-season. Four hoeing frequencies (F0, F1, F2 and F3) have been tested. After transplantation into a Randomized Complete Block, the frequencies were implemented with a localized watering system. At harvest, biometric parameters, fruit marketing, profitability and their components were evaluated and subjected to statistical calculations. The main results showed from an agronomic point of view that the watering frequencies did not influence the length of the fruits and the number of fruits per plant. Thus, the F3 frequency gave the best yield with 20.36 t/ha on the two harvests. However, the baton turned out to be better from an economic point of view with a profitability of 326.75%. Controlling weeds on eggplant crops in the off-season by hoeing gradually reduces its profitability. Its cultivation without hoeing during this period, with localized irrigation, can promote the conservation of soil moisture for good plant nutrition on a permanent basis and a reduction in the pressure of unwanted weeds.

Characterization of animal-based food consumption (AOAs) by agro-pastoralist households in Niger

Atta, Abdoul Mouhaimini Chaibou — 2025-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Niger, livestock farming is a promising sector for the economy of rural households. The livestock value chain has a positive impact on household nutrition. This study aims to characterize the consumption of animal-based foods by agro-pastoral households. Data are collected through a questionnaire survey of 200 randomly sampled heads of households. Data are analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 software. The results show that animal-based foods are consumed by the majority (64.54%) of households surveyed, with dominance in the Maradi region (51.73%) compared to Tillabéri (12.91%) region. These diversified foods are regularly consumed by households. The most consumed foods are meat (83%), fish (81%), and goat’s milk (38%). Households turn to animal-based foods for nutrition’s reasons, eating habits and taste. Children aged 6 to 24 months consume more eggs (43%), fish (42%), red meat (27%), and cow’s milk (19%). Lack of financial means, low production and ignorance of the virtues of animal products are the main constraints on household consumption of animal-based foods. These results suggest that promoting the consumption of animal-based foods could improve household nutrition and well-being, especially in rural areas.

Length-weight relationship and condition factor of Hepsetus odoe (Bloch, 1794) from the Ebrié lagoon (Côte d’Ivoire)

Irène, KOUAKOU Fokouo Kessia — 2025-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

This work was carried out with the aim of analyzing the growth parameters of Hepsetus odoe (Bloch, 1794) caught in the Ebrié lagoon with a view to contributing to the conservation and sustainable management of this fish. A total of 220 fish from commercial artisanal fishing were sampled from July 2022 to June 2023 in sector IV of the Ebrié lagoon. Each specimen was weighed and measured to the nearest gram and millimeter respectively. The length-weight relationship and the condition factor were calculated. The data collected were processed on Excel and Statistica 7.1 software. The size of the individuals varies from 11.2 to 36 cm and the weight oscillates between 10.2 and 196 g. The size frequency distribution is unimodal ([17; 20 [cm). In general, growth is of the positive allometry type regardless of sex and size. It appears that the species is gaining weight faster than it is growing. In males and females the mean value of the condition factor K is 0.638 ± 0.02 and 0.700 ± 0.014 respectively. These individuals are not overweight in their biotope regardless of their sex and size.

Checklist, occurrence and associated risk factors of parasitic infections of potential farming fish species from the lower course of River Nkam, Cameroon

Jacques, Nack — 2025-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

A cross-sectional study was conducted from April to October 2023 along the downstream of River Nkam in Yabassi locality (Littoral-Cameroon). The objective was to determine parasite fauna, the prevalence, abundance, mean intensity and risk factors of parasitic infections in wild freshwater fishes as for their control during their successful domestication and conservation. A total of 151 fishes comprising 43 Ctenopoma petherici, 31 Clarias jaensis, 21 Parachanna obscura, 25 Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus and 31 Oreochromis niloticus randomly captured from the River Nkam were used for the determination of the parasitological indexes. The results showed an overall high prevalence of multiple infections of 72.85% of all the fish species by five groups of parasites (p<0.0001) namely monogeneans (61.53%), trematodes (18.54%), myxosporeans (19.90%), cestodes (2.83%) and nematodes (8.72%). Besides, the abundance and mean intensity of monogeneans infection were either low or average and not influenced by the fish species. The significance of the effect of the fish sex, size and weight on the infection by monogeneans depended on fish species. Fishes from the Nkam river should be quarantined and treated against parasites before farming.

Agro-morphological Evaluation and Genetic Variability Analysis of 11 Sesame Lines Under Sudano-Sahelian Conditions

Hamadou, Sidibé — 2025-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is a vital oilseed crop extensively cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions. This study aimed to assess the agro-morphological performance and genetic variability of 11 sesame lines under the Sudano-Sahelian conditions of Burkina Faso. Conducted over three years at the INERA/Saria’s experimental station, 12 phenological and agronomic traits were evaluated using a randomized block design with three replicates. Results revealed significant differences among lines for most traits, including flowering time (DFLS), capsule length (HFCI), and yield components. Heritability values were high for parameters such as plant height at maturity (62.24%) and height of the first capsule insertion (79.31%), indicating their strong genetic influence. Yield variability was substantial, with the Wollega line achieving the highest mean yield of 1612.82 kg/ha. This analysis provides critical insights into the genetic potential and adaptation of sesame lines, laying the groundwork for future breeding programs to enhance productivity and resilience in semi-arid regions.

Intestinal Schistosomiasis Due to Schistosoma mansoni During Pregnancy: A Rare Case Report

Daniel, Baganda Ntahuma — 2025-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article presents a rare case of intestinal schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni in a pregnant woman, complicated by rectal bleeding and intrauterine growth restriction. Diagnosis was confirmed through stool analysis and placental smear. Despite antiparasitic treatment, the pregnancy resulted in a premature birth and neonatal death. The case highlights the need for prenatal schistosomiasis screening in endemic areas.

Connected Learning Environment: The IoT-Driven Digital Future

Vermani, Shalini — 2025-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Internet of Things (IoT) is a futuristic vision of the world where everything is linked by means of appropriate information and communication technology, to enable a new set of applications and services. IoT has changed the way we think and implement things in our life. For 21st-century learners, traditional institutions and classical teaching methods are no longer appealing. With the advent of IoT, future educational institutions will evolve into smart institutes, offering a new platform for teaching and learning for both educators and modern learners.

Green synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles, their characterisations and their applications: A review

Yacoubou, Aminath Fidèle — 2025-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Due to the emergence of nanoscience and technology, metallic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are used as antimicrobial agents and are synthesized following various protocols. Several methods (Physical and Chemical) are used to synthesize nanoparticles, but biological methods are preferred due to their environmental friendliness, cleanliness, safety, cost-effectiveness, ease and efficiency for high productivity and purity. Green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) is a promising new tool in the field of bio-nanotechnology. Intra- or extracellular biosynthesis of NPs can be achieved by a wide range of biological entities, including bacteria, fungi, yeast, algae, actinomycetes and plant extracts. Biosynthesized NPs are characterized using a variety of techniques, including UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis and zeta potential analyses. NPs synthesized using the green approach can be used in the food industry, smart agriculture and wastewater treatment. They can be incorporated into various biotechnological fields as antimicrobial agents, antioxidants and phytopathogen control agents. This review will focus on the role of biosynthesized AgNPs for their antimicrobial application, leading to improved health, environment and prevention of infectious diseases.

Development and thermo-physical characterization of new local composite, thermal insulation and bio-sourced materials

Bouzou, Adam Sayoudi — 2025-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the African context, where agricultural by-products and natural resources are often underutilized or considered waste or invasive species, this study aims to valorize locally available raw materials through the development of fully bio-based insulating composite materials. The materials were produced using typha, rice husk, residues from threshing millet ears, and cassava starch, through a simple and reproducible process accessible even at an artisanal scale. A total of 25 formulations were created by combining one to three of these raw materials with a natural binder. The resulting composites were characterized. The bulk density of the materials ranged from 198.64 to 361.02 kg/m3, while their thermal conductivity varied between 0.07 and 0.17 W/m·K. These results highlight the strong potential of these bio-based composites for use as thermal insulation in sustainable building applications.

Determination of some Optimal Conditions for Fertilizing Oil Palm using Ash from Oil Mill Boiler Emptyings

Yao, Kouassi Quevin — 2025-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Mineral fertilization is difficult in rural areas due to the very high price of chemical fertilizers. However, organic waste, which sometimes disrupts the environment, can boost plant production. This investigation aims to determine some optimal conditions for fertilizing oil palms using ash from oil mill boilers to improve palm fruit production. To do this, different doses of this ash were tested on oil palm trees in production. Agronomic, physical, and agro-climatic parameters were evaluated. The results showed that fertilization using this ash, regardless of the dose, contributed to improving palm fruit production. To optimize this fertilization, a dose of 5 kg of this ash per palm tree, a significant amount of fine elements in this ash, and adequate levels of agro-climatic parameters are required.

PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON SERVICE PERFORMANCE IN A PUBLIC HEALTHCARE ENTREPRISE: CASE OF THE TSHOFA GENERAL REFERRAL HOSPITAL

Kabemba, Godefroid Kalonda — 2025-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

In order to carry out our field investigations, our study population consisted of a sample estimated at 44 agents. The research question was whether staff were managed in accordance with legislative principles, and whether this resulted in good performance. We were subject to the hypothesis that there were irregularities in personnel management that could lead to poor service performance. Our specific objectives were to evaluate personnel management and determine its impact on service performance. To achieve these objectives, we conducted a cross-sectional analytical study based on an evaluative approach. Data collection was based on interviews and documentary analysis. Our results show that the Tshofa HGR has a staff of 44, including 11 A1 nurses (25%), 11.4% general practitioners and 6.8% laboratory technicians, and 6.8% other nurses. There are 75% new unit agents and 25% unpaid matricules. No agent is salaried in this structure: 47.7% of staff receive hazard pay; male staff represent 56.8%; no agent is better rewarded locally. The bed occupancy rate is 39% in 2019, 28% in 2018 and 25% in 2017. In view of these results, we believe that in light of the salary situation as presented above, service performance would be low at the Tshofa General Reference Hospital.

International Arbitration: Impact on Global Economy

Jahan, Bushrat — 2025-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The significant increase in the development of world economy over the last few decades have been experienced a considerable increase in the number of commercial disputes. When there is any business and dealings with contracts the question of dispute must be happened. But all of the parties actually want to run their business well and smoothly. In recent world a massive part of global economy depends on the trans-border business. But disputes in such business dealings sometimes can be the reasons to become risk the inter-relation of those parties. Which can affect the global economy as a whole. Comparing to the disputes inside domestic entities the trans-border or international business disputes can arise as bigger problem because of different jurisdictions, diverse legal systems and tradition. International Court of Justice (ICJ) already has the jurisdiction to try all the international civil suits but Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) mechanism also considered as a viable alternative to resolve the dispute over the court. The international arbitration arises as a way of alternative dispute resolution mechanism which upraise benefits both of the parties and maintain the confidentiality. In this paper details of international arbitration and the broader impact of this mechanism in the global business economy will be focused. The legal status and the implementation process of international arbitration also be the discussing point of this paper.

The effectiveness of a training program to enhance the components of entrepreneurial work to develop the entrepreneurial orientation of students in the Fashion Design Department

Al Omari, Sameera Saad — 2025-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia seeks to develop the fashion entrepreneurship sector as it is one of the important industries with a positive impact on the local economy. Therefore, the study aimed to prepare a training program in fashion entrepreneurship, with the goal of revealing the effectiveness of the program in enhancing the components of entrepreneurial work (entrepreneurial intentions and entrepreneurial competence) among female students in the fashion design department, as well as its effectiveness in developing the entrepreneurial orientation of the students, and investigating the correlational relationship between the components of entrepreneurial work and the entrepreneurial orientation in fashion among female students in the fashion design department. The study followed an experimental method with a quasi-experimental design using a single group with pre- and post-tests for the same group. It was applied to a purposive sample of 65 individuals, using two scales developed by the researchers: the scale of entrepreneurial work components and the scale of entrepreneurial orientation. The results indicated That the training program developed was highly effective in enhancing the components of entrepreneurial work and also in developing entrepreneurial orientation in fashion entrepreneurship. This was evidenced by statistically significant differences at the significance level (α≤0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental group students in the pre- and post-tests in favor of the post-test. The study also found a positive correlational relationship with statistical significance at the significance level (α≤0.05) between the components of work and entrepreneurial orientation in fashion. Therefore, the research recommends focusing on enhancing the components of entrepreneurial work to contribute to the development of the entrepreneurial sector in fashion.

Evaluation of baseflow in the Ouémé Basin (Benin) through hydrograph separation

Ringo, F. Avahounlin — 2025-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aims to apply different methods for oueme-basin base flow assessment. Of the four separation hydrogam approaches of that exist for the assessment of the baseflow, only the approaches by filter proposed by Nathan and McMahon, Chapman and the one this of Furey and Gupta have been tested in view of an identification of the most suitable method for the evaluation of the baseflow. The application of the method «approaches by filter», watch that the filter of Nathan and McMahon gives some results very little satisfactory in spite of relatively weak values of mistakes. As for the filters proposed by Furey and Gupta, the gotten results present an overestimate of the baseflow during the period of the low flow. Only the filter proposed by Chapman shows a good evaluation of the baseflow all along the year. The method of Chapman is very comfortable and precise. It is evident from these works that the method of Chapman can be used to value the oueme baseflow. The results descended of its application can be used therefore like.

Influence of fly ash from the Bargny-Senegal coal-fired power plant on the mechanical performance of hydraulic concrete

Diop, Serigne — 2025-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this project is to reclaim fly ash from the Bargny coal-fired power plant for use in the production of hydraulic concrete, and also to provide economic and environmental solutions for the storage of industrial waste. To achieve this, the materials used were first characterized, in particular cement, fly ash and aggregates (sand, basalt, flint and limestone), in order to determine their physical and physico-chemical characteristics. Next, a campaign to formulate hydraulic concretes and manufacture 16x32cm cylindrical test bodies was carried out, in which cement was substituted by fly ash at different contents (0%, 5%, 10% and 20%). After conditioning in water, the specimens were progressively crushed at 7, 14 and 28 days of curing. The results showed an increase in compressive strength with increasing curing time for a given substitution rate. However, a decrease in compressive strength was observed for all formulated concretes as the fly ash content increased. On the other hand, the strengths obtained with basalt are higher than the target strength at 28 days (25 MPa), even up to 20% cement substitution.

Ethnobotanical study of some medicinal plants against three components of metabolic syndrome used by the populations and healers of the N’Zi Region (Central-Eastern Côte d’Ivoire)

Kouakou, Donthy Kouakoubah Richard — 2025-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Medicinal plants can be an important element in the treatment of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases involved in the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS). The objective of this work was to evaluate the knowledge of medicinal plants with antidiabetic, antihypertensive and slimming properties used by the populations of the N’Zi Region. Ethnobotanical surveys were conducted in this region with 554 households and 17 healers using a questionnaire. This study made it possible to inventory a total of 69 medicinal plants used against the components of MetS. With 33 species used in households and 56 species used by healers. Spondias mombin (FC= 5.68%), Bambusa vulgaris (FC= 4.55%) and Citrus limon (FC= 4.55%) are the best known among healers. Among the households visited, Persea americana (FC= 23.50%) and Phyllanthus amarus (FC=9,29%) was the best known. The results obtained in this study show that Ananas comosus, Citrus limon and Parkia biglobosa are used both in healers and in households to treat hypertension, type 2 diabetes and obesity. These results show that these plants could be used as improved traditional medicines and could be used in the treatment of certain components of MetS such as diabetes, hypertension and obesity.

Dynamics of coastal zone transformation: The Oued Tensift’s mouth and Souiria Laqdima beach

Ezzahzi, Salma — 2025-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study explores the morphological evolution of the Oued Tensift estuary and the Souiria Laqdima beach over the period 1985–2023, focusing on the impacts of natural and anthropogenic factors, particularly extreme events such as the 2014 floods. By utilizing a combination of diachronic satellite imagery analysis and shoreline mapping through CoastSat software, we identified critical patterns of erosion and accretion, highlighting the vulnerability of these coastal systems to both natural processes and human intervention. The study reveals that coastal changes are not only driven by hydrodynamic forces, such as tidal activity and sediment transport, but are also exacerbated by increasing urbanization near the estuary. The findings underscore the necessity for adaptive and integrated coastal management strategies that consider both immediate risks and long-term environmental pressures, particularly in light of climate change and rising sea levels. Our research offers valuable insights into the complex dynamics governing coastal systems and provides a solid framework for sustainable planning and decision-making to enhance the resilience of these fragile environments.

Perception of the disparity between needs and availability of socio-community infrastructures in urban and rural areas in the commune of Djougou

Gbadamassi, Fousséni — 2025-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The mismatch between the needs and availability of socio-community infrastructure in urban and rural areas is a complex problem that requires urgent attention. This study aims to determine the disparities between the needs and availability of socio-community infrastructure in urban and rural areas in the commune of Djougou. To do this, 308 heads of household were interviewed on this issue in rural and urban areas. The data collected are qualitative data. The methods used are descriptive statistics and Chi2 dependency tests. The results of this study highlight significant differences between the perceptions of heads of household between urban and rural areas, particularly with regard to knowledge of land regulations (p-value = 9.628e-07), the distribution of infrastructure (p-value = 3.856e-08) and their impact on land value (p-value = 1.005e-10). These disparities highlight the importance of taking into account the specific perceptions of populations when developing policies and infrastructure projects, in order to better meet the needs and expectations of each environment.

Attitude of non-entrepreneurial women in Lemba towards female entrepreneurship

Kwando, Roger Nzapakembi — 2025-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Starting your business requires being passionate and having an asset to be able to devote many hours of work to its development. It is the Congolese woman who, through her know-how in the field of entrepreneurship, externalizes the different emergences of society. On the other hand, some women spend their time doing nothing and criticizing those among them who dare. It is within this framework that our research takes place, which focused on 50 non-entrepreneurial women from Lemba in order to know their attitudes towards female entrepreneurship. After analysis and processing of the data, it turned out, according to non-entrepreneurial women, that women entrepreneurs in Lemba themselves take initiatives for the creation of their businesses, and are supported for those who are married by their husbands; but, are models to follow because their businesses are profitable; Furthermore, the Lemba woman entrepreneur is perceived differently (positively and negatively) by the non-entrepreneur woman who, for the most part, does not know where to start, plus they do not have financial support.

Noise and occupational deafness in a brewing company in the city of Lubumbashi in the province of Haut-Katanga in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 2024

Cléophas, Kalumba Ilunga — 2025-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: Occupational risks are common among workers in various industries, including brewing companies. Employees in this sector are frequently exposed to high noise levels caused by machinery vibrations and operational activities. Prolonged exposure to such noise may result in significant hearing issues. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of hearing disorders among brewery workers and explore their association with various risk factors. Data was collected during routine health evaluations at an inter-company occupational health center. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted based on medical and audiometric records of brewery employees. A non-exhaustive sample of workers was selected. Clinical data were extracted from consultation forms, while audiometric information was gathered by analyzing workers' audiogram curves. Data entry was performed using Epi-Info version 7.2.2.6, and statistical analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS version 2.3. Results: The study involved 169 employees, mostly male (98.2%), with an average age of 51 years (±10.12) and an average length of service of 10 years (±6.88). Hearing loss greater than 20 dB in the worse ear was observed in 21.3% of participants. The minimum recorded hearing loss was 2.5 dB, the maximum 51.3 dB, and the mean loss was 20 dB. Audiometric analysis showed that: 30.2% of the audiograms were normal or near-normal; 34.9% had abnormal patterns suggesting noise exposure; 25.4% had abnormal curves not indicative of noise exposure; 9.5% had ambiguous patterns. No statistically significant associations were found between average hearing loss and most risk factors, except for age (Likelihood ratio = 15.014; df = 4; p = 0.005) and job seniority (Likelihood ratio = 9.164; df = 3; p = 0.027). Conclusion: The findings highlight a notable prevalence of hearing impairment among brewery workers, with age and seniority being significant associated factors. These results underscore the need for more targeted investigations and prompt implementation of preventive strategies to protect hearing health in this occupational setting.

Hematological evaluation of workers exposed to heavy metal foundry smoke: A case study of a company in the city of Lubumbashi, Haut-Katanga Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2024

Cléophas, Kalumba Ilunga — 2025-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The hematologic disorders induced by inhalation of the fume or the vapor and pollutant gases emanating from the foundry in the industrial and mining sectors are not ignored in the literature and were the subject of this research. Results of the 69 old hard-working subjects from 18 to 65 years which took part. An emanating group of the 23 operators founders exposed to the smoke of the metallurgical furnace and another 46 workers drawn from the personnel looking after nonexposed with metallurgical smoke. The samples of blood were taken and subjected to a complete hematologic analysis. After two group (1) case for two (2) witnesses; the results showed that the rates of haemoglobin (Hb) were significantly reduced at the subjects exposed to the smoke of the metallurgical foundry with an average rate of haemoglobin decreased and lower than the normal (12,5mg% ± 2,0). The founders thus developed 13 times more anaemia than the group controls (C) with a GOLD = 13,45; one p-been worth < to 0,00 is (p = 0,00) and one IC = [3,81; 47,60]. The study revealed that the numeration of red globule or érythrocytaire differs between the two groups, with an erythrocytic average = [4,45 ± 0,95]. This research also highlights that according to level of exposure, that there is a relation amount-effect meaning that the more significant the exposure is, the more anaemia is present with a p = 0,00, a GOLD = 13,46; IC = [4,20; 42,22]. The study observes that a proportion of 43% of the founders carry EAR not-adapted. These results indicate that the emanations of the metallurgical smoke of the foundry are toxic for the man and involve a reduction of the hematologic indices which, with a prolonged exposure could be harmful and fatal for the exposed workers.

Professional burnout: Case of workers of a commercial company in the city of Lubumbashi in 2024

Cléophas, Kalumba Ilunga — 2025-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Our investigation took place in the Hyper Psaro business enterprise as of november 2024 including a MASLACH-MBI Burnout Inventory Test Questionnaire comprising 22 questions with assertions: Never, A few times a year, once per month; A few times a month, once a week, A few times a week, every day; with a score of: 0; 1, 2, 3,4,5 and 6 which allowed us to have these results. This data collection took place between. The questionnaire was given to 18 workers selected at random; but 10 workers responded to this; whose data was encoded in Excel 2016 and analyzed in Epi.info 7. Our results concerned 10 workers including 3 women and 7 men from the company mentioned above who revealed professional burnout with a score of 42, and depersonalization with a score of 7, and in order to achieve professional achievement with a score of 42; including the graphics below. There is a high burnout score SEP 42, i.e. Burnout is high. Workers have moderate depersonalization because their score is SD 7, that is, the Burnout is moderate. Workers have a high completion score of SDP 42, that is, burnout is high. Based on its results, we concluded that workers in the commercial sector can easily develop burnout syndrome, due to the high stress in the workplace. And in our midst, the commercial sector is mostly run by expatriates who do not consider the psychological component of workers. An in-depth study could be considered in this sector to propose preventive measures.

Legal and Extra-Legal Land Security Techniques for Acquired Properties in the DRC: Case of a Land Acquisition in the City of Mbandaka

BOTULI, Cédric IMPOELA — 2025-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Legal insecurity regarding land in the DRC stems partly from weak law enforcement and partly from a lack of awareness of legal mechanisms and customary practices to protect legally acquired land. In this context, our article aims to raise awareness among Congolese concessionaires and potential land buyers about the importance of legal and extra-legal techniques that allow for the peaceful enjoyment and protection of land and real estate, often targeted by malicious actors such as false claimants and land agents in the absence of adequate safeguards. Research findings reveal that in the city of Mbandaka, in particular, some individuals posing as rightful claimants—often in collusion with land affairs agents or certain political-administrative authorities—spread fear and unlawfully resell plots belonging to legitimate owners who failed to take preventive measures. Studies show that proper enforcement and respect for land legislation—which recognizes land titles, particularly the certificate of registration—as well as the implementation of certain extra-legal practices such as fencing and land development, constitute effective measures for securing land ownership for Congolese citizens.

African cities in search of ecological happiness: A contribution to solving the urban environmental crisis

GONZALEZE, Jean Rufin MUNKUOMO — 2025-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

African cities are currently experiencing extraordinary growth in both their physical space and population. This uncontrolled expansion is a major source of imbalances that impact the natural and built environment, urbanization patterns, and the social functioning of urban areas. In this context, the challenges identified in this study are viewed as opportunities to propose appropriate solutions aimed at renewing environmental policies and positioning African cities on the path toward environmental sustainability.

Trends in climatic parameters for food crops (cassava, maize, groundnuts and beans) in the Commune of Begoua from 2010 to 2023, Central Africain Republic

Maguelkia, Justin — 2025-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the influence of rainfall and temperature on seasonal crop yields (maize, groundnuts, beans and cassava) in the commune of Begoua over the period 2010 to 2023. Method: This was a cross-sectional, retrospective descriptive survey. In order to achieve this objective, the average temperatures and rainfall in the Commune of Begoua over the period 2010 to 2023 were taken at the meteorological station of the Agency for Safety of the Navigation Air navigation at Africa and Madagascar (ASECNA) Bangui-M’poko. Yields and other agronomic data (production and area) were obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MADR) and by documentary review. Results: Our analysis shows that several rainfall variations have been recorded, around the average water requirement of plants, at Commune level: one (1) deficit year of 1224 mm in 2011, (2) surplus years varying between 1644 mm in 2013 and 1692 mm in 2017 and an interannual average of 1522.29 mm between 2010 and 2023 and an increase in temperatures was recorded from 2020 to 2023. Analysis of the influence of rainfall and temperature on food crops shows that, on an annual scale, rainfall is falling in parallel with the number of rainy days, while temperatures are rising. This drop in rainfall has an impact on cereal and grain legume yields, but cassava yields have not changed much. Conclusion: In view of these results, it would be very important to take stock of local farmers’ perceptions of climate change and their adaptation strategies to cope with these climatic impacts.

Socio-professional characteristics of grasscutter breeders and diseases encountered in grasscutter farms in southen Côte d’Ivoire

BI, Zahouli Faustin ZOUH — 2025-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Grasscutter farming is an alternative solution for the fight against poaching. However, diseases are often rampant on farms and very few studies are carried out in this direction. The aim of this study was to prevent the risk of contamination of grasscutter farmers by zoonosis in Côte d’Ivoire. A survey was therefore carried out on 39 farms in the south of the country to collect information on breeders, diseases encountered, their treatments and the pace of cleaning of the grasscutter farms. It appears that all the farmers interviewed were aged between 25 and 62 years old and The majority were male (97.43%). Of these, 74.35% had received training. Also, they carried out other activities. Indeed, 33.33% were farmers, 25.64% breeders, 20.51% civil servants and 20.51% men in small trades. Sixteen percent (16%) of grasscutter farmers cleaned their farms daily, 16% did so weekly and 68% monthly. The most common pathologies were sudden death (84.21%), cannibalism (73.68%), injuries (57.89%) and bristling hair (57.89%). The others (weight loss, diarrhoea, belly bloating and coughing) were observed by less than 50% of farmers. To eradicate them, 58% used medicinal plants, 21% alternated medicinal plants and veterinary products and 10.5% used only veterinary products. On the other hand, 10.5% of farmers did not use any product. This study has made it possible to identify pathologies rampant in the breeding of grasscutters in Côte d’Ivoire and means of control. Training sessions on hygiene rules in livestock farming should be considered.

Relevance of Common Casting Defects in Restorative Clinical Practice

Fatima, Yusra — 2025-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Indirect or cast restorations are fabricated in the dental laboratory by technical staff while the restorations are placed by clinicians. Clinicians generally do hold theoretical knowledge of the casting process and casting defects but lack experience of fabrication. This hampers them from having an understanding of a particular casting defect. This article reviews the recent evidence in casting defects and implies their application in clinical practice. The aims and objectives of such a review are to allow clinicians to be in a better position to identify these defects of casting and accordingly take action. The article also presents a brief appraisal of the materials involved and their potential behaviour in causing such defects. The casting technique and the properties of the material that interact during the fabrication of indirect restorations have also been discussed.

M’BUTI model: An innovative approach to project management in the DRC with integration of Mandombe script and reduction of dependence on imported scientific models

Espoir, Lukau Matezo — 2025-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The article focuses on the M’BUTI incubator model, an innovative generator of projects in various sectors of life. It is inspired by Mandombe writing, a medium for ensuring the decolonization of knowledge. In conducting this study, we aim to explore how cultural imprints can enhance project conceptualization and management at the local level. The main question this research seeks to answer is that of measuring the effectiveness of applying local solutions to local problems. Using the non-probabilistic snowball method, we were able to draw up a sample of 180 Mandombists, enabling us to explore in the field the possibilities of designing models using Mandombe script symbols. The results show that the application of the M’BUTI model enhances the creativity of its users and stimulates innovation in various sectors. Its application has already enabled a dozen medical students at Kinshasa’s Simon Kimbangu University to design medical instruments such as vein locators, catheters and rib management software, not to mention a number of Mandombe people who have developed several theories, including a «4P agricultural method» adapted to the rural environment. In conclusion, the M’BUTI model is an essential alternative in project management, taking into account the particularities of Congolese culture.

Advancing while identifying constructive lines from West African pearl millet accessions for future hybrid breeding

Ahmadou, Issaka — 2025-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The identification of parental genetic material that will provide crosses with high heterosis for grain yield and its stability is the most important factor in hybrid millet breeding in the arid zones of Asia and Africa. Self-pollination method along with directional selection was used to develop advanced lines from four improved varieties and landraces: Gamoji, HKB, HKP-GMS, and Moro-R. A total of 131 progenies of S5 to S11 generation were screened along four years under natural downy mildew infestation in Niger. The screening activities occurred in the course of rainy seasons 2021 at Bengou and Tara. In 2022, one treatments’ set (set-1) was evaluated at Bengou and Tara while the second set was tested at Bengou and Kalapaté. Field activities were carried out at Bengou and N’Dounga in 2023; and lastly in 2024 at the four mentioned experimental stations. Entries were laid in RCBD in three replicates regardless the year and the location. There was significant difference between tested treatments for the numbers of days to blooming in the face of their genetic level guarantying hence a selection of good nicking hybrid parents. Forty seven (47) lines including 13 with null disease incidence, 26 highly resistant, and eight resistant yielded as high as the average mean according the experiments. Although the Gam-B lines’ cluster revealed the earliest in general, issued individual plants could play the role of female parents in the development of the future hybrids. Indeed, the group was the shortest in matter of plant height while presenting the maximum grain yield and inherited best resistance to the most disastrous disease of pearl millet. Moro-R offspring would be source of male parents for its overall greatest plant height. Favorable HKP-GMS descendants will be taken as female parents to cross to Moro-R side whereas approving others will be crossed onto the female Gam-B. The variety HKB, a key component in our breeding program should be improved through reciprocal recurrent selection prior to its exploitation in hybrid development.

Estimation of the elastic characteristics of mortars reinforced with short Borassus aethiopum mart fibers

Passoli, Abelim — 2025-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

No sustainable development can be achieved or have any real meaning if it does not promote the use of local materials. In the northern regions of West Africa, one of the potentials to be developed for the benefit of construction is the use of Borassus aethiopum mart fibers (BAMF). The aim of this work is to estimate the elastic characteristics of mortars reinforced with Borassus aethiopum mart fibers to encourage the use of this material. To achieve this, we formulated a cement mortar, in accordance with the requirements of standard EN 196-1, reinforced with 10% Borassus aethiopum mart fibers, in volume fraction. The reference mortar is denoted M0, while the mortar reinforced with BAMF is denoted MB. The characteristics were estimated using the homogenization formula (HF) and the Hashin-Shtrikman upper and lower bounds. The characteristics of the mortar and the Borassus aethiopum mart fibers were determined before they were considered in the composite material characterization model. The results of the study show that the Hashin-Shtrikman bounds have acceptable values for limiting the range of validity of the elastic characteristics of the material. The homogenization formula proposes an increased value for the elastic characteristics of composite materials, although it still gives an idea. The Hashin-Shtrikman HS+ upper bound gives the most acceptable value for Young’s modulus of elasticity, which is 22.11GPa for a Poisson’s ratio of 0.15.

Informal trade in Bouaké faces the challenge of the smart and sustainable city

Amoatta, Koffi Guy — 2025-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Smart and sustainable city must meet six criteria according to Giffinger. This paper analyzes the probability of the city of Bouake becoming a smart and sustainable city in a context of informal trade dominance. The conduct of this study is based on conducting a survey to collect qualitative and quantitative data. An interview guide is administered to the various actors involved in urban and digital development. As for the investigation, it is directed at traders. From this it follows that informal trade is the main source of urban employment. While the practice of this activity generates a frantic production of garbage and the presence of traders created a real urban entropy. In addition, green spaces are becoming public markets, sites of international institutions, housing, etc. Moreover, the digital divide is characterized by the persistence of gray areas. This situation does not facilitate the appropriation of digital by populations and administrations.

Potential of basil, sorghum and maize as service plants in the management of Moringa defoliating insects in Niger

François-Xavier, Akonde Zinsou — 2025-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Niger, moringa leaf production keeps market gardeners busy in most urban and peri-urban areas. The economic importance of moringa is well established, given the area planted, its virtues and its contribution to nutritional security and poverty reduction. However, in recent years, moringa productivity has fallen considerably due to the almost constant pressure of defoliating insects. Faced with this situation, growers are using unregistered chemicals of dubious origin, often hazardous to human health and the environment. This study aims to find alternative methods to chemical control, in particular by promoting agroecological management. The study was conducted in a Fisher block design with four (4) replications and four (4) treatments, where the potential of basil, sorghum and maize in the management of moringa defoliating insects was tested. Insect abundances and diversity indices were calculated and compared between treatments. Defoliation levels were determined by treatment. Analysis of the results showed that basil and sorghum reduced insect abundance by 7% and 5% respectively, and increased insect diversity by 8% and 13% respectively with the presence of natural enemies in the plots. Similarly, the results revealed the potential of basil and sorghum to very significantly (Pr = 0.0015) reduce defoliation by 36% and 34% respectively in moringa plots. Sorghum and basil may be better candidates for inclusion in the agroecological management of moringa defoliating insects.

Emergence, approaches and challenges of sustainable forest management in Central Africa

Lusuadi, Maurice Mbuangi — 2025-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The study revealed that sustainable forest management (SFM) is nothing new. It has always been a concern, both in Central Africa and worldwide. Several approaches have been put in place to make it a reality: certification, participation, the community approach, the integrated approach and the ecosystem approach. However, the implementation of these approaches, especially in the Central African sub-region, faces a number of challenges. Despite the efforts made, sustainable forest management is far from being a reality, and forest resources are deteriorating in many areas, or even disappearing altogether in others. This is why it is imperative that we continue to reflect on these issues and find solutions to ensure that these approaches are effectively applied, taking into account the reality of each environment, and that sustainable forest management becomes a reality.

Contribution to studies on the impact of marine pollution on groundwater quality in the islands

Sylla, Mamadouba — 2025-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This review, based on the impacts of marine pollution on groundwater quality in the islands, provides ample evidence of the complexity of the socio-economic and environmental management of the islands due to their geographical position and human pressure. The coastal ecosystem of the islands is complex, dynamic and, above all, vulnerable to human activity, marine intrusion and climate change. In addition, it can come from a variety of sources such as agriculture, industry, tourism, inadequate waste management and mining activities. It is essential for these island communities to implement effective measures to prevent groundwater pollution and protect their precious water resources. The aim of this study was to review the literature on the impact of marine pollution on groundwater quality in island regions. The aim was to identify all the parameters influencing groundwater pollution on islands.

Preliminary study on the diversity of introduced and naturalized herbaceous plants in Côte d’Ivoire

Roseline, GOULI GNANAZAN Zinsi — 2025-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Herbaceous plants are found everywhere. However, they are very little studied. The general objective of this study is to improve knowledge of the herbaceous flora introduced from Côte d’Ivoire. The methodology used to draw up the list of exotic woody plants of Côte d’Ivoire consisted of a bibliographic synthesis. Thus, published works and articles as well as national, regional and international online databases were consulted. In total, 550 introduced and naturalized herbaceous plants belonging to 345 genera and divided into 101 families were identified. The dominant genera are: Heliconia and Solanum, Crotalaria and Euphorbia. The most predominant families are: Fabaceae, Poaceae, Compositae, Solanaceae and Araceae. Introduced herbaceous plants are dominated by nanophanerophytes with 242 species (44%). These are most terrestrial dicotyledonous angiosperms. They are mainly (67%) perennial. Regarding morphological types, the introduced herbaceous plants are subdivided into 477 erect plants (87%) and 73 lianas (13%). 44 species with conservation value have been identified in their area of origin, i.e. 8% of all species. Forty-two (42) species are endemic to several countries including: Brazil, India, Mexico and Madagascar. Seven (07) species are present on the IUCN red list (2024). These are: 2 critically endangered species (CR), 03 endangered species (EN) and (02) vulnerable species (VU). The majority of introduced herbaceous plants come from the Americas (41%) and Asia (23%).

Foreign Direct Investment in North America

Elisée, Ngoy Kabila — 2025-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

FDI in North America has been a driver of economic growth and development, but it has also raised significant challenges. To maximize the benefits of FDI and minimize its drawbacks, governments must implement appropriate policies, such as tax incentives to attract investments, strict environmental regulations, and measures to protect domestic businesses.

Geological characteristics of the formations of the Lombe valley of the Tshela Territory (Kongo Central Province, DR Congo)

Ngayipa, Nebys Mupepe — 2025-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Studies at the macroscopic and microscopic scale of the rocks collected during the geological survey reveal that the Lombe valley is made up of green schists from which the following lithofacies have been deduced: Chloritoschist, biotitoschist, epidotite and sericitoschist. The geological and mineralogical characteristics reveal that the metamorphites of the said valley reached the biotite stage before being affected by an epizonal retromorphosis.

Approach to addressing and mapping traffic accidents in the absence of a formal street naming system: Case of the commune of Yopougon (Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire)

YAO-NANAN, Aubin Kouassi — 2025-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this research is to optimize the management of accident-causing data by taking into account the geographical coordinates of accident sites. To do this, Google Maps, Google Earth and satellite positioning system receivers were used. These geospatial tools made it possible to attribute post-disasters, geographical coordinates to road traffic accidents in the municipality of Yopougon recorded by the road safety office in a context of lack of formal street addressing between the years 2016 and 2018. Then, by concatenating the geographical coordinates, in particular the latitude and longitude, the accident sites with identical coordinates were grouped together. A total of 3165 accidents with 2707 nominal addresses were geocoded, including 1694 serious accidents with 1138 nominal addresses. Serious accidents are accidents with at least one serious injury or death. The concatenation of the coordinates made it possible to group the 2707 nominal addresses into 280 places and particularly the 1138 into 251. That is 90% and 80% respectively gains for better analyses later. It has also reorganised the classification of accident-prone places. In conclusion, the geocoding of accidents and the concatenation of geographical coordinates that it allows improves the quality of basic statistical data for classical and spatial downstream analyses.

Agronomic performances of plantain (Musa paradisiaca, AAB, Corne 1) vivo-plants produced on a substrate treated with NaCl solutions and Sargassum natans extracts

Djaratche, Brahima — 2025-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Côte d’Ivoire, plantain is a widely consumed food. It’s grown in all humid agroecological areas of the country. Despite its adaptation to these areas, plantain production remains insufficient on the coast of cultivation soils salinization. This study aimed to improve plantain production in coastal area of Côte d’Ivoire by obtaining vivo-plants. It was conducted to evaluate agronomic performance of plantain vivo-plants from environments treated with increasing solutions of NaCl (0, 5, 10 and 15 g/l) and Sargassum natans (25, 50 and 100%). Two-month-old plants were transferred to plots developed in Azaguié locality and some production and yield parameters were evaluated. Results showed that time interval between planting and flowering and production cycle were short in plants from environments treated with S.natans (50 and 100%) and NaCl (5 and 10g/L) solutions. Average mass of bunches and middle finger varied according to plants from different treatments. However, the best yields were obtained with T 50% concentration of S. natans extract (18.33 t/ha) and 5g/L of NaCl solution (16.32 t/ha) compared to control (14.35 t/ha). In conclusion, concentrations of 5 g/L of NaCl solution and T 50% of S. natans extract can be used to evaluate tolerance of plantains to soil salinity to improve yield.

MFCC number limit for automatic sound recognition: Application to the chainsaw sound identification

GNAMELE, N’Tcho Assoukpou Jean — 2025-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper investigates the relevance of using a large number of Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) as descriptors of acoustic signals, and the interaction between these and the nature of the frequency band in which the Mel filters are arranged. This study forms part of the wider field of automatic recognition of acoustic signals, with a particular focus on those that are not speech-related. We evaluated a series of MFCCs, spanning a range from 1 to 50, utilising the central octave band frequencies (31.5 Hz-16000 Hz) as the MFCC calculation frequencies. An application was made to the identification of chainsaw sounds among a plurality of signals from the forest environment. The results revealed a threshold value for the number of MFCCs (LVMFCC) above which classification rates remain constant. The LVMFCC=39 was common to all frequencies, although specifically the LVMFCC for each centre frequency was between 5 and 39 MFCCs. We observed that the notion of an optimal value for the number of MFCCs could appear subjective. The best classification rate of 98.41% obtained with the 16000 Hz centre frequency corresponds to a number of MFCCs between 5 and 50. These results also reveal the need to restructure the.

Structure of threatened timber species in the Yapo-Abbe forest massif (Côte d’Ivoire)

OUATTARA, Sié Fernand Pacôme — 2025-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The study was conducted in the Yapo-Abbe Forest Massif, located in southeastern Cote d’Ivoire. it aims to analyze the population structure of timber species listed on the 2018 IUCN Red List. The surface survey method was used for the inventory and identification of these species across the three biotopes of the massif (secondary forest, reforested forest, and fallow land). The results show that the Yapo-Abbe Forest Massif harbors twenty-four (24) timber species listed on the 2018 IUCN Red List. These species are categorized into seventeen (17) vulnerable species, five (05) species of least concern, one (01) near-threatened species, and one (01) endangered species. The vegetation structure analysis indicates that in the secondary forest and fallow land biotopes, the population of the twenty-four (24) inventoried species is relatively balanced despite anthropogenic pressures. However, in the reforested forest biotope, the population of these species is disturbed and unbalanced. The assessment of regeneration potential reveals that the twenty-four (24) inventoried species struggle to regenerate in the secondary forest and reforested forest biotopes. In these vegetation formations, species regeneration is hindered by the denser canopy and intra- and/or interspecific competition. However, in the fallow land biotope, the twenty-four (24) inventoried species exhibit good regeneration potential.

The citizen at the center of health decisions: From shared decision-making to the co-creation of new digital solutions

Oliveira, Hernâni — 2025-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The 21st century has been seen as the time of citizen-centered care, with efforts by the World Health Organization (WHO) going towards ensuring that health systems reverse the excessive and exclusively biometric orientation of recent decades. This reorganization of the paradigm requires that patient-centered care be a key dimension of quality in health, creating contexts that value cooperation between citizens and systems. In this relationship, the patient can no longer be seen as inactive, but rather as an element that can influence the entire process linked to medical care. In this paper, we explore the relevance of citizen engagement from a broad and integrative perspective. We begin this reflection with a discussion on the assumptions of Shared Decision-Making in Health that are being implemented in Portugal. Given its relevance, we expand this analysis to justify how citizen involvement is also highly relevant for the development of new information technologies. In this last point, we very briefly present PLAY-THE-ODDS, a project to co-create a communication tool between parents and children about hereditary cancer syndromes.

Contribution of regolith mapping to the knowledge of the geology of the northern zone of Bouaflé (Central-west of Côte d’Ivoire)

Koffi, Gnagnon Raymond Stephane — 2025-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The northern zone of Bouaflé is located in the central part of the Bouaflé furrow, in the center of Côte d’Ivoire. This zone being highly lateritized, as in all tropical climate zones, a mapping from the regolith with a view to improving knowledge of the geology of the central part of the Bouaflé furrow was initiated. It was done using remote sensing and survey data carried out in the area. Thus, it emerges from this study that the regolith of the study area comes from the supergene alteration of the various geological formations observed and is characterized by a deep alteration profile with an average thickness of approximately 30 m with a spatial distribution of relict regolith, erosion, deposition as well as surfaces affected by widespread lateritization.

Effects of sun pre-exposure and cold pre-treatment on the different development stages of Callosobruchus Maculatus (Coleoptera-Chrysomelidae)

Nafissatou, Mahamadou Amadou — 2025-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. (Fabaceae) is a legume that plays an important role in the dietary balance of tropical populations. These seeds are an important source of protein that can make up for the lack of animal protein in food rations in sub-Saharan countries. The Bruchidae family (Bruchidius atrolineatus, and Callosobruchus maculatus) occupies first place in the diversity of insects that have adapted to cowpea stocks. Bruchidius adults colonize cowpea crops from the start of flowering. Females lay eggs on the pods as soon as they begin to form. Larvae and pupae are therefore already present in the harvested products, which are stored in granaries. The larvae penetrate the seeds, at the expense of which they carry out their embryonic post-development. The damage caused by this insect pest can be considerable if no protective measures are taken. To prevent damage caused by C. maculatus during cowpea storage, farmers generally expose seeds and pods to sunlight for several days before storing them. The aim of this work was to study the impact of sun pre-exposure and cold pre-treatment on the different development stages of C. maculatus. The results obtained show that C. maculatus adults are more sensitive to solar radiation than to cold conservation; in the case of pre-exposure to the sun, a 100% mortality rate is observed from 1 h onwards, whereas the same result is obtained at 2h30 min in the case of cold pre-treatment. On the other hand, cold had a greater effect on eggs, L2 larvae and L4 larvae than sunlight. For eggs, a 30 minutes cold pre-treatment gives a 100% mortality rate, whereas pre-exposure to the sun requires 45 minutes. L2 larvae and L4 larvae gave respectively 100% mortality from 2h and 2h30mn cold; while for sun pre-exposure respective durations of 2h30 min and 3h were recorded.

Evaluation of coccidiosis impact on the productivity of Numida meleagris guinea fowl farms in northern Côte d’Ivoire

Yapi, Jean Noel — 2025-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this study is to determine the share of coccidiosis in the mortality of young guinea fowl (keets) on farms in northern Côte d’Ivoire. Thus, a study was carried out on 192 one-day-old guinea fowl, divided into two (2) batches. The control batch did not receive treatment. The experimental batch was treated with an anticoccidial. Then, the zootechnical parameters and the degree of infestation were measured in each of the batches. The control batch recorded EPG values of 600; 7371.43 and 5442.86 respectively for age groups 0-21d; 22-48d and 49-90d. these values are significantly and respectively 8.6 times; 81.7 times and 63.19 times higher (p < 0.001) than those of the experimental group for the same age groups. As for mortality, it is 75% in the Control batch, three times higher than that of the experimental batch. Also, keets subjected to anticoccidial treatment recorded the best growth performance. Coccidiosis is therefore one of the main causes of the high mortality observed in guinea fowl farms in northern Côte d’Ivoire. Thus, the prevention of coccidiosis could help improve the profitability of guinea fowl farms in Côte d’Ivoire. However, the use of biological solutions as an alternative to synthetic antibiotics would be an avenue to explore in order to prevent the solution to this problem from being the start of another problem, in particular that of the resistance of germs to antibiotics.

The representation of work as suffering in the cinema of Hakim Belabbes

HAKIM, Khalid — 2025-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article aims to analyze the representation of work in Moroccan cinema, particularly that of the director Hakim Belabbes. While the Moroccan filmmaker is known for his strong commitment to capturing the various sociocultural and psychological aspects of his hometown, Béjaâd, and particularly for showcasing the misery and simplicity of its inhabitants, the article seeks to examine the extent to which work is also represented as suffering and pain within the framework of a «Cinema of the Poor.». The study focuses on the thematic analysis of certain films by Belabbes; a diverse corpus in terms of film genres, including documentaries, short films, and feature films, as well as the nature of the corpus, which encompasses text, sound, and image.

Physico-mechanical characterisation of the composite of clay and grown typha fiber

COULIBALY, Djiby — 2025-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article looks at the use of local materials for sustainable construction, focusing on a composite combining Sebikotane clay and ground Typha australis fibers. The study aims to overcome the limitations of clay, such as swelling and shrinkage, by incorporating natural fibers as stabilizers. Particle size analysis reveals that Sebikotane clay, the base material studied, is made up of 48% clay, 10% silt, and 42% fine sand. Atterberg limit tests confirm significant plasticity, while tests carried out on clay-Typha composites with fiber incorporation rates varying from 0 to 8% show a compressive strength of between 1.38 and 2.07 MPa. The addition of fibers significantly reduces volume shrinkage (up to 88.88% with 8% fibers) but is accompanied by an increase in loss on ignition, reaching 17.6% with 8% Typha. Analysis of the results shows that to ensure optimum performance in construction, particularly in terms of mechanical strength and dimensional stability, it is advisable to limit the incorporation of Typha fibers to a maximum of 4%.

Use of modern contraceptive methods among female students: Knowledge, attitudes, practice and determinants in two faculties of the University of Lubumbashi (DR Congo)

Numbi, Vinie Mwanza — 2025-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this study was to identify contraceptive behavior and determinants of Modern Contraceptive Methods (MCM) use among female students at the University of Lubumbashi (UNILU) in DR Congo. Methods: a cross-sectional analytic study, running from June 06, 2016 to March 21, 2017 among female students at two faculties of university of Lubumbashi (Faculty of Medicine and the Faculty of Letters and Humanities). An exhaustive sampling of 329 sexually active female students, secondary of 1341 female students present on the day of the survey. Socio-demographic variables, knowledge, attitudes and practices of MCM were analyzed, and logistic regression was performed. Results: The average age of all sexually active female students was 22.9±3 years, 9 out of 10 students had heard of contraceptive methods (CM), and teachers were the main source of information, followed by friends and family. Condoms were the method most frequently cited and used by respondents. Determinants of MCM use among female students were: «hearing about MCM from friends/family», «knowledge of condoms», «having used an MCM at first intercourse», «having been pregnant in her life», «sharing information about MCM with sexual partner», and «knowing that MCM were available in pharmacies». Conclusion: To increase the use of MCM among female students, it is necessary to take into account the various predictive factors.

Study of the productivity of maize cultivation systems and the GIS approach in the department of Dikodougou in Côte d’Ivoire

Bakary, Ouattara — 2025-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Corn is an important food crop in northern Côte d’Ivoire. However, producers are often exposed to difficulties in accessing inputs which threaten the stability of production. This contrast led us to initiate «Study of the productivity of maize cultivation systems and the GIS approach in the department of Dikodougou in Côte d’Ivoire». The general objective of this work is to analyze the productivity of maize cultivation systems in the Dikodougou department with a view to improving its production. The study used primary data through a questionnaire addressed to 240 corn producers spread across two (2) sub-prefectures and secondary data relating to the different criteria used. It appears from this study that two maize cultivation systems are encountered in the Dikodougou department. These are semi-intensive systems (72.5%) practiced by the majority of producers and intensive systems which concern 27.5% of producers. More productive, intensive cultivation systems which make it possible to obtain better yields are found more in the sub-prefectures of Boron (45.5%) where almost half of the producers practice them. According to the GIS approach, it is also in the locality of Boron (78.64%) that the areas with optimal potential are dominant. However, average corn yields remain low in the Dikodougou department (1250 kg/ha) compared to national average yields which are around 2000 kg/ha. If the good cultivation potential of the department represents an asset, the adoption of a productive cultivation system is also decisive.

Factoring the stress gradient into the statistical approach criterion (variance method)

Esdras, Mbaiyelkom — 2025-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this work is to take into account the effect of the stress gradient as a beneficial effect in fatigue, since its presence within a material systematically leads to an increase in the endurance limit in terms of local maximum stress. We have therefore proposed that the stress gradient be taken into account in the fatigue criterion using a statistical approach based on the variance method. This method assumes that the fracture plane is the one on which the variance of the equivalent stress is maximum. This method defines three types of equivalent stress on a plane: normal stress, shear stress and combined normal and shear stress. The results obtained using the simple variance method and the stress gradient method were compared for a cyclic biaxial loading condition. We found that in terms of prediction of the fracture plane, there is not much difference between the two formulations (the simple variance method and the one taking into account the stress gradient), but the maximum values of the variance for the variance method taking into account the stress gradient vary greatly compared to the case of the simple variance method.

Floristic diversity of the western periphery of the Badénou classified forest (Korhogo, Côte d’Ivoire)

Dofoungo, KONE — 2025-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study was conducted in the Badénou protected forest, at the periphery and nearby the villages of Tiébila and Nafoun. The Badénou classified forest is exposed to imminent deforestation by local populations. This study aims to determine the floristic diversity of the western peripheral part of this forest. The data was collected using floristic inventories. Floristic diversity was assessed by determining species richness, number of genera and families, Shannon-Weaver diversity and Piélou equitabilty indices. The study identified 243 species grouped into 161 genera and 60 families. This flora contains 147 herbaceous species grouped into 92 genera and 34 families. The woody species, numbering 96, belong to 72 genera and 30 families. The Shannon-Weaver diversity index (3.76) showed an average diversity of woody flora. The Piélou equitabilty index (0.82) reflects an almost equitable distribution of woody individuals between species. The results of this study contributed to take stock of the flora of this forest.

Relationship between redox fronts and mineralization in a «West flexure» context (Tim Mersoï basin, North Niger)

Abdoulwahid, Sani — 2025-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

This research work focuses on the redox map of the Akola West sector. In this sector of Arlit, at the Akola level, uranium mineralization is hosted in the Guezouman, which is an originally reduced sedimentary formation. The presence of oxyhydroxides highlighted in this formation at the Akola West sector is evidence of the oxidized fluids flows. The mapping of the distribution of the different redox parameters has allowed the existence of redox fronts to be highlighted. The analysis and interpretation of these results also allowed us to highlight the factors that controlled the mineralization in the Akola West sector. These include: tectonic, lithostratigraphic, paleogeographic, redox facies and fluid circulation. To this end, a hypothesis on fluid circulation has been proposed for this sector.

Pasture carrying capacity and quality of forage species grazed by Lagune cattle in the sub-humid savannahs of Benin

Koura, Bossima Ivan — 2025-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this study was to assess biomass production in grazing lands used by cattle (under and outside palm groves), as well as the quality of fodder species grazed. Four herds were monitored during grazing, enabling to identify the animals’ preferred grazing areas. A GPS (GARMIN 64s) was used to determine the animals’ grazing routes. In addition, grazing monitoring carried out with farmers in enabled to identify the species consumed by the animals. The chemical composition of these most palatable resources was assessed through the contents of Dry Matter, Organic Matter, Ash, Protein, Fiber and Fat (Ethereal Extract). Results showed that pasture productivity was 1198.43 ± 743.63 t.DM/ha (in Ouemey Valley district) and 768.69 ± 135.03 t.DM/ha (Pobe district) under palm groves, and it was 1264.43 ± 700.88 t. MS/ha (Ouemey Valley) and 702.69 ± 38.24 t.MS/ha (Pobè) outside the palm grove. For grazing, the herds covered approximately 1.65 ± 0.70 km (Pobe district) and 1.90 ± 0.50 km (Ouemey Valley) under palm groves, while the grazing length was higer in pastures outside palm groves; 7.86 ± 1.07 km (in Pobe) and 6.27 ± 0.97 km (Oueme Valley) outside palm groves. Grasses in addition to Legumes like Mallotus oppositifolius and Tridax procumbens were the most consumed species. These species showed protein contents higher than 8 %DM, demonstrating their quality as feed for cattle. This study clearly shows availability of pasture of good quality in sub-humid zones and their suitability for feeding Lagune cattle.

Real Profiles of the Temperature and the Photovoltaic Parameters in an Uncooled Silicon PV cell Submitted to an Increasing Light Concentration

Sourabie, Idrissa — 2025-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The main objective of this study is to determine the real impact of light concentration increase on the parameters of an uncooled PV cell. To obtain results close to the reality, this study takes into consideration the effect of the PV cell heating inherent to light concentration and which is characterized by temperature increase. On the Basis of the thermal model, the temperature profile versus light concentration is determined. And photovoltaic parameters are extracted from the electrical model. Subsequently concentration ratio influence on these photovoltaic parameters is studied. The results indicate that the PV cell’s temperature increases rapidly with light concentration. It appears that diffusion parameters rise when concentration ratio varies from C = 1 Sun where the temperature is T=323.31 K to C = 12.51 Suns where the temperature is T=507.32 K. Beyond C = 12.51 Suns, these diffusion parameters decrease. The results also indicate a strong increase in current density with concentration ratio. This is explained by the fact that concentration ratio and temperature increase are favorable factors for the current. Contrary to many authors, this work shows that the photo-voltage and the conversion efficiency decrease with increasing concentration. This is explained by the antagonism of the effects of concentration and temperature increase on photo-voltage. For concentrations ranging from C = 1 Sun to C = 6 Suns the maximum power increases and decreases beyond C = 6 Suns. For an uncooled silicon PV cell, these results reflect the performance drop with increasing light concentration ratio.

Characterization of livestock value chain at the Bermo self-managed market

Mamadou, ADAM — 2025-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The marketing of livestock is an activity that adds value to animal products. It conducted in Niger, through more than 635 livestock markets managed by local authorities. This traditional management method has limited performance and has shown no room for improvement. Self-management is being tested to assess the impact of livestock marketing on the Bermo self-managed market. The methodology consisted of the development of questionnaires and interview guides following the strata of players driving the market based on bibliographic research. These tools were administered at the level of eleven strata bringing together 160 actors to collect primary data. Data analysis showed that the self-managed market improves livestock presentations and sales. It facilitates fair transactions and offers better prices, according to 90% to suppliers, in a testimonial system without additional charges. Wholesalers and collectors benefit from facilitating the process of purchasing livestock within the market. Despite the improvements in sale prices, the added values of suppliers and processors remain low compared to the added value of traders (more than 50%). Tax revenues constitute a significant source of income, the redistribution of which on the basis of a distribution key allows for proper functioning and shared and sustainable management of infrastructure. The self-managed market has a positive impacton the social and economic development of the community. It is an interesting model that can be popularized and applied on larger scales.

Red meat marketing in the urban community of Niamey (Niger)

Abdoulaye, M. Bahari Amadou — 2025-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The purpose of this study is to analyze the process of red meat marketing in the urban community of Niamey, through livestock markets and the various meat sales points. The study first affected the staff of the Niamey refrigerated slaughterhouse, the directorate for the promotion of animal sectors and industries, the associations of professionals in the livestock-meat sector and two consumer rights associations. Then traders, intermediaries, wholesale butchers, retail butchers (raw meat, grilled meat and dried meat), restaurateurs and consumers were approached. It made it possible to trace the marketing circuit and identify the different players in the livestock-meat sector, and to understand the process of forming the price of meat. Thus, it appears that the marketing of meat begins from the refrigerated slaughterhouse in Niamey, and ends at the points of sale or markets in the capital, from which consumers come to obtain their supplies. The study also reveals that the practice of butchery is exclusively held by the Hausa ethnic group. The results show a regular frequency in the market of low-income and large households. The income generated from the sale of grilled meat is higher than that of raw meat. The wholesale butcher’s profit is conditioned by the sale of the fifth quarter. At the end of this study, the constraints were identified and appropriate solutions were proposed.

Deployment of a network of frequency jammers in a prison: Case of the Makala central prison in the city of Kinshasa

Jordan, Kondatata Mbambu — 2025-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article discusses the deployment of a network of frequency jammers within Makala Central Prison, aimed at countering illegal communications that harm the security of the facility. The aim is to implement an effective solution to block mobile communication signals and reduce the risk of criminal coordination between inmates and outside contacts. The jamming system is equipped with advanced components, including a signal amplifier and specific antennas, allowing optimal coverage of target frequencies while minimizing external interference. Through technical analysis, this article explores aspects of deployment, such as selecting locations for maximum efficiency and managing potential impacts on neighboring infrastructure. The results show that the use of this jamming device significantly improves the security of the facility, limiting unauthorized communications and thus strengthening internal control. This article contributes to offering an innovative solution adapted to the security requirements of prison environments.

Characterization of forest ecosystems in the Agropole of the Kara River basin in northern Togo (West Africa)

HLOVOR, Atsu K. Dogbeda — 2025-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the context of climate emergency and biodiversity loss due mainly to agriculture, this study aims to characterize the forest ecosystems of the Kara basin agropolis and a 10 km buffer zone. The methodology is based on two approaches: land cover mapping using Landsat satellite images and a detailed description of forest ecosystems, focusing on the floristic composition of woody species to assess their conservation, structure and ecological functioning. This characterization was carried out through 56 20 mx 20 m inventory surveys, where all species presents were counted and woody individuals with a DBH ≥ 10 cm measured. The results show that 67% of the area consists of cultivated and fallow land, with a higher proportion in the agropole (72%) than in the buffer zone (63%). Forests account for 13% in the agropole and 21% in the buffer zone. The floristic survey identified 105 woody species in 79 genera and 31 families, with a higher average diversity in the agropole (H’ = 2.69) than in the buffer zone (H’ = 2.13). Four species are on the IUCN Red List. Although tree density is lower in the agropole (97.2 trees/ha) than in the buffer zone (119.08 trees/ha), basal area is greater in the buffer zone (32.30 m2/ha) than in the agropole (29.86 m2/ha), indicating an annual pressure on tree species.

Effects of biopesticides based on neem almond powder and ripe chili fruits on cowpea insect pests (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp)

Halilou, Hayyo — 2025-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Niger, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) ranks first among legumes produced and consumed and third among crops after pearl millet and sorghum. However, its production is compromised by numerous diseases and insect pests. The use of synthetic pesticides is the first control method used by producers against insect pest. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of biopesticides based on neem almond powder (T3) and ripe chili pepper fruits (T2) on cowpea insect pests in order to lower the costs associated with phytosanitary treatments and increase the yield of this crop. A total of five (5) applications were made at regular intervals of one week. Before each application, scouting was conducted to capture the count the insects in order to determine the incidence of these insects on the cowpea. The incidence of insect pests was 75.81% and 87.52% at the 3rd and 5th counts for the control (T1). On the other hand, it was 42.38% and 19.73% for the T2 treatment and 27.07% and 12.33% for the T3 treatment respectively at the 3rd and 5th counts. Similarly, the seed yield was increased after application of biopesticides. It was 387.67 kg/ha and 832.67 kg/ha respectively for T2 and T3 against 341.67 kg/ha for the control. During the present study, the biopesticide based on neem almond powder was more efficace than that based on ripe chilli pepper fruits.

Rainfall projection for the central-western region for the period 2000 to 2100

Zoundi, Mahamadi — 2025-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Centre-West region is one of Burkina Faso’s thirteen regions. This region is immersed in two climatic zones: the Sahel-Sudanian zone, which covers the vast majority of the region, and the Sudanian zone further south. Long-term climate studies are a key indicator that not only help us understand current and future changes in the region’s climate, but also enable better planning of agricultural activities for better resource management and production optimization. This article therefore aims to decipher the region’s rainfall projections over a century and understand their implications for irrigated agriculture at different levels.

Influence of solid organic farm waste on eggplant productivity in urban areas on sandy-loam soil

Kouassi, Yéboua Firmin — 2025-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Urban agriculture, improving the environmental sustainability of cities, contributes to the food security of urban populations in developing countries. The major cultural constraint of sandy soils in the city of Abidjan is its low organic matter content. This study aims to evaluate the effects of three types of solid organic farm waste on eggplant growth and yield. After characterizing the soil of the experimental site, a randomized Fisher block design was used. It consisted of four repetitions of four treatments: a control (C), beef dung (BD), laying hen droppings (LD) and rabbit droppings (RD). These fertilizers were applied by mixing them into the 0-20 cm layer of soil at the rate of 500 g/plant, or 10 t ha -1. Beef dung had the best effects on the height (34.93 cm) and collar diameter (0.11 cm) of plants on day 35. It also gave the highest net yield (28.70 t ha-1), without being statistically different from those of the plots with laying hen droppings (20.63 t ha-1) and rabbit droppings (15.15 t ha-1), but different (p ˂ 0.01) from the lowest yield (0.9675 t ha-1) recorded in the control plots. However, the beef dung caused yield losses due to spoiled fruits. Thus, composting of these wastes, especially the beef dung, would be recommended to improve their quality.

Study of comportment the acoustics waves emetted by omnidirectionnal and directionnal sources

Henri, KISOKI MBUNGA — 2025-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this article, we will present the different consequences that can arise in the event of non compliance with the standards for the propagation of acoustics waves in their daily uses namely: sound system in our churches, evangelization campagn, refreshment bar, bistros, publics areas, etc. The acoustics waves are induced by vibration of mechanical surfaces which propagate to our ears translated by stamps. This is how we see that interactions between a vibrating body and the propagation medium obey the laws based on the existence of two forms of energy (propagated energy and that exchanged between the source and the propagation medium) described in this study. To better use acoustics waves, we will focus on the radiation impedance and the parameters allowing us to classify the sources of acoustics waves into two groups that we have called: omnidirectionnal and directionnal models.

Comparative study of collectors (T3Y, AERO MX5149, FLOMIN C7160 and KAX/MIXTURE RINKALORE10 mixture) on the performance of flotation of ore from KZC embankment R022

Demers, Kyungu Lukomba — 2025-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

GECAMINES often uses the minerals from the R022 embankment to feed the Kolwezi concentrator when there is a shortage of deposits. The objective pursued is to make a comparative study of the collectors (T3Y, FlominC7160, AERO MX5149 and KAX/MixtureRinkalore10 mixture) on the flotation performances of the mineral from the R022 embankment rich in chrysocolla grading 3.23% copper and 1.6% cobalt at the concentrator. Flotation tests were carried out using T3Y as a collector under the conditions of the reagents in use regime, at the end of which we have: 26.3% copper recovery yield with a content of 19.29% for the head concentrate and 73.8% copper recovery yield with a content of 6.99% for the rough concentrate with a rejection depletion of 0.98%. So, these results constituted the reference conditions for our work. Other tests were carried out to compare the performances of T3Y to FlominC7160 collectors, AEROMX5149 and KAX/MixtureRinkalore10 on the copper-cobalt ore of the R022 embankment. It appears from the tests that the use of FlominC7160 gave good performances for copper. The best performance was deduced at the dose of 6 g/t with 50.2% copper recovery yield and a copper content of 28.21% for the head concentrate, 88.8% copper recovery yield with 12.49% copper content for the rough concentrate with a rejection depletion of 0.91%. The FlominC7160 collector therefore allowed good selectivity.

Effects of vulnerability of transhumant herders to climate change on their livelihood in West Africa: Case of North-Benin

Egah, Janvier — 2025-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The article analyzed the effects of vulnerability of transhumant herders to climate change on their livelihood in the North- Benin. A total of 100 herders were surveyed. Data such as perceptions of the manifestations of climate change, the socio-economic characteristics of transhumant herders, the impact of climate risks on livelihoods and livelihoods, the degree of vulnerability of transhumant herders and its determinants, etc. were collected during group and individual interviews using an interview guide and questionnaire. Data were analyzed using discourse analysis, sensitivity matrix, descriptive statistics and linear regression. Reduced rainfall, excessive heat during the day, irregular rainfall, early cessation of rainfall, pockets of drought, excessive heat at night, poor rainfall distribution and late onset of rains are the main perceptions of the manifestations of climate change in Nord-Benin. Flooding, drought and excessive heat are the climatic risks that have the greatest impact on livelihoods, according to the herders. Age and widowhood help to reduce the vulnerability of transhumant herders to climate change. On the other hand, traditional religion and years of experience increase the degree of vulnerability of transhumant herders to climate change. It therefore seems important to take age and widowhood into account to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on transhumant herders.

Supply of natural lighting by solar tube in a blind room

OSSENI, Sibiath O. G. — 2025-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Visual comfort refers to the lighting conditions to ensure optimal clarity inside a building (office, classrooms, homes, etc.). Good natural lighting helps create a comfortable indoor atmosphere and also reduces the building’s energy consumption. However, modern architecture focuses on the aesthetic aspect of lighting in the building to the detriment of its energy performance. The objective of this study is to propose a skylight system in a so-called «blind» room in order to reduce daytime energy consumption. For this, a bibliographic study was carried out on the concepts of lighting and visual comfort in order to retain solar tubes for their ease of implementation. The lighting, both indoor and outdoor, is simulated with and without skylights in the DIALux evo 10.1 software. The simulation results of this study revealed that the building could have better visual comfort and sufficient illumination, equivalent to at least 300 lux, according to the NF EN 12464-1 standard, with daylight by integrating a solar tube. A prototype skylight was made of cardboard and validated the simulation results giving an average illumination of 490 lux for a FLJ = 1.13%. We then note a reduction in energy consumption of 108 kWh/year corresponding to a financial saving of 21,600 FCFA/year and 77.76 kgCO2eq avoided each year, for this room only.

Lineament and structural analysis of deformations affecting the Paleocene-Miocene Formations in the southern part of the Ader Doutchi sub-basin

Maâzou, Aminou A. — 2025-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present study focuses on the analysis of lineaments affecting Paleocene-Miocene formations in the Ader Doutchi sub-basin (Tahoua region, Iullemmeden basin, central Niger). The main objective of this study is to carry out a geostatistical analysis of the different lineamentary structures affecting the Bouza and Keita regions. The methodological approach adopted is based on the use of remote sensing techniques and GIS tools to analyze LandSat 8 images and to compare them with field data. This methodological approach facilitated the identification of five primary fracture families, characterized by orientations ranging from N0° to N40°, N40° to N80°, N90° to N130°, N130° to N150°, and N160° to N170°.

Parametric study of the behaviour of a pile under axial load using Frank and Zhao’s trilinear law and the theoretical formula of the conventional limit pressure pl

Tine, Cheikh Ibrahima — 2025-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article deals with the determination of axial deformations and forces along a pile under axial loading, taking into account the interaction between the pile and the surrounding soil, and more specifically with the parametric study of the behavior of an axially loaded pile using Frank and Zhao’s model and the analytical expression of the conventional limit pressure pl. Frank and Zhao’s (1982) trilinear method of load transfer curves, used in this study, offers an analytical approach for calculating axial strains and forces along the pile. This method, suggested by the French national standard for the application of Eurocode 7 (NF P 94-262) in the calculation of pile settlements, is based on the progressive mobilization of lateral friction and tip pressure, modeled by t-z (lateral friction) and q-z (tip pressure) curves, and enables soil-pile interactions to be simulated. The type of soil chosen for this study is clay (coherent soil), which provides better mobilization of lateral friction around the pile. It emerged from this study that the parameters with the greatest influence on pile behavior are the value of the applied axial load N0, the ratio (D/L) and the pressure modulus EM, in other words, the modulus of deformation E of the soil. In addition to these three essential parameters, we can add the influence of the Young’s modulus Ep of the pile on its behavior. The choice of its value is important, as the compressibility of the pile material is a factor in the calculation of settlement. The results also show that the mechanical characteristics c_u, K_0,γ, α and ν have very little influence on settlement, axial force and deformation curves. All these results confirm the empirical relationships often used to calculate pile settlement, which are based directly on the value of the diameter D or on both the diameter D, the applied load N0, the Young’s modulus of the pile Ep and its length L.

The challenges brought about by digital transformation in the mining industry at Kolwezi in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Alain, Mavungu Mayela — 2025-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Digital transformation in the Kolwezi mining industry is bringing major challenges and upheavals. It involves integrating digital technologies into all of a company’s operations, enabling it to evolve more easily and improve its competitiveness. In the Kolwezi mining industry, digital transformation is having a significant impact. Mining operations are automated to optimise exploration and mining. In addition, the optimisation and automation of business processes are also important areas of digital transformation. In short, digital transformation in the Kolwezi mining industry is helping to optimise mining operations, automate business processes and improve the industry’s competitiveness. Digital transformation in the mining industry presents both opportunities and challenges. Safety, employee training, the complexity of existing systems, the regulatory framework and the associated costs all need to be taken into account to successfully implement this transformation. Digital transformation offers significant benefits in the mining sector, but it requires a strategic approach, investment and increased awareness to overcome the challenges and maximise the benefits. It is recommended that digital transformation experts are consulted to develop a tailored plan for each mining business.

Transformation and the growing it professions in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Alain, Mavungu Mayela — 2025-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Digital transformation offers exciting career opportunities. Professionals skilled in digital transformation management, data analytics, and technical architecture are in high demand. To succeed in these fields, it is essential to possess advanced technical skills and a deep understanding of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and cloud computing. Skills in project management, data analysis, and communication are also important. Education, work experience, and certifications play a key role in broadening qualifications. Additionally, developing skills in collaboration, strategic thinking, and change management is crucial for success in this ever-evolving field. In summary, digital transformation presents numerous career opportunities, but it requires advanced technical skills, solid work experience, and the ability to adapt to changes. By developing your skills in areas such as digital transformation management, data analytics, and technical architecture, you can seize these opportunities and contribute to the success of organizations’ digital transformation efforts.

Test to evaluate the agrophenological parameters of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) subjected to treatments of pigeon droppings and cow dung in Bongor, Chad

DJINET, Alain Ignassou — 2025-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The market gardening sector is a sector of activity admired by women and men. With a view to improving market gardening production, an experiment was carried out at the Superior Normal School of Bongor (ENS/B) the main objective of this work is to evaluate the effects of pigeon droppings and cow dung on the development parameters of sesame in order to determine the optimal dose of organic fertilizer provided to the plants for a better yield. For this to do so, the agro-phenological parameters were observed, noted and measured. From the result, it appears that the number of flowers and capsules per plant, the number of seeds per capsule, the weight of seeds per capsule, the yields in grams per plant and ton per hectare were obtained in the plants having received the combination 20 g of cow dung and 20 g of pigeon droppings.

Current state of knowledge on the virtues and uses of some medicinal plants in Niger: Bibliographical summary

Aziz, Yahaya Saïdou Abdoul — 2025-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The use of plants by local people for health care has long been observed. This practice still persists in different communities. This study presents a bibliographic summary highlighting the knowledge of plants used in traditional pharmacopoeia in Niger. Analysis of the scientific literature, such as articles, dissertations and theses from the Google Scholar and PubMed search engines, as well as grey literature, revealed a number of items of information. A total of 315 medicinal species, including 8 fungi, were identified, divided into 220 genera and 88 families. The Papilionaceae, Poaceae and Caesalpiniaceae, with 30, 18 and 16 species respectively, are the best represented families. Leaves (28.89%) and bark (18.33%) are the most commonly used plant parts. The predominant methods of preparation are decoction (37%), maceration (23%) and powder (13%), while the oral route (44.87%) is the main method of administering plant-based remedies. Recipes are mainly administered 3 times a day (52.34%) and the predominant duration of treatment is one day (26%). Analysis of the scientific data available on medicinal plants in Niger suggests that further research is needed to gain a better understanding of the practices and uses of plants in traditional medicine.

Effect of a hydroethanol extract of Malacantha alnifolia (Bak.) Pierre (Sapotaceae) on formaldehyde-induced arthritis in Wistar rats

Frédéric, N’Dia Kouadio — 2025-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Malacantha alnifolia (Sapotaceae) is a perennial plant found in the tropical rainforests of West Africa. In Côte d’Ivoire, this species usually used rheumatism and diarrhea children treatment. This study evaluated anti-arthritic effect of hydroethanol extract of Malacantha alnifolia (HEMa) at doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg bw in rats. HEMa is prepared by cold maceration of 100 g of M. alnifolia trunk bark powder in one liter of a 30% water/70% ethanol mixture for 24 h. Thirty-six albino Rattus norvegicus rats (130-185 g), aged 8 to 16 weeks, were divided into 6 batches of 6 rats each and treated daily during 10 days. Healthy and arthritic rats control received NaCl 9 ‰ (10 mL/kg bw) by gavage, those from batches 2, 3 and 4 received HEMa at 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg bw, respectively. Positive control rats received methotrexate at 0.75 mg/kg bw by gavage. Non-immunological arthritic model induced by injection of 0.1 mL 2.5% formaldehyde was used. Arthritic was assessed throught paw and knee edema, arthritic index scores, sedimentation rate, and inflammation-related hematological and biochemical parameters. Percentages inhibition of these parameters were calculated for each treated group of rats compared to the control group with arthritis. Edema established for 3 days by formaldehyde was significantly reduced by HEMa at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg bw with reductions in paw thickness ranging from 23.18 to 28, respectively. 89% and 25.60 to 31.34% compared to paw thickness of arthritic control rats. Hydroethanolic extract of Malacantha alnifolia has remarkable anti-arthritic properties similar to that of methotrexate.

Assessment of phytodiversity of protected areas of Niger

Abdoul-Latif, HAMANI NOMA — 2025-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

This work was a literature review of the available data on the plant diversity in protected areas in Niger. It was based on several studies carried out in the period from 2005 to 2021 in nine (9) reserves of Niger. It aimed to assess the current state of the floristic diversity and ecosystem services in these protected areas. The results revealed the information on species richness, ecological spectrums and ecosystems services provided to local population living around these protected areas. A total of 648 plants species, mostly herbaceous, and dominated by Poaceae, were recorded. The spectrum of biological types is dominated by Therophytes (43.57%) and Microphanerophytes (19.07%), which are characteristic of Sahelian vegetation. The chorology revealed a predominance of multi-regional African species and species with a wide distribution. The study highlighted six (6) main categories of ecosystem services for local populations: human food, fodder, traditional pharmacopoeia, energy wood, service wood and craft wood. This review showed that the assessment of plant diversity in the protected area of Niger was far from exhaustive, and much remains to be updated.

Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the production of rainfed rice (Oryza sativa) grown in Beré, Chad

DJINET, Alain Ignassou — 2025-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Inadequate use of mineral fertilizers causes leaching and impoverishment of soil which results in a considerable drop in yield. The use of organic fertilizers seems to be a reliable alternative to improve yield. The objective of the work is to evaluate the effect of goat waste at different levels in order to determine the optimal dose for better rice production. It also aims to verify the idea that mineral fertilizer modifies the organoleptic quality of food. For this the length of the plants was measured and the associated maximum growth speed was determined. The number of tillers per plot, the number of panicles per plot, the number of grains per tiller, the weight of grains per tiller were recorded and the yield was estimated. The results showed that the parameters studied were significantly influenced by the fertilizer inputs. Thus the highest height (77.33 cm) was observed in the plants having received the dose of 2.5 kg/m2 of goat waste with the maximum growth speed of 5.11 cm per day reached on the 85th day after sowing. The same goes for the number of tillers per plot (336) and the number of panicles per plot (329.33). While the highest number of grains per tiller (1253), weight of grains per tiller (26.42) and yield were noted in plants treated with 10 g NPK and 5g Urea. In addition, the rice having been treated with goat waste is sweet (60 %) and presents a good floury appearance (86.67 %). The dose of 2 kg/m2 of goat waste seem to be optimal for the cultivation of rain fed rice. Thus goat waste could validly replace mineral fertilizer in soil fertilization.

Population growth in the Democratic Republic of Congo in the face of sustainable development challenges

Gonzaleze, Munkuamo — 2025-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study is part of the sustainable development objectives (SDGS, 2015-2030). It highlights the challenges facing the DRC in its quest for environment sustainability. Among these challenges include poverty, food insecurity, acces to quality education and heath care, and gender inegality. Whict exacerbates environmental vulnerabilities and harms the quality of life of the population. This study advocates for a systemic approach that recognizes the independence bitween the ecological, political and socio-economic dimension, in order to ensure sustainable future for the DRC.

Structure of the digestive tract of an African Channidae, Parachanna obscura (Günther, 1861)

GOGBE, Zeré Marius — 2025-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Knowledge of the digestive tract of fishes is a crucial clue to understanding their diet. Information on the digestive tract of P. obscura remains scarce and fragmentary. Therefore, this work aims to improve our knowledge of P. obscura by investigating the structure of its digestive tract in order to better understand its feeding ecology. To this end, the relationship between the length of the intestine and the standard length was determined by the equation: Li=〖aLS〗^b. On the other hand, the morphological and microscopic aspects of the digestive tract were described. The histological study was carried out according to the standard histological method and stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Intestinal growth relative to standard length follows positive allometry. The digestive tract includes an oesophagus, a developed stomach, a cecum and a relatively short intestine. The wall of the digestive tract consists of four distinct tunics. The muscularis is made up of two layers of muscle fibres at the level of the oesophagus. In other parts of the digestive tract, the muscularis consists of one layer of muscle fibres.

Characterization and rational fertilization of soils with rice varieties cultivated in the regions of Tillabery and Niamey in Niger

Aichatou, Ibrahim — 2025-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Rice is one of the main crops of irrigated perimeters of the Niger River Valley. Reasoned fertilization on rice diocers is very important in improving yields, decreasing nutrient losses but also conservation of soil. The objective of this study is to characterize the physico-chemical solutions of soils to evaluate the effects of several fertilization formulas on the production of three varieties of rice at the irrigated niamey and Tillabéry perimeters. The study is carried out in two stages first one on the soil analyzes and the other on agricultural tests. Solutions of solutions were conducted at the Liborated sites, Saadia Amount and N’Dounga 1 during the year 2023. All ten samples taken were studied at the Social Science Laboratory of the Faculty of Agronomy and the LANB laboratory to know the physicochemical characteristics of the soil of the sites. Study of the study sites. For testing, kogoni91-1 (rifles), Orylux and IR15 rice varieties were used in a 2123 winter season and dry season 2023. The experimental device is the blocking block (3x5) with two factors: the 1st factor as variety with three varieties (Gambiaka; Orylux and IR15) and the 2nd factor fertilizer factor feature with five treatments: T0 = N122P30K30 (peasant practice); T1 = N138P90K60; T2 = N175P112 K60; T3 = N100P120K 50S20ZN2; T4 = N122P30K30S20ZN2. The soil analysis of the three sites have shown that soils have lemon-sandbrandex textures (Liborated and N’Dounga 1) and limited texture to Saadia upstream. The soils of the three sites are low in chemical and poor elements in exchangeable bases. The rates of organic matter and total nitrogen decrease with the depth at all the sites studied. The performance of genotypes are influenced by the imposed treatments or the environment in which the culture has been installed. During the dry season, the best combinations and also the most stable in the three sites are the variety 2 with T4 treatment and variety 1 with T4. During the rainy season, the variety combination 2 and T4 treatment has a high and stable yield to Liborated and Ndounga1 while the variety combination 3 with T4 treatment is the best performance in Saadia AMONT. The comparison of the averages shows that the highest average yield was obtained with the T4 formula combined with the varieties that are V1, V2 and V3 for the dry season and the wintering season.

Influence of supplemental irrigation in the production of 3 varieties of tomato at the Goudoumaria experimental station (Diffa-Niger)

Aboubacar, Yerima Bako Djibo — 2025-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the Sahel, irrigated agriculture through market gardening activities occupies a key place in the socio-economic life of populations but food insecurity remains a persistent reality. The solution to deal with this delicate situation which occurs every other year (2), would be to resort to intensive irrigated production of market garden crops intended for consumption, such as the case of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.). This study was carried out on the experimental site of the departmental directorate of agriculture of Goudoumaria. The aim is to analyze the impact of complementary irrigation on the growth and productivity of three (3) tomato varieties in experimental trials conducted at a research station. These varieties are: F1 Mongal, Roma and Rio Grande with two (2) supplementary irrigation regimes with 2 treatments (T1: with supplementary irrigation in the absence of rain for 3 successive days and T2: without supplementary irrigation or Control, the plants receive as rainwater). The following parameters were measured over time: germination rate, growth parameters (height, number of leaves, stem diameter) and production. The results showed that supplementary irrigation improves the production of 3 tomato varieties from the first harvest with respective yields for F1 Mongal=9.216t/ha, Roma 16.464t/ha, and Rio Grande, 10.368t/ha. As for the controls (T2), the yields are 6.336t/ha (F1 Mongolian), 7.392t/ha for the Roma variety, 6.3t/ha (Rio Grande). These varieties are therefore well suited to supplementary irrigation and constitute a solution to the food and economic deficits of the population, especially since these varieties are well palatable to humans and very nutritious. To perpetuate this activity, which is beneficial to irrigators in the study area, the State must support them; only the means of drainage and wells or market gardening boreholes remain.

The place of national history in secondary school history programs in Benin: 1987-2016

Gnidehoue, Arnaud Achille G. — 2025-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Since its independence in 1960, the education sector has become a sovereign sector of the State of Benin. To this end, the various study programs developed and implemented meet the goals defined by the authorities, which embody the people of Benin. As such, the study programs developed in the various school subjects take into account the objectives and purposes set by the authorities. However, an analysis of high school history studies programs between 1960 and 2016 shows that national history, especially post-colonial history, is poorly taught in schools. While in the years after independence, at least thirty themes related to national history were included in secondary school history curricula, this number has dropped considerably over the course of the reforms. Today, it is only three Learning Situations (SA) that address themes relating to national history. It is briefly taught, the history of the settlement of Benin, the participation of the former coastal kingdoms of Benin in the transatlantic slave trade and the stages of the decolonization of Benin to the detriment of the history of Africa, the great wars, the ‘UN... The logical consequence of this situation is the low knowledge of national historical facts by young Beninese. The objective of this research is to analyze the place of national history in secondary education programs in Benin between 1960 and 2016. Among other words, it is about understanding the anchoring of the national history in the said programs. To achieve this objective, the methodological approach used consists of a cross and adequate use of written and oral sources. The first is conducted through written documents, archives, curriculum documents and secondary history guides. The second was carried out with the designers of school programs, in particular inspectors. The results of this research show that national history is weakly embedded in high school curricula. This situation, which is due to several reasons, is at the origin of the ignorance of certain parts of national history by the current generation.

Development and test of an experimental bench intended for the identification of fluids with selective spectral transmission for the improvement of photovoltaic cell operations

BAMBARA, Roméo — 2025-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this work is to implement an experimental bench for pre-selecting potential fluids that would have the property of filtering the sun’s rays from inappropriate spectral bands for photovoltaic cells. In fact, they are responsible of the overheating and low efficiency. For this purpose, an experimental set-up based on in situ recording is applied. It adopts a comparative process of the effects of fluid layers on the electrical production and operating temperature of photovoltaic solar cells. A total of fifteen (14) fluids were analyzed for their ability to improve ICC current and reduce the operating temperature of PV cells. From this study, it emerged that three of the fluids tested, in particular the combination {vinegar + hydo alcohol}, the combination {sugar water + salt water} and vinegar, resulted in permanently positive increases in the Icc characteristic of around +25%, +26,57% and 5,69% accompanied by a decrease in the operating temperature of the cells of around 30%, 22% and 24%, respectively. Other fluids also had an average positive effect on the Icc current, such as sunflower oil (+1.5%), bleach (+3%) and yellow engine fluid (+3%). On the other hand, these stocks showed fluctuations that could become negative. The main observation is that the spectral splitting action is not constant and varies in real time.

Fermented Cassava dough: A Prerequisite for the Technological, Biochemical and Microbiological Properties of Attiéké in Côte d’Ivoire

Dougba, Weiléko Hélène — 2025-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Attiéké and fermented cassava dough are two cassava derivatives linked by the same transformation process. Fermented dough is obtained after spontaneous fermentation of the pulp over 2 to 3 days, with the addition of inoculum on cassava. Fermentation of dough for attiéké occupy an important role in the availability of fast sugars, mineral salts and cyanide, and in granulation. The dough becomes more acid under the action of Yeasts, Molds, Bacillus and mainly Lactobacillus. Dehydrated by pressing, it is generally characterized by a pH around 4.5, a humidity of around 52% for a reducing sugar content of around 1%. The aspect of the fermented dough that precedes attiéké depends on the factors and conditions involved in fermentation, the force of pressing and the hygiene of operations. However, the traditional processes and properties of attiéké have been assessed without prior studying the technological and biochemical properties of fermented cassava dough.

Urban vulnerability from the point of view of water and food resource management: Application of the precarious neighbourhoods of the City of Lubumbashi, DR Congo

Perry, Balloy Mwanza — 2025-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The strong demographic pressure on urban-rural environments in the cities of developing countries is very significant, making their evolution difficult to predict and plan. It is accompanied by serious problems in these areas that migrants do not have the means to address. These include: increasing unemployment, growing insecurity, land tenure, the proliferation of shanty towns, growing impoverishment, lack of urban amenities and services and insufficient housing. Furthermore, the remarkable fact of the recent history of the city of Lubumbashi is the proliferation of spontaneous neighborhoods and spaces of illegal and irregular occupation. This proliferation of precarious housing is the consequence of the lack of response from the State and the formal sector to the needs of the population in general, especially city dwellers and new city dwellers who navigate between the city and the countryside at will. economic and food crises.

Leadership and Good Governance in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Analysis of the Third Legislature

Brigitte, Muadi Katende — 2025-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The governance of a state refers to the set of process, structures and institutions through which a country is managed. The Democratic Republic of Congo is going through a hinge period of its political history marked by a complexity of challenges related to leadership and governance. This article analyses difficulties which impede the instauration of a good governance during the third legislature which started on 24 January 2019 with a political alternation at the head of the State. These difficulties are explained by the absence of a vision of development by the team of leaders, the rupture of FCC-CACH coalition and the installation of the sacred union and the trend of the power concentration by the President of the Republic. This entails the failure of consolidation of a democratic and transparent governance and constitutes a crucial stake for the national prosperity and the future of a united Congo.

Operation of private health facilities in Bunia Town, Ituri Province, Democratic Republic of Congo

Vianney, Ngakpa Bini — 2025-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this study was to describe the operation of private health facilities in Bunia town, in the Province of Ituri, Democratic Republic of Congo. The survey method, supported by semi-structured interviews and documentary analysis, was used to carry out this work. The data were analyzed using the percentage. After analyzing the data, the study revealed what follows: - More than 4/5 of private health facilities have authorization to open the facilities; - The majority of health facilities have 1 to 3 buildings; - A weight scale, blood pressure monitor, microscope and consultation table are the basic materials and equipment needed to start up a private health facility; - Nearly half of private health facilities receive 1 to 3 capacity-building sessions each year. In view of these results, it is important that the health authorities put in place appropriate strategies not only to supervise the opening of private health facilities, but also to ensure that they operate in accordance with standards.

Obstacles to entrepreneurship among young people in the Kasenyi business centre, Ituri Province, Democratic Republic of Congo

Joseph, Kabona Basara — 2025-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study was carried out with the aim of describing the obstacles to entrepreneurship among young people in the Kasenyi business Centre. To conduct this study, a survey supported by a semi-structured interview was used with 196 young people. Content analysis using percentage calculations was used to analyze the data. After analysis the study revealed the following results: - In terms of personal obstacles, 32.14% of respondents mentioned fear of failing after starting a business. Among respondents who were not ready to start their own business, 67.68% felt that entrepreneurship was too demanding. - As for economic obstacles, the lack of funds (38,95), and difficulties in accessing financing (84.18%) were mentioned by the majority of respondents. - As for socio-cultural obstacles, the lack of support resources (13,68%), insecurity (14.74%) and unfavorable environment (12.63%) were mentioned by respondents. Although some of the young people who have been trained in entrepreneurship have actually undertaken activities, the obstacles are still enormous and need to be analyzed and overcome in order to get young people effectively involved in entrepreneurship.

Patients’ perceptions of computerized management of faith based health facilities in Bunia Town, Ituri Province, Democratic Republic of Congo

Syntiche, Taingi Niclette — 2025-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study was conducted in order to explore patients’ perception of the computerized management of faith-based health services in Bunia town. The ethnographic method supported by the semi-structured interview was used to carry out with 40 patients who had attended the two faith based health services using computerized management in Bunia town. After analysis, the study revealed the following: - The reception within these health facilities is good, but there is a problem of delay due to internet connection and also the mood of the staff. - Patients receive good guidance; - Data is well archived and easily retrieved; - Patients are completely confident about the security of their data, but they need the printed sheets; - The billing service works well with honesty and offers a good service for users. It is very fast when there is internet connection, but the prices are not changed as soon as it is fixed in the machine, and others have found it very expensive; - The respondents mentioned the focus of doctors only on the machine, some say that the doctors’ attention should first be on the patients and then on the machine and others have not observed any change despite this new system; - There is an improvement in health care, for others there is no difference with the traditional system. It was found that computerized management has no influence on the quality of health care, a part form the delay when the internet connection is low; - Generally speaking, the laboratory is fast if there is a good internet connection. In view of these results, it is necessary that new strategies be developed for the improvement of this computerized management system in health facilities.

Prevalence and factors associated with cleft lip and palate in referral health facilities in the town of Bunia, Ituri Province, Democratic Republic of Congo

Philippe, Katanabo Kukwabo — 2025-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of and factors associated with cleft lip and palate in newborns in referral health facilities in the town of Bunia. The cross-sectional method, supported by documentary analysis, was used to carry out this study, which targeted all newborns registered in the referral health facilities in the town of Bunia. Percentage calculations were used to analyse the data. After analysing the data, this study revealed the following: - The prevalence of cleft lip and palate in the referral health facilities in the town of Bunia was 1.93%. - Cleft lip and palate were more common in male newborns (62.4%). 88.6% of newborns with cleft lip and palate were born in pregnancies of 37-42 weeks of amenorrhoea. Nearly half and more than 1/3 respectively of the mothers giving birth to babies with cleft lip and palate were in gestational age 2 and aged 18-24 years. - The mother’s history of alcoholism and diabetes were identified as factors associated with cleft lip and palate in newborns in Bunia. In the light of these results, it can be concluded that cleft lip and palate continue to be recorded in health facilities in Bunia and that innovative strategies should be used to raise awareness among women of childbearing age.

Hybrid 1DCNN+BiLSTM Architecture for Network Intrusion Detection Systems

Hamidja, Kamagaté Beman — 2025-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The rapid growth of Internet of Things (IoT) networks, fuelled by advancements in Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWANs) and 5G technologies, has transformed industries such as healthcare, smart cities, and manufacturing. However, this expansion has also exposed IoT systems to cybersecurity vulnerabilities, making them prime targets for network intrusions and cyberattacks. Addressing these threats requires effective Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) capable of identifying and classifying malicious traffic patterns. This paper proposes a hybrid IDS framework that integrates a 1D Convolutional Neural Network (1D CNN) and a Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) model. The 1D CNN serves as a feature extractor, capturing spatial patterns in network traffic, while the BiLSTM leverages temporal dependencies in both forward and backward directions to enhance classification accuracy. Experiments assess the model’s performance in both binary and multi-class classification tasks. The results demonstrate that the 1D CNN+BiLSTM outperforms traditional methods, including SVM, XGBoost, and CNN+LSTM, achieving the highest accuracy (95.03%), recall (94.80%), and F1-score (94.90%). These findings highlight the model’s ability to minimize false positives and false negatives, making it highly suitable for real-time intrusion detection in IoT environments.

First inventory of macroinvertebrates of the Niger River in Faranah, Guinea

Bah, Aïssatou Lamarana — 2025-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Guinea, water resources are under anthropogenic pressure. Changes in water quality can impact the composition of aquatic fauna. To date this fauna is practically unknown in the Niger River in Guinea. Our research was carried out on a 10 km route from the river to Faranah town centre. The general objective is to assess the richness and distribution of macroinvertebrates. Five stations were sampled during three hydrological regimes: Periods of low water, rising water and recession. Changes in composition, abundance and richness were determined by Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance. The Equitability Index was used to assess the distribution of different taxa in the sampled stations. The percentage of occurrence is used to determine the frequency of a taxon in a station. Diversity was assessed by the Shannon index. These indices were calculated considering the family as a taxonomic level. At the end of the inventory, 60 families were identified divided into 14 orders for 5 classes (insects, lamellibranchs, gastropods, crustaceans and annelids). This population is dominated by insects 57%. The faunal composition corresponds to the richness of African fresh waters. Depending on the hydrological regimes, 85% of the species collected are constant while for all the stations it is 88% which are fixed. The values of the Shannon ˃2 and equitability indices close to 1 reflect the presence of a very rich, diverse and stable benthic fauna.

Characterization of materials in the formulation of high-performance concrete: Case of Chad

Adolphe, Ignabaye Pontchombé — 2025-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The formulation of high-performance concretes is deduced from that of ordinary concretes which are a mixture in the appropriate proportions of binder, aggregates, water and optionally, admixtures. These types of concrete composed of ultrafine materials, including metakaolin in the case of this study, are characterized by high mechanical resistance and good workability due to the addition of a water-reducing superplasticizer. However, for a successful formulation, materials must be carefully studied to ensure their use. This research project aims to characterize all the materials used in the composition of high-performance concrete to serve as a reference in other similar work in Chad. These are the physical, chemical and mechanical characteristics of materials including cement, gravel, sand, superplasticizer and metakaolin, coming from various locations in Chad. After analysis, the characteristics of these materials are satisfactory and comply with international standards and hence favorable for the composition of high-performance and sustainable concretes.

Artificial intelligence governance model in personalized e-Learning

Olivier, Petey Kragbi — 2025-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article proposes a governance model for the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the context of personalized e-learning. The main objective is to frame the integration of AI in order to maximize its benefits, such as the personalization of learning, while minimizing the associated risks, including algorithmic bias, the protection of per-sonal data, and the transparency of decision making processes. These associated risks remain a significant challenge to be met. The approach consisted of relying on the ISACA COBIT 5 information system governance framework in order to propose a model that highlights the governance processes, objectives, and actions. The governance model presented is composed of several key elements, including transparency, fairness, data security, and continuous improvement, which are essential for effective AI management. It proposes guidelines to align AI with the strategic objectives of educational institutions, thus ensuring an ethical and responsible use of AI technologies in e-learning. This work also highlights the importance of an integrated approach to AI governance, where risks are controlled and benefits are optimized. The conclusions drawn show that, although ambitious, such a governance framework is essential to build trust among users and stakeholders, while ensuring learning that is more tailored to the individual needs of students. Finally, this suggested governance model will need to be continuously refined and adapted as the technology evolves, and calls for future research to test and validate the model in real-world contexts.

Assessment of the nutritional quality of fodder grasses on managed sylvo-pastoral sites in the Ouallam, Niger department

Abdou, Ousseini Moussa — 2025-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Niger, land used for silvo-pastoral purposes has for many years been the subject of restoration work with a view to strengthening the resilience of local populations. The aim of this study is to investigate the quality of fodder species in sylvo-pastoral sites developed on plateaux. The approach consisted of sampling and analysing the dominant species. A total of 19 samples of different species were taken. The parameters determined were dry matter (DM), mineral matter (MM), organic matter (OM), fat matter (FM), total protein or nitrogenous matter (TNM) and crude fibre (CF). The fodder value (FV) and digestible nitrogen matter (DNM) were deducted. The DM, MM, OM, FM, TNM and CF content varied respectively from 95.30 to 97.17%; from 5.11 to 16.68%; from 78.02 to 94.89%; from 1.71 to 12.21%; from 4.03 to 15.41%; and from 17.68 to 37.26% of fodder dry matter. The FV and DNM values ranged from 0.35 to 0.67 F.U/KgDM and from 19.70 to 90.70 g/KgDM respectively. Poaceae, which dominate the forage, are the lowest in protein and have a high cellulose content.

Management of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in Africa, case of West Africa: A systematic review of the control methods used, challenges and perspectives

TAPSOBA, Flavie W. — 2025-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith) is native to America and was first reported in several African countries in 2016. It is an insect that mainly attacks maize plants and can cause significant yield losses in the absence of protection methods. This situation poses a threat to agriculture and the economy of African countries. Given the extent of the damage and losses caused by this pest, a systematic review was carried out through literature searches. This research made it possible to collect necessary information on the biology and ecology of the armyworm. Similarly, several pest control strategies were listed in this article. Among these strategies, integrated pest management is the best control option to minimize the impact of this pest. In addition, this article reviews the challenges to be faced in the control of this pest.

Spatiotemporal Modelling of Soil Erosion in the Sassandra Watershed (Côte d’Ivoire, Western Africa)

N’Goran, Kouadio Euclide — 2025-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Soil erosion is a natural process with worrying environmental and socio-economic consequences in watersheds. A quantitative and spatiotemporal assessment of this phenomenon is imperative and must be taken into account for integrated management of the Sassandra catchment. LANDSAT Satellite images, rainfall data, the digital elevation model, soil data, Geographic Information System (GIS) software and the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) were used to assess annual soil losses in the Sassandra catchment for the years 1986, 2002 and 2022. The results of the study show that soil erosion is increasing in the Sassandra catchment. The average soil losses obtained are 27, 37 and 39 million t/ha/yr respectively for the years 1986, 2002 and 2022.

Nutritional status of children aged 6-59 months in Internal Displaced Persons sites in North-Kivu Province, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo

Kamukehere, Jean Marie Muhindo — 2025-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Malnutrition is a health problem among children under 5 living in Internally displaced populations camps. These children are at high risk of malnutrition because of inadequate nutrition and poor care practices, which increase their vulnerability to all forms of malnutrition. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of different types of malnutrition in children aged 6-59 months living in Internally Displaced Populations camp in North-Kivu Province, in the east of the Democratic Republic of Congo. This is a descriptive survey of children aged 6-59 months living in Internally Displaced populations sites selected from displaced households using two-stage cluster sampling. Anthropometric measurements and the calculation of anthropometric indices for the sampled children were carried out using the World Health Organization’s 2006 growth standards. The results showed that 7.0% were emaciated, 21.4% underweight and 45.5% stunted. Children aged 24-59 months showed a high prevalence of all types of malnutrition. Males were more affected, and one of the three camps had a high prevalence of chronic malnutrition. Several of the studies cited also showed high prevalences, but this differed according to each environment. Interventions focusing on promotion, prevention and food security will need to be carried out to improve the nutritional status of internally displaced children.

Digitalization in Moroccan agriculture: A lever to combine economic performance and environmental sustainability

MAA, Fettouma — 2025-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Morocco’s agricultural sector, which is essential to the economy, faces major challenges such as population growth and the effects of climate change. Digitalization is a promising solution to improve productivity, optimize yields, reduce environmental impact and better manage natural resources. By integrating technologies such as precision agriculture and smart irrigation, it becomes possible to maximize efficiency while reducing the ecological footprint. Training farmers in these digital tools plays a crucial role, improving the use of inputs and promoting more efficient water management. However, access to this training remains a significant barrier, especially for small farms, which often lack the resources to benefit from these innovations. This article aims to analyze how digitalization can reconcile economic performance and sustainability in the Moroccan agricultural sector, while identifying the levers to be activated to facilitate the adoption of these technologies.

The formation of the football field in Senegal: Issues and functions (1960-2002)

Dieng, Hameth — 2025-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study examines the development of the domain of football, the representations attached to it, and the functions it fulfilled between 1960 and 2002. The research aims to elucidate how an activity initially perceived as trivial gradually acquired cultural significance, ultimately functioning as a structured social space. At what precise moment did a distinct field, with its own operational rules, personnel, and stakes, come into existence? This approach is essential, as it reveals the profound impact of social, cultural, and political processes on the establishment of this space. To investigate the formation of the football domain in Senegal, the study predominantly utilizes a diachronic and synchronic analysis of a documentary corpus, which includes academic research and newspaper clippings covering the specified period. This documentary analysis is further enriched by interviews conducted within each defined temporal sequence. The study identifies four distinct phases in the process of forming and consolidating the football field in Senegal. Findings indicate that a unique space dedicated to this sport emerged, establishing principles and criteria that serve to classify and stratify individuals within society. As football gained legitimacy, its influence extended significantly over citizens’ daily lives, as well as over the strategies of public authorities, individuals, and groups. It has evolved into a primary consensual platform, fulfilling vital political and social functions, while constructing new social representations associated with football’s societal status.

Teachers’ knowledge of the competency-based approach (APC) and its application in the Medical Technical Institutes of the province of Sud-Ubangi, DRC

Jupis, ETOMBO wa LINGOMBELE — 2025-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The concept of the Competency-Based Approach (CBA) is far from being fully stabilized. It is understood in very different ways and translated through a number of variants in training curricula. There is a lack of support and involvement of teaching staff in secondary health sciences schools (ITM and IEM) in the implementation of the reform. So the CBA appears and remains as a slogan. This study aims to assess teachers' knowledge of the Competency-Based Approach and its application in the ITM/IEM of the province of Sud-Ubangi. This is a descriptive study. The data were collected using the survey method with the interview technique from 61 teachers in 4 schools including the ITM Salisa/Libenge, Molende/Tandala, Tobongisa/Banga-Bola, Saint Joseph/Bokonge. Graduate teachers dominate with 51% having done, for nearly 31% the hospital sector (19/61), followed by those who have done teaching and Administration in Nursing with 18% (11/61), then doctors with 13% (8/61). Teachers have enough knowledge on the APC but have not been formally trained. They accuse gaps in the use of educational documents in particular training and evaluation references. They sometimes use skills references. They certify a significant insufficiency of materials for the correct application of the APC. They are partially integrated into a pedagogy focused on the APC. This lack of impregnation of the teachers surveyed is linked to the lack of continuing training; the lack of mastery of the different methods used in APC and the insufficiency of educational documents, the lack of support on the APC during the school year and the bonus for mediocre services. A contextualization of the implementation of the APC is essential as an appropriate solution with continuing training and the development of a set of efficient monitoring and support strategies can contribute to the integration of the APC and the improvement of the quality of training of learners according to the standards of the health sciences education department.

Nutritional and toxic values, physicochemical parameters of the fat of termites consumed in Kisangani and Mbuji-Mayi and physicochemical parameters of the soils of the sites studied (DR Congo)

Kabongo, Katembua — 2025-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The nutritional value and physicochemical characteristics of the fat extracted from the flour of dried termites and sold in the market of Kisangani and Mbuji-Mayi and those of the soils of DR Congo. It emerges from this study that termites contain good values in proteins, lipids, raw ash, minerals. The fat contains good values in fatty acids (Palmitic Acid, Oleic Acid, Linoleic Acid and Stearic Acid and good physicochemical characteristics. These termites do not contain any toxic substance. Therefore the population of DR Congo can consume these termites without any fear. The soils of Kisangani and Mbuji-Mayi contain good physicochemical characteristics. The qualitative analysis of the fat revealed the presence of vitamins A, E, D for the termites of two sites.

CSR in DR Congo: An exit from the reform impasse imposed in war time ? Towards a corporate societal responsibility policy

Ntamwenge, Corneille — 2025-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The study does not concern the acts and practices of full dispossession, nor pernicious societal degradations identified. It rather focusses on the issue of CSR in the Congo, examining evolution of implementating notions of societal responsibility and codes of ethics in the enterprises that operate on Congolese territory. Its purpose has three interlinked aims. The first one concerns the conception and definition of CSR in the Congo, while the second, the potential existence of a CSR policy for all Congolese companies. Results collected at this level straightly imply following question, the third aim of the study. How to proceed in designing and establishing relevant corporate societal responsibility policy in the Congo ? The treatment of this issue has highlighted the major function of legislation and business ethics (BE) in CSR policy in the 21st Century. The study thus presents itself as a pressing call for designing a CSR policy for all active enterprises on the Congolese territory. The reflections and analyses of this study are divided into six sections: (1) introduction, (2) legal framework for CSR in the Congo, (3) Congolese experience of CSR, (4) CSR definition, (5) history of BE and CSR, and (6) conclusive remarks. The contribution of business ethics has shed light on the study upon three themes: CSR, institutionalization of ethics, and implementation of CSR policies.

The Inheritance Rights of the Surving Spouse in an Unregisered Mariage under Congolese Law

MUTOMBO, Robert LUSUNGU — 2025-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Death is a universal and inescapable phenomenon. It comes knocking at everyone’s door, unasked for and sometimes when we least expect it. In the aftermath of death, many people have questions about the legal and tax aspects of inheritance. Indeed, the death of a person has a number of legal effects, including the transfer of his or her estate to heirs and legatees. Where the deceased was married, a surviving spouse is entitled to inherit the estate. The aim of this article is to develop the study of the protection of the surviving spouse in Congolese family law. To achieve our objectives, we have used legal, historical, comparative and sociological methods. In this study, we have found that, in matters of succession, the Congolese legislator of the Family Code has demonstrated the need to depart somewhat from tradition, the better to depart from custom. It should be noted that the Family Code represents a complete break with all our customs in this area. Thus, the same Family Code grants the surviving spouse usufruct of the house inhabited by the spouses, the furniture, half of the usufruct of the adjoining land that the occupant of the house personally farmed, as well as the related business.

Antifungal activity of Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf powder on fungal contaminants isolated from Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) seeds during postharvest storage

Naka, Touré — 2025-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

In sub-Saharan Africa in general and in Côte d’Ivoire in particular, post-harvest losses of agricultural products are still a major problem. It is with this in mind that this study was conducted to identify the fungal flora of cowpea seeds intended for human consumption and to evaluate the activity of neem leaf powder on this flora. Thus, four batches of cowpea were purchased in the three main markets of Korhogo. At T = 0 week, nine Petri dishes with Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol were inoculated with the batch of untreated cowpea seeds. Each Petri dish was then incubated at 30 ° C for five days. We also proceeded in the same way, with the seeds treated at a rate of one culture per week for 21 days. At T = 5 days, three fungi were isolated and identified at varying percentages of occurrence: Aspergillus flavus (34.79%), Aspergillus niger (32.95%) and Rhizopus solinifer (6.79%). The evaluation of neem leaf powder showed its ability to inhibit the fungal growth of pathogens isolated from cowpea seeds. The leaf powder therefore has properties that can be used for the conservation of cowpea seeds.

Phenotypic characterization of some antibiotic-resistant bacteria isolated from various samples of patients and sensitivity to functional foods in Kisangani (Tshopo Province, DR Congo)

Okenge, Jules Lokonga — 2025-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present study focused on Phenotypic characterization of some antibiotic-resistant bacteria isolated from various samples of patients and sensitivity to functional foods, in Kisagani (Tshopo Province) DR Congo. The main objective was to make the phenotypic characterization of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and to test their sensitivity to functional foods (Zingiber officinale; Solanum lycopersicum; Myristica fragrans; Apium graveolens; Carica papaya; Syzygium aromaticum and Curcuma longa). In order to achieve our objectives, the morphological tests (gram shape and coloration), biochemical tests (Indole-Urease Mobility test; Kligler; Simmons citrate; catalase and coagulase, H2S tests) and the sensitivity test (Aromatogram) were realized. At the end of the experiments carried out, the results related to the phenotypic characterization (morphological and biochemical) show that: - All Enterobacteriaceae were Gram-negative bacilli and the following species were identified (Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi A, Shigella sonei, Escherichia coli, Shigella spp, Serratia spp, Citrobacter diversus). - The lactobacilli were gram-positive streptobacilli, consisting of lactobacillus spp. - The staphylococci were Gram-positive consisting of the species Staphylococcus aureus. It appears from the sensitivity test that, among the different extracts of functional foods, the ethanolic extracts are more effective than the ethereal and crude concentrated extracts. The diameters of the highest zones of inhibition vary from 13 mm to 22 mm (13 mm in enterobacteriaceae respectively on the strains (S23; S26; S28; S68; S72 and S74), 14 mm in staphylococci, on the strain 1/16 and 22 mm in lactobacilli on strains S10 and S55), this was obtained with the ethanolic extract of Syzygium aromaticum. The concentrated, ethanolic, ether and crude extracts of Apium graveolens did not exert any antibacterial activity on all the bacteria tested.

The international community and the commemoration of the 1994 Rwandan genocide

Lucien, Sadiki Nyembo — 2025-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

On Sunday, April 7, 2023, Rwanda commemorated the 30th anniversary of the 1990 Tutsi genocide. This genocide was triggered following the assassination of Rwandan President Juvénal Habyarimana in April 1994. In less than 100 days, at least 500,000 and probably more than 800,000 people, men, women, and children, mostly Tutsi, were murdered. Starting in 2003, the United Nations General Assembly decided to officially proclaim April 7 as the «International Day of Reflection on the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda.» Since then, commemorations of the Rwandan genocide have been held internationally every April 7th. This commemoration is seen by the international community as a means to eradicate the ideology of genocide. It is also seen as a means to prevent any genocide as it provides an opportunity for the international community to engage in ongoing reflection on genocide, its consequences, and strategies for its prevention and eradication. Finally, it is with the aim of renewing the collective commitment to protect and defend fundamental human rights that the international community is obliged to observe the International Day of Reflection on the Genocide of the Tutsi in Rwanda in 1994. This International Day is a day on which the international community commits to standing united against all forms of hatred and discrimination around the world.

Molecular identification of the causal agents of mango anthracnose disease in North Côte d’Ivoire

Ghislaine, Kouadjo Claude — 2025-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Anthracnose disease of mango contributes to a huge loss of mango fruits in côte d’Ivoire. This disease is the main pre- and post-harvest fungal disease infecting mango trees worldwide, and represents the 2nd major constraint to mango production and export in Côte d’Ivoire. However, information on the causal agent of this disease in Côte d’Ivoire remains scarse but présuméd to be Colletotrichum gloeosporioides as reported in early studies that were based on morphological characteristics. Since emerging information evidenced on one hand a possible intraspecific diversity within Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and on the other the existence of other emerging anthracnose causing agents, it was important to thoroughly identify these in North Côte d’Ivoire one of the main mango growing region. 41 fungal isolates were collected from diseased mango fruits in North Côte d’Ivoire, of which forty were morphologically identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and one as Fusarium sp. Further molecular studies using ITS identified Colletotrichum gloeosporioides exhibiting an intraspecific diversity and Fusarium concentricum as the causal agents of anthracnose disease in mango in North Côte d’Ivoire.

Anthropometric profile of obesity in adults in rural Ivorian areas: A cross-sectional study in the sub-prefecture of Sikensi

Theresa, Adou Kock Hélène Dorine — 2025-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The prevalence of obesity is steadily increasing and varies across studied populations. In Côte d’Ivoire, data on obesity among adults in rural areas are scarce. This study aimed to determine the anthropometric characteristics of obese individuals aged 18 to 60 years in a rural setting. A descriptive cross-sectional study with prospective data collection was conducted from April 23 to June 25, 2023. A total of 156 obese adult subjects, of melanodermic phenotype and with obesity defined by body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference, were recruited from two villages in the sub-prefecture of Sikensi. Measurements of age, body mass, height, waist circumference, blood pressure, and heart rate were taken at the participants’ homes. The mean age of the subjects was 38.6 ± 0.7 years. The studied obese population had a mean BMI of 35.1 ± 0.4 kg/m2 and a mean waist circumference of 104 ± 1 cm. Among the 156 subjects, 61.5% had grade 1 obesity, 23.7% had grade 2 obesity, and 14.7% had grade 3 obesity. Additionally, 66.02% of women and 28.2% of men had android obesity. The association of BMI and waist circumference indicated 61.2% with grade 1 obesity, 24.5% with grade 2, and 14.3% with grade 3. The prevalence of hypertension was 14.1% and that of tachycardia was 3.21% within the study population. This study reveals that obesity is indeed prevalent in rural areas within the two villages of Sikensi.

Sustainability of a leached tropical ferruginous soil under different continuous crop residue management methods in a three-year cotton-maize-sorghum rotation in semi-arid areas of West Africa

Bouinzemwendé, Pouya Mathias — 2025-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the semi-arid zones of West Africa, the relationships between organic matter management methods, soil quality who has resulted and cotton production, remains little or poorly known. In a simple non-randomized block design located at Boni in western Burkina Faso, we studied the impact of three organic matter management methods on soil quality and cotton yield over a period of thirty years. The three modes of crop residue management compared were: extensive management, where residues are exported (SI); semi-intensive management (SII); and intensive management of crop residues (SIII), corresponding to compost and recycled manure inputs respectively. The results showed that, over time, cotton yields and rainfall fluctuated almost identically, whatever the crop residue management method. In terms of soil chemical properties, compost (7.16 g.kg-1) and manure (6.75 g.kg-1) reduced the degradation of soil fertility compared with the initial soil (7.70 g.kg-1). Investigation into the determinants of cotton production at farm level showed that the factors controlling cotton yield are major elements (C, N, Pas and Kt), exchangeable bases (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+) and CEC. Regardless of how soil fertility is managed, cultivation has led to a decline in soil fertility. This study served as a reminder of the benefits of good agricultural practices for sustainable soil fertility management.

Dynamics of the vegetation of a savannah protected against fire in Ibi-village in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Ikoleki, Henri Paul Eloma — 2025-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study was carried out at Ibi on the Batéké Plateau in the Democratic Republic of Congo, with the aim of investigating the vegetation dynamics of a savannah subjected to anthropogenic action and burnt every year (protected savannah), in contrast to a savannah put out to pasture, both separated by a transition zone (ecotone or edge) which has not been regularly burnt like the first. To study vegetation dynamics, 30 floristic inventory plots were set up, with 10 plots per savanna type. The sampling plan for our data collection was designed in two periods, in April 2022 during the rainy season and in July of the same year during the dry season. A total of 144 plant species, divided into 23 genera and 40 families, were inventoried. Of the three experimental zones, the edge had the highest biodiversity, with 73 species (50.3%). The protected savannah totaled 36 species, representing 24.8%, compared with 35 species (24.1%) in the protected savannah. It should be noted that the control savannah is dominated by herbaceous plants (Poaceae), since it burns every year. On the other hand, the protected savannah and the fringe, separated from the control savannah by the fact that they have been protected from bush fires, have evolved differently. In both areas, shrub and tree strata dominate, with the presence of gallery forest species such as Alchornea cordifolia, Allophylus africanus, Anthocleista schweinfurthii, Chaetocarpus africanus, Millettia laurentii and others. These strata increase biomass storage capacity through the diameter, height and density of shrub stems.

Characterisation of microbiological and sensory properties of chicken sausage processed with natural preservatives

Diantom, Agoura — 2025-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Poultry meat products especially sausage (hotdogs) is among the fastest growing food commodities on the markets in many parts of the world. In order to fulfil consumer’s desire for healthier chicken sausage, local chickens were used to process low-fat sausage using sunflower oil as pork-fat replacer. Chicken breast meat was extracted, ground, mixed with spices (ginger, garlic, chilli pepper, cloves, thyme, black pepper, white pepper, coriander, rosemary, cumin) which were used to replace the harmful chemical additives. Two different samples unpasteurized and pasteurized sausage were successfully processed. Microbiological and sensory analysis were carried out. The heat significantly decreased the microorganism level up to obtain an acceptable product according to the food quality assessment criteria. The mean score percentage showed that 84.66% of the panellists accepted the local chicken sausage. Purchase power Analysis revealed that more than 81% of the panellists declared that they will buy the product. This research work results successfully created a standardized method of sausage formulation using natural spices as preservatives and which can easily be adopted by households.

Analysis of trends in extreme rainfall in the department of Mono, Republic of Benin (West Africa)

Bessan, Modestine Victoire — 2025-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The study of extreme rainfall events is of paramount importance for socio-economic management and safeguarding. Road infrastructure, population, agricultural activities are among the sectors most affected by these events. To take the measures to reduce the impacts of these events, this work aims to characterize extreme rainfall in the Mono department over the period from 1960 to 2022. Daily rainfall data for the above-mentioned period interval are used. The methods used are: linear regression, generalized extreme values and the return period based on the Gumel formula and the standardized rainfall index. Trends in maximum daily rainfall were also explored for rainfall amounts ≥ 10 mm and 20 mm, 95th, 99th and 99.5th percentiles. In general, a positive trend of the extremes events is observed at the district of Grand-Popo (0,207 mm/year) while in Athieme (˗0,216 mm/year) and Bopa (˗0,114 mm/year), a decrease in these extremes events is evident, but with a slight increase over the department. The return periods between 2 and 5 years have experienced rainfall amounts varying between 80 and 125 mm throughout the department. These results are useful for water resources management and consequently those of agricultural activities as well as climate change adaptation and resilience.

Analysis of the factors determining the adoption of organic cashew production in west region in Burkina Faso

Doamba, W. M. F. Sabine — 2025-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The cashew sector, the second largest agricultural export product in Burkina Faso, is experiencing a shift in practices towards organic production. The objective of this study was to analyze the determining factors in the adoption of organic cashew production. The methodological approach consisted of surveys in the commune of Péni (Burkina Faso). The survey was conducted on a sample of 150 producers taken randomly from the list of members of producer groups. A principal component analysis (PCA) was used to extract the factors. A multiple linear regression was performed to assess the dependencies between the participation indicators and the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of the respondents. The results showed that the sample is made up of 99% indigenous people, including 67% men and 31% women. The adoption of organic cashew production is highly dependent on factors related to consumers (consumer demand for health quality, awareness of the dangers of pesticides), the economic environment and the organization of producers (low purchasing power of producers, high cost and fluctuation of input prices, search for autonomy from firms, organization in cooperatives, etc.). In addition, the adoption of organic cashew production also depends very significantly on socio-economic and demographic characteristics (gender, ethnicity and residence status). Consequently, the adoption of organic farming at the cashew level is undoubtedly the result of the combination of socio-economic factors, the characteristics of producers and all conditioned by the mode of access and management of local land.

Sustainable Aquaculture Development Strategy for Niger Towards 2035: A Review

Hassane, Mahamadou Issoufou — 2025-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper highlights the potential of fisheries and aquaculture in addressing challenges such as poverty, food insecurity, population growth, and environmental degradation in Niger. With the population expected to reach 38 million by 2035, there is a need to develop strategies to ensure food security and reduce poverty in the nation. The focus is on strengthening communities to seize new opportunities and increase resilience while also improving the ecosystems they depend on. Niger is currently one of the poorest nations globally, but the development of aquaculture and fisheries could significantly contribute to economic growth through exports, job creation, and income generation for rural families. Our vision is to raise the amount of fish available for consumption and supply so that by 2035, Niger’s per capita fish consumption will have increased from 0,9 kg in 2022 to 15 kg, which is closer to the average annual per capita intake of 17.8 kg worldwide. Accordingly, Niger’s overall fish production must rise from 48,170 tonnes in 2022 to 500,000 tonnes by 2035. The key strategies include enhancing inland fisheries and adopting low-cost aquaculture technologies to establish aquaculture sector by 2035.

Flavonoid profile of two antihypertensive extracts of Trema orientalis Blume leaves (Cannabaceae)

MILANDOU, Longin Justin Clair BONAZABA — 2025-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

In order to promote congolese plants with antihypertensive properties, two hypotensive (antihypertensive) extracts of Trema orientalis B. leaves were selected in order to know their flavonoid profiles. Therefore, these extracts were prepared and underwent bioguided fractionations until the isolation of the compounds on silica gel. These ethanolic and aqueous extracts presented similar characteristics (appearance, solubility in polar solvents, color of spots at UV 365 nm, frontal ratio). Five compounds were isolated from these extracts of Trema orientalis leaves. The analytical data of these compounds show a similarity of physical and chemical characteristics. These compounds presented in NMR1H the same basic structure of the flavonoid type, 5,7,4’-trihydroxyl-2,3-dihydroflavonol (Kaempferol) or 5,7,4’-trihydroxyl-2,3-dihydroisoflavonol of gross formula C15H12O6 and differ on their osidic part. Therefore, the definitive structural determination of these compounds must be confirmed by other more in-depth analyses. They will allow to valorize this plant by the production of phytoproducts rich in flavonoids antihypertensive and with oxidizing power.

Value chain analysis of Hyphaene thebaica leaves of Goulbi N’kaba

Mamadou, ADAM — 2025-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Goulbi N’kaba field tree is the most important area for the exploitation and processing of Hyphaene thebaica products in Niger. It offers a good job opportunity to several actors and through the added value generated procures them revenues. This study aims to analyze the main links in the marketing of doum tree-based products. The methodology consisted of collecting data by focus groups and individual interviews, using interview guides and questionnaires to nearly one hundred main actors exploiting leaves, operating in villages, markets, and Goulbi N’Kaba leaf counters. The results show that the doum tree value chain revolves around the leaves and ripe fruits. These are processed into various products and craft items, of which mat weaving is the most remunerative activity. The products are marketed by links in traditional markets but also at the leaf counters. These activities create added value of 5.40% for leaf operators, 13.6% for craftsmen and 81% for traders, especially wholesalers. The 10% taxes collected at the leaf counters should generate substantial resources used to finance development projects within the communities in charge of the management of the field of doum tree of Goulbi N’kaba.

Effects of the genetic origin of the pollen grain on the technological, physical and sensory qualities of commercial cocoa beans in the Loh-Djiboua region (Ivory Coast)

Assi, Attiapo Pépin — 2025-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

A study was carried out in order to determine the effect of crossbreeding of the best cocoa clones through manual pollination on technological, physical, and sensory qualities. The trials of this study were conducted in three cocoa seed fields within the National Center for Agricultural Research (CNRA) station in Divo, Côte d’Ivoire. The plant material used for this study consisted of nine (9) hybrid families resulting from a 3 x 3 factorial design involving three female parents (T79/501, C20 and UPA409) and three male parents (POR, IMC67 and C151-61), all of which were mutually compatible with each other The number of regular beans and the weight of fresh beans were determined by the pod. The seed size, uniformity, overall flavor, and impurity level were determined for the fermented and dried beans. The evaluation of sensory attributes during a panel was determined after the transformation of cocoa beans into cocoa liquor. The results showed that the crossbreeding of C20 X IMC67 with 49.57 beans obtained the highest number of normal beans The study also showed that the weight of a merchant cocoa bean was greater than 1 g for all the plant material studied The UPA409 X IMC67 was better for the weight of a dry bean and was characterized by a specific aroma. Regarding the organoleptic parameters, aromas whose origin is maternal were the same for all hybrids.

Spatio-temporal dynamics of fodder biomass linked to rainfall fluctuations in the Alibori Department in Benin (West Africa)

Zakari, Soufouyane — 2025-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Alibori is by excellence, a pastoral cattle breeding region subjected to many climatic constraints which block the development of the rural world. This article studied the impact of the pluviometric fluctuations on the fodder production in the Department of Alibori. For that purpose, the Maximum Value Composite (MVC) method was used for the image processing Landsat OLI/TIRS of 2013 and 2014. The follow-up of the fodder production is made through the decadal data during rain seasons by the growth index standardized (ICN). The chi-square test was used for to evaluate the correlation between the values of ICN and precipitations. The MaxEnt model made it possible to evaluate the level of importance of precipitation in the growth of the fodder resources. The average values of the ICN observed in the sudanian domain are higher than those of the sudano-sahelian field. The evolution of the index of standardized growth follows the gradient south-north. One notes overall a relation between the pace of ICN and the pluviometric height during every year and especially for period of growth ranging between May at September. The studied fodder herbaceous species develop better when monthly pluviometry oscillates around 20 mm. Monitoring the spatio-temporal dynamics of fodder biomass provided a better account of the annual production of crops and pastures, thus making it possible to implement strategies in the spatial mobility of the cattle herd.

A Hybrid Scheduling Algorithm for Reducing Average Waiting Time of Processes in Wireless Sensor Nodes

Kapila, Deepak — 2024-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Wireless networks generally contain a large number of sensors, which are arbitrarily and densely located. These networks find use in various applications such as process management, health care monitoring, traffic analysis, and industrial process monitoring. Scheduling is commonly a technique which is used for controlling the process order of a Computer CPU. In wireless sensor networks for reducing the sensor’s energy consumption and terminal delays, scheduling plays an important role for a choice of data packets like real-time data packets and non-real time data packets. Scheduling algorithms for instance First Come First Serve, preemptive and non-preemptive priority algorithms puts large processing overhead and long terminal delays in data transmission. The development of packet scheduling algorithms can efficiently improve the delivery of packets between various wireless links in wireless networks. With the use of algorithms like packet scheduling, quality of service can be assured and transmission rate can be improved for wireless sensor networks. This paper fundamentally focuses on the wireless sensor network nodes as for each node the process execution requires the minimum reach to target. In this work the First Come First Serve Algorithm and Priority Scheduling algorithm has been applied for calculating the end-to-end delay. It can further be used for combining the coverage area for next processes. Shortest Job First (SJF) scheduling algorithm is then applied for finding the execution time on the basis of priority time reduction. Finally, a contrast of end-to-end delay with process execution time is done.

Uses of information and communication technologies (ICT) and digitalization of judicial administration in Togo: Case study of the Kara court

Essossinam, Adjeta — 2024-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Information and communication technologies (ICT), as a means of disseminating and transmitting information, have conquered the whole world through their role and function within society. The aim of this research is to describe the role of ICT in the modernization of the justice system. Achieving this objective by combining a mixed methodology, through a triangulation of methods and tools with 99 Internet users, has enabled us to show that ICT has had a positive effect on digitization, as these tools have been used to disseminate information and speed up case processing. From these results, we can see that ICTs have made advances in the functioning of the justice system, even if others perceive it as complicated because it’s not adapted to their reality. But we can say that innovation was a fundamental reality to save justice from its ills.

Determinants and socio-economic logic of peasant practices in corn-producing farms in the Sudanian and Sudano-Sahelian zones of Burkina Faso

Eric, Ouédraogo — 2024-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

In maize-producing farms in the Sudanian and Sudano-Sahelian zones of Burkina Faso, the factors that guide the choice of peasant practices are linked to the type of maize field and the socio-economic conditions of farmers. The study conducted in 2020 aimed to identify the determinants and socio-economic logics of the choice of peasant practices in maize-producing farms. Data were collected from 100 farm heads in four (4) villages: Ouroubonon, Dio, Waly and Sangoulema. Stratified sampling made it possible to randomly select maize farms regardless of their number in the villages concerned. Variables of socio-economic characteristics and cropping systems were collected and then multiple correspondence and frequency analyses were carried out. The study showed that the socio-economic factors that best discriminate the choice of farming practices are age, level of education and/or literacy, household size and number of agricultural workers. The farmers of the three types of fields are divided into different age groups. However, those in the 30 to 40 and 40 to 56 age groups are the most numerous and represented in all fields. The 40 to 56 age group includes the largest proportion of farmers regardless of the type of field. The youngest and oldest farmers are found exclusively in village and bush fields. Farmers in these last two types of fields have larger households and agricultural assets. Investment costs per hectare for the purchase of NPK fertilizers and urea are higher in village fields than in hut and bush fields. The recommended doses of organic and mineral manure are applied only in village fields by some groups of farmers. However, the lowest doses are found in bush fields with non-recommended application methods.

Floristic diversity of the classified forest of Niégré (South-West) of the Ivory Coast

N’Guessan, Anny Estelle — 2024-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present study was initiated to contribute to the sustainable management of the Niégré classified forest. It analyzed the floristic diversity, vegetation structure and conservation value of this forest. The methodology used consisted in randomly installing 100 m x 20 m (2,000 m2) plots in each biotope (old-growth forest, 1-10 year-old fallow, 11-19 year-old fallow, 20-30 year-old fallow and 30+ year-old fallow). In each plot, chest height diameter (CHD) and height measurements were taken for all woody species 2.5 cm and over. A total of 419 species in 286 genera and 92 families were recorded. The most important families are Fabaceae, Rubiaceae and Euphorbiaceae. The flora of this forest is also characterized by the presence of special-status species (55), two of which are endemic to Côte d’Ivoire. This work also shows that stand composition and structure parameters increase with the age of the fallow. Efforts to conserve the endemic, rare and endangered species of the Niégré classified forest must be a top priority.

Analysis of a 30/6.6 kV and 30/20 kV distribution network management indicator for LIMINGA substation in DRC

Gilles, MIENANDI NE SAMBA — 2024-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The LIMINGA substation in the municipality of LIMETE, one of the three nodes of the City of KINSHASA’s HV distribution network, is experiencing operating difficulties due in particular to the absence of an optimal planning sheet, capable of concretely defining the priority areas for intervention. This substation is a key facility in the city, supplying power to the communes of LIMETE, LEMBA, MASINA, MATETE, KINSESO MAKALA, NGABA, KIMBANSEKE, N’DJILI and NGALIEMA. It is therefore of paramount interest to analyze the operating parameters of its 30/6.6 kV and 30/20 kV distribution network in this entity, in order to avoid the alarming situation of load shedding, black pockets and lack of electricity that the population of these communes is often confronted with on a daily basis.

Decision-making autonomy and free and informed consent of women for access to reproductive health care: Contribution of socio-economic theory in the community setting in the N’DJILI health zone

Bertine, Mbongopasi Ekeni — 2024-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The article entitled: Women’s decision-making autonomy and free and informed consent for access to reproductive health care: contribution of socio-economic theory in the community of the N’djili Health Zone in Kinshasa / Democratic Republic of Congo aims to analyze the factors influencing women’s decision-making. Their autonomy and their capacity to give informed consent to access reproductive health care. The central question is rooted in the desire to understand how cultural norms and socio-economic conditions shape women’s choices regarding their reproductive health, integrating socio-economic theory to contextualize these experiences (Sen, 2022). Our research revealed that many women in the N’djili community experienced difficulties in exercising their decision-making autonomy in reproductive health, which compromised their capacity to give informed consent (Benson et al. 2020). Furthermore, the lack of information and awareness about reproductive health rights and options contributes to the maintenance of existing inequalities (WHO, 2018). By integrating socio-economic theory, this study demonstrates that education and economic resources are crucial determinants in promoting women’s autonomy (Fathallah et al. 2021). It is therefore imperative to develop educational and awareness programs that not only inform women of their rights, but also involve the community and health professionals to promote sustainable change.

Study of the factors influencing the contamination of water resources in agricultural environments in the Agboville department (South-East of Côte d’Ivoire)

OROU, Kotchi Rodrigue — 2024-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The increase in agricultural production is accompanied by a growth in the use of plant protection products, with inappropriate use of doses and frequency of treatment, leading to negative effects on the environment and human health. The aim of this study is to identify the parameters that contribute to the deterioration of surface and groundwater quality in agricultural environments in the department of Agboville. The methodology involved studying the relationships between chemical elements indicative of agricultural contamination and pesticide residues measured in the water sampled. The results show that more than half (52%) of the water points sampled were surface water and 48% were groundwater. In the rainy season, 68% of water points have an NO3- concentration > 10 mg/L and in the dry season, 85% of water points have an NO3- concentration > 10 mg/L. Nitrates come mainly from leaching from agricultural land and the decomposition of organic matter. High concentrations of herbicides (glyphosate: 0,52 µg/L and glyphosate isopropylamine salt: 0,30 µg/L) were detected in water from rubber plantations and rice fields, while high levels of insecticides (deltamethrin: 0,3 µg/L and chlorpyrifos-ethyl: 0,4 µg/L) were observed in water from market gardens. Water points located inside and/or near old plantations (over 15 years old) are the most contaminated. Surface water is more contaminated than groundwater, and contamination is greater in the rainy season than in the dry season.

Family as an ecosystem for education in youth entrepreneurship in the DRC: A look back at the entrepreneurial experience of an 11-year-old child

Jean-René, Galekwa Vundawe — 2024-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

This research explores the role of the family as an ecosystem for youth entrepreneurship education in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), focusing on the entrepreneurial experience of an 11-year-old child. The central question is how the family, as an educational ecosystem, fosters the development of youth entrepreneurship in the DRC. The aim of this study is to analyze the role of the family as an ecosystem for youth entrepreneurship education in the DRC, using the example of an 11-year-old child. The results highlight children’s roles in entrepreneurial experiences, the nature of the entrepreneurship initiated, the entrepreneurial skills and values developed, the influence of the family environment on children’s entrepreneurial education, and the challenges of family entrepreneurial education. This study sheds valuable light on the central role of the family in the development of the entrepreneurial spirit in young people.

Interpretation of gravity data and contribution to the structural study of the Bilma Block (Termit Basin, eastern Niger)

Amadou, Abdourhmane Halidou — 2024-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present study aims to improve knowledge of the structure of the Bilma block based on the interpretation of gravity anomaly maps. Three filtering methods were applied: upward continuation, horizontal gradient and Euler deconvolution. The analysis of the residual anomaly map upwarded allowed us to understand the behavior of gravity anomalies at the different applied altitudes. The negative anomalies thus resist to the various continuations, unlike the positive ones anomalies. The horizontal gradient method also allowed us to identify and highlight gravity lineaments that may be associated with faults already recognized by geological and geophysical studies. Those faults are responsible for the structuration of the Bilma block and are organized into three families of directions: NW-SE, NNW-SSE and NE-SW, with a prevalence of the NW-SE direction. Finally, the estimated depths by using Euler deconvolution calculations exceed 3 km for the deepest density sources and they are less than 1 km for the shallower ones sources.

Weight and economic performance of goats in village fattening: Influence of choice of animal and duration

Ibrahim, Adamou Karimou — 2024-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The general aim of this study, which focused on goat fattening, was to investigate, as an initial trial, the weight performance of goats, about which very little is known, with a view to developing sustainable technical and economic proposals for extensive Sahelian farming systems. The methodology was based on weekly measurements of the bucks’ weight performance in an experimental batch of 11 bucks fed a ration based on local feed resources and a control batch. The control lot was monitored in parallel under the normal conditions of the area’s usual extensive rearing practices. The results showed that the animals in the control batch did not regain weight, with a 3% loss in body weight. In the experimental batch, body weight varied progressively with an average increase of 7 kg per buck. The Consumption Index, which ranged from 6 to 18 kg of dry matter per kg of growth depending on the duration of fattening, shows the sharp efficiency of goats in converting local fodder resources into animal protein. The physical and ethnic characteristics of the animals had a significant influence on their increased economic value. Older, larger and medium-weight Sahelian bucks contributed more to maximising foreign exchange. The average daily gain and gross profit were higher when the duration of fattening was limited to six weeks. After this period, the profit (2047 F CFA on average per billy-goat) fell linearly, resulting only in economic losses from the 9th week onwards. Taking into account the optimum duration and the criteria for choosing the animal will lead to overall improvements in the profitability of fattening goats.

The role of association in achieving sustainable development: Reality and interventions - Case study of Guelmim city (Morocco)

Bellali, Fatma — 2024-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Sustainable development is a shared societal project that requires collective engagement and assuming responsibilities among all actors and stakeholders involved to be implemented effectively. In particular, civil society associations are considered pivotal actors in this implementation. Accordingly, this paper aims to highlight associations’ role and interventions in achieving sustainable development in Guelmim city. Data for this study were collected through a survey questionnaire directed to most of the associations in the city of Guelmim, with a response rate of 80 responses. The results revealed the limited interventions of civil society associations in achieving sustainable development goals, with a major focus on the social dimension.

Design of interactive information and awareness tools/guides: Application to sickle cell disease

Mbourou, Donald Romarick Rotimbo — 2024-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Kobotoolbox is a free online application classically used for data collection. Our work has enabled us to design interactive guides aimed at informing and raising awareness of sickle cell disease (a genetic disorder). The four information and awareness guides are AD1 (Diagnose your child’s sickle cell status), AD2 (Diagnose your hemoglobin status), AD3 (Susceptibility for a couple to give birth to sickle cell children) and AD4 (Diagnose your child’s sickle cell status). Deployed on billions of computers, tablets, phones, including in our NGO, these guides can make a difference.

Novel benzophenone and xanthones from leaves and root bak of Salacia nitida (Benth.) N.E. Br.

NOBA, Assamala — 2024-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Salacia species are widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of several pathologies such as diabetes, liver disorders and skin infections. In Africa, Salacia nitida is used for its beneficial effects against typhoid fever and malaria. However, despite the many traditional uses of this plant, few chemical studies have been carried out on this species. Our study aims to extract, isolate and identify phytocompounds from the leaves and root bark of S. nitida and evaluate their biological potential. Extraction by successive maceration followed by flash chromatography allowed the isolation of five compounds whose structures were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques (NMR and HRMS) and by comparison with literature data. These are two benzophenones, 4’-hydroxy-2,4,6-trimethoxybenzophenone (1) and 4’-hydroxy-2,4,6-trimethoxyphenone-β-D-glucopyranose (2), from leaves, and three xanthones, salacin A (3), salacin B (4) and mangiferin 5 from the root bark of Salacia nitida. Compounds 1 and 5 are already known in the literature. All crude extracts and compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated for their antitrypanosomal activity. Some extracts showed a significant effect on Trypanosoma brucei gambiense.

Effect of Glyphosate Dose on Soil Chemical Characteristics: Case of Four Rural Communes in the Prefecture of N’Zérékoré

Lamah, Paul — 2024-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The study examines the impact of glyphosate doses on the chemical characteristics of soils in four rural communes of the N’Zérékoré Prefecture in Guinea. The objective is to analyze the variations in pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and nutrient levels (K2O, P2O5, CaO, and Na2O) following the application of different glyphosate doses. A complete randomized block design was used, and soil samples were analyzed to determine the agronomic and environmental impacts of this herbicide. The results indicate that the application of high doses of glyphosate significantly affects the pH and CEC, leading to soil acidification and a reduction in its ability to retain nutrients. These observations highlight the importance of managing glyphosate doses to maintain soil health and the sustainability of agricultural practices.

Dynamic of CEC and exchangeable bases influenced by a soudanian forest in hydromorphic soil of Western Burkina Faso

YONI, Moïse — 2024-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The CEC (Cation Exchange Capacity) of a soil represents its capacity to retain and exchange nutrient cations with plant roots. In Sudanese modified natural forests, hydromorphic soils are characterised by a silty-clayey texture and a large specific surface area, which enables them to retain cations in a manner that is distinct from sandy soils. It was hypothesised that the CEC of the topsoil in modified natural forests in western Burkina Faso would demonstrate a significant increase as a consequence of the substantial environmental changes that occurred during the fallow period. To test this hypothesis, a comparison was made between the soil fertility of the forests and fallows and that of the cultivated plots, which were selected as witnesses to the increase. A total of 15 plots were selected, with five plots allocated to each situation. The vegetation and soil characteristics of each plot were documented. Soil samples were taken from the 0-20 cm horizon to create composite samples. The laboratory soil analyses included a number of parameters, including texture, pH in water and KCl solutions, carbon, nitrogen, CEC and exchangeable bases. The observations yielded a classification of the soils as tropical ferruginous hydromorphic soils with iron and manganese sexquioxide. The original materials indicate that the soil is predominantly silty-clayey in composition. The granulometric study demonstrated that the soils exhibited a predominantly silty-clayey texture in the surface horizon. This results in a high retention capacity for exchangeable bases. The woody vegetation of the forests is characterised by a greater diversity and richness of flora than that of fallow land. This has a significant impact on the enhancement of the CEC, due to the replenishment of the soil with plant debris of varying organic compositions. The overall pH is slightly acidic, with a value of 5.98 for pH in water (H2O) and 6.41 for pH in soil. Forest soils exhibit elevated concentrations of carbon (1.48% C) and nitrogen (0.1% N) in comparison to fallow soils (0.65% N, 0.05% N) and agricultural fields (0.34% C, 0.03% N). The observation of chemical balances has identified forests as suitable locations for optimal plant nutrition. In general, forests enhance the CEC and exchangeable bases, despite the values remaining below the recommended threshold for tropical ferruginous hydromorphic soils. It is thus imperative to implement strategies that will foster sustainable agricultural practices and enhance agricultural productivity in this region, where soil nutrients are naturally scarce.

Influence of Morphological Diversity on the Floral Phenology of Phaseolus lunatus L. cultivars in Côte d’Ivoire

Georges, Yao Kouakou Abessika — 2024-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Phaseolus lunatus is a legume rich in protein and essential amino acids, with a notable morphological diversity that influences its floral phenology. The aim of this study was to evaluate the flowering period of four morphotypes and to determine the duration of flower opening. The experiments were carried out at the Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé in Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire. The experimental set-up used was a complete block with 10 plants per morphotype. The results revealed significant variability between morphotypes. Morphotype 3 showed early flowering (79 days), while morphotype 2 was the latest (137 days). Analysis of floral morphology using an optical microscope revealed significant differences between morphotypes in terms of the number of flowers opened and aborted. This study underlines the importance of understanding floral phenology for optimizing P. lunatus production and guiding varietal selection. The variability observed highlights the potential for genetic improvement, in order to develop better-performing varieties that are better adapted to changing climatic conditions.

Evaluation of cowpea varieties for drought tolerance at the Saria experimental station in Burkina Faso

BARRO, Antoine — 2024-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Cowpea, grown for its seeds and haulms in the savannahs of West Africa, is affected by drought. Drought is one of the most damaging constraints to its production with high yield losses. The study conducted at Saria Research Station, in a Fisher block design with two replicates, aimed to identify drought tolerant cowpea varieties. Forty cowpea varieties were screened for drought tolerance in February, under irrigated and non-irrigated regimes. The varieties were evaluated through various variables. Plants grown under non-stressed conditions were watered regularly from sowing to maturity while those under stressed conditions were watered from sowing to flower bud initiation. The varieties showed considerable variability in drought tolerance for the parameters 50% flowering, 95% maturity, 100-seed weight, seed weight, haulm weight and wilting percentage. Water stress had a reducing effect on chlorophyll content, 100-seed weight and seed weight. Stress tolerance index was the best criterion for evaluating genotypes for drought tolerance variability. KVx 402-5-2, 219E and Sarc-1-91-1 showed the best characteristics under both conditions and could be potential parents in the selection of drought tolerant genotypes.

Effect of indoor residual spraying on the entomological parameters of malaria transmission in Nassian, North-East in Côte d’Ivoire

Yapo, Roseline Josée Monsan — 2024-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

To reduce malaria-related morbidity and mortality in Côte d’Ivoire, the National Malaria Control Program selected Indoor Residual Spraying as a complementary strategy to long-lasting insecticide-treated nets widely distributed in the country. As such, the current study was conducted to collect baseline information before IRS from May 2019 to August 2020 and to evaluate its effect on entomological parameters of malaria transmission from September 2020 to August 2021 after the intervention in Nassian, a high malaria endemic district of Côte d’Ivoire. Vectors were identified both morphologically and molecularly. the parity rate and the presence of Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite was determined. A total of 7,401 females of Anopheles were collected, of which 73.4 % before IRS and 26.6 % after IRS. Anopheles gambiae s.s. (85.2 %), An. funestus s.l. (14.2 %), An. nili (0.3%) and of An. pharoensis (0.3%) were collected. In baseline, the mean biting rate of Anopheles gambiae s.s was 17.5 bites/person/night. The mean parity rate was 81.5% with an average entomological inoculation rate of 1.2 infective bites/person/night. However, after IRS implementation, these parameters decreased respectivelly to 6.1 bites/person/night, the parity rate to 69.3 % and the EIR to 0.2 infective bites /person/night. A significant decrease of all entomological parameters was observed after the implementation of the IRS showing the positive effect of IRS on the vectors. However, following monitoring should be required including an epidemiological assessment to support the impact that was observed. This will guide the National Malaria Control Programme for future decision making and advocacy.

Reathletization of a soccer player after ligamentoplasty of the anterior cruciate ligament: Case study

Bèye, Mame Ngoné — 2024-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Both recreational and competitive sports are experiencing growing developments. The traumas related to their practice remain unknown, thus causing a loss of abilities or a definitive stop. It is in this context that the objective of this work is to study the interest of a reathletization program following an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction of the knee in a young footballer from Dakar Sacré Cœur. We first measured the footballer’s thigh circumference. Then we made him undergo Vameval, Crossover hop and Counter movement jump tests to determine respectively his aerobic endurance, the symmetry of the lower limb and his vertical relaxation. Finally, at the end of the seven (7) week reathletization program at the rate of five (5) sessions per week, we re-evaluated the same variables in the footballer. Thus, the comparison of the values recorded before and after the reathletization program revealed an increase in the thigh perimeter of 3 centimeter, the Maximum Aerobic Speed of 1.18 kilometer per hour, oxygen consumption of 4.13 milliliter per kilogram per minute, the percentage of asymmetry of 3.3 percent in the crossover hop test and the vertical jump of 6.74 centimeter in the Counter movement jump test. It emerges from our case study that an adequate reathletization program after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction of the knee allowed our young footballer to recover his thigh perimeter, to rebalance the strength of both limbs, to improve his vertical jump and his maximum aerobic speed.

Cyclostratigraphy analysis in the identification of sedimentary processions in the Abidjan margin

Egoran, Blandine Akissi — 2024-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

At present, little work has been done on the Cyclostratigraphy of the Abidjan margin, so the base level, which is a dynamic surface controlled by factors such as (tectonics, eustatism and climate), represents a very complex environment, which makes it difficult to characterize its rise or fall. This study aims to determine the major lithological ensembles with the evolutionary trends of the logs. The studies carried out concern the analysis of two boreholes located on the Abidjan margin, In this paper, the INPEFA technology of Gamma-Ray logs was used to study the cycle of deposition systems. The negative trend in the INPEFA curve indicates the half-cycle of sea-level decline, the positive trend suggests the rise in sea level of another half-cycle. This allowed us to determine respectively a negative trend, dominated by a positive trend and symmetric cycles (negative trend-positive trend).

Levels of Bank Borrowing Preferences as a Source of Working Capital Finance Needs and the Financial Performance of SMEs in Cameroon

Bongfomo, Vivian Tueam — 2024-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Smes are expected to significantly play a substantial role in stimulating economic development for both developed and developing nations. While their access to bank financing has been widely studied in the empirical literature, the relationship between the levels of bank borrowing and financial performance has received negligible empirical attention. To address this gap, this article examines the relationship between bank borrowing levels as a source of working capital finance needs and the financial performance of SMEs in Cameroon. Specifically, (1) the effect of levels of bank borrowing on the profitability (GPM and ROE) of SMEs, and (2) the effect of levels of bank borrowing on the financial efficiency (OER and ATR) of SMEs in Cameroon. The study made use of the Cameroon World Bank Enterprise survey of 2016. The study’s findings indicate that while increased bank borrowing positively impacts profitability, this effect intensifies from level 1 to level 2, then diminishes from level 3 to level 4. Regarding financial efficiency, SMEs bank borrowing exhibits both positive and negative effects. Specifically, borrowing at levels 1 and 2 enhances financial efficiency, whereas levels 3 and 4 diminish it. These results suggest that SMEs should restrict their bank borrowing to level 2 of their working capital finance needs for optimal financial performance.

Composition, diversity and structure of woody vegetation in SouthWestern Niger

ABDOU, Mourtala YOUNFA — 2024-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Niger, the cumulative effects of successive years of drought and anthropic pressures have resulted in significant declines in the quality and quantity of natural resources. The present study aims to characterize the woody vegetation of the 527261.75ha Dosso Partial Wildlife Reserve. To this end, the analysis highlighted a characterization along the rainfall gradient. Data were collected by radial transect sampling, using floristic surveys and diameter measurements at 1.30 m for trees in 200 plots measuring 50 x 50 m in agrosystems and 50 x 30 m in contracted formations. Diversity indice were calculated on the basis of specific frequencies. The results revealed a woody stand characterized by a floristic richness ranging from 42 to 73 species, with an index varying from 3.86 to 4.74bits. The most dominant families in the sectors are fabaceae (32.87±35.71%) and combretaceae (10.95±19.04%). Microphanerophytes are more abundant (50.7±52.4%), reflecting the shrubby character of this stand. Dendrometric parameters indicate a low stand density (135.8±25.3ft/ha), but with a mean diameter (36.7±9.4cm) and a dominant mean height (11.67m). In the Sudanian and Sahelian domain, the dominant species in terms of importance value index are established. The diametric structure of the individuals fits the Weibull distribution and shows a predominance of young individuals. However, the low proportion of mature individuals suggests, among other things, the existence of anthropic pressures and difficult soil and climatic conditions that prevent individuals from reaching large dimensions. These results provide additional information on the state of the population in the study area, and can be used as a basis for management.

From the imaginary to the real of sustainable development: How to measure progress towards the ideal of sustainable family farming in Africa?

Fernand, Kouamé Kouadio — 2024-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Political-media discourse in favor of sustainable development reflects a widespread awareness of the detrimental effects of human activities on the environment. In capitalist economies, the imaginary of sustainable agriculture is embodied through indicators that measure progress towards sustainability goals. However, the systematic application of these indicators to family farming in Africa poses challenges. This study assesses the sustainability of family farms, using indicators that consider the specificities of family farming. The study adapts the ‘Indicateurs de Durabilité des Exploitations Agricoles’ method and the ‘Charte de l’Agriculture Paysanne’ to family farming in Côte d’Ivoire. It borrows from the first method its integrated structure, and from the latter its principles, close to those of family farming. The study uses Household Living Standards Survey data from 2015. Results show differentiated agricultural sustainability in the agro-ecological zones: in the Sudanian and Sudano-Guinean zones, it is determined by the agro-ecological pillar, with average scores of 23.07 out of 50 (46.14%) and 17.6 out of 50 (35.20%), respectively; in the Guinean zone, it is determined by the socio-territorial pillar, with an average score of 17.9 out of 50 (35.80%). The economic scores - 58%, 62.18% and 56.42% respectively - confirm the major role of family farming in wealth creation. The study recommends agricultural policies that favor the environment and the involvement of farmers in local community life. On theoretical side, it highlights the need for each society to build its own development trajectories.

Analysis of the variations in meteorological conditions favoring the leaf wetness duration of cashew trees in the northern and central-western zones of Côte d’Ivoire

Coulibaly, Kignielman Riflard Luc — 2024-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Leaf wetness duration is a key parameter in agricultural meteorology as it is linked to the epidemiology of many important crops, and to the control of infection rates and pathogen development. This study analyzed the variations in meteorological conditions favoring the leaf wetness duration of cashew trees in two zones of Côte d’Ivoire: Lataha (north) and Vavoua (central-west). Climatic variables such as temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, wind speed, and precipitation were measured over a three-year period. The study reveals that in the northern zone, prolonged leaf wetness periods coincide with high relative humidity, low temperatures, and moderate solar radiation. In Vavoua, relative humidity remains high throughout the year, leading to a longer leaf wetness duration. An inverse correlation between relative humidity and variables such as temperature and solar radiation was observed in both zones, indicating that lower temperatures extend leaf wetness. The results highlight the importance of monitoring meteorological variables to anticipate the risks of foliar diseases and recommend an integrated crop management approach based on rigorous meteorological monitoring to mitigate the climatic impacts on leaf wetness duration.

The effects of developing an oasis basin for sustainable natural resource management in south-eastern Niger

ASSANE, Maigari MALAM — 2024-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The development of an oasis basin is an important component for its sustainable management. The aim of this study is to understand the contribution of oasis basin management to improving the resilience of farmers while guaranteeing sustainable exploitation of the managed basin. The methodology used consisted of comparing a developed site with an undeveloped site by means of an assessment of the herbaceous vegetation, an inventory of achievements and socio-economic surveys. The results show that the developed site has 2.5 times richer in flora than the undeveloped site. This flora is dominated by Poaceae with 58.33% of the 12 families and 42.86% of the 5 families encountered on the developed and undeveloped sites respectively. The herbaceous cover was 87.75% and 16.56%, on the developed site and the control site respectively. On average, a farmer cultivates 0.37 ha in the developed basin, where the agro-biodiversity is made up of 21 species, compared with 0.6 ha in the undeveloped basin with an agro-biodiversity of 9 species. This type of farming generates a positive profit margin of around €1,145.59 and €501.99, on average per farmer, in the developed and undeveloped basins respectively. 100% of the farmers thought that the main effect of the development outside the basin was to reduce erosion, while over 98% thought that it improved farm income inside the basin. The development of a basin is a guarantee of its sustainable exploitation.

Smart Learning Tool for Kids with Real-Time Image Classification

Zaw, Moe Moe — 2024-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Smart Learning Tool for Kids with Real-time Image Classification is an AI-powered educational tool designed to assist young learners in recognizing and identifying objects through real-time image classification. The system captures images using a webcam, processes them through a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model and outputs the corresponding class label. It provides immediate audio feedback by pronouncing the class name in four languages: English, Myanmar, Thai and Chinese. The system aims to enhance kids’ learning experience by engaging multiple senses—visual and auditory—that makes learning interactive and multilingual. The CNN model is trained with custom training data, enabling accurate classification of 12 object classes. This system serves as a smart and user-friendly tool for early childhood education.

Assessment of the quality of water from some wells in remote areas: Case of the Camp Adagbe and Tibona districts

Franck, Yovo — 2024-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Drinking water is the source of domestic wastewater, which mainly degrades the environment and therefore affects the health of those involved in the process because the human body contains about 80%. The lack of information on the quality of well water leads the population of northern Benin, where the problem of drinking water is a real one, to use well water like drinking water without any treatment. This study was undertaken in order to better control the quality of wells waters consumed by the inhabitants of the Camp-Adagbe and Tibona districts in a north of Benin. Qualitative studies based on survey sheets and analyses of physicochemical parameters according to standardized methods were used. The results show that the majority of the population uses well water compared to drilling and SONEB water due to poor coverage of areas with difficult access to drinkable water. The well waters are acidic (pH: 6.47 0.3), turbid (Turb: 67.36 3.70 NTU), coloured (coul: 62.49 12.10 PtCo) and mineral-laden (Conductivity: 962.17±23.51 μS/cm; Ca2+: 75.45±3.46 mg/L; Mg2+: 118.5±1.81 mg/L). The water from the wells in the Camp-Adagbe and Tibona districts contain pathogenic germs such as E.coli (2 CFU) and total coliforms (3 CFU). Therefore, these waters are not suitable for human consumption according to WHO standards and those defined by Benin. It is therefore necessary that certain water from wells in the Camp-Adagbe and Tibona districts be treated before consumption.

The dental prosthesis at the Bamako district hospital

Ba, Ahmed — 2024-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: Uncompensated dental losses are the cause of functional and aesthetic disorders that require prosthetic treatment. The objective of this work was to assess the dental prosthetic rehabilitation needs of adult patients admitted for consultation in the odontostomatology service of the CSREF of Commune I of the district of Bamako. Materials and methods: our study was descriptive and cross-sectional involving 170 subjects admitted to consultations in the odontostomatology service of the CSREF in commune I of the district of Bamako, of both sexes, of adult age. The principle consisted in carrying out an oral and in particular prosthetic examination of each subject in the cabinet. Statistical analysis used SPSS version 21 software. Results: in the sample, the female sex was in the majority with 57.6% and a sex ratio of 0.73 in favor of men. The most represented missing tooth interval was 1 to 3 teeth with 69.7% of the sample in the maxilla and 71.2% in the mandible. Prosthesis wearers were 38.7% in the maxilla and 15.2% in the mandible. The prostheses worn were suitable in 76.5% of cases. The prevalence of the diagnosed therapeutic need was 62.4% PCP in the maxilla and 67.4% PCP in the mandible. But when the patient is asked to formulate a hypothesis of choice; 67.4% will choose the provisional resin PAP in the maxilla and 68.1% will choose the same type prosthesis in the mandible. The reasons may be due to financial constraints and limited access to oral health services for the poor. Conclusion: a better organization of the socio-health care system could facilitate the accessibility of underprivileged populations to prosthetic rehabilitation.

Influence of pollution of the Yamoussoukro lakes watershed on the genetic diversity of ralstonia solanacearum: Implications for tomato productivity in Yamoussoukro

ANOMAN, Tchimonbié Messikély — 2024-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The watershed of the central lake system of the city of Yamoussoukro in Côte d’Ivoire is subject to various forms of pollution. Ralstonia solanacearum (R. solanacearum), responsible for bacterial wilt of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum; 2n=2X=24Chr.), persists in market garden environments and causes tomato yield losses of up to 100%. The aim of this study was to assess the genetic diversity of R. solanacearum, its impact on tomato cultivation in Yamoussoukro, and to obtain genotypes of Solanum lycopersicum resistant to R. solanacearum. Samples of water, soil and wilted tomato plants was collected from June 2022 to August 2023, at six growing sites around three selected lakes. R. solanacearum was isolated on SMSA medium and confirmed by PCR. Genetic diversity of strains was assessed by rep-PCR. Biovar, race and pathogenicity tests were used to assess the virulence levels of strains at each site studied, and to select tomato plants potentially resistant to R. solanacearum. The results showed a significant variation in the incidence and severity of bacterial wilt from one site to another. The 63 R. solanacearum strains isolated and confirmed by PCR belonged mainly to biovar 3 and race 1. Phylogenetic analysis of R. solanacearum showed three distinct groups with around 70% similarity. Two groups was made up solely of strains from Lake E. A single group included all strains from all lakes. Strains from the LacE-Ch2 site showed a particularly high aggressiveness of 88%. Of the 42 tomato cultivars tested in the greenhouse, three showed no symptoms of bacterial wilt.

Activist shareholder and corporate governance: A catalyst for change

GADMI, Mariam — 2024-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The activist shareholder is an investor who seeks to exert a significant influence on the strategic and operational decisions of a company in which they hold stakes. The impact of activist shareholders on corporate governance can be both positive and negative. On one hand, they can contribute to improving transparency, accountability, and decision-making within the company. On the other hand, they can also create tensions and conflicts with other stakeholders, such as executives and employees. Our article aims to demonstrate how corporate governance must strike a balance between the interests of activist shareholders and those of other stakeholders, in order to promote effective and sustainable management of the company, as well as the role of activist shareholders in this governance.

Challenges for an Inclusive Physical and Sports Education in Senegal

Tine, Cheikh Tidiane — 2024-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Inclusive education is a challenge for modern societies and is part of the effort to consolidate the democratisation of education. It is a challenge to the transformation of educational establishments and teaching practices. The study of the issue of inclusion in physical and sports education is based on a methodology involving surveys of teachers and observation of educational practices. Individual semi-directive interviews were combined with the analysis of practices to give greater consistency to the results. The analysis reveals major challenges, including the need to transform the socio-cultural environment, train teachers in the culture of inclusive education and adapt teaching methods to take account of the educational needs of all. The presence of disability in schools may well provide an opportunity to promote innovations in teaching, especially in terms of content and methods. The configuration, operation and practices of educational institutions also need to be adapted to the inclusion paradigm. Schools have not yet capitalised on their experience in terms of singling out pupils and differentiating teaching to make a break with the past and start a real revolution.

For sustainable peace between farmers and breeders in Benin: Lessons learned from the governance of agropastoral infrastructures and resources in the Commune of Banikoara

Alokpaï, Nestor — 2024-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Agriculture and livestock farming are very important in the development of African countries. Cohabitation between farmers and breeders as well as the governance of agropastoral resources and infrastructure remain at the heart of political concerns. However, the numerous actions carried out and the measures taken by the actors have not yet made it possible to definitively put an end to the various conflicts. This research aims to provide an overview of the conflicts and analyze but also and above all to analyze the establishment and management of agropastoral resources and infrastructures present in the commune of Banikoara. It was conducted following a socio-anthropological approach using qualitative research methods and tools. To this end, 178 people were surveyed through individual interviews and focus groups. The results made it possible to highlight the marked and georeferenced passage corridors, the grazing areas, the developed baffles and the livestock markets as the main infrastructures and shared resources which have had a positive impact on the reduction of conflicts. However, several modes of governance of these resources and infrastructures have been noted, the most appreciated of which seems to be community governance, followed by mixed governance and delegated governance depending on the case. These infrastructures as well as their governance strengthen cohesion between the different actors involved in use and management, but at the same time constitute factors of conflict.

Comparison of LSTM and Wavelet Transform-LSTM Models for Temperature Prediction in a part of Congo Basin

Moukodouma, Djes-Fresy Bilenga — 2024-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Currently, the Congo Basin represents the most important center in terms of biodiversity concentration, especially with the increasing deforestation observed in the Amazon. The available climate models are mostly at larger scales, and few of them focus on specific areas of the Congo Basin, such as the locality of Makokou in Gabon. A new approach is therefore needed to predict temperatures changes in this particular region. Although some work focus on temperature prediction, most do not use deep learning algorithms. This contribution aims to compare the predictions of a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model with those from the combination of Wavelet Transform and LSTM (WT-LSTM). The developed LSTM model includes two LSTM layers, two Dropout layers (with a rate of 50 %) and a Dense layer to outpout the predicted value. The WT-LSTM model shows superior results compared to the LSTM model, with a root mean square error of 0.45 °C, a mean absolute error of 0.35 °C, and a Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.97 °C. These results highlight the importance of using advanced approaches to improve climate forecasts in areas crucial for biodiversity conservation. The increased accuracy of predictions could help better anticipate and mitigate the impacts of of local climate change, thereby contributing to the sustainable management of this ecologically sensitive region.

Optimization of the evaluation method of the NVPO2 vaccination campaign (children from 0 to 59 months) March 2024 in the community of N’djili: An integrated and iterative approach (Study conducted in the community of the N’djili Health Zone from March 15 to July 15, 2024)

Ekeni, Bertine Mbongompasi — 2024-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study, we propose a method for optimizing the NVPO2 campaign in the community of N’djili (D.R Congo-Kinshasa). Through an integrated and iterative approach, we analyzed the different dimensions of the influence of the campaign on public health. Our results show significant improvements in the coverage of interventions and better acceptability by the community. To this end, we recommend the adoption of this methodology for future epidemic threat assessments.

Effect of organo-mineral fertilization on Cajanus cajan production in South Benin

Balogoun, Ibouraïman — 2024-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Cajanus cajan is a seed legume grown in tropical areas. Its yield remains low due to the degradation of agricultural land and non-fertilization. This study assessed the effect of mineral and organic fertilizers on Cajanus cajan growth. The study was carried out on ferralitic soil in southern Benin. Four treatments were involved: control treatment (T0 = no fertilizer); T1: 10 g of NPK15-15-15 with 10 g of urea per slash; T2: 10 g of NPK15-15-15 and 10 g of urea per slash combined with organic fertilization; and T3: 5 g of NPK15-15-15 and 5 g of urea per slash combined with organic. Organic fertilizer, consisting of cow dung, was applied as a bottom dressing at a rate of 0.5 kg per slash. The four treatments were set up in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Data on plant height, number of leaves, collar diameter and number of branches were collected on the plants. The results showed that the treatments resulting from the combination of mineral and organic fertilizers significantly (P < 0.01) improved the growth and production of Cajanus cajan. Thus, the use of cow dung combined with NPK15-15-15 and urea as fertilizers for Cajanus cajan improves the growth of this plant species.

The application of geological recognition methods in the research of mineral indices: Case of the Ngungu-Rufufu Sector in Masisi-Nord-Kivu, RD Congo

Mirobolant, Aganze Birindwa — 2024-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Located in the North Kivu province, Masisi territory, Ngungu group, sector of bahemba and locality of Kaseke, the sector is typical of vegetation dominated by grassy savannahs with the main crops: cereals (corn), tubers (cassava, potato, sweet potato), rugged geomorphology containing plateaus dotted with a few hills and mountains and an average hydrographic network. The Ngungu-Rufufu sector is in Kibaro-Burundi. It is located near the lower Kibarian and abounds in metamorphic formations such as schists, phyllites, quartzo-phyllites, various quartzite alternations, granites, etc. Structurally, these formations are oriented NE-SW in the form of a folded chain having undergone shearing with, however, frequent virgations towards the NW. These virgations are much more observed at the west of Lake Kivu and in Maniema. The lower Kibarian was affected by granitic rocks of various types of age 950-1000 Ma, by pegmatite and by various basic rocks, mainly gabbros, diorites and dolerites. At Ngungu-Rufufu, the following lithologies have been identified: Talc sericite Schist, Quartz mica schist, quartzite, pegmatite, kaolinite, granite and «greisen» explained by the absence of feldspar. The Mineralization in the lower Kibarian is associated with acid magmatism mainly in Granite G4, dated at 976 Ma. This granite forms the last member of Kibarian magmatic events. It is red leucogranite with muscovite, tourmaline and garnet. In this regard, our study area is characterized by the mineralization of Sn, Ta and Nb in the pegmatitic and granitic rock, at the Center and the South-West of the sector. The Wolfram (W) and Gold (Au) mineralization is much more pronounced in the quartz vein. The reconnaissance methods used are the geological and topographical survey, Sampling of stream sediments, Cartography of the Galleries which would serve as simulation in the trench study and the Pitting or Wells. Finally, an assessment of tonnage was made according mineral grade.

Sizing of a hybrid energy production system

Bi, Bati Ernest Boya — 2024-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Objective: Since solar energy allows decentralized production of electricity, it can help solve the problem of electrifying isolated sites where a large number of individuals do not have access to energy. This work aims to size a multi-source system for optimal management of the energy produced. Method: We used an energy management strategy that is an algorithm, which determines at each moment the sharing of power between the different components of the system. Findings: The sizing tools allowed us to establish relationships between the powers of the components by simple rules, to define the solar power and the storage volume necessary to meet the demand of a load on a given site. Novelty: This study allowed us to set up an electrical architecture and a control strategy capable of limiting conversion losses and optimizing energy management within the system.

Integration of EEDD approaches in the teaching-learning of natural resources at the final level of Basic Education in RD Congo: Teaching constraints in the town of Bunia (Province of Ituri)

Pascal, Cwinya’ay Wong’a — 2024-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The integration in DR Congo of the pedagogical approaches of Environmental Education and Sustainable Development (EEDD) in the teaching of natural resources at the level of Basic Education constitutes a didactic contribution of great importance during this period when we are witnessing a growing phenomenon of degradation of its natural resources, in particular forest resources and farmland. The present study aims to identify the constraints of teachers in the city of Bunia to integrate EEDD approaches into the lessons on the protection of natural resources provided for in the Life and Earth Sciences (SVT) course programs. The questionnaire survey covered 57 teachers spread across 131 secondary schools. The results show that teachers (100%) do not integrate EEDD approaches into the teaching of natural resources. The major constraints that prevent them from integrating these approaches are pedagogical and organizational. For a better integration of EEDD approaches in the teaching of natural resources, teachers must enroll in continuing professional training in EEDD didactics according to Senn’s didactic models but also according to the didactic approach called «global school approach». Teachers must also be trained on learning and teaching methods based on EEDD, on the epistemological approaches of sustainable development didactics as proposed by Sauvé and Meunier.

Evaluation of the subacute toxicity and effects of an aqueous extract of Justicia flava (forsk) Vahl (Acanthaceae) on blood biochemical markers and renal tissues

Kouame, Djè Kouamé Wenceslas — 2024-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Justicia flava is a plant commonly used because of its several pharmacological properties. In this work seventy (70) rats were divided into 7 groups of 10 animals consisting of five males and five females each in order to check the subacute toxicity and the effects on the kidney of this plant. To do this, the animals were administered daily, orally and for 28 days with doses of 125, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg bw of the aqueous extract of J. flava. The results showed that this extract was non-toxic on renal function. At these doses, the extract did not cause any significant variation in serum levels of electrolytes (chlorine, sodium, calcium, and potassium). Likewise, renal markers like urea and creatinine showed no significant variation. No structural abnormality in the kidney tissues of treated rats compared to control rats was revealed during this experiment. In conclusion, the aqueous extract of J. flava is safe and without toxic effects for the kidney.

Analysis of Senegalese SMEs’ perceptions of the application of Non-Tariff Measures to fresh fruit and vegetable exports

TOURE, Malick — 2024-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article analyzes Senegalese companies’ perceptions of non-tariff measures and their application in fresh fruit and vegetable trade. The methodology relies on secondary data to focus on stylized facts, and a survey of SME exporters of fresh fruit and vegetables to analyze their perceptions of the application of non-tariff measures. The survey reveals that the main products exported are mangoes, melons and beans. The main destination countries are France and Spain. The results also show that the measures that significantly affect fresh fruit and vegetable exports are, in order of importance: sanitary and phytosanitary measures, rules of origin, technical barriers to trade, pre-shipment inspection and the regime of non-automatic licensing, quotas, prohibitions, quantitative control measures and other restrictions. The main recommendations put forward for greater efficiency in the export of fresh fruit and vegetables are: improving the diversification of products marketed, improving access to legal and regulatory texts, strengthening the capacity of players in international trade techniques, circuits and mechanisms for applying non-tariff measures, organizing companies into consortia for greater efficiency in implementing measures, and improving foreign trade infrastructure and logistics to reduce trade transaction costs.

Effects of agroecological practices on soil chemical properties and yields of organic cotton in the North-Sudanese zone of Burkina Faso

Ouedraogo, Ibrahim — 2024-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The decline in soil fertility and the rainfall deficit strongly limit the cultivation of organic cotton in Burkina Faso. Zaï, a water and soil fertility management technique, can be explored to improve soil and organic cotton productivity. The objective is to determine the effects of zaï on the evolution of the chemical properties of the soil and on the productivity of organic cotton. A trial was implemented in the North Sudanese zone of Burkina Faso in an experimental design in completely randomized Fisher blocks with three (3) treatments including L1 (plowing + 1 t/ha of compost), L5 (plowing + 5 t/ha of compost), ha of compost), Z1 (zaï+1 t/ha of compost). The parameters measured focused on carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, exchangeable bases, cation exchange capacity and soil pH and seed cotton yields. The study shows that plowing combined with 5 t/ha compost and zaï combined with 1 t/ha compost significantly improve the chemical properties of the soil. Plowing combined with 5 t/ha of compost (L5) presented the highest average yield (1114±65 kg/ha). Zaï and plowing combined with 1 t/ha of compost recorded identical average yields (782±81 kg/ha and 752±23 kg/ha). Zaï combined with 1 t/ha of compost can be vulgarized in the North Sudanese zone of Burkina Faso and can be a means of adapting to increasingly difficult rainfall conditions marked by pockets of drought.

Morphological characteristics and qualities of sheep carcasses admitted to the slaughterhouse in the Poro region

Soronikpoho, SORO — 2024-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present study was carried out at the slaughterhouse in the town of Korhogo to assess the morphological characteristics and quality of sheep carcasses. For this purpose, all sheep admitted to the slaughterhouse were considered. On these animals, different parameters such as determination of age, sex, live weight and body condition score were evaluated before slaughter. The criteria for assessing the quality of the carcasses (state of fattening, conformation and coloring, carcass weight and yield), carried out according to evaluation grids after slaughter. The results showed that Djallonke sheep were the most slaughtered in this slaughterhouse (91.3% of total numbers), including females over 4 years old (37.1%). However, Sahelian breed sheep had a higher carcass yield (47.93%) (P ≤ 0.05) than that of the Djallonkes (46.16%). The carcasses were mainly category D (83.77%) and conformation E (41.15%). However, the proportion of red coloring carcasses was highest in the Djallonké breed (64.97%) than in the Sahelian breed (5.92%). From the analysis of these results, it appears that most sheep admitted to the Korhogo slaughterhouse are females who have not finished their career in extensive breeding. Which could be detrimental to the sustainability of farms.

Effects of half-moons (multifunctional and classic) on improving the physicochemical characteristics of the excavated parts of upland soils in western Niger: The case of Sokorbé (Loga)

Ousmane, Idrissa Seidou — 2024-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study was conducted at the level of the developed parts of two plateaus of the commune of Sokorbé. Multifunctional and classic half-moons were made on the degraded and encrusted soils of the Goubey and Sinsan plateaus. On each of these two units, soil profiles were opened and described and samples were also taken at the level of the dug parts and analyzed in the laboratory. Infiltration tests were conducted on the different compartments of the structure: impluvium, Zaï and bottom of the basin at the completion and after 1 and 2 years of operation. The results show that the organic matter rate increased from 0.8% on controls (impluviums) to 1.3% in the dug parts (zaïs and bottom of the basin) of the Goubey plateau and to more than 3.5% in those of the Sinsan plateau after one year of operation. However, this rate decreases after two campaigns (two harvests) and tends towards the initial situation in the zaïs. The acidic pH (4 to 4.2) on the controls increased towards neutrality (6 to 6.5) in the zaïs. As for the quantity of water infiltrated over a period of one hour, it varies between 116 and 190 liters per m2 on the controls to reach, after two years of operation, a volume varying between 378 and 396 liters per m2 in the dug parts, respectively on the Goubey and Sinsan plateaus. The making of half-moons on the degraded soils of the plateaus improves the physicochemical characteristics of all the compartments of the half-moons.

Assessing Meteorological and Hydrological Drought over Massili Basin Based on Pedj Drought Index (PDI), Standardized Streamflow Index (SSI), the Non-stationary Standardized Precipitation Index (NSPI)

Bontogho, Tog-Noma Patricia Emma — 2024-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Water availability and accessibility are major challenges in arid and semi-arid regions. Addressing the knowledge gaps regarding water resources is a critical step toward resolving this issue. This study seek to investigate hydrological and meteorological drought pattern across the Massili basin in central Burkina Faso. The method was based on the estimation of Pedj Drought Index (PDI), the Non-Stationary Standardized Precipitation Index (NSPI), the Standardized Streamflow Index (SSI), and the Precipitation index (P index). Monthly data on flow discharge (1975-2021), precipitation, and mean temperature (1960-2021) were collected and analyzed. These data were used to derive the indices and identify the characteristics of past droughts over the watershed. Results indicate severe droughts occurred in 1974, 1982, 2002, and 2010, while milder droughts were observed in 1984, 1997, 2000, 2001, and 2006. These results highlight critical drought periods in the Massili basin, with significant implications for water resource management and the development of adaptation strategies in this arid region. A deeper understanding of historical droughts can help strengthen local communities’ resilience to climate variability.

Development of sustainable biofuels from agricultural residue blends available in rural areas for electricity generation in Côte d’Ivoire

Zinla, Bi Tra Désiré — 2024-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

As part of the global energy transition towards more sustainable solutions, it is crucial to reduce dependence on fossil fuels by exploring renewable alternatives. This study focuses on the optimization of agricultural residues to develop biofuels for thermal power plants in Côte d’Ivoire. The raw materials studied come from rice, coffee and cocoa crops, which are abundant in rural areas of the country. The aim is to assess the feasibility of creating energy-efficient biofuels that are compatible with power plant boilers, while meeting environmental sustainability criteria. To achieve this, a linear programming model was used to determine the optimum proportions of the various agricultural residues to produce usable blends. The model considers higher heating value, the reduction of pollutant emissions and the preservation of combustion equipment. The energy performance of the fuels is then analyzed using a biomass power plant model. The results led to the development of two types of sustainable biofuel: the first, made up of 68% rice husk and 32% coffee husk, has a higher heating value of 13.79 MJ/kg; the second, made up of 60% rice husk and 40% cocoa pod husk, has a higher heating value of 13.49 MJ/kg. These biofuels stand out for their ability to reduce pollutant emissions and preserve combustion equipment. Rice straw is added to these two fuels to form the matrix of sustainable biofuels to produce electricity from a biomass power plant in Côte d’Ivoire. This study shows that it is possible to make effective use of agricultural residues to create sustainable biofuels, thereby contributing to a transition towards a more sustainable energy mix.

Characterization of land use dynamics in the Lobo watershed (Côte d’Ivoire) from 1986 to 2014

Jean-Philippe, DEGUY Attoungbré — 2024-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Exploitation of forest areas causes enormous environmental damage. The Lobo watershed belongs to an area with a high agricultural character due to the production of coffee, cocoa and cashew nuts. This basin is subject to strong anthropogenic pressures, so it is necessary to assess the dynamics of land use and its consequences on soil loss in the said basin. In this study, Landsat TM (Thematic Mapper) satellite images from 1986 and OLI (Operational Land Imager) from 2014 were used to produce land cover maps. Results of the land cover dynamics analysis, based on supervised classification by maximum likelihood, show a proliferation of bare soil/habitats, food crops/fallow and perennial crops with high-reflectance with 36.90 %, 188.33 % and 16.81 % respectively, to the detriment of degraded forests (70.51 %) between 1986 and 2014.

Evolution of fodder production of three fodder crops according to the cuts: Pigeon pea (Cajanus Cajan (L.) Millsp.), fodder sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.)) and Maralfalfa (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.)

Ali, Alhassane — 2024-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study conducted on three fodder crops namely pigeon pea (Cajanus Cajan (L.) Millsp.), fodder sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.)) and Maralfalfa (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.), aimed to study the variation in fodder production of these three crops after three cuts and to compare the fodder yields of these three crops. Apart from fodder sorghum, fodder production of all crops increased significantly at the second cut. However, at the third cut, carried out during the rainy season, fodder production of all three crops increased by two to six times compared to the first cut. Maralfalfa with 69.34 tons of dry matter per hectare, gave the highest total fodder production after three cuts. A fodder production that is more than twice the total production of sorghum and more than three times the total production of pigeon peas.

Effects of biofertilizers based on Azolla caroliniana filtrate and compost on physicochemical and organoleptic parameters of tomato fruits (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Thiègba, Kouamé Kouassi — 2024-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The abusive use of chemical fertilizer in vegetable farming deteriorates the quality of vegetables and fruits. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of biofertilizers (Azolla caroliniana filtrate and compost) on the quality of tomato fruits through physicochemical and organoleptic parameters. Experiments were conducted over two consecutive years with four fertilization treatments: Azolla caroliniana filtrate, sawdust-based compost, NPK (10-18-18), and a control without fertilization. For each experiment, the fruits were sampled after ripening and transported to the laboratory for physicochemical analyses. The quantitative descriptive method was used for the sensory analysis of the fruits through the opinions of a tasting panel composed of 60 people. The results showed that Azolla caroliniana induced an increase in the pH (4.31) of the fruits compared to other treatments. Similarly, the application of Azolla significantly increased the vitamin C content (44.44 mg/100 g.fw) and lycopene content (6.43 mg/100 g.fw) of the fruits. Furthermore, the fruits of plants fertilized with compost and Azolla caroliniana were judged to be less salty, firm, and red-colored by the majority of the tasters. These biofertilizers allow for the production of high-quality tomatoes. Therefore, they can be used as alternatives to chemical inputs for soil fertilization.

Analysis of the vulnerability of agricultural areas in the Abengourou department (East of Ivory Coast)

Innocent, KOFFI — 2024-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The expansion of the plantation economy has led to difficulties in many rural areas of Côte d’Ivoire, and specifically in Abengourou. These difficulties can be seen in the ageing of cocoa orchards and the scarcity of arable land. This situation makes farmland vulnerable. The aim of this study is to map vulnerable agricultural areas in order to contribute to better management. In addition to data collected through literature and field missions, the results are based on AHP multifactorial spatial analysis techniques and geographic information systems (Land suitability map). The results showed that two groups of factors govern the vulnerability of agricultural land in the Abengourou department. These are physical and anthropogenic factors. The combination of these factors enabled us to identify five levels of vulnerability, from the most vulnerable to the least vulnerable. Level 1 is the extremely vulnerable zone (30.54%), followed by level 2 (very vulnerable, 16.68%), level 5 (less vulnerable, around 10.61%), level 3 (highly vulnerable, 27.79%) and level 4 (moderately vulnerable, 12.38%). People are adopting various strategies to deal with land vulnerability. These include changing the rules governing access to land, adopting agroforestry and using phytosanitary products to improve production. In addition, the study revealed that areas with different levels of vulnerability have different cropping histories, namely: dense forest (16,478 ha, 14.06%), degraded forest (11,364 ha, 9.7%), fallow-crop (21,808 ha, 18.61%), lowland (37,199, 31.75%) and annual cropping (30,324 ha, 25.88%). These cropping histories would provide clues for decision-making in the planning and sustainable management of arable land.

Factors associated with low birth weight in newborns at the maternity ward of the Gemena General Reference Hospital, Sud Ubangi Province, DRC

Sana, Clarice Webina — 2024-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Low birth weight is one of the real public health problems. It is used as an indicator that reflects fetal growth within its mother but also predicts the future and growth of the child, at least in the first years of life. Several studies express the point of view that there would be a very high morbidity and mortality rate in children born with low birth weight than in other children. The general reference hospital being a 2nd level structure takes care of all people in need of health from the entire health zone. It has been noted according to our observation that there have been more and more children born with low birth weight, particularly at the maternity ward of the HGR of Gemena, a reason for any person with a scientific mind to seek to discover what the determinants may be. It should be noted that the study was conducted in the peri-urban area of Gemena and covered nine health areas out of the twenty-three in the health zone. Rural health areas were not taken into account in this study given the difficulties of access and financial constraints. Well beyond the ZSUR of Gemena and its particular typology (urban health areas and rural health areas), each health zone, depending on the context, can be full of specific factors that other studies can help to discover. Beyond the survey, our observation, our sense of apprehension and our curiosity were used to collect empirical data, analyze them and bring out the essential elements useful for providing guidance as results for our study. Overall, six factors were incriminated for which a positive association was found between the parameter analyzed and the occurrence of low birth weight (LBW). This set of factors identified and listed above are therefore not exhaustive. It should also be noted that since the study was prospective, only cases recorded during the period of our study were considered for analysis. Like the shadow that hides the forest, rural areas and those not analyzed may well hide many other factors.

Embracing Digitalization in Education

Marzak, Meriem — 2024-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the rapidly evolving educational landscape, digitalization has emerged as a pivotal force shaping both pedagogical approaches and student engagement. This manuscript explores the transformative impact of digital technologies on contemporary education, emphasizing the dual role these technologies play in both enhancing and challenging traditional learning environments. By analyzing the integration of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in classrooms, this paper highlights how digital tools can be leveraged to foster interactive and student-centered learning. It also addresses the complexities associated with shortened attention spans and the need for adaptive instructional strategies. Furthermore, the manuscript delves into the potential of emerging technologies, such as Augmented Reality (AR) and gamification, in revolutionizing educational practices, thereby creating immersive and engaging learning experiences. The findings underscore the importance of educators adopting a proactive stance towards digitalization, ensuring that both students and teachers are equipped to navigate and thrive in this digital era.

Analysis of socio-cultural barriers limiting the participation of women and youth in local decision-making processes: Case study of the communes of Kpomassè and Tori-Bossito in Benin

HOUNYOTON, Hospice Bienvenu — 2024-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article examines the challenges hindering the participation of women and youth in local decision-making processes in Kpomassè and Tori-Bossito, Benin. Using a mixed methodology combining qualitative and quantitative approaches, it identifies sociocultural barriers through documentary review, surveys, and consultations with the PADSI steering committee. The results highlight the impact on the representation and voices of women and youth, emphasizing gender norms, youth perception, patriarchal structures, and limited access to education. The article proposes solutions such as capacity building, promotion of political participation, and institutional reforms to encourage active participation of youth and women in local decision-making processes. Additionally, it underscores the importance of future research and community engagement for inclusive territorial development involving all citizens.

Analysis of the Impact of Noise on Communities Surrounding the Sangarédi Mine (CBG Concession), Republic of Guinea

Kaba, Ousmane Djènè — 2024-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article assesses the impact of industrial noise emitted by the Sangarédi bauxite mine, operated by the Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinée (CBG), on local communities. Noise levels measured in this area frequently exceed the accepted norms, with 69.56% of recorded readings exceeding the critical limit of 115 dB. Moreover, nine measurements even exceeded 120 dB between May 1 and July 24, 2023, indicating significant noise exposure for residents. Daytime noise levels regularly exceed the 55 dB standard, while night-time levels are generally within the prescribed limits. Analysis of the noise generated by ore trains passing through the surrounding villages shows that, of the nine values measured, five (55.55%) are below permissible levels. However, despite some compliant measures, the high noise levels recorded continue to cause significant adverse health impacts for local residents. These impacts include stress, hearing problems and other serious health complications, demonstrating the urgent need for effective noise abatement measures to protect the health and well-being of local communities. The results reinforce the importance of continuous monitoring and rapid intervention to mitigate these noise nuisances and improve the quality of life of the populations affected.

Dynamics and forecasting of land-use change in the Haute Dodo agroforest (southwestern Côte d’Ivoire)

Doumbia, Yaya — 2024-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Haute Dodo Agroforest has experienced a significant reduction in forest cover over the decades. In this context, the aim of this study is to analyze the dynamics of forest cover from 1986 to 2020 and from 2020 to 2050 for the land cover of the Haute Dodo Agro-forest. The methodological approach used is based on the use of geographic information systems (GIS) and prospective scenarios built using Land Change Modeler. The results show that crop-fallow and bare soil-habitat mosaics increase significantly, while wetlands and dense forests decrease significantly. The increase in bare soil-habitat mosaics and crop-fallow mosaics demonstrates the dominant role of human activities in land use dynamics. By 2050, the «Business As Usual» scenario shows a 6.82% decrease in dense forests, while the «Rapid Economic Growth» scenario shows an 8.41% decrease in dense forests. The «environmental sustainability coordinated» scenario, on the other hand, shows an 18.49% increase in the area of dense forest. These decision-support tools are relevant elements in the implementation of a policy aimed at reversing deforestation trends.

Physicochemical and calorific characterizations of balm from cashew nuts shells (Anacardium occidentale L.) from two processing factories in Ivory Coast

GUEDE, Serge Séri — 2024-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Ivory Coast, the cashew nut shells liquid (CNSL) from processing factories is a source of environmental pollution and concern for public health. The valorization of these balm is a promising solution to resolve this problem. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate their physicochemical and calorific characterizations. Shells were collected from two cashew processing factories. Physicochemical and calorific properties of balm extracted from shells by soxlhet were determined. The extraction yield of balm from cashew shells was between 31.98±0.11% and 35.95±0.10%. Hull sample, which had the lowest water content, had the highest extraction yield. Physical and chemical parameters of the extracted balm varied significantly (P < 0.05). Its water content, density, viscosity and refractive index oscillated from 1.63±0.03% to 1.93±0.02% respectively; from 0.95±0.00 to 0.98±0.01; from 426.00±6.56 to 465±5.00 mPa.s and from 1.46±0.01 to 1.51±0.05. pH and acid, peroxide, iodine and saponification indices varied from 2.43±0.06 to 2.62±0.04 respectively; from 1.67±0.16 to 2.12±0.14 mg KOH/g; 14.97±0.63 and 16.73±0.41 meq O2/kg; from 100.05±0.07 to 100.72±0.23 g/100g and from 169.08±2.24 to 181.95±6.72 mg KOH/g. Calorific parameters of CNSL also varied significantly (P < 0.05). Cetane index and calorific value were between 50.77±1.13 and 53.07±0.44 and between 40.25±0.26 and 40.75±0.09 Kj/Kg, respectively. These results highlight the potential for using the balm from the shells, from cashew nut processing factories, in various non-food industries.

Impact of anthropization on the growth of Sarotherodon melanotheron (Rüppell, 1852) in Biétry Bay, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire

Kadjo, Vincent Kadjo — 2024-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Sarotherodon melanotheron (Rüppell, 1852, Cichlidae) is a species exploited by the local populations of the Ebrié lagoon. Morphometric measurements of all specimens of S. melanotheron caught in the heavily anthropized Biétry bay were used to study their growth. In S. melanotheron, the values of Lt and W fluctuated by 140 and 185.06 mm and 58 and 119 g, respectively. The allometry coefficient b was significantly different from 3 for the seize-weight relationship and from 1 for the seize-seize relationships. The allometry coefficient b was significantly different from 3 for the seize-weight relationship and from 1 for the seize-seize relationships. Therefore, growth was negative allometric for this species living on the coast and off the bay. Environmental factors linked to the pollution of the Bay of Biétry have influenced the growth of this fish species.

Diagnosis of the use of Physics didactic material by 3rd year teachers of scientific humanities in the two sub-divisions of Mbanza-Ngungu

Tadé-Étienne, MBUNDU NDOKI — 2024-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aims at demonstrating that secondary school teachers of physics, in two sub-divisions of Mbanza-Ngungu, still provide teaching materials in both sub-divisions of Mbanza – Ngungu foresee didactic materials in their planning sheets. Hower, these materials are not always adequate to the lesson objectives and the conditions of their exploitation. Their physical existence is a problem, too. Thus, by a technique of investigation with the teachers of the region of Mbanza-Ngungu, by interposed audio-visual recordings, we identified, thanks to an observation grid, through the notion of electricity taught in 3rd Scientific, the existence and the nature of the didactic material, the moments and the conditions of its exploitation in order to improve the didactic action of the teachers of this class.

Characterization of producers and uses of lianas from cocoa-based agrosystems in the South-West of Ivory Coast

KOUASSI, Kanga Justin — 2024-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Lianescent plant species have generally been neglected in botanical research despite the fact that they represent one of the important components of the flora of tropical forests and are of great use to rural Ivorian populations. Based on this observation, this study focused on the use of lianas by the cocoa-producing populations of the South-West of Ivory Coast. Thus, to collect information on the characteristics of producers and on the use of lianas associated with cocoa-based agrosystems, a survey was carried out among cocoa farmers in the village of Djapadji. For this purpose, two hundred (200) cocoa producers were interviewed. The results of these interviews reveal that cocoa producers in our study area are dominated by men (87%), indigenous people (53%) and adults (30 to 45 years old). In addition, lianas are mainly used by populations for medical care (78%) and also for food (13%). Ultimately, this study showed that cocoa plantations are full of large quantities of lianas; which lianas are of capital importance in the daily life of the populations of the South-West of Côte d’Ivoire.

Religious fundamentalism in Africa: Psychosociological foundations of the phenomenon

Houndonougbo, Pierrette Affia — 2024-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study establishes that fundamentalism is the most radical form of the multiple religious phenomena that proliferate in contemporary societies (M. Milot, 1998). Fundamentalism first designated currents that want to defend the entirety of the Catholic tradition: dogmas, norms, morals, rites. Qualitative in nature, this reflection aims to analyze the foundations of religious fundamentalism with a view to containing the phenomenon in sub-Saharan Africa. The use of field data coupled with documentary research has led to the conclusion that the upward force of religious radicalization provokes strong reactions in most societies and that a fight against this ascendancy is a means of putting an end to the plural and multifaceted fundamentalism that threatens peace.

Diagnostic Analysis of a Non-Conventional Irrigation System in the locality of Bafou, West Region of Cameroon

Njila, Roger Cesaire Ntankouo — 2024-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Cameroon, most farmers practice irrigation adapted to their budget and technical capacities. These low budget irrigation schemes are the mostly spread between small scale farmers which constitute the majority of Cameroonian producers, but relatively few studies have been carried out on many of them and few official information exists on them. This study hence focuses on characterization and performance evaluation of one of such systems. Irrigation is carried out from planting to the early development phase, by pumping with fuel as an energy source, and watering the farm with a walker hose, until visible saturation. The output per unit irrigated crop area is of the order of 13583USD/ha for a production of 3000crates sold at an average price of 8USD. This value represents the production output and not only the irrigation output. The relative irrigation supply however was not favorable, as it indicated that the water supplied by irrigation did not cover up to 20% of the plant water needs, most probably due to the high irrigation intervals, causing the plants to be maintained at MAD for long periods of time. Future studies should hence find methods of ameliorating the performances of this system by acting on the farmer’s technical level and social setting.

Community promotion of Village Savings and Credit Associations: Experiences initiated by the NGO PPSSP to strengthen the socio-economic power of members in North Kivu Province, Democratic Republic of Congo

Dieu-Merci, Amuda Baba — 2024-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study was conducted to explore the experiences of Village Savings and Credit Associations (VSCAs) initiated by the PPSSP in strengthening the socio-economic power of their members. To achieve this objective, a mixed research methodology was implemented. Simple random sampling was used to select research subjects. Quantitatively, 198 people responded to our questions, and qualitatively, we were limited by saturation. After analysis, the study revealed the following: - The credits obtained by AVEC have enabled members to increase their income. These incomes are increased by the benefits derived from the creation of individual and/or group IGAs. - AVEC facilitates the economic and social empowerment of its members and improves their living conditions in their households and communities. - The analysis of the socio-economic empowerment of members of AVEC initiated by the PPSSP is based on: (i) the motivation to join, despite the socio-demographic characteristics of the members, (ii) the purchase of more than one share by members (95.96%), (iii) access to credit by members (68.18%), (iv) the reason for the loan oriented towards the creation of individual (82.32%) or group (30.30%) IGAs, (v) the income from IGAs earned individually or in groups, (vi) the members’ perception of the AVEC and the positive social representation of the communities with regard to AVEC activities. - The results also showed that the loans obtained facilitated the creation of other new income-generating activities in the communities, and strengthened social cohesion between AVEC members and their families. In the light of these results, we can conclude that it is essential to promote these initiatives in rural communities in order to strengthen the socio-economic power of the population.

Analysis of the interactions between agro-pedo-geological characteristics and sustainable management of pastoral resources in the Zou watershed at the outlet of Domé in Benin

Adetona, Luc — 2024-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Zou watershed is a significant hydrographic unit located in a region with complex interactions between agro-pedo-geological components and pastoral resources. This study aims to analyze the agro-pedo-geological characteristics and sustainable management of pastoral resources in the Zou watershed at the outlet of Domé in Benin. The data used to describe these characteristics and their spatial distribution comprise climatological, planimetric, pedological, and geological data. The results reveal that the watershed is influenced by a Sudanian climate in the north and a subequatorial climate in the south, with an average annual precipitation of 1116 mm over the period 1991-2020. The classification of vegetation cover shows dominance of savanna (66.31%), plantations (15.61%), and fields and fallows (9.61%), with implications for forage availability and biodiversity. The soils in the watershed are diverse, with a predominance of tropical ferruginous soils, influencing water retention and vegetation production. The geology of the watershed indicates the presence of ancient Precambrian rocks such as granite, gneiss, granito-gneiss, embréchites, and quartzites. These findings underscore the importance of sustainable management of natural resources to ensure long-term availability of water and forage in the region.

Optimizing and modeling the Moroccan bonus-malus system using perfect simulation

Yasser, Bounnite Mohamed — 2024-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The effectiveness of bonus-malus systems is a critical consideration for automobile insurance companies as these systems directly impact their performance. This article investigates the influence of modifications in transition rules between tariff classes and the increase in their number on the efficiency of bonus-malus systems. Stochastic measures, using Markov chain theory and perfect simulation, are employed for this purpose. The Moroccan bonus-malus system is analyzed as a case study, and a new version of the system is proposed for comparison. This analysis provides insights into how insurance companies can optimize their bonus-malus systems while adapting to financial innovations.

Binary Classification Model of Adult Patients Deserting the Orthopedic Traumatology Department of a Reference Hospital: A Machine Learning Approach to Strengthen Traditional Medicine

Diomande, Keffa Denis — 2024-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The phenomenon of leaving against medical advice remains a significant issue in public reference institutions in Côte d’Ivoire. Thus, one out of twelve adult patients hospitalized in the Orthopedics – Traumatology department of the Treichville University Hospital often interrupts their treatment in favor of traditional Bone-Setters or other destinations. However, despite recent advances in machine learning, it is still challenging to predict what type of destination these absconding patients will choose. Therefore, this article first aims to sequentially establish two datasets based on medical records: one original and the other after feature selection. Then, based on these datasets, this research involved four supervised machine learning models (Logistic Regression (LR), Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), and Gradient Boosting (GB)). The results obtained from performance metrics during testing, after five cross-validations, show that Random Forest is the most robust model for both datasets. Finally, a second analysis indicates that the Random Forest built on the original dataset remains the best model overall, with an AUC-ROC of 96%, an accuracy of 86%, a precision of 84%, a recall of 100%, and an F1-Score of 91%. These results suggest that this model offers hope for early and accurate prediction of the destination the absconding patient will opt for, thus positively impacting their care.

Biochemical composition and sensory quality of the meat of F1 crossbred chickens (Holli x Fulani) in relation with the production system and post-mortem aging time

Ulbad, Tougan P. — 2024-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The family poultry production in Benin is based on a variety of local ecotypes including Holli and Fulani breeds. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of production system and post-mortem aging time on the meat of their crossbred F1 (Holli x Fulani). Therefore, 60 hybrid chicks were divided into 2 group and reared respectively under conventional modern housing system (Lot1) and under backyard free range system (Lot2). At the age of 24 weeks, 10 cockerels (male) of each lot of similar live weight were slaughtered according to the conventional for meat quality assessment at different post-mortem aging time. It comes out from the study that the best carcass yields at 1 h and 24 h post-mortem were recorded in hybrid chickens raised under modern breeding systems (P<0.01). Technologically, it appears that the production system influenced only the pH recorded at 24h post-mortem (5.92 vs 5.88; P<0.05), luminance (57.98 vs 59.4; P<0.01), yellow index (3.46 vs 4.51; P<0.01); chromaticity (8.43 vs 9.09; P<0.01) and the water holding capacity of meat (28.47 vs 31.68; P<0.01). Significant variabilities of the technological quality of meat were also recorded according to muscle type. Nutritionally, the production system did not affect the meat’s dry matter and ash contents. However, the lowest fat content (1.72% vs 2.3%) and highest fat protein content (20.96% vs 20.01%) were recorded in the traditional system meat samples (P<0.001). Sensorially, meat from chickens raised under the traditional production system with access to natural pasture and those that have undergone 24 hours of maturation recorded the highest scores for all sensory parameters.

Characterization of Niamey sandstone deformation (Northeastern edge of the Man ridge, Niger Liptako province, Niamey region)

Maharou, Hassan Ibrahim — 2024-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Niamey sandstones belong to a group of Neoproterozoic (Infracambrian) deposits of the Nigerian Liptako, sporadically outcropping along the eastern edge of the West African Craton and following the Niger River valley. They rest in major unconformity on the Paleoproterozoic (Birimian) basement of the Niger Liptako. Previous work on these deposits has been fragmentary, particularly as regards their structure, and the investigations carried out aim to make up for these shortcomings. The aim of this study is to determine the deformations that have affected the Niamey sandstones. To achieve these objectives, an integrative approach based essentially on analyses and measurements of deformation structures in the field and their projections in the Win-Tenseur program, in order to calculate stress tensors (σ1, σ2, σ3), was implemented. Structural analysis has identified an extensive pre-Pan-African D1 phase, trending NNW-SSE to NNE-SSW, concomitant with the opening of the Neoproterozoic Ocean, and two Pan-African compressive episodes, NNW-SSE to NW-SE trending D2a and ENE-WSW trending D2b.

Improvement of the malting process for the production of bili bili, a traditional drink made from sorghum in Northern Cameroon

Charles, Touwang — 2024-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

In a view of improvement of bili-bili quality, a traditional fermented drink made from sorghum from the savannahs of Northern Cameroon, the optimization of malting conditions in order to obtain a malt with better technological potential was studied by the response surface method. A composite plan centered on three factors whose levels were chosen according to the traditional conditions of production of bili-bili, grain soaking time (24-48 hours), germination time (48-96 hours) and aging time (24–72 hours) allows to define the optimal conditions of improving α and β amylase activities, soluble proteins and free amino acids. It appears that the linear and quadratic contributions of the soaking time have a significant effect (P˂0.05) on the different responses, except for free amino acids and the germination duration significantly influences (P˂0.05) the α and β amylase activities as well as soluble proteins. The duration of aging has a significant influence (P˂0.05) on all responses. The desirability function shows that the optimal malting conditions are 36h, 72h and 48h for the soaking, germination and aging times respectively. At this point, the α and β amylase activities, soluble proteins and free amino acids are respectively 9.34±1.06 meqg/100gDM; 15.97±1.06 meqg/100gDM; 2.05±0.22% and 377.67±6.02 mg/L. Comparing these values with predicted ones by the model does not show a significant difference, thus concluding that the models fit well. In a context of revival interest in promoting of local products and food systems, this work has had the merit of meeting some of the expectations of the main actors of this technical system.

Pastoral zones management modelling in Burkina Faso: Dynamic and prospect for rangeland development

Yarga, Hahadoubouga Paul — 2024-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Harmonious management of pastoral areas is a challenge for the sustainability of pastoral resources. This study aims to analyze management methods’ impact on the sustainability of rangelands in pastoral areas in Burkina Faso. For this purpose, diachronic and prospective study of land use are an effective approach for a long run area assessment through mapping. The mapping work carried out in Gadeghin and Sidéradougou pastoral zones has enabled an assessment of land use in these areas. By observing the dynamics of land use in the pastoral zones from 1990 to 2020, we note a considerable reduction in rangelands made up of natural formations in favor to crop production. This development has taken place in strong growth of human and animal populations context. In addition, we noted that the management methods identified in these areas have had a negative impact on the dynamics of pastoral areas. In fact, the projection of the dynamics of pastoral areas up to 2050 predicts the extinction of certain vegetation units in these areas if the degradation factors increase in the same direction and with the same intensity. The government and practitioners should take actions to halt or reverse the deterioration of pastoral areas in order to ensure sustainable pastoralism in Burkina Faso.

Bio-preservation of atan, a wine extracted from palm trees in Benin, using orange peelings

Guévara, Nonviho — 2024-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Palm wine, known as atan in Benin, is a sweet beverage extracted from the oil palm (Elaeis guineens). Highly prized by the population for its high nutritional value, its marketing is very limited due to a lack of or inappropriate means of preservation. In the search for palliatives, the present study aims at the Bio-preservation of palm wine by using orange peels to extend its shelf life. To achieve this objective, the preservative effect of orange peels was evaluated, and the stabilized wine was characterized in physicochemical, nutritional, microbiological and organoleptic terms. Palm wine samples graded A, B and C received 10g, 15g and 20g of orange peel respectively. During the storage period, the bottles that received the peelings in this order burst after one, two, three and four weeks respectively. The flasks that burst early were those with a low peel incorporation rate. The 33cL bottles containing palm wine and 25g orange peel resisted bursting up to 4 weeks of storage. Analysis of physicochemical and nutritional parameters showed that stabilized palm wine was richer in potassium, magnesium, sodium and calcium than the unstabilized control wine. Microbiological analysis of the stabilized palm wine showed that the yeast, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus loads were lower than in the unstabilized wine. In terms of sensory quality, the study showed that consumers rated the consistency, color and taste of stabilized wines higher than those of unstabilized (control) wines.

Effects of organic fertilizers and microdose fertilization on the economic profitability of maize (Zea mays L.) cultivation in western Burkina Faso

Bazongo, Pascal — 2024-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study was initiated to evaluate the effects of the combined use of organic fertilizers and micro-dose fertilization on the agronomic and economic performance of maize cultivation. The trial was conducted in a completely randomized Fisher block design with 4 repetitions and 9 treatments: T0 (micro-dose) NPK 62.5kg/ha+ Urea 62.5kg/ha, T1 (micro-dose+5t/ha compost+ mulch+ zaï), T2 (micro-dose+ 5t/ha manure+ mulch+ zaï), T3 (micro dose+ 5t/ha compost+ Moringa extract+ mulch+ zaï), T4 (micro-dose+5t/ha compost+ Magnesium sulfate+ mulch+ zaï), T5 (micro-dose+5t/ha compost+ Liquid fertilizer+ mulch+ zaï), T6 (Micro-dose+5t/ha manure+ Moringa extract+ mulch+ zaï), T7 (micro-dose+5t/ha manure+ Magnesium sulfate+ mulch+ zaï) and T8 (micro-dose + 5t/ha manure + liquid fertilizer + mulch + zaï). Fertilizers and crops were also the subject of an economic evaluation to see their profitability. The economic evaluation showed that the T7 treatment gave the best margin which varied between -4185 and 309535 FCFA/ha depending on the selling prices of corn which can vary from 135 to 250 FCFA/kg. However, the RV/C of all treatments was less than 1.5 and would therefore be subject to rejection if they were offered to producers. In view of these results, we suggest that a socio-economic assessment be made between conventional and agroecological production by integrating the social and environmental dimensions to measure the impacts.

Study of the cutaneous toxicity and antifungal activity of Senna podocarpa, a plant used to treat cutaneous affection

Josette, Agré Don — 2024-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The study aims to assess the cutaneous toxicity and antifungal activity of the hydroethanol extract of Senna podocarpa, a plant used in traditional medicine. This research is essential to determine both the safety of using the extract on the skin and its efficacy against various fungal infections. Following OECD guideline 404 (2015), twelve Hyplus rabbits were treated with 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg doses of the extract to observe skin reactions, such as erythema and oedema, over 14 days. Antifungal activity was assessed using the double dilution slant tube method, followed by inoculation with Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Antifungal parameters such as MIC, MFC, and IC50 were determined. Senna podocarpa extract showed no dermal toxicity, with a mean irritation index (MII) of 0, indicating that it is neither irritant nor corrosive to rabbit skin. No skin lesions were observed, and the rabbits’ coats grew back 24 hours after application. In addition, the extract did not affect the weight of the rabbits, with those given 500 mg/kg even showing greater weight gain than those given 200 mg/kg. In terms of antifungal activity, the extract inhibited the growth of the fungi tested in a dose-dependent manner. The MIC and MFC were 6.25 mg/mL and 12.5 mg/mL for A. fumigatus, 25 mg/mL and 100 mg/mL for C. albicans, and 100 mg/mL for T. mentagrophytes.

Lithological study of the « Mengo » reservoir in the onshore congolese sedimentary coastal basin in the Republic of Congo

Mbadou, Anselme Mavambou — 2024-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the onshore Congolese coastal basin, a borehole (kundji-203) encountered a sandstone reservoir from 1480 m MD. Three Runs of 27m each were lowered into the well at the level of the Top-reservoir for the purpose of an in-depth study. The lithological study of this reservoir shows that it is made up of a succession of four compact sandstone levels, interspersed with clayey layers. Its present facies is made up of very fine to medium grains, sometimes coarse or sometimes conglomeratic, brown with clay-carbonate cement. The clayey pastes are gray to greenish, indurated, flaky. The figured elements are made up of rock debris. The mineralogical study of the clay process shows the presence of four types of clay, the most abundant of which is chlorite, followed by illite or smectite and some rare traces of kaolinite.

SCAPS-based numerical simulation of an organic heterojunction OTC/ED/EA solar cell

Tuo, S. — 2024-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this study, we propose a simple structure of an organic heterojunction solar cell of OTC/ED/EA type. Material energy values are used for the first time. The study concerns a numerical simulation using SCAPS. Under standard conditions: AM1.5 and T = 300K, the cell parameters are: Voc = 1.186V, Jsc = 14.314mA/cm2, FF = 88.57% and Eff = 15.04%. The effects of parameters such as thickness, energy band gap, ND and NA charge carrier density of state, of the active layers were observed. It appears that, apart from the ND density of state, all the other material parameters influence the values of the cell parameters. It is still necessary to limit the value of NA to avoid degenerated cells. The influence of temperature has also been studied. It was found that when the temperature increases, the performance of the cell decreases. This work is essential because it provides the scientific community with data to make organic solar cells more efficient.

Evaluation of the quality index of the riparian strip of the Ebrié lagoon subject to strong anthropization: Case of Banco Bay, in the urban area of the Abidjan district (South, Côte d’Ivoire)

MEVANLY, Ouattara — 2024-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The natural vegetation strip along water bodies acts as a crucial barrier against the influx of nutrients and sediments. Consequently, the progressive degradation of the riparian vegetation around Banco Bay has led to the silting of the bed of this section of the Ebrié Lagoon. The primary objective of this study was to enhance the understanding of the quality of Banco Bay’s shores to identify priority intervention areas for potential re-vegetation efforts. To achieve this, a riparian quality index assessment protocol was applied. This involved delineating 200-meter-long and 10-meter-wide segments along the riparian vegetation strip. Within these sampling areas, a botanical survey was conducted to assign a coverage percentage to the different components of the riparian strip, allowing for the calculation of the riparian quality index. Data analysis revealed low floristic richness with 17 tree species, predominantly microphanerophytes and nanophanerophytes. The low IQBR values indicate a riparian zone in poor condition, with 92% of the segments classified as very low or low IQBR classes. Given the consequences of water silting, it is essential to use the results of this study as an awareness-raising tool for residents and decision-makers, encouraging collective action towards the re-vegetation of Banco Bay’s shores.

Challenges of evaluating public policies in the face of the development requirements of African communities: Critical analysis of the case of Benin

Akpovo, Kocou Edgard Romaric — 2024-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The importance of public policy evaluation has made it a democratic, economic, social and environmental issue today. More than a simple process, the evaluative function of public action remains a real tool to support public decision-making that involves a significant correlation between the hypotheses and the results of policies without necessarily implying inverse causality. The objective of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of the public policy evaluation system in a triple context of results-based management, socio-economic and political reforms and the COVID-19 health crisis in Africa in general and in Benin in particular. Based on a documentary analysis, a survey and semi-structured interviews with political and administrative executives and authorities, this study addressed the issue of the effectiveness of the evaluative function from a dual empirical and operational perspective. From the results, it emerged that the analysis of the policy evaluation system in the Republic of Benin and in other African countries reveals quite significant progress in terms of content, availability of procedures, accessibility of policy documents or strategies developed and published. However, in practice, significant weaknesses remain and call for the implementation of corrective actions for a profound improvement of the system. Finally, this study made it possible to arrive at recommendations and suggestions with operational aspects oriented towards strategic axes for strengthening the contribution of different actors to greater effectiveness and efficiency in the implementation and evaluation of public policies in the Republic of Benin.

Using artificial intelligence to improve Beninese ESP advanced learners’ communication skills in Institut de Formation et de Recherche en Informatique (IFRI) and Haute Ecole de Commerce et de Management (HECM) in Benin Republic

Corneille, Teba Sourou — 2024-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper explores the use of artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance the communication skills of advanced learners in English for Specific Purposes (ESP). The impact of integrating AI technology on ESP learners’ communication skills is examined. A mixed and quasi-experimental methodology was employed, involving data collection from teachers and learners through classroom observation, interviews, and questionnaires. These were addressed to three (03) ESP teachers and three hundred (300) learners at HECM and IFRI. The experimental process involved an experimental group (EG) that used AI tools for three months, and a control group (CG) that did not. The collected data was analyzed using a one-way ANOVA test in SPSS 26. The results showed a statistical significant improvement in the oral communication skills of ESP learners who used AI tools. This study suggests that integrating AI technology into the curriculum can enhance learners’ communication skills.

Towards a model of ecotourism planning and development of the N’SELE park in Kinshasa (DR Congo)

Blanchard, Kaki Ngisila — 2024-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The municipalities on the outskirts of Kinshasa are today coveted by spontaneous tourist developments. These problems require all the more attention than the sum of the consequences linked to tourism by non-professionals and the ecosystem impacts that this generates. The absence of a model capable of reconciling the requirements of sustainable tourism planning and development requires a technical-scientific approach to serve as a reflection on the preservation of the bio-physical balances of the environment, respect for the requirements of sustainable development, tourist expectations and sustainable tourism development in the commune of N’sele in Kinshasa/DRC. Thanks to the elements of knowledge and response obtained we hope to contribute to setting up a model of tourism planning in the Kinshasa context at the N’sele park in Kinshasa in accordance with technical-scientific requirements with a systemic approach which situates tourism as a complex activity.

Applicability of the Maputo Agreement in the Context of South-Ubangi Province - Issues and Perspectives: Study Conducted in the Kivu Health Area, Gemena Urban-Rural Health Zone, City of Gemena, South Ubangi Province, DR Congo

Désiré, MOMBELA IBELE — 2024-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The health and well-being of women of reproductive age are central to sexual and reproductive health concerns in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), especially in the South Ubangi province. Despite the 2018 ratification of the Maputo Protocol, which advocates for comprehensive abortion care centered on women (SCACF), its implementation remains limited, contributing to high maternal morbidity and mortality rates. The World Health Organization estimates that over 200,000 women die annually in developing countries due to unsafe abortions, a particularly severe issue in areas like Gemena, where maternal deaths, especially among adolescents, are frequent. The high mortality is partly due to social stigma, which views abortion as a criminal act, preventing access to appropriate healthcare services. A study conducted in the Kivu health area revealed significant gaps in the implementation of the Maputo Protocol. Of 21 healthcare providers surveyed, only 2 (9.1%) had received SCACF training, far below WHO standards. Additionally, the necessary infrastructure and equipment to provide quality care were lacking. The study shows that the Maputo Protocol is largely non-functional in the Kivu health area and throughout the Gemena health zone. To address these issues, it is crucial for health sector actors, particularly the government, to ensure the proper application of the protocol. This would not only improve women's health but also contribute to the overall development of the province and the country.

Low involvement of married men in antenatal consultation in the Salongo II health area, Gemena urban-rural health zone

Niclette, KUTUBATO ETONDE — 2024-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Human reproduction remains the key to offspring and the sustainability of the human species. While becoming pregnant is seen as a happy event, several corollaries accompany its evolution, development and outcome. The involvement of the male partner from conception to childbirth remains a source of joy and fulfillment for the pregnant woman, for the product of conception, for the family and for society. The observation remains bitter in the province of Sud Ubangi in particular and in the Salongo II health area in the ZSUR of Gemena. Barely 7% of married men accompany their female partners to CPN sessions even if the importance of supporting the latter is no longer in doubt. Lack of interest and low income are the factors behind this low involvement. Increasing awareness among men and providing decent wages would be ideal solutions to resolve this thorny issue that impacts on sexual and reproductive health as well as the health of the population in general.

Mapping of the anthropogenic obstacles encountered by the West African giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis peralta) and the socio-economic interaction related to its mobility in the Park W Biosphere Reserve: The case of the rural communes of Kouré and Harikanassou

Ibrahim, Djibo — 2024-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this study is to map the anthropogenic obstacles that hinder the mobility of giraffes as well as the socio-economic impact that emerges from them. Thus, field visits, coordinate taking (GPS) and structured surveys were conducted using questionnaires and interview guides. The mapping of anthropogenic obstacles in the rural commune of Harikanassou and the rural commune of Kouré showed that the railway, National Road No. 1 and lateritic tracks are the main obstacles that hinder the mobility of giraffes. A survey involved ten (10) villages including 200 people composed of agropastoralists and three (3) interviews with 2 managers and the president of the tourist guides. This survey shows that the giraffe is common throughout the study area (according to 81% of respondents) and they return during the rainy season to the Kouré plateau; and they move up to the Harikanassou area during the rest of the seasons of the year. Significant damage (in fields and on fodder species) is observed at the beginning of the rainy season (according to 72% of respondents in the rural commune of Kouré) and during the cold season (according to 40% of respondents in the rural commune of Harikanassou).

The determinants of the adoption of drinking water supply strategies in the rural commune of Saaba in Burkina Faso

BITIE, Finlé — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The general objective of this article is to analyze the determinants of the adoption of drinking water supply strategies in the rural commune of Saaba. To achieve this, a questionnaire was developed and administered to 284 randomly selected households whose socio-economic characteristics and access to water were noted. The data collected were statistically processed using Microsoft Excel 2013 and SPSS stats 20 software; the data collected were entered into SPSS stats 20 software and then transferred to STATA12 software using STAT transfer software. For econometric processing, we used STATA 1 software. To conduct this study, a survey form was used to collect data from households. The data collected were estimated using the multinomial Logit model. From the analysis of the results, it emerges that 24% of the households surveyed are in favor of the strategy of diversifying supply methods, 23% for the water treatment strategy, 17% for the rationalization of uses, 28% for the extension of the storage period, and finally 9% are in favor of purchasing water from resellers. For the econometric results obtained using the multinomial logit model, it appears that for the strategy relating to water treatment, the level of education, age, household size, distance, housing and household size positively influence the probability of adopting strategies relating to water treatment. With regard to the strategy relating to water saving within the household, it emerges from the estimation results that housing, the quantity of water consumed, the number of children and the collection time positively influence the probability of adopting this strategy. With regard to the strategy relating to Diversification of supply sources, it is noted that the variables relating to collection time, the use of other water sources, income, level of education are among others the variables which positively influence the probability of adopting the said strategy. Finally, the variables level of education, housing, quantity of water consumed and the number of children positively influence the probability of adoption of the strategy concerning the healthy management of water at home.

Influence of coconut fibers on the physical and mechanical properties of stabilized compressed earth blocks

Eric, Agbeme Kossivi — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present research aims to determine the influence of coconut fibers from coconut palms on the physical and mechanical properties of compressed and cement-stabilized earth blocks. The study focused on the density, capillary absorption, compressive strength and flexural strength of the blocks. The first part of this study is devoted to the determination of the characteristics of the soil and those of coconut fibres. Five fiber contents (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4%) were used and the soil consists of 70% sand and 30% clay silt. Three cement contents were incorporated (2%; 4% and 8%). Two types of specimens are then manufactured by mixing the fibres with the earth-cement matrix: 14x9.5x29.5 cm3 blocks for compression and 4x4x16 cm3 briquettes for bending. The latter are stored away from the sun until maturity. From his studies, it appears that the density of the blocks decreases with increasing fiber content and the opposite is observed with capillary absorption. Overall, the compressive strength decreases with increasing fiber content and increases with cement content. However, the flexural strength increases with the fiber content but within a certain limit: beyond 0.3% fiber, the strength drops.

Typology of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) cropping systems in eastern region of Burkina Faso, West Africa

Siri, Adama — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an important cash crops that generates substantial income for producers in eastern region of Burkina Faso. Although sesame production has increased during this decade, but the yields remained low. The present study aims to improve sesame productivity, through determination of its cropping system in three agro-climatic zones of Burkina Faso. A survey was carried out on a sample of 300 producers in six communes (Bogandé, Mani, Diabo, Tibga, Pama and Kompienga) in eastern zones of Burkina Faso. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect information quantitative and qualitative information. Results of the Ascending Hierarchical Classification showed three types of cropping system in the study area. A semi-intensive system (SCS1) with highest yields (358.17 ± 131.7 kg/ha) in the Sahelian and South Sudanian zone, and two extensive systems (SCS2 and SCS3) in the North Sudanian zone and South Sudanese zone. All of these different cropping systems are characterized by the cropping practices especially, the types of seeds used, the sowing method, the weeding method, soil fertility management, the level of education of farmer and sesame yield recorded. The study allowed to establish the typology of sesame-based cropping system in the study area, an important tool for the development of the sesame sector and technology adaptation for improving productivity.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of alum sludge from drinking water treatment plant for phosphorus removal in wastewater

Brahima, Seyhi — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Sludge produced in drinking water treatment plants (DWTP) is discharged into environment every day, even they are rich in phosphorus-reactive elements. The objective of this study was to evaluate the removal of phosphorus using sludge from DWTP of the city of Sinematiali (Côte d’Ivoire). The sludge was packaged in granules and put in contact in beaker with synthetic water et effluent from domestic wastewater treatment plant. The results demonstrated that the sludge was rich in aluminum (307.6 ± 0.6 g/kg) and iron (208.7 ± 1.2 g/kg), two phosphorus removal agents. Phosphorus removal was described mainly by adsorption process, which equilibrium was reached after 4 h of contact time at pH 5. Removal of phosphorus from wastewater was around 70% in synthetic wastewater and 42.5% in real wastewater. Removal rate was enhanced when the sludge dosing increased from 10 to 40 g/l, from 42.5 to 87.5%. The adsorption of phosphorus is described by the Langmuir isotherm with qm = 1.72 mg/g and kinetic removal followed pseudo-order 2 model (k2 = 0.023 g/mg.min). Sludge from DWTP of Sinematiali demonstrated good phosphorus removal potential.

Economic issues and armed conflicts in the East of the Democratic Republic of Congo

Lucien, Sadiki Nyembo — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The persistence of insecurity in the east of the DRC invites reflection. Discussions on the causes of this insecurity cannot be done without noting the importance of the economic issues. Entitled «Economic issues and insecurity in the East of the Democratic Republic of Congo», this article aims to demonstrate the impact of economic issues on the persistence of insecurity in the East of the DRC. We demonstrate in this article that the persistence of insecurity in the east of the DRC is explained by several causes, in particular the economic issues of Rwanda. This position is shared by many authors, notably Pierre Jacquemot who maintains that «the control of mines and exit circuits was, for Rwanda, a way of continuing the war in another form and of creating a base for accumulation of capital for a country without natural resources and landlocked. Also, numerous international reports, notably that of January 2014, question Rwanda’s support for the M23 and the fraudulent transits of coltan and tin via Kigali. Military campaigns have so far brought mixed results. Therefore, a different approach that focuses on structural reforms is needed. These structural reforms must aim in particular at good governance, the improvement of socio-economic conditions, the revitalization of the judicial system, and the restructuring of the FARDC. It is with these structural reforms that the DRC can hope to have a strong, organized, disciplined army capable of protecting the integrity of the national territory.

Analysis of the explanatory factors of the transposition of the political and security crises from Libya to the Sahel

Fortunat, Bokeka Lingoto — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The explanatory factors for the transposition of the political-security crises from Libya to the Sahel are endogenous and exogenous. Endogenous factors include the geopolitical configuration predisposed to the transfer of some situations from peoples straddling porous borders; the climate change that characterizes the region; the similarity of political regimes marked by dictatorship, the durability and longevity in power of heads of state, facing a population determined by the need for political alternation, ensure that crises leave one point towards others; the pre-existing secessionist desires in these countries were accentuated following the collapse of the Libyan state coinciding with the independence of South Sudan. Libya’s geopolitical weight previously constituted a point of regional geopolitical balance, the collapse of which took away the beneficiaries of its stability. The underdevelopment which characterizes the collateral victims constituted an endogenous factor because of the poor living conditions which pushed the population to revolt. Corruption and misappropriation of funds cause the State to lose the means enabling it to assume its sovereign missions. The resurgence of terrorist groups and the inability of Sahel states to control the sale and circulation of weapons facilitate the multiplicity of crime in the region. As for exogenous factors, they refer to the ineffectiveness of multinational interventions, external interference through less effective unilateral interventions and Western political control that hamper conflict resolution initiatives in African countries.

Uric acid levels in the personnel of the industrial slaughterhouse in the town of Bunia, Ituri province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Raphaël, MADIRA ADRONGA — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of hyperuricemia among the personnel of the industrial slaughterhouse in the province of Ituri and identify the socio-demographic profile most affected by high levels of uric acid among the personnel of the industrial slaughterhouse in Ituri Province. We conducted a cross-sectional study using a convenience sampling method on blood samples from 50 staff members of the industrial slaughterhouse in the town of Bunia, Ituri province. After analysis, our study results show that 40.0% of the participants have a uric acid level exceeding 7.7mg/dl. Among these participants, 87.5% are aged 62 or older, 42.9% are male, 33.3% are university educated, 35.7% have worked for 0-20 years, and 11-19 years, respectively, and 34.8% come from the Bankoko neighborhood. In summary, a high prevalence of hyperuricemia had been observed among the employees of the industrial slaughterhouse located in Ituri Province, Bunia, reaching up to 40%. Considering these results, we recommend limiting the consumption of red meat, adopting a low-protein diet, and closely monitoring cardiovascular risk factors.

Effects of artisanal practices on the microbiological and physicochemical properties of local pineapple juice

Diantom, Agoura — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Pineapple, one of the most popular tropical fruits, is consumed in various forms including pasteurized pineapple juice. However, the heat treatment applied during pasteurization has an impact on the microbiological and nutritional qualities of these juices. This study consisted of evaluating the effects of artisanal practices on the microbiological and physicochemical properties of two pasteurized pineapple juice (70, 80 and 90°C for 10, 15 and 20 min). The produced juice had a satisfactory microbiological quality according to KEBS criteria. Physicochemical analyses revealed that the pH was similar for both juices, however the Brix degree of the preheated juice was significantly high (≈ 17.3 ± 0.2) than that of the non-preheated juice (≈ 15.3 ± 0, 2). The vitamin C content significantly decreased in the preheated juice (8.81 ± 0.22 mg/100 ml) than in the unheated one (11.45 ± 0.44 mg/100 ml) at the same time and as the time and temperature increased. Artisanal production practices allowed to obtain pineapple juice with a satisfactory microbiological quality but the nutritional quality was compromised.

Validation of methods, PD-L1 immunohistochemical tests in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancers (NSCLC): Laboratory of pathological anatomy of the Ibn Rochd University Hospital in Casablanca

Belcaid, Mohamed — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: The validation of methods aims to satisfy normative requirements; it is among the essential measures for the development of the quality approach which makes it possible to provide proof of the quality of pathological anatomy techniques. Objective: Meet normative requirements in terms of validation of techniques, in order to contribute to the progression of the quality approach adopted in our pathological anatomy laboratory. Materials and methods: The expression of PD-L1 was carried out by immunohistochemistry using a monoclonal antibody (clone 22C3) on the Dako link 48 platform. Thus, the validation process involves a series of steps: Bibliographic search; description of the method; pre-analytical and analytical risk management; definition of performance criteria to be evaluated and experimental verification. Results: The risk analysis allowed us to highlight points for improvement regarding the pre-analytical and analytical phase. In terms of performance verification The results are very satisfactory. The performances of the manual method compared to the automatic technique are: sensitivity (82%), specificity (100%), Kappa coefficient (0.71), Matthew’s correlation coefficient (0.76). These results demonstrate that there is agreement between the two methods. Conclusion: The performance of our method was in compliance with current standards. Regarding the comparison of methods, the results of the manual method compared to the automated method demonstrated agreement between the two.

School facilities, financial factor, student interest and enrollment in technical and vocational education in Oyo State, Nigeria

Adeleke, Taiwo Ebenezer — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The study investigated school facilities, financial factors and student’s interest on enrollment in technical and Vocational Education in Oyo state. Descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The population consists of all the students in some selected technical colleges in Oyo state. Three (3) schools were selected as sample to ensure even representation of the population. The sample population represents 60% of the technical colleges in Oyo state. The findings of the study revealed that there is a positive relationship between school facilities and TVE in the study area (r=. 319, p<0.05), There is a moderate positive relationship between financial factors and enrollment in TVE. (r=.152, p=0.05), there is a moderate positive relationship between student interest and enrollment in TVE. (r=.287, p=0.05). All the independent variables, facilities factor, financial factor and student interest contributes to enrollment in TVE there is a significant joint contribution of facilities, financial factor and student interest to enrollment in T V E. This study recommended that there should be provision of adequate facilities, funds for the effective operation of Technical and Vocational Education.

Bird population in the Guezon area (Facobly, western Côte d’Ivoire)

Gbanhan, Arnaud — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Located in the west of Côte d’Ivoire in the department of Facobly, the Guezon area was unknown from an ornithological point of view before the present study. This work was carried out from April 2022 to May 2022 in order to contribute to a better knowledge (diversity and abundance) of the avifauna in this area. The methods of fixed listening and/or observation points, capture and recapture with mist nets, Call-playback and time-limited counts on linear transects with five-minute stopping points at each station, were used in the different habitats of the area. In total, this locality contains 12.685 individuals of 161 bird species divided into 47 families of 16 orders. Bycanistes cylindricus, classified as Vulnerable (VU), is the only globally protected species found in the area. In addition, it hosts six restricted-range species and three species (Batis senegalensis, Apalis sharpii and Hylopsar cupreocauda) endemic to West Africa. There are also 18 species from the Guinean-Congolese forest biome (GC) and five species from the Sudano-Guinean savannah biome (SG). The resident species are the most diverse with 83.85% of the overall population in the study area. In terms of preferred habitats, generalist forest species (F) are the best represented with 60.87% (N = 98) of the species richness of this area. Ploceus cucullatus, Spermestes cucullatus, Egretta intermedia and Bubulcus ibis are the most dominant with 471; 340; 327 and 316 individuals respectively.

Local knowledge and people’s endogenous knowledge of plants in the W biosphere: A factor in preserving floristic diversity

Moustapha, Mamadou Kone — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

As in all regions of Niger, the floral resource is subject to various levies by the different communities in the W Park biosphere reserve. To exploit this resource, local populations have developed a body of knowledge and techniques handed down from generation to generation. This knowledge and know-how varies according to the environment, socio-cultural considerations and plant potential of each locality. This study focuses on local people’s knowledge of the flora and techniques for processing harvested products from the Parc du W reserve. These questions are addressed through an inventory of known and used flora resources, the identification of people’s knowledge and know-how in terms of the use of flora resources and harvested products in the Parc du W biosphere reserve, and the processing techniques for harvested products. The results reveal a multiple and multifaceted use of flora in fields as varied as food, traditional pharmacopoeia, cultural practices and domestic use. Gathering appears in the biosphere as a daily practice for these populations and, depending on the context and the type of plant, ensures the survival of the local population.

Post-harvest management and phytosanitary practices used to preserve sorrel seeds, Hibiscus sabdariffa L. in Burkina Faso

Kabore, Emmanuel — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the lack of a suitable control strategy, sorrel seeds are heavily damaged by S. niger during the storage. Better post-harvest management will make it possible to add value to this legume and make it available throughout the year. The aim of this study was to gain a better understanding of the various post-harvest practices applied to sorrel seeds, from harvesting to storage, with a view to implementing an effective control strategy against S. niger. A survey was conducted among 600 producers in 12 regions, one hundred (100) sorrel seeds traders and one hundred (100) pesticide sellers in the cities of Ouagadougou, Bobo-Dioulasso, and Pouytenga of Burkina Faso. The results showed that eight percent (8%) of farmers and 56% of traders used chemical insecticides to preserve sorrel seeds. Phostoxin, an organophosphate insecticide, and Protect DP, an insecticide of the pyrethroid family, were respectively used by 87% and 13% of seed traders. Eighty-three percent (83%) of farmers and 76% of traders did not follow the prescribed doses. The incorrect use of insecticides before and after use is a factor in environmental pollution and often results in their ineffectiveness against pests. This information is very useful for developing an integrated protection strategy for sorrel seeds.

Teachers' perception of disability and academic monitoring of students with autism spectrum disorder in Cameroon

Majolie, Guedong Jiogue Gisele — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

For many years, education systems are in a promotion of education pupils with autism spectrum disorder. A conciderable number of this category of pupils are found in primary schools of Yaounde town which is likely to change the perception of many teachers. The objectif of this study is to describes the perception of the disability of primary schools teachers regarding school follow-up of pupils with autism spectrum disorder. For data collection of this study, semi-structured interview were carried out with five teachers who have in their classroom pupils with autism spectrum disorder. To better organise the interview, the thematic analyses of data was used. From the results obtained, it appears that the perception of teachers disability is expressed through attention, listening, individual control, the use adapted teaching matérials, additional hours, patience and the desire to succeed wich shows that, teachers have a positive perception of disability in general and the autism spectrum disorder in particular. This perception of disability by teachers will be an element favoring school follow-up of students with autism spectrum disorder.

Influence of anthropogenic pressures and climatic variability on the dynamics of land use change in the rural municipality of Mokko in Niger

Garba, Issa — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The study was conducted in the rural commune of Mokko, in western Niger, an agro-pastoral area. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of anthropogenic and climatic factors on the dynamics of land use change. The dynamics of land cover change were studied through the perception of the population, the analysis of the normalized precipitation index and a diachronic analysis over the period 1990 to 2022 through the use of Landsat TM and TM+ images from the year 1990; 2000 and OLI and TIRS of the Year 2022. The results reveal the progress of the agricultural front, residential areas and bare glacis. This expansive dynamic of anthropogenic areas has been to the detriment of natural formations such as low-woody fallows/pastoral enclaves and low-woody grasses/shrub savannahs. Thus, in the space of 33 years, residential areas have increased by 56.4%; bare glacis by 41.6% and rainfed crops by 15.3% with an annual increase of 1.4% respectively; 1.1% and 0.5%, while low woody fallow/pastoral enclave units decreased by 30.4% and low woody herbaceous/shrub savannah by 20.3% with an annual decline of 1.1% and 0.72% respectively. These changes and succession of land cover units are due to anthropogenic actions combined with climatic variability.

Dynamics of urban growth in the Luwowoshi district, Lubumbashi (DR Congo)

Perry, Balloy Mwanza — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Over the last four decades, cities in the South have seen the remarkable development of a phenomenon that until then had manifested itself with little force: urbanization. This phenomenon has led to profound changes in land use and multiple transformations of spatial structures. The objective of this research is to examine how the inhabitants of Luwowoshi adapt to the living conditions generated by the production of housing, the specific configurations of public space and to understand the evolution of urban morphology. The urban explosion in this district is accelerating and the difficulties of access to land for the populations who live there are becoming more and more accentuated.

Comparative assessment of Allium cepa and Amaranthus hybridus leaves nutritional values consumed in Burkina Faso

Yaméogo, Charles W. — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Malnutrition for children aged under five years in Burkina Faso is a health problem. Research to contribute for a balanced nutrition of these children is needed. The aim of this study was to assess the nutritional values of Allium cepa and Amaranthus hybridus leaves consumed in Burkina Faso. The cool leaves of these plants have been purchased in three markets of Ouagadougou and allow to air-dry in laboratory at 25 °C. The nutritional values have been analysed for following minerals (Calcium, Potassium, Magnesium, Phosphor, Sodium, Iron and Zinc). For minerals content analyses, the atomic absorption spectrophotometer and flam photometer methods have been used. The results showed that the two leaves had high content in Calcium, Potassium, Phosphor and Magnesium. For Allium cepa, the leaves mean content in Calcium, Potassium, Phosphor and Magnesium were 881 mg/100 g; 2657 mg/100 g; 324 mg/100 g and 204 mg/100 g, respectively. Iron (81 mg/100 g) and Zinc (4 mg/100 g), which are trace elements were also high. For Amaranthus hybridus leaves, the Calcium, Potassium, Phosphor and Magnesium content were 606 mg/100 g; 3573 mg/100 g; 222 mg/100 g and 475 mg/100 g. The trace elements Iron and Zn were 5 mg/100 g and 2 mg/100 g, respectively. Allium cepa leaves had highest content in Calcium, Phosphor, Iron and Zinc compared to Amaranthus hybridus leaves. This study showed that leaves of Allium cepa and Amaranthus hibridus have important nutritional values. Included these leaves in children diet will contribute to their nutritional balanced.

Determination of the microbiological charges of water for irrigation and vegetables from the market garden of SAGBAYA, Urban Commune of Faranah

Diariou, Diallo — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present study focused on determining the microbiological load of watering water and vegetables grown in the market gardening area of SAGBAYA, Urban Commune of Faranah. The microbial germs contained in water and vegetables were determined by the membrane filtration method. The results of microbiological analyzes of vegetables indicated variations depending on the locations of the wells and their sources of pollution. During the two vegetable production seasons, the results showed that except for the water from the borehole, that of the most exposed wells was highly contaminated. The water used during the 2024 season, unlike the previous one, all contained total and fecal coliforms whose values oscillated respectively between 15 and 159 CFU/100ml and 9 to 126 CFU/100ml. Of the vegetables harvested, although some samples were free, carrots contained more pathogens than cabbage and lettuce in both well and borehole water. The microbiological charges in CFU/100 ml of cabbage organs varied from 2 to 85 in total coliforms and from 2 to 56 in fecal coliforms; 3 to 75 in total coliforms and 1 to 56 in fecal coliforms in carrots, finally 3 to 85 in total coliforms and 1 to 66 in fecal coliforms in lettuce. Most water and vegetables have microbiological charges exceeding the required standards, hence the consumption of these vegetables without treatment constitutes health threats to consumers.

Research in Humanities and Social Sciences: Inventory amidst a shipwreck

LAWANI, Ayouba — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences often faces complex ethical and methodological challenges. This article focuses on exploring questionable practices in this field through a rigorous methodology combining real case analysis, anonymous testimonies, and triangulation with public documents and case studies. This approach has allowed distinguishing genuine researchers from impostors and uncovering often concealed aspects of academic research, thereby providing a deeper understanding of the mechanisms and motivations behind fraudulent research practices. These findings underscore the importance of upholding scientific integrity, researcher credibility, and public trust in academic research. They also highlight pathways to address opportunistic practices and scientific fraud, which persist as challenges in Humanities and Social Sciences research. Solutions involve promoting a culture of integrity and accountability through comprehensive measures such as researcher education and awareness, regulation by independent and transparent ethics committees, transparency in publishing research findings, and fostering appreciation for ethical research.

Constraints related to agropastoral practices in the face of the challenges of climate change in the municipality of Grand-Popo in Benin

CHABI, Ayédêguê Biaou Philippe — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

In many regions of the world, and specifically in the municipality of Grand-Popo in Benin, agropastoral practices are essential for the local economy and the livelihoods of communities. However, these activities are increasingly threatened by the impacts of climate change. Variations in precipitation, prolonged droughts, sudden floods, and other extreme weather phenomena disrupt the natural cycles of crop growth, as well as the availability of pasturelands. Additionally, overexploitation of natural resources leads to soil degradation and damage to fragile ecosystems. This research aims to analyze the constraints faced by agropastoralists in the municipality of Grand-Popo. To this end, qualitative and quantitative data were collected using interview guides and questionnaires from a random sample of 120 individuals, including farmers, herders, and agropastoralists. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results indicate that agropastoralists are facing several constraints. These include health issues, conflicts related to space management, mainly due to animal wandering, overgrazing, and destructive farming practices leading to the disappearance of certain species. Additionally, droughts have a significant impact, with a lack of water infrastructure in the municipality and limited water resources in grazing areas. Floods also result in significant losses, with a high concentration of herds in certain areas of the municipality, causing damage to crops and the death of many animals.

Test of manufacturing indigenous salt from plants: Case of plantain

LUTONADIO, Jean Pierre KIMBUYA — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

This research was carried out using 6 samples of banana peels from 6 municipalities of Kinshasa city in Democratic Republic of Congo, with a view to manufacturing indigenous salt. These samples of determined masses, dried in the sun for a week, calcined in the open air gave more or less homogeneous ashes which, dissolved in hot distilled H_2 O in beakers of variable volumes (500, 600 mL), then filtered made it possible to obtain filtrates. These, subjected to heating at 300° C and evaporation, made it possible to obtain finished products with masses varying between 5 to 9 g, for durations ranging from 1h30 to 3h. The hygroscopic indigenous salt was kept suspended over a hearth until completely dry and was well stored for possible use.

Proportional exploration of iron deficiency anemia in women of childbearing age received in consultation at the Kinshasa Open Clinic

LUTONADIO, Jean Pierre KIMBUYA — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present research is devoted to the proportional exploration of iron deficiency anemia in women of childbearing age consulted at the Open Clinic of Gombe in the city of Kinshasa in Democratic of Congo. The study confirms high prevalence (20%) of iron deficiency anemia in female subjects who started gynecological activities, which knowledge makes it possible to establish adequate therapeutic care within our hospital structures. It also confirms that the biological analysis of markers of iron metabolism would allow the identification of iron deficiency in women of childbearing age. The results concerning the analysis of blood samples, in particular ferritin, hemoglobin and the determination of the Mean Globular Volume (MCV) made it possible, in the context of the study, to identify iron deficiency in women of childbearing age from the selected sample.

Modeling the analog control of a DC machine in a MATLAB environment: Case of a shunt machine

Bokovi, Yao — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper studies the control of a DC machine in a Matlab/Simulink environment, more specifically the shunt machine. We first highlight the modeling of a shunt machine and then control it by acting on each parameter, first in open loop, then in closed loop, while studying the system’s performance. Finally, introduce the appropriate correction to improve system performance. The second part consisted in simulating the operation of the shunt-excited DC machine in a Matlab/Simulink environment. The more the electric motors are loaded, the lower the rotational speed. In order to bring the motor speed back to its nominal value, two types of control were proposed in this work: control by variation of the armature voltage U_a and control by variation of the excitation current I_e. Simulation of these two types of control, in our case using Matlab/Simulink software, showed the strengths and weaknesses of each type of control, depending on whether a PI corrector is integrated or not.

Contribution to highlighting the negative effects of climate variability in the Tillabéri region (Niger)

Boukary, Daouda — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Rainfall variability in the Tillabéri region is the result of significant vulnerability, which has been observed for decades. The aim of this study is to highlight the adverse socioeconomic and environmental effects of these rainfall deficits. The methodological approach used in this study included assessing farmers’ perceptions of climate change indicators through field investigations, analysing variations in temperature, relative humidity and rainfall indices in the area to better characterise the climate. The results show a low level of education among the farmers surveyed and a good perception of the effects of climate change. Rainfed and irrigated agriculture are the main economic activities in the region (99.3%), with livestock rearing and market gardening as secondary activities for 31.3% and 18.7% of respondents respectively. Access to inputs (50.8%) and agricultural credit (10.3%) are major assets for producers in the area, in addition to their experience of new agricultural technologies (62%). The most significant inter-annual peaks in rainfall indices were observed on the following dates: 09/25/1988, 03/01/199, 05/18/2004, 08/05/2009 and 01/10/2020. However, inter-annual variations are also observed (09/25/1988 and 01/10/2020). The indicators of environmental change as perceived by farmers are bare soil (77.3%), gravelly soil (9.7%), erosion gullies (7%), silting up of fields (8.7%) and proliferation of Striga sp. (7%). The reduction in herbaceous plants (30.7%) and the drying out and mortality of woody plants (20.3%) are visible signs of land degradation on natural vegetation. The main causes of these changes are reduced rainfall (82%), the action of strong winds (37.3%), water erosion (34%) and intensive deforestation (24.3%). To these must be added harmful agricultural practices such as the absence or reduction of fallow periods, bush fires, low inputs of organic and mineral fertilisers, low use of CES/DRS techniques, etc. The natural vegetation cover (woody and herbaceous) that used to protect the soil has declined sharply, leaving it vulnerable to erosion.

Medieval Moroccan Sufi Imaginary of Tazkiyah: Oral Narratives on Taming the Lion as a Manifestation of Subduing the Nafs

Lahoucine, Amedjar — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The mystical teachings of world traditions alongside the spiritual teachings of Sufism have long been occupied with the idea of understanding the nafs (the inner self) and the various inflictions of the ego. Although the perception of the nafs differs from one religious, spiritual, philosophical tradition to the other, it is a matter of fact that all of these teachings have sought to establish the centrality of the human struggle in the process of cultivating the nafs and overcoming the fluctuations of the ego for the purpose of achieving self-salvation and liberation. In this regard and based on a legal and theological understanding of the notion of tazkiyah (self-purification) as well as a textual reading of some oral narratives and stories from the teachings of Zen spirituality, Christian mysticism, and Moroccan Sufism which have linked the reprehensible and blameworthy attributes of the human nafs to the vicious aspects of wild animals, including oxen, tigers, bears, and lions, the research seeks to underline the medieval Moroccan Sufi imaginary of of tazkiyah. It argues that some oral narratives of medieval Moroccan ascetics on possessing the karāma (saintly marvel) of taming the lion symbolizes the idea of subduing the nafs.

Comportements des oiseaux à l’approche des aéronefs à l’aéroport national Murongo de Bunia (Ituri, République Démocratique du Congo)

KABASELE, K. François MALEMBA — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

This work focuses on the behavior of birds approaching aircraft at the Murongo national airport in Bunia. To arrive at the results of this research, the Point Abundance Index (PIA) method was used. Field observations were carried out every Tuesday and Thursday from 6: 30 a.m. to 11 a.m. and from 4: 30 p.m. to 6 p.m. After these observations, 11 species of birds were identified (Leptoptilos crumenifer, Ciconia episcopus, Prinia somalica, Macronyx croceus, Corvus albus, Aquila rapax, Turdus pelios, Hirundo nigrita, Ploceus cucullatus, Lanius cristatus and Pycnonotus barbatus) and having manifested 10 behaviors, including: resting, feeding, social, territorial and aggression, before takeoff or landing versus moving, fleeing, nesting, leisure and habituation during landing or takeoff. Corvus albus and Aquila rapax offer high percentages of birds observed (respectively, 45.1% and 17.1%), i.e. 93 individuals (Corvus albus) against 36 (Aquila rapax) out of a total of 206 having demonstrated behavior towards the movement of aircraft. The Aquila rapax species has experienced collisions with aircraft 12 times than the other two (respectively Corvus albus and Hirundu nigrita: once). The behavior of these 3 species (Aquila rapax, Hirundu nigrita and Corvus albus) in the face of aircraft maneuvers during takeoff and/or landing of aircraft led to their death. This work contributes to understanding the behavior of avifauna when aircraft approach Bunia airport.

Prevalence of dyslipidemia in patients aged at least 50 years diagnosed at the Riviera Clinic in Kinshasa

LUTONADIO, Jean Pierre KIMBUYA — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

A prospective study based on the prevalence of dyslipidemia was carried out in order to diagnose abnormalities in patients aged at least 50 years in consultation at the Riviera clinic in Bandalungwa in Kinshasa. The analysis of 50 blood samples from the subjects revealed in the distribution of patients, a male predominance with 62.0%, including 40.0% engaged in physical activities and 30.0% having a history of diabetes. 30.0% of cases manifested hypercholesterolemia and 14.0%, hyperLDLemia. The study confirms the significant prevalence of dyslipidemia in healthy adults aged at least 50 years, linked to the association of several modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in the population studied.

Prevalence of diagnosed proteinuria in pregnant women seen in prenatal consultation

LUTONADIO, Jean Pierre KIMBUYA — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Present study concerned the prevalence of proteinuria diagnosed in 50 pregnant women received in prenatal consultation at the St Anne Health Center in the municipality of Selembao in Kinshasa. She revealed that these women have a high prevalence of proteinuria, most diagnosed in the second quater of pregnancy. Other urinary biochemical parameters are also disturbed. The results obtained made it possible to show the existence of pathologies endangering pregnant African women in general and Congolese women in particular. These data are to be taken into consideration during the CPN.

Evaluation of conductive energy flux within cultivated land based on biophysical parameters: A case study in the Yamoussoukro area

Diomande, Sahi Roland — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

With global warming, heat stress is a phenomenon that is having a major impact on agricultural production. The extreme amounts of conductive heat during periods of drought to which soil surfaces and plants are subjected produce heat stress in crops. To predict these extreme conditions and anticipate actions to adapt our staple crops, an assessment of the energy potential within soils based on long-term hygrothermal behaviour has been carried out. This document assesses the conductive energy flux penetrating cultivated land in the Yamoussoukro area, based on biophysical properties, with the aim of controlling average seasonal and annual changes in energy fluxes. The study considered the closed energy balance model and modified it to obtain an estimate of heat fluxes in real time and space. The results showed that the Yamoussoukro area has two dry seasons contrasted by two rainy seasons with decreasing rainfall since 2013. High amounts of conductive energy were obtained between November and April, and between August and September, varying between -50 W/m2 and -25 W/m², while they were high (0 to 50 W/m²) in the rainy seasons. The calculated average annual net radiant heat flux, latent heat flux, sensible heat flux and conductive heat flux are 221.405 W/m², 218.592 W/m², 44.290 W/m² and -22.270 W/m², respectively. The lightness indices varied from 0.26 to 0.7, while the leaf area indices of the cocoa leaves varied from 2 to 5.42 m²/m².

Sociological study of the millet-based soft drink « zoomkoom » in Côte d’Ivoire: Typology of producers and consumers

Ahiman, Djedji Bapo Alice Anne-Marie — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Millet, widely got in human food especially in Africa is used both in the preparation of dishes and in that of alcoholic beverages or not such as zoomkoom. However, there is no scientific data in Côte d’Ivoire on the actors of the production and consumption of zoomkoom. The objective of this work is therefore to make their typology. We surveyed 34 producers and 118 consumers. It shows that in Côte d’Ivoire, the producers of zoomkoom are 60% Burkinabe and Ivorian women from the North, over thirty years old (74%). They are 86% school dropout but make the production of the zoomkoom a full trade. 67% of producers transform 1 to 5 kg of millet daily and 87% of them have at least ten years’ experience. As for consumers, 68% are men from the North of Côte d’Ivoire and the sub-region. They are over twenty years old at 92%, and drink around 50cl of zoomkoom daily (27%). Zoomkoom lovers are of various trades and consume this drink for cultural reasons and for taste.

Benefits of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence

Reddy, Bharath — 2024-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Today, we are at the cusp of transitioning or welcoming a new era of computer science called ‘Artificial Intelligence’ (AI). A plethora of cutting-edge Artificial Intelligence technologies would now help augment or replace older technologies ranging from customer service, business analytics, gain knowledge, recommend decisions and at times predict the outcome of the strategies being implemented in-house. The prediction is done by Machine learning models which use various modelling techniques unique to Artificial Intelligence to mine vast amount of data. This helps organizations focus on other important tasks like production efficiency, sales growth, customer base retention, seek out new strategies to grow the bottom line and improve their risk and safety protocols. We are seeing a lot of Artificial Intelligence models today from CHAT-GPT, Co-Pilot, Gemini and others which are integrated into their existing services. With the advent of AI, Microsoft’s Co-Pilot is a personal assistant that helps you find right information, faster than ever. So, the opportunities for a company to improve efficiency, make better business decisions to grow and expand are endless. One can see the number of automated bots ranging from car dealerships to telecom business today. These automated bots take the heavy burden of streamlining the customers to different categories and improve customer service. Some machine learning (ML) models can perform data analysis, detect anomaly, forecast cost expenditure, predict competition and dynamic pricing. In this paper, we would look in detail how ML and AI, is both an opportunity as well as a challenge for companies.

Impact of Emerging Technologies on the Communicative Competence of University Students of English as a Foreign Language

Mero, Jazmín Estela Benites — 2024-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

La presente investigación constituye una exhaustiva revisión de trabajos que abordan el impacto de las tecnologías emergentes en el proceso de aprendizaje de idiomas extranjeros, con especial énfasis en el inglés. Para ello, se ha llevado a cabo un análisis estadístico utilizando un recolector de datos, el cual se aplicó a una muestra representativa de estudiantes matriculados en una institución de educación superior. Esta muestra abarca estudiantes de todos los niveles de dominio del idioma inglés, con el propósito de determinar el grado de utilización de tecnologías para mejorar su competencia en dicho idioma. Los resultados obtenidos de esta recolección de datos se presentan detalladamente, acompañados de interpretaciones pertinentes que arrojan luz sobre el papel de las tecnologías emergentes en el proceso de aprendizaje de idiomas extranjeros. Sin embargo, se destaca la necesidad de profundizar en el análisis de estos resultados para obtener una comprensión más completa y precisa de su impacto en el contexto educativo actual.

POTENTIAL DISTRIBUTION THROUGH FUTURE CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS FOR PETERS SQUIRRELS IN THE TRANS-MEXICAN VOLCANIC BELT

Buendía-Rodríguez, Enrique — 2024-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The high risk of extinction of fauna species has generated great interest in studies of current and potential distribution under different future scenarios of climate change in order to implement conservation policies and carry out the preservation of ecosystems that can serve as reservoirs of biodiversity. The objective was to generate maps of potential distribution in two climate change scenarios of the Mexican Squirrel (Sciurus oculatus Peters, 1863) to serve as a basis for determining protection, conservation and management zones for this species in the Trans-mexican volcanic belt by means of ecological niche simulation models. We used 105 pairs of S. oculatus occurrence data from the GBIF-Mexico database, 19 climatic and environmental variables (BioClim) for two scenarios 2041-2060 and 2061-2080, from the GCM model CNRM-CM6-1 with RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, in addition to the current potential distribution. The Maximum Entropy Algorithm was used to generate the suitability maps using suitability values of 0.4-0.6 low, 0.61-0.8 medium and 0.81-1.0 high. The largest area with high suitability was the northwestern region of the State of Mexico; the areas with high suitability comprised 6359 ha (4 %), medium of 23,510 ha (14.7 %) and low of 26750 ha (16.7 %), for a present potential distribution. It is concluded that the modeling with Maxent’s algorithm allowed generating potential distribution maps in two future scenarios for the Mexican Squirrel (Sciurus oculatus Peters, 1863) with values of AUC > 0.959 and kappa > 0.8923.

Showcasing a Village-Level Rubber Pale Crepe Processing System for the Farmers in Kidapawan City, North Cotabato, Philippines

Calica, Gigi B. — 2024-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The study aimed to showcase the village-level rubber pale crepe processing system in Kidapawan City, North Cotabato, Philippines by establishing a processing system, actual operation and marketing of product, test the quality of the product, willingness-to-pay by the farmers and the feasibility of the project. Results showed that the farmers had to produce rubber latex as raw materials to process the rubber pale crepe. Though the nine-month actual operations were limited due to COVID pandemic time, the association processed an average of 387 kg/month dried rubber pale crepe and received an average income of P25,387.50/month. The product produced was with good quality as it passed the Philippine and ISO standards and the farmers’ WTP was higher than the actual rate. Based on the feasibility study, the two scenarios of the project showed a promising financial indicator. Scenario 1 offers to buy rubber latex from the farmers, mill and dry the pale crepe for 4 days/week and custom milling only with a charge of P5/kg of crepe. This operation gave the association a positive NPV, BCR of P3.01, Payback period of 1.68 years and IRR of 54.18%. Scenario 2 extends custom rubber milling only at P5/kg of crepe rate which had a positive NPV, P3.15 BCR, within 1.61years the investments would be recouped and IRR of 56.79%.

Digital Forensic Analysis of Social Media Platforms for Enhanced Investigation and Evidence Collection

Maitra, Kausik — 2024-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Cybercrime in social media by definition is any harmful act committed from or against a computer or Network, is a crime committed in a virtual space and a virtual space is fashioned in a way that information about persons, objects, facts, events, phenomena or processes are represented in mathematical, symbol or any other way and transferred through local and global Networks. Digital forensic analysis of social media platforms has emerged as a vital tool for enhancing criminal investigations and evidence collection. With the increasing popularity of social media, criminals often use these platforms to plan, commit, and boast about their crimes. However, identifying and retrieving digital traces from social media can be challenging due to the complex nature of these platforms and the dynamic nature of the content. This project aims to explore digital forensic techniques and methodologies for effectively analysing social media data, including user profiles, posts, messages, and metadata. And it can aid in determining cyber threats and fraud by examining evidence present in emails, social media, and other forms of digital communication that are part of cyber-attacks and financial crimes.

Business Intelligence for Small-Medium Industry

Nimishi, G.K.S. — 2024-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Business intelligence (BI) today has evolved into a collection of sophisticated techniques that merge insights from business strategy, risk analysis, cognitive psychology, organizational behaviour and political science [2]. Business intelligence is also a force multiplier in terms of profit margin and was only seen as a deployable tool in large businesses a decade ago. Today, we see BI vendors catering to small businesses and this availability has become a buzzword from small to medium companies today. As BI evolved over years catering to large businesses in its sophistication and tools. BI vendors have also changed over years due to mergers and take overs. Such is the importance given to BI today that vendors complement each other in offering different tools and functions. In this paper, we will explore the business intelligence world and try to understand how different Business Intelligence vendor systems as a viable tool cater to small to medium business organizations.

Diversity and Abundance of Marine Mollusca from coast of Damb (Sonmiani) Balochistan, Pakistan

Rasheed, Shazia — 2024-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This research was focused on the molluscan diversity along the coast of Damb, Balochistan. 3 classes (Gastropoda, Bivalvia, and Cephalopoda) of phylum Mollusca were collected, identified and counted from this site from June-2022 to November 2022. 3 classes 23 families and 61species were identified from this site. A total 4818 specimens of molluscs were collected, among them 3283 (68%) specimens of 38 species of 16 families of class Gastropoda, while 1531 (31.56%) specimens of 22 species of 6 families of class Bivalvia were reported from this site. 14 specimens of 2 species of two families of class Cephalopod were collected. Simpson’s Diversity Index (SDI) of gastropoda was about 0.1503 which shown the low diversity of gastropoda of this area. While Simpson’s Diversity Index (SDI) of bivalvia was about 0.2795 which shown the high diversity of bivalvia of this site as compared to gastropoda. 3025 specimens of 6 species of family Potamididae of gastropoda was found in highest % of abundence which about (92.14%) of total collection of gastropoda. Family Tellinidae of class bivalvia with 3 species was found in highest % of abundence which about (84.64%) of total collection of bivalvia.

Pricing of a Reinsurance Contract: Case of a Home Insurance Portfolio

Diouri, Youssef — 2024-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Insurance, as a fundamental pillar of the economy, offers essential financial protection against a multitude of unforeseen events. This research focuses on home insurance, a sector where guaranteed amounts significantly increase insurers’ exposure to risk. Insurers commit to covering financial losses in exchange for premiums, but accurately estimating the likely indemnity burden remains a challenge due to the random nature of events such as fires or property damage. Misjudging these risks can lead to severe financial consequences and compromise insurers’ solvency. To manage these risks and ensure their solvency, insurers turn to reinsurance, which allows them to cap their commitments, stabilize their financial results, and comply with regulatory requirements. The primary objective of this study is to develop a pricing model for reinsurance contracts, enabling insurers to better negotiate with their reinsurers. Before concluding a reinsurance agreement, insurers must conduct their own pricing to assess the costs and benefits of potential treaties. This involves modeling the annual number of claims and associated costs using various statistical laws and applying Monte Carlo simulation, a robust method for solving complex numerical problems. This study aims to provide insurers with a comprehensive tool to evaluate reinsurance contracts, ensure balanced financial results, and thus enhance their ability to protect policyholders against unforeseen losses.

Predictors of emotional distress among inmates of Agodi correctional centre, Ibadan, Nigeria

Afolabi, Abimbola — 2024-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Emotional distress encompasses a range of symptoms, which include anxiety, depression, and general psychological discomfort. It is seldom defined with precision. This may be either due to a présuméd common understanding of the term, or may reflect its reference to a range of experiences. Added to this is the fact that studies adopt different terminology, including ‘psychological distress’ and ‘mental distress’. When people are going through emotional distress, it destabilizes the individual, makes life uninterested, the individual is overwhelmed or overburdened which could make one to lose interest in one’s daily activities. Emotional distress, if not well handled could lead to suicidal ideation or actions. In view of the above, this study sought to investigate the predictors of social isolation, quality of life, and prison resilience on emotional distress among inmates of Agodi correctional centre, Ibadan, Nigeria. The descriptive research design of ex-post-facto type was used in the study. A simple random sampling technique was adopted to draw a sample size of two hundred inmates from the entire population in the prison. Valid and standardized instruments were used to collect data from the participants. Data obtained was analysed using the Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) and Multiple Regression statistical tools. The results showed that the joint contribution of social isolation, quality of life, and prison resilience on emotional distress among prison inmates was significant. It also shows a coefficient of multiple correlation (R =.476 and a multiple R2 of.227. This means that 22.7% of the variance was accounted for by three predictor variables when taken together at α = 0.05. The results also showed that the analysis of variance for the regression yielded F-ratio of 24.057. This implies that the joint contribution of the independent variables to the dependent variable was significant and that other variables not included in this model may have accounted for the remaining variance. Based on the above results, it was recommended that correctional administrators, mental health professionals, and social workers should collaborate to develop and implement programs aimed at fostering positive social interactions and supportive relationships among inmates. These programs may include organizing peer support groups, facilitating group therapy sessions, and providing opportunities for recreational activities to reduce social isolation within correctional facilities. Also, facility managers, and policymakers who are responsible for addressing issues related to overcrowding, inadequate healthcare services, and substandard living conditions in correctional facilities should wakeup to their responsibilities.

Unmet need for family planning among women in union: Trends and associated factors

Yode, Miangotar — 2024-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this research is to describe the trend in met needs (MN) and unmet needs (UN) for family planning (FP) among women in union in Chad, to identify the factors associated with satisfaction of these needs, and to explore the determining factors in changes in UN. The data come from the 1996-1997 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) and the 2014-2015 Demographic and Health Survey with Multiple Indicators (DHS-MICS). A sub-sample of 5,731 women in 1996-1997 and 13,439 in 2014-2015 was selected for analysis. The analyses were descriptive and multivariate. The results show that, between 1996 and 2014, the proportion of women in union expressing MN and UN increased, respectively from 4.4% to 5.7% for MN, and from 10.2% to 22.3% for UN. The factors positively associated with MN and UN are fertility, attendance at health facilities, school attendance, working outside the household and area of residence. The results show that the increase in the UN from 1996-1997 to 2014-2015 is explained more by changes in the effects of women’s characteristics than by changes in these characteristics. The results support the introduction of a voluntary family planning programme enabling women to reduce the number of unwanted pregnancies, and to choose a birth spacing that is better for their health and that of their children.

Comparison of the Dietary Incorporation of Snail and Fish Meals on the Growth of Rabbits

Kito, Mbusa Siviholya — 2024-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

A study was carried out for four weeks to evaluate the impact of two protein supplements, notably snail meal and fish meal, on the juvenile growth of rabbits after weaning aged 36 to 40 days. This study shows that for the entire duration of the experiment, that is to say four weeks, the rabbits fed a base of snail meal presented higher average daily gains (398g) (p<0.01) than that of the batch with fish meal (255.1 g). In terms of consumption index, rabbits that consume food with snail meal have a consumption index of 6.79, whereas the consumption index associated with rabbits fed fish meal was as high as 11.2.

Evaluation of the efficacy of a post-emergence herbicide on maize (Zea Mays L.) in Bouaflé, west-central Côte d’Ivoire

Kouamé, Kra Frédéric — 2024-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Because maize is so sensitive to weeds, weed control is an important factor in maintaining yields. The scarcity of manpower means that chemical weed control is the most commonly used method. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of a post-emergence herbicide on weeds in maize crops. A completely randomised Fischer block design with nested control was used. The design consisted of seven treatments repeated four times. The floristic list, based on the «tour de champ» method, showed that broadleaf weeds predominated (78.36%). According to the European Weed Research Society rating scale, the herbicide based on Amicarbazone 74.667 g/l, Mesotrione 77.333 g/l and Nicosulfuron 40 g/l at doses of 0.75 l/ha and 1 l/ha was the most effective, with no signs of phytotoxicity. Yields were 8580 kg/ha at 0.75 l/ha and 9240 kg/ha at 1 l/ha of the product tested, compared with the reference controls 2,4-D amine salts (1 l/ha) and Nicosulfuron 40 g/l (1 l/ha) respectively, 5940 kg/ha and 5214 kg/ha, and the weed control (4620 kg/ha). Consequently, 0.75 l/ha of the product tested is recommended for post-emergence application to maize.

Contraintes and opportunités des systèmes d’élevage des canards en ville de Butembo

Kito, Mbusa Siviholya — 2024-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aims at identifying the constraints and the opportunities of duck farming in Butembo town. For this end, surveys and observations were carried out with 81 duck breeders in Butembo. The results show that there are two duck breeding systems in Butembo: 1. the extensive family system with roaming ducks and 2. The extensive backyard family system with captivated ducks. Ducks weigh between 2.4 and 3 kg for females against to 4.2 to 5.1 kg for adult males. The price of duck varies between US $5 and US $17 with an average price of $12.9. The price per kg of live weight is around $5. The price of ducklings ranges between $4 and $6 with an average of $4.8±1. The constraints encountered by duck breeders are of various nature, the two most important of which are the distrust of ducks in the community (70.3%) and the absence of a nearby water point for swimming (70.3%). Other constraints are the lack of comfortable space for breeding (65.4%), the high cost of protein ingredients (62.9%), the deplorable quality of breeding infrastructure (56.7%), and the absence of a well-organized trade sector (40.7%). Most breeders (91%) say they do not use veterinarians for animal care. Breeders consider that duck breeding constitutes a source of income (73.3%), its adaptation to environmental conditions being easy (72.3%). Raising ducks guarantees the supply of fertilizer for the garden (67.9%). For 49.3% of breeders, selling ducks is easy. According to 75% of breeders, valleys are more suitable than hills for raising wandering ducks because of the availability of water for swimming and the abundance of grasses as well as the presence of worms as source of proteins for ducks in addition to a larger uncultivated space.

Temporal dynamic of Culicid population and nuisance during the construction of a small dam in Bouaké, Central Côte d’Ivoire

Diakité, Nana Rose — 2024-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

An entomological study was conducted during the construction of a small hydro-agricultural dam at Raffierkro near Bouaké, in central Côte d’Ivoire, between June 2007 and November 2009. The objective of this research was to evaluate the variation in specific diversity, abundance and nuisance of mosquitoes species in correlation with the different stages of the dam implementation. Larvae were collected using a ‘dipping’ sampling method in irrigation canals, stagnant water footprints and fish breeding ponds to determine specific diversity. Adult mosquitoes were captured on human bait over 2 to 3 consecutive nights. A total of 20,925 adult mosquitoes and 489 larvae were collected, divided into 6 genera and 21 species, with the most prevalent being Anopheles gambiae and Mansonia africana. Abundances exhibited considerable variation from one year to the next, with a marked increase during the rice-growing season, which was accompanied by a significant nuisance, particularly in localities in proximity to the dam and rice-growing facilities. This study highlights the impact of the facilities on culicid dynamics, with potential implications for disease transmission.

Teachers’ View on Bunia Secondary School 3rd Form Pupils’ Poor Performance in English Composition Writing

Tryphonette, Lotsove Makuru — 2024-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aims to get teachers of English’s view on 3rform pupils’ poor performance on composition writing. The research adopted descriptive and exploratory designs. For collection of data, questionnaire was used as technique. It was addressed to 30 secondary school teachers of English teaching in secondary schools located in Mbunya township of Bunia. Sampling was done randomly among a population of 45 secondary school teachers. Data were coded and analyzed using the Descriptive Statistics such as frequencies and percentages with the help of statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). Then, they were presented using frequency tables. Findings showed that problems encountered by pupils in composition lesson are as follows limited vocabulary, word misspelling, lesson teaching time management, incorrect structuring of sentences and conjugation of English verbs including lack of dictionary.

Difficulties Faced by Bunia Secondary School Teachers of English in Applying Bloom’s Taxonomy to Classroom Questioning Strategy (DR Congo)

Tryphonette, Lotsove Makuru — 2024-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The purpose of this study was to assess challenges faced by teachers of English course when using Bloom’s taxonomy in Bunia secondary schools. The main objective was to know whether they apply Bloom’s taxonomy in English language teaching process as one of questioning strategies. The assumption of this study is that questioning is an integral part of teaching practice since there is no teaching without posing questions. The methodology of this research adopted descriptive research design. For Data collection, simple random technique was applied to deal with sampling. Questionnaire and documentary techniques were selected for carrying out the research. Questionnaire protocol was distributed to 40 teachers of English teaching in 4th form of Bunia secondary schools. As far as data analysis was concerned, Statistical Package for Social Sciences software technique was applied to get frequencies and percentages. The results revealed that these teachers face various difficulties when questioning pupils in the classroom, low level pupils are not able to understand questions asked by their teachers. As these pupils do not participate in class, they become resistant and refuse to answer instead of making mistakes. Teachers are obliged either to work only with bright pupils or use French to reformulate some questions to be well understood. In addition, it has been found that teachers of English are unable to apply Bloom’s taxonomy and classify questions according to their different levels; the main problem is that they misunderstand its use. As many pupils’ level is low, they difficultly answer high order questions.

Experimental study and simulation of the thermal behavior of recovered Iroko wood flour bricks stabilized with recovered high density polyethylene resin

Doumbia, Ahmed — 2024-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The use of new materials for thermal comfort is becoming more and more a priority in the construction of comfortable and economical homes. It is in this context that, in our previous work, we developed bricks based on Iroko wood flour compressed and stabilized with recycled High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) resin. There are six samples with respective contents of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60%. This article aims to present an experimental study followed by a simulation using the Cast3M calculation code of their thermal behavior. To do this, we first determined their thermophysical properties which are thermal conductivity, specific heat and thermal diffusivity. Then, after a study of the depth of heat diffusion in the different samples, we moved on to the simulation phase. It focused on the analysis of the effects of the HDPE rate, the thickness of the bricks and the air temperature. As results, the values of thermal conductivity, specific heat and thermal diffusivity, for all the composites, vary respectively from 0.310 to 0.365 W.m-1.K-1, from 2.691 to 2.460 kJ.kg-1.K-1 and from 1.662 to 1.981.10-7m2.s-1. Thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and diffusion depth increase with increasing HDPE content; while the specific heat decreases. It also appears that for the temperature of 45°C imposed for a thickness greater than 2.7 cm, it is necessary to wait a time greater than at least 22 hours to reach a stationary state on the opposite side. From all of the above, it could be affirmed that the elaborate bricks have intrinsic capacities to be used in the construction of thermally comfortable habitats in local temperature conditions such as those of the Ivory Coast.

Role of women in the use of products from cocoa agroforests in central Côte d’Ivoire

Francia, Kossonou Affia Sonmia — 2024-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 268 women in the Sous-préfecture of Kokumbo in central Côte d’Ivoire, in order to provide information on the role of women in the gathering, processing and marketing of products from species associated with cocoa trees in agroforestry systems. These interviews were coupled with direct observations alongside the women involved. The data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results of the investigations indicated that the majority of women (74.25%) of age to collect products from cocoa agroforests are between 16 and 50 years old. Over 65% of the women were illiterate, and 31.34% were heads of cocoa farms. The majority (41.05%) of women surveyed are actively involved in harvesting the associated products. Product processing in the study area is carried out entirely by women (100%). Processed products enable women to make better use of their produce. Also, it is during the lean season that the products bring in the most profit. Harvested produce is used primarily for household food consumption, with the surplus sold on the market. Income from the sale of cocoa products contributes to improving household living conditions, and also to the financial empowerment of women, while preserving the forest. The domestication of certain associated products should be envisaged by the women in order to have them available all year round for household consumption and eventual commercialization.

Hydrogeophysical investigation in the sedimentary rocks of the crystallophyll basement (Lubao, Lomami, DRC)

KABANGU, Mersa — 2024-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This water problem in our rural environments pushes us to evaluate how the use of geophysical methods in the crystallophyllian basement with a view to studying drilling data to investigate the subsurface in order to delimit the potential of groundwater in the crystallophyllian base, from the territory of Lubao, Province of Lomami in the DRC. The study area is surrounded by tributaries and water sources among others (the Kamina, the Tshisanpa, the Mitonga, and the Lufubu) of the Lomami basin whose water is generally of poor quality, requiring adequate treatment which is not guaranteed. The area concerned by our study is characterized in the central part, Cretaceous sedimentary lands of Mesozoic age (Loïa Formation indicated above), composed essentially of soft sandstones with intercalations of argillite, separating them into different levels aquifers. These are subhorizontal tabular terrains, laterally homogeneous, containing confined aquifers, flowing into the valleys. The water is of good quality, alkaline (pH = 6.5), weakly mineralized and with low hardness... Using geophysical methods (magnetotelluric) we carried out our study by carrying out several profiles including 7 (seven) were favorable in the area. The Lubao aquifers are essentially underlying sandstones and limestones, which means that prolific aquifers are absent. However, the main water resource lies in the limestones and sandstones, the first water sources of which are at 30m. The vertical results of the electrical surveys gave dominant 4 geoelectric layers. The underlying rocks correspond to an altered upper soil; Not all declined areas are prolific. Farm aquifers exist at different depths which vary between 150 and 180m. The data collected and processed by sites show the possibility of capturing groundwater in sufficient quantity in the fissures and Karst. Geoelectric prospecting by Magnetotelluric surveys does not give any quantitative information on the significant exploitation flow by drilling, but rather indicate the location (the favorable point) for carrying out water drilling.

Sedimentary history of the cover formation in the Batéké plateaus (Republic of Congo) based on morphoscopy and exoscopy of quartz grains: Paleoclimatic implications

Judicaël, Otongo — 2024-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aims to determine the paleoenvironments and paleoclimates of the cover formation in the Batéké plateaus. The methodology adopted consists of carrying out the morphoscopic and exoscopic study of the quartz grains of the sands of this formation. After washing the samples, drying and dry sieving on a column of 6 sieves, the grains were selected for observations. The morphoscopic study reveals the presence of clean matte round quartz grains and shiny blunt grains. These results show that these sands have undergone double transport, aeolian and aqueous. The exoscopic study shows the existence of traces of mechanical and chemical actions on the surface of the two types of quartz grains. Mechanical traces of aeolian and fluvial types including certain aeolian traces have been polished in the fluvial environment. The superposition of these microstructures makes it possible to paleoenvironments and reconstruct to deduce paleoclimates. These sands experienced two phases of sedimentary deposition and two phases of immobilization in pedological environments. The first phase of deposition is aeolian, then immobilization in the soil environment undersaturated with silica marked by the dissolution figures. The second phase of deposition is the resumption of aeolian deposition in a low-energy fluvial environment, then the environment evolved into a podzolic soil environment supersaturated in silica. This study shows that the arid period of the Holocene, around 3,000 BP, to which the age of this formation is attributed, experienced variations, the climate experienced a humid phase marked by the fluvial evolution of the sediments.

Efficiency of the feed additive ALPHA-BIO+ as an alternative to antibiotics on the eggs production performance of the layer LHOMAN Brown

Ya, Coulibaly Assetou — 2024-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The growing problem of antibiotic resistance calls into question practices related to the use of antibiotics. Their large-scale use to accelerate the rapid growth of food animals is of increasing concern to researchers. Currently, several studies are being carried out to find biological solutions as an alternative to the use of antibiotics in poultry farm. It is within this framework that the present study falls, the objective of which is to evaluate the effectiveness of an organic product, ALPHA-BIO+, on the production parameters of Lohmann Brown laying hens. Thus, two batches (control and experimental) subdivided into triplicate were formed from a sample of 458 animals. Thus, a classic breeding protocol with the use of antibiotics was applied in the control batches. As for the experimental batches, they received the food additive ALPHA-BIO+. The technical data obtained were subjected to statistical analyzes in order to assess the effectiveness of ALPHA-BIO+ on the animals zootechnical parameters. Indeed, in terms of ingested food, the values obtained varied from 97.7 to 120.87 g for the control batch and from 94.12 to 114.95 g for the experimental batch. Regarding the laying rate, the two batches reached peak laying between the 30th and 32nd weeks of age with 95.24% for the control batch and 98.54% for the experimental batch. However, the conversion indices did not show a significant difference between the two batches. According to the results, the food additive ALPHA-BIO+ could help reduce the use of antibiotics in poultry farms.

Exploring the factors underlying the failure of the energy supply to Mbanza-Ngungu in the Democratic Republic of Congo: An analysis based on the Pareto method and the criticality matrix

Victoire, BAZANGIKA MFUMUANENE — 2024-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this analysis is to identify and prioritize the causes of failures in the supply of electrical energy to the Mbanza-Ngungu housing estate in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The context reveals recurring problems impacting the daily life of the inhabitants and the local economy. The problem focuses on the origins of the failures and how to prioritize them for effective intervention. The hypotheses envisaged technical problems (overloading of transformers and cables), and maintenance, consignment and work faults as the main causes. The objectives are to identify the major causes, assess their criticality using the criticality matrix, and prioritize them using the Pareto method. The methodology includes data collection, identification of causes, criticality assessment and prioritization of interventions. The final report will present the results of the analysis and recommendations for improving power system reliability.

Avifauna of Murongo Airport in Bunia (Ituri, Democratic Republic of Congo) and its surroundings

KABASELE, K. François MALEMBA — 2024-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This work concerns the inventory of avifauna frequenting the Murongo airport in Bunia. The bird specimens were obtained by the Capture-Mark-Recapture (CMR) method using the mist net trapping technique. In total, 6 nets (3 m wide, 10 m long and 35 mm mesh size) were used and observations (3 times per week) with the naked eye completed the sampling. Fieldwork was done every Sunday; the nets were installed in a line. They remained in place for nine hours and the surveys were carried out every 2 hours between 8: 00 a.m. and 5: 00 p.m. This study led to a census of 35 species of birds. The concession of the Régie des Voies Aériennes (RVA: S1) presents a numerically high percentage, i.e. 89.02%. Specifically, the two sites (S1 and S2: around RVA) have the same number of species, respectively (50%) each. The species Psalidoprocne obscura has a high percentage (43.16%), followed by Corvus albus (20.14%). This work contributes to the knowledge of avian fauna that plays an important role in the functioning of different types of ecosystem (through dispersal, pollination of plants, destruction of insects and rodents harmful to other animals (including man) than for plants.

Journey of the agricultural policies reforms in Benin (West Africa) since 1960: A systematic literature review

Sossou, Roméo — 2024-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Since gaining independence and transitioning into a market economy, Benin has made significant changes in the governance of the agricultural sector to tackle the challenges. The changes involved experimenting with different approaches reflecting the prevailing ideologies of each period. Despite the implementation of various agricultural policies, an examination of the sector reveals several problems and challenges, raising questions about the effectiveness of these policies. Drawing on existing literature, the objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of the challenges faced by the agricultural sector in Benin, linking them to historical policy shifts. We explore the performance and outcomes of past and present agricultural policies in Benin, focusing on their ability to achieve intended objectives. Our findings indicate that the key changes observed include aligning agricultural policies with the directives of external powers more than national priorities. More recently, institutional reforms have focused on decentralizing agricultural development and streamlining the institutional landscape, yielding some positive outcomes compared to previous periods. To ensure the successful implementation of reforms, it is crucial to consider the aspirations of all stakeholders and encourage their ownership of agricultural policies.

Collection of subscriber opinions on the causes of frequent electricity interruptions in the city of Mbanza-Ngungu in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)

Victoire, BAZANGIKA MFUMUANENE — 2024-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper aims to explore the various perceptions regarding the origins of frequent electricity interruptions in the Mbanza-Ngungu housing estate. By gathering the views of residents, the collection aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the potential causes of power cuts in the cité, with a view to improving network reliability. Residents’ testimonies revealed that power cuts are caused by technical problems such as breakdowns due to outdated distribution equipment, overloading of HTA cables and network power transformers, as well as poor management of energy resources. Subscribers also expressed their frustration at the slowness of local authorities to resolve problems linked to the supply of electrical energy in their community. The article concludes that urgent measures need to be taken to solve the energy supply problems in the housing estate in order to improve the living conditions of the residents.

Strategies for increasing the electrification rate in rural areas and strengthening the electricity supply capacity in the DR Congo

Charles, Ndumbi Kapuku — 2024-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this article the objective is to define the main strategies aimed at proposing the means to increase the rate of electrification in rural areas throughout the national territory not covered by the electricity distribution network. Furthermore, we also offer the possibilities of strengthening the capacity in terms of electrical service to areas covered by the electrical distribution network but operating under severe overload. This theme also aims to create a database that decision-makers can use to facilitate precision at a certain level.

Mineral parageneses of the metamorphites of Nganda-Tsundi and its surroundings (Square degree of Tshela, Kongo Central Province, Democratic Republic of Congo)

Mbaya, Hénock Tshombe — 2024-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This research focuses on the study of mineral parageneses of metamorphites that outcrop in the Nganda-Tsundi region and its surroundings located in the territory of Tshela, in order to obtain coherent information regarding the degrees of metamorphism that have contributed to the transformation of pre-existing rocks. The compilation of field (macroscopic analysis), laboratory results and previous work results revealed seven main petrographic facies in the study area: namely the biotitoschist, chloritochist, amphibolite, quartzophyllade, sericitoschist, garnet metaquartzite and graphitic shale. Mineralogical assemblages enabled us to distinguish three degrees of metamorphism in the study area: low-grade, medium-grade and high-grade. By combining structural data, such as the schistosities observed in the field and during microscopic in thin sections observations, with these last mineralogical observations, we can conclude that the rocks of our study area were affected by two distinct orogenic events namely: the Tadilian orogeny of Proterozoic age which is responsible for two types of schistosity which affected the chloritoschists and the West-Congolian Neoproterozoic orogeny, is responsible for a single schistosity affecting the other petrographic facies (biotitoschist, amphibolite, quartzophyllade, sericitoschist, metaquartzite and graphitic schist).

Ethnobotanical investigation and socio-cultural characteristics of millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) in the savannah district of Côte d’Ivoire

Casimir, Siéné Laopé Ambroise — 2024-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) is one of the staple foods of the populations of northern Côte d’Ivoire. And, farmers serve as both producers, curators of millet biodiversity and are also repositories of knowledge to determine and differentiate the varieties of millet in their possession. It therefore seems necessary to carry out an investigation with them, in order to benefit from their knowledge on the management methods of the millet accessions cultivated in their possession as well as on the socio-cultural characteristics of the genetic diversity of millet. To do this, 176 producers in the savannah district were questioned during a survey. They were predominantly male and belonging to a diversity of ethnic groups using different local names to designate millet. Three varieties of millet were identified there, namely late and intermediate local varieties, with gray colored seeds, and early varieties which are improved with olive-yellow or light yellow seeds. The results showed that it is a food present in all the ceremonies of the peoples of the North and is consumed in several culinary forms. However, its cultivation is in decline due to certain constraints encountered there and would be neglected in favor of cash crops such as corn, cotton and cashew nuts. Given the important place this culture occupies within the populations of northern Côte d’Ivoire, actions must be taken to contribute to the promotion and development of its culture.

Environmental and socio-economic impacts of ecological runoff water collection basins (BCERs) in supplementary irrigation: The case of the BEOG PUUTO project intervention area

Tientiga, I. Georgette Ouedraogo — 2024-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study analyzes the environmental impacts of ecological BCERs on local ecosystems, their socio-economic impacts both in terms of improving income and food and nutritional security. It was conducted on the basis of surveys carried out with thirty (30) producers benefiting from said BCERs, including two (02) women. The Kobotoolbox mobile application was used for data collection. The data collected was exported to EXCEL software for processing and analysis. The analysis of the survey data made it possible to identify enormous trends in positive impacts linked to the main impacts studied. On the environmental level, respondents are unanimous on the fact that BECRs improve soil fertility, 97% believe that they allow better resilience to climate variability. The increase in productivity and income by more than 50% as well as the securing of production as affirmed by 100% of respondents, are some results recorded on the socio-economic level. The second important point concerns a case study which made it possible to develop an operating account of a respondent, illustrating the financial profitability of the ecological BCER. This forecast operating account reveals that from the third year, the cash flow (2,387,835 FCFA) largely covers the investment cost of the BCER which is estimated at 1,800,000 CFA francs. Some negative effects were noted in particular on the social level. They are linked to the risks of drowning of children that could be caused by the installation of the BECR. In light of the results, a proposal for improvement was made to the administrative authorities and their partners involved in the BCER issue. This, in order to deepen the analysis of this theme in terms of securing BECR structures, their economic and ecological profitability for a better approach to the subject.

Depositional environment of the Oligo-Miocene Continental terminal 3 (Ct3) formation from the Niamey area (South-West of the Ader Doutchi sub-basin)

Ousmane, Habsatou — 2024-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Niamey area lies on the south-western edge of the Iullemmeden Basin. The Continental terminal 3 (Ct3) formation, the subject of this study, represents the last infilling deposits of this basin. In order to determine the depositional environments of the Ct3 formation in the Niamey area, a methodological approach based on field data analysis followed by laboratory analyses was implemented. The main objective of this study is therefore to improve the knowledge of the sedimentary dynamics of Ct3 deposits in the Niamey area. Specifically, the aim of this study is to determine the Ct3 depositional environments. Sedimentological analysis enabled us to distinguish five (5) facies labelled F1, F2, F3, F4 and F5. These facies consist of alternating clayey sandstones and ferruginous lateritic oolitic sandstones with indurated levels, locally showing sandstones levels with unclear oblique bedding. The presence of casts of Gastropods, Lamellibranchs and Echinoderms indicates that the Ct3 deposits were emplaced in a shallow, lagoonal to lacustrine freshwater basin subject to fluvial inputs.

Phenotypic characterization of antibioresistant staphylococcals isolated from the Uro-genital tract and susceptibility to food drugs (Brassica oleracea, Allium cepa, Allium schoenoprasum, Allium sativum and Honey) in Kisangani (Tshopo Province, DR Congo)

Okenge, Jules Lokonga — 2024-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this study was to phenotypically characterize antibiotic-resistant strains of staphylococci isolated from the urogenital tract and to test in vitro their sensitivity to extracts of medicinal products (Brassica oleracea; Allium cepa; Allium schoenoprasum, Alluim sativum and Honey). The concentrated crude extracts were obtained by the reflux method in which the juice obtained after pressing and filtering. Ethanolic and ethereal extracts obtained respectively by the extraction method using 95% ethanol and petroleum ether. The study of the sensitivity of the strains to the extracts was carried out by the method of diffusion in specific agar (Müller Hinton) on a petri dish containing discs soaked in solutions of the extracts. At the end of the experiments carried out, the following results were obtained: It emerges from the phenotypic characterization (morphological and biochemical) that all the strains of staphylococci studied are in clump and gram positive shell form. They all produced coagulase and catalase. Therefore, they all belong to the species S. aureus. The study of the sensitivity of the strains to different extracts of medicinal products reveals that the ethereal extracts are more effective than the concentrated and ethanolic crude extracts. They showed antibacterial activity in the majority of the strains tested. The largest inhibition diameter being in the order of 30 mm, this was achieved with the ethereal extract of B. oleracea. Concentrated ethanolic and crude extracts of B. oleracea respectively inhibited bacterial growth with a maximum diameter of around 17 and 18 mm. Honey exerted inhibitory activity of up to 17 mm in diameter. The strains were shown to be resistant to ethanolic extracts of A. cepa, A. schoenoprasum and A. sativum. This could be explained by the low concentration of the active ingredients in the solvents used and therefore the extracts were less likely to exert an effective inhibitory activity on the growth of antibiotic resistant strains of staphylococcus.

Analysis of health care costs among children under 5 years of age in the Bagira Health Zone and implications for universal health coverage

Baganda, Bertin Mulume — 2024-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: In almost half of African countries, 40% or more of total health expenditure is made up of out-of-pocket payments from households, which creates financial barriers to accessing health services and exposes the population to impoverishment. This study aims to analyze the health care costs of children under five (5) years old and to identify the issues and prospects for improving financial access to health care in the Health Zone of Bagira. Methodology: The study is cross-sectional population, carried out in the health zone of Bagira, among 314 parents of children under 5 years old for a period from June to November 2023. The data were collected using a questionnaire previously developed and saved in KoboCollecte. Quantitative variables were summarized as mean ± SD and median with interquartile range (P25, P75) while categorical ones were encoded and described in frequencies and proportions for each category. A binary logistic regression model testing associations was applied. The analyzes were carried out using MS Excel 2016 and SPSS (version 29) software. Results: A third (31.2%) of parents had the consultation in a primary care establishment (32.2%). For the majority of households, the average consultation costs were 2.7 ± 2.0 USD; 7.7 ± 5.8 USD for laboratory tests and 12.0 ± 9.5 USD for medication bill; of 70.7 ± 58.2 USD for the bill for imaging examinations and hospitalization. 38.2% of bills were covered by local health insurance which is only 56.1% paid by WITH (Village Savings and Credit Association) at a contribution of less than 1/3 of the costs care, which led 6% of households to sell their belongings to pay the remainder of the bill. The fact that the child was transferred to a higher-level structure (p=0.021), the fact that the insurance did not help pay the costs of care (p=0.000) and the death of the child who was sick (p=0.004) were the factors associated with the high cost of health care for children under 5 years old. Conclusion: These results sufficiently prove that low household incomes, high healthcare costs and insufficient health insurance contributions do not allow households to cover the costs of healthcare for their children and often resort to self-medication and sale of goods, hence the need to put in place social protection programs such as universal health coverage to mitigate the impact of health shocks on vulnerable households in Congolese communities.

Proliferation of hospital facilities in the Ibanda Health Zone in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Determinants and perceptions of health stakeholders

Sivyavugha, Serge Kambale — 2024-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Background: The emergence of several healthcare structures that comply with the health policy has been observed in many health zones in DR Congo, particularly urban ones. The aim of this study is to describe the proliferation of hospital structures in the Ibanda health zone (HZ) and to analyze the determinants of their creation, as well as stakeholders’ perceptions of the care offered by these structures. Methodology: A convergent mixed-methods study was conducted in the Ibanda Health Zone from June 2021 to February 2022. Data were collected through documentary review and interviews. A descriptive analysis of the characteristics of health facilities was carried out; but also an inductive thematic analysis was performed after the qualitative data had been transcribed and then coded through a tree of sub-themes grouped into themes. Results: The study revealed that the Ibanda HZ, has a total of 40 hospital facilities. Not only are these inequitably distributed within the health areas, but 45% of them are outside the administrative and technical control of the provincial authority. Many specialized services are absent from most facilities. The study suggests that the quality of care in the Ibanda HZ has improved over time, but that this quality is not the same in all facilities. Study participants report that the cost of care is high in relation compared to the financial capacity of households. For them, this explains this population’s recourse to alternative solutions such as self-medication or traditional medicine. Conclusion: The study recommends tighter control of the conditions under wich care structures are set up and run, and improved quality of service for the benefit of the community.

Soil contamination by organic micropollutants in a market gardening area downstream of the Daloa Regional Hospital (Ivory Coast)

Mengoro, KONE — 2024-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

In order to protect and improve market garden crops, market gardeners use large quantities of plant protection products and water in the production area. This has an impact on soil quality. The aim of this study was to determine the level of soil pollution downstream of the Daloa Regional Hospital. Twenty-four soil samples were taken from six sites in the study area. These samples were analysed by liquid/liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrophotometry. The results of the analyses revealed the presence of seven medicinal residues, including five antibiotics (Ciprofloxacin, Erythromycin, Tetracycline, Sulfamethoxazole and Norfloxacin), a beta-blocker (Propranolol) and an anti-inflammatory (Salicylic Acid). The average concentrations of these antibiotic residues ranged from 3.41 to 50.34 µg/kg; the anti-inflammatory and the beta-blocker recorded values of 112.67 µg/kg and 17.35 µg/kg respectively. Eleven residues of active ingredients, including Chlorothalonil, Cypermethrin, Metamidophos, Endrin, Deltamethrin, Dimethomorph, Profenofos, Beta-endosulfan, Etoenprox, Furathiocarb and Carbendazim, were quantified at levels ranging from 0.04 to 39.62 µg/kg. These active ingredients belong to five families of plant protection products: organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, thiocarbamates and synthetic pyrethroids. The constant discharge of these medicinal and phytosanitary residues contaminates the soil and poses a threat to humans and their environment.

CHARACTERIZATION OF MORPHO-GENETIC DIVERSITY OF LOCAL PEPPER VARIETIES (Capsicum spp.) SOLD IN KISANGANI (TSHOPO PROVINCE, DRC)

Okenge, Jules Lokonga — 2024-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The knowledge of genetic diversity is essential for the efficient improvement of it in varietal improvement. This knowledge is based on the description of genetic resources. Morphological characteristics are first candidates for this description. In this context, an evaluation was then conducted to determine the morphological diversity of chili peppers in Kisangani. A total of one hundred and ninety-nine (199) fruits of the ripe chili peppers of the local varieties grown and sold were purchased at the different markets of the city of Kisangani, according to the random sampling technique. The’ set of results allowed to identify five (5) phenotypes or dominant botanical forms including: Red elongated1, Red elongated2, Red round, Yellow elongated and Yellow round. The elongated Red1 phenotype was more represented in the study population (38%), while the round Yellow phenotype was less frequent (5%). The average weight varied between 0.3 and 6.40g with a significant difference. The average length between 17.76 and 45.94 mm; the average diameter 6.28 to 31.15 mm; number of seminal boxes 1 to 4 per fruit. There was no correlation between seed box number and weight, but a fairly good correlation between seed number and weight.

Evaluation of the survival rate of oil palm juveniles under different substrates treated in pre-nursery

Balogoun, Ibouraïman — 2024-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) plays an important role in Benin’s economy. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of two substrates and their treatments on oil palm seedlings in pre-nursery. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of undergrowth potting soil and slush and their treatment with the fungicide Topsin M on the agronomic performance of the seedlings in pre-nursery. The experimental design used was a complete random block with four treatments after combining the two factors (substrate and fungal treatment). These were: untreated understory potting soil, treated understory potting soil, untreated slush and treated slush. The number of plants emerged, the number of dead plants, the number of leaves and the height of the plants were the parameters measured on the juveniles of the oil palm. The results of the study showed that the substrate of understory potting soil treated with Topsin M significantly (p˂0.05) promoted the emergence of 100% of seedlings and vegetative growth (i.e. 3 leaves and 17.66 cm in height). In conclusion, the use of understory potting soil substrate treated with Topsin M for the production of oil palm seedlings could therefore improve their quality and reduce the burden on producers in the search for the right planting material.

Analysis of hospital care provision in the urban health zones of Bukavu, DR Congo

Batumike, Innocent — 2024-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: In DR Congo, healthcare provision is characterized by the anarchic emergence of medical facilities and the medicalization of front-line healthcare structures. In urban areas, healthcare services are still poorly organized, despite the establishment of Health Zone organization and operating standards. In Bukavu, as elsewhere in the country, this situation arises against a backdrop of urbanization and galloping demographics, creating new healthcare needs for the population. The aim of this study was to analyze the organization of hospital care provision in the city of Bukavu. Methodology: The study conducted is of an exploratory cross-sectional type using documentary review, key informant interviews and geolocation of hospital structures from August 05, 2021 to October 30, 2021 in the city of Bukavu in DR Congo. Data from the complementary package of activities (PCA) and the geolocation of hospital facilities were collected to produce the mapping. Geolocation information was processed in QGIS software version 3.28 to produce a current health map of hospital structures. Results: We observed an anarchic proliferation of hospital structures and a medicalization of front-line health facilities, nearly half of which offer an incomplete package of complementary activities that do not meet the standards established in the Democratic Republic of Congo. 39% have been set up over the last 5 years (2016-2021) in a context of weak regulation and control by Congolese government services. The majority of hospitals in Bukavu offer the same type of services. They are essentially privately owned (50.3%), denominational/church-owned (21.1%), 13.6% are managed by non-governmental organizations and only 12.6% are under the direct management of the Congolese state. Conclusion: The supply of hospital care in Bukavu is plethoric and seems to pursue profit-making goals without necessarily meeting the real needs of the population. Re-regulating the organization of hospital care and providing technical and financial support to the health system could help to improve it in Bukavu.

Medicinal plants, a precious resource and a real treasure to protect: An ethnobotanical study of the Eyalé forest ecosystem in the Democratic Republic of Congo

GONZALEZE, Jean Rufin MUNKUOMO — 2024-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Plants constitute a precious resource and a true treasure for humanity. They play an important role ecologically, economically and socially. Plants produce oxygen, they regulate the climate, they purify water, they provide food, they provide health benefits. this study, on the one hand, makes an inventory of the species of medicinal plants encountered in the botanical garden of Eyale and on the other hand, it presents their impacts on the indigenous peoples (the pygmies) of the city of Mbandaka in the DRC.

Sociological analysis of the educational and sociocultural aspects of the «thought and proverb of the day» section in the Sonre program on SAVANE FM radio in Burkina Faso

KOURAOGO, Patrice — 2024-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

In order to make its contribution to the fight to safeguard the Burkinabè religious heritage, Savane FM radio broadcasting in Burkina Faso has included in its program entitled »Sonre«, a section called »thought and proverb of the day« which consists of read and comment on a thought and a proverb in each issue. We have devoted this study to it, the objective of which is to make a sociological analysis of the educational and socio-cultural aspects contained in this radio range. Starting from the hypothesis that the section is a springboard for denouncing social flaws, an exaltation of moral and civic values and an invitation to consider Burkinabè culture as a guarantee of development, this research, supported by a qualitative method made up of interviews, sample analysis and documentary research show that this radio is a local media and has a certain cultural anchorage. The section analyzed has a considerable contribution to the lives of listeners and appears to be a formidable means of information and an educational area for the populations since it is a forum for sharing life skills, good practices and fundamental life values turning around solidarity, respect for others, living together, love of neighbor, patriotism, dignity, work, honesty, sharing, civic-mindedness, commitment, listening etc,... Also, the promotion of culture and development in Burkina Faso are perceptible there because the proverbs and the thoughts meet the needs of transmission of the elements of socialization and remain of the best tools of questioning of the vital problems of the populations. Finally, devoting a special slot each month to comments and testimonials from listeners, initiating sessions to collect the thoughts and proverbs of listeners and special programs dedicated to children, publishing books compiling the proverbs and thoughts collected are, among other strategies, proposed appropriation.

«Who goes on irregular migration?»: Analysis of the profiles of candidates for irregular migration in Senegal

NGOM, Abdoulaye — 2024-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

For some years now, young Senegalese have been attempting to emigrate irregularly by sea aboard cayucos, or by land aboard trucks and pick-ups. While the causes, consequences, methods of financing and policies to prevent travel has been widely studied, the profiles of candidates for irregular migration have received little attention from researchers and political decision makers. It is with this in mind that this contribution aims to examine in depth the profiles of these candidates for irregular migration, little explored in the analysis of irregular migration in the Senegalese context. Using the Casamance region, where we have been conducting research on irregular migration for over ten years, as our point of observation, and drawing on a rich corpus of 70 life histories of would-be migrants, this contribution sets out to highlight the different profiles of would-be migrants and shows how, over the years, these profiles have undergone profound change because of the diversification of migration routes to both Europe and the USA.

Study of movement of charged particle in the uniform magnetic field

Henri, KISOKI MBUNGA — 2024-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

During the publication of our article entitle «Study of the movement of a charged particle in electrodynamics »dans «International journal of Innovation and Applied studies», Vol 40, n°3, pp. 1007-1015, September 2023, we saw that a charged particle in motion is subject to two fields: the electric field E and the magnetic field B. Given the complexity of the research and experience, we preferred to first publish an article on the movement of a charged particle in a uniform electric field. Currently, we are going to publish an article on the movement of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field (B) having tree major objectives, namely: knowing the Lorentz force, knowing precisely how a magnetic field constant B does not modify the cinetic energy of moving particle and finally to establish the characteristics of the movement of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field. For the experiments, we will always use the laboratory of the National Pedagogic University (UPN) whose materials will be listed in the second paragraph (method and materials).

Effect of compost of Loudetia togoensis (Pilg.) C.E.Hubbard under mechanized zaï, on soil moisture and yield components of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench in the commune of Arbollé, in Northern Burkina Faso

BEYE, André — 2024-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The high demand for labor and the low availability of organic fertilizer reduce the effectiveness of manual zaï. To overcome these constraints, the effect of adding Loudetia-based compost enriched with Burkina natural phosphate (Burkina phosphate) under mechanized zaï on soil moisture content and sorghum yield was evaluated in 2022 and 2023 at Arbollé in northern Burkina Faso, using an experimental system of scattered blocks on eight (8) farmers.: T0 = control; T1 = manual zaï + producer organic manure + microdose; T2 = manual zaï + producer organic manure; T3 = mechanized zaï + producer organic manure + microdose; T4 = manual zaï + Loudetia compost; T5 = manual zaï + Loudetia compost + microdose and T6 = mechanized zaï + Loudetia compost + microdose. Mechanized zaï + producer’s organic manure + microdose (T3) and mechanized zaï + Loudetia compost enriched with Burkina phosphate (BP) + microdose (T6) gave the best grain yields ranging from 1213.13 k/ha to 1533.67 kg/ha, and the best soil moisture levels of 14.06% and 13.74% respectively at 45 JAS. Also, manual zaï + Loudetia compost enriched with BP + microdose (T5), made it possible to obtain average yields of 1004.62 kg/ha. Mechanized zaï + Loudetia compost + microdose could therefore help increase sorghum productivity. The effectiveness of this combination on yield could be improved by adding BP to the compost.

Food security strategies through lowland farming in Sinfra sub-prefecture

Edouard, ZOGBO Zady — 2024-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Côte d’Ivoire, in a situation of food crisis, peasant populations are developing strategies to guarantee their food security by exploiting the lowlands. This study, carried out at the level of the Sinfra sub-prefecture, aims to analyze the actions and processes implemented in lowland areas by local populations to improve their food situation. A hypothetico-deductive approach based on the analysis of secondary and primary data was chosen to analyze and understand the food situation and farmers’ food security strategies developed by rural populations in Sinfra. The results showed that 56% of households surveyed were food-secure, compared with 44% who were food-insecure, 35% of whom qualified as moderate and 9% as severe. The food security index is expressed differentially across localities in the Sinfra sub-prefecture. In addition, a range of factors helped to explain the food insecurity situation in which the respondents live. Finally, it emerged that several actions had been implemented in the lowlands to guarantee household food security. These included the exclusive production of food crops in the lowlands, the use of fertilizers (73%) to improve production and the diversification of food sources. The study concluded that the initiatives studied each contributed in their own way, to different degrees and dimensions, to the food security process.

Information system for deliberations and monitoring of academic courses of students in the LMD in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Patrick, Nkulu Masangu — 2024-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The government of the DRC, with the aim of making our diplomas employable, promoting the mobility of teaching staff and students worldwide, and helping students to succeed; has obliged since the academic year 2021-2022 all the country’s higher education and university establishments to migrate from the so-called Graduat-Licence-DES-Doctorat teaching system to the Licence-Master-Doctorat system, LMD in acronym. However, this new system faces a number of challenges that need to be addressed in line with the Ministry’s Academic Instruction 025, including technological equipment. With this in mind, our study, using NTIC, aims to provide an expert didactic solution for tracing the student’s curriculum, given that in the LMD each student is a special case with special problems requiring special monitoring, i.e. determining how many teaching units have already been capitalized on and how many have not yet been capitalized on, to facilitate mobility, and also a solution adapted to the context of our country, the DRC, context of mass teaching contrary to the ratio of 20 students per teacher to make deliberations easy, i.e. automated encoding of grades, calculation of percentages, equalization or balancing of grades in a teaching unit and prediction of honors to be awarded to the student in the teaching units or semester in which he or she has enrolled, communication of results and processing of student appeals.

Objective agreements: Limits of an instrument for financing the sports movement by the State of Senegal

Diouf, Djibril — 2024-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Objective agreements as a financing tool for such organizations is a response provided by the public authorities. They set the objectives to be achieved by the sports movement through public funding in terms of athlete performance, development of sports infrastructures, and promotion of sport at the national and international level. In the Senegalese context, the question that arose is why they cannot contribute effectively to the development of sport, to the improvement of the performance of athletes, while ensuring effective management of resources. public. Based on a qualitative approach and twenty-two (22) interviews with different stakeholders in the Senegalese sports movement and the Senegalese State, it was possible to show that the said conventions have random objectives, a non-compliance with the commitments made by different stakeholders and a monitoring-evaluation system that is little or poorly used. This demonstrates the difficulty in implementing public management tools in the Senegalese context and recalled by the theory of National Public Governance Systems (SNGP) in French-speaking African countries, on the one hand, and the question of the receptivity, even the reluctance of African public administrations to adopt said tools, on the other hand.

Fitness in Senegal: A new form of affirmation of female emancipation

NDONGO, Mouhamed Momar Talla — 2024-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study focuses on the practice of fitness among Senegalese women. It analyzes, according to their marital situation, the conditions or modalities of practice, the reasons for their investment as well as their profiles by identifying their socio-professional characteristics. The survey was carried out in Dakar and was carried out using a questionnaire survey. The results highlight their age, their level of education, their preferences in terms of clothing, concepts and their socio-economic situation. Added to this are the frequency, the practice spaces frequented, the representations they have of the male gaze as well as the positions they occupy during the sessions. The analysis reveals a logic of emancipation by freeing oneself from stereotypes and roles. traditional.

Study of the prevention and management of cardiac accidents occurring during PES lessons in public middle and high schools in the Dakar region

Diop, Mountaga — 2024-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Objective: To study the prevention and management of cardiac accidents during physical education and sports (PES) classes in public middle and high schools in the Dakar region. Methods: A questionnaire was administered to 83 PES teachers in public middle and high schools in Dakar, covering student admission to PES classes, teacher first aid skills, and the existence of infirmaries equipped with defibrillators and competent healthcare personnel. Results: Prevention of cardiac accidents is deemed inadequate, as most teachers do not require a medical examination before admitting students to PES classes. This indicates a negligence of student health. While most teachers have been trained in first aid, a concerning minority remain untrained. There is a strong consensus among teachers to stop physical activity when students show signs of distress (pain, palpitations, dizziness, etc.) during PES classes, highlighting a shared priority for student safety. However, some teachers are still unable to administer first aid in the event of a cardiac accident. Additionally, only seven institutions have a defibrillator, and 36 institutions do not have an infirmary. Conclusion: The lack of a mandatory medical examination for admission to PES classes, the absence of infirmaries equipped with defibrillators in most public middle and high schools, and the hiring of teachers not trained in first aid indicate that Senegalese public schools are far from effectively preventing cardiac accidents and sudden deaths, an issue persisting for the past five years.

A predictive model for 400-metre performance: Analysis using the first 100 m and athlete age

Diène, Papa Serigne — 2024-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this study, a linear regression approach is used to model 400 m performance. We have choosen to consider the time of the first 100 metres and the age of the athletes as key variables, as they are likely to play a determining role in succeeding in this specific distance. The start, symbolised by the first 100 metres, is often considered a crucial phase in the 400m. Sprinters who manage to maintain rapid acceleration in this first part of the race tend to perform more consistently over the whole 400 metres. Studies have shown that competitive experience can play a significant role in athletic performance. Athletes who have accumulated years of experience often develop more efficient running strategies and better effort management, thus positively influencing their results.

School sport in Dakar: From the UASSU reform to the new form

Diallo, Souleymane — 2024-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

After several years of lethargy, the revitalization of school sports is driven by a political will implemented since 2016. Have the milestones laid in the high schools of the Dakar academy inspection promoted a real revival? The answers coming the coordinators during their semi-structured interviews indicate much more the renewal of the defunct USUSA system than real changes. The creation of the regional committee for the management and revival of school sports has not yet succeeded in rolling out all the forecasts of the plans. There has never been a national festival. In high schools, levies are made on the students’ enrolment for financing these activities. The confusion between school sport and physical and sports education by the administrations has not favored an effective management of the sports activities of associations, which are almost limited to football and basketball. Despite the establishment of the coincidence between the hours of PSE and SS, the coordinators hardly mobilize students as desired because of the resistance of some teachers who have them in class during certain matches, the lack of follow-up of young talents, the interest in cognitive disciplines carried especially by parents, etc. Finally, the financial motivation of PSE teachers that is considered insufficient has been remained the same. Some of them, certainly monitors, engage in parallel lucrative activities.

Impact of Cultivation Areas and Analysis Site on the Nutritional Quality of Cashew Apples (Anacardium Occidentale L.) Grown in Côte d’Ivoire

Sahie, Lou Boli Caroline — 2024-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The main objective of this study was to investigate the influence of cultivation areas and analysis sites (in situ and laboratory) on the physicochemical composition of cashew apples. To this end, cashew apples collected from three regions (Bélier, Kabadougou, and Gontougo) were analyzed: one part of the cashew apples was analyzed on site and the other part was transported to the laboratory where the extracted juice was analyzed. The biochemical analyses focused on pH, titratable acidity, soluble dry extract, and vitamin C. The results showed that all the apple juices were acidic with a pH ranging from 3.35 to 3.93. The titratable acidity varied from 59.50 to 97.67; the sugar contents varied between 09.30°Brix and 13.00°Brix. Vitamin C was also present with contents ranging from 145.57 mg/100mL to 205.50 mg/100mL. Analysis of variance showed significantly different means from one region to another and from one analysis site to another.

Yield and Nutritional Value of maize hybrids for silage in the Highlands Valleys Region of Central México

Gómez, Ma. del Rosario Tovar — 2024-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Parameter identification for further utilization as selection criteria to generate new forage maize cultivars is of the utmost importance in the breeding programs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic characteristics, yield, and nutritional value of experimental maize hybrids with forage potential in the Central Highlands of Mexico. The experiment was conducted in Texcoco, State of Mexico. Treatments consisted of 11 maize cultivars planted in irrigated conditions and allocated in randomized complete block design with three replications. Results indicated differences (P<0.0001) for most variables. Earliness varied from 84 to 109 days, and plant height from 190 to 282.9 cm. In addition, cultivars with Tropical and subtropical germplasm showed an increasing incidence of common rust from 8.3 to 92%. The yield of green forage varied from 37.1 to 80 t ha-1, while the yield of dry matter was from 12.8 to 24.8 t ha-1. In conclusion, the productive potential of hybrids with Tropical germplasm is limited due to their susceptibility to rust. In contrast, hybrids with germplasm from the Highlands showed an outstanding performance. These hybrids were V-107, H157-E, H-161, and H-166E.

An analytical solution of a problem of a tubular structure which is subjected to an expansion following the axis

Diouf, Edouard — 2024-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this study, we propose the analysis of a tubular structure undergoing expansion along the axis of the cylindrical material under internal pressure. Both kinematic and dynamic aspects are examined, leading to the derivation of an exact analytical solution using a system of partial differential equations. Simulation results demonstrate that the solution exhibits sinusoidal behavior in all cases. Minor variations result in incremental or decremental intervals, while significant changes in radius cause simultaneous increase and decrease intervals with trigonometric patterns. Additionally, we observe that the second component significantly influences the overall solution behavior compared to the first component.

Floristic inventory of three natural forest islands in the Pelende Nord chiefdom, Kwango Province, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)

Kitoko, Ruffin Nsielolo — 2024-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study was conducted in Democratic Republic of Congo, in the province of Kwango, chiefdom of Pelende Nord in order to inventory the floristic diversity of forest islands. To study the vegetation, 15 transects 5 meters wide and 60 meters long were set up at random, with 5 transects per forest island. The inventoried plant species were identified using the combination of various identification keys, the botanical classification taking into account Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG IV). The results obtained reveal 129 plant species divided into 35 families including 48 species with an average of 25.5 ± 14.4 in the first forest island, 39 species with an average of 20 ± 11.4 in the second forest island and 42 species with an average of 21.5±12.3 in the third forest island. The most represented families are those of Rubiaceae with 45.7%, Euphorbiaceae come second with 42.9% and Fabaceae in third position with 28.6%. This floristic richness shows that if these forest islands are well preserved, they can evolve into forest ecosystems by providing the same ecosystem services.

KIMVULA: An underdeveloped area in the East of Kongo Central Province (Democratic Republic of Congo)

Lugangu, Marie Honorine — 2024-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objectives of this study are to identify the actors and actions that contribute to the development of the regional area of Kimvula, to demonstrate that the territory of Kimvula is underdeveloped, to show the problems of this situation and the strategies to ensure the integral development and to solve the problem of its poor development. The results obtained from this study affirm that the level of the development is in decline (opinion of 60 percent of subjects surveyed), or in stagnation (opinion of 34.5 percent of subjects surveyed) and without opinion (opinion of 5.5 percent of subjects surveyed). The long-term development of Kimvula therefore requires diversification of their economies into the production of tradable goods. It is also necessary in the medium term because the territory is isolated from a possible reversal, even temporary, in the current trend in raw material prices. Diversification of production can follow several directions. The evacuation of agricultural products is a first path. But also, significant investments in transport infrastructure and the rehabilitation of agricultural service roads. National governments and international development agencies have neglected for too long the potential that the territory of Kimvula represents.

Diversity of use of Striga Hermonthica in Niger

Salamatou, Saidou Sabo — 2024-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Striga represents a significant constraint to food production. Despite its harmful effects, striga is regularly sought in the markets for uses miscellaneous. The general objective of this work is to collect all the information on the use made of this harmful species. Field surveys were carried out in the 6 regions of Niger (Dosso, Maradi, Niamey, Tillabéry, and Zinder) and the choice of surveyed, was done at random. 340 people were interviewed including 236 men and 104 women. The survey results showed that 76% of surveys use striga and it is involved in 10 categories of uses, namely fodder, soil fertilization, the mystical, the dye, the fuel, the fight against erosion, the insecticide, human food, traditional human and animal medicine. The uses most cited are fodder with 35.10% followed by human medicine (22.12%). This study made it possible to inventory 31 diseases for which striga is used for treatment of diseases in humans.

DELFT3D hydrodynamic modelling of tidal currents on the underwater beach of the littoral sud-ouest of Côte d’Ivoire

Yao, N’Guessan Eric — 2024-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The fundamental tool of this study is the two and three-dimensional modeling software DELFT 3D. It was used to model the hydrodynamic processes of the harbor of San-Pédro (Côte d’Ivoire) and its immediate marine environment, with the input parameters such as tidal variations in tides and river flows, as well as average annual wind speeds. Studies focused on the behavior of current fields, water level variation, and the nature of the tidal wave. The calibration of the model followed by an analysis of the literature led us to choose a coefficient of 0.03 m-1/3.s, with which the model performs very well. Current fields tend to follow the wind direction, parallel to the coast at sea, while they fit the morphology of the roadstead. At sea, currents are exclusively linear at low water, and exceptionally gyratory at flood stage in front of the San-Pedro river outlet. In the roadstead, they are gyratory and linear, alternating in some places and permanently gyratory in others. The shape of the current also depends on its speed, with a limit of 1.5 cm/s for the appearance of gyratory currents at lower speeds. The current speeds in the roadstead are between 0 and 6 cm/s while at sea they are between 5 and 11 cm/s, exceptionally between 10 and 34 cm/s in front of the outlet. As water level variations are highly dependent on tide and season, they are greater in the roadstead (4cm on average) than at sea. The wave is stationary in roadstead, with the existence of the seiche phenomenon, and progressively dominant at sea. The seiche wave determines the directions of entry and exit of water from the roadstead, with low tide corresponding to an outflow of water and high tide, a period of transition between the ingress and egress of water from the roadstead.

Effect of Plant Population on Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) Growth Characters, Grain and Fodder Yield in Soudanian and Soudano-Sahelian Zones of Burkina Faso

Coulibaly, Soumabéré — 2024-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Cowpea varieties respond differently to plant population per hectare due to their intrinsic morphological differences and the influence of the weather and soil condition in growing environment. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of plant population on growth and yield characters of erected and semi-erected cowpea varieties in two agroecological zones of Burkina Faso. A split-plot experiment with three replications conducted in two consecutive rainy seasons, 2019 and 2020, at Kamboinse and Farako-Ba research stations was used to determine the effect of three plant population, 62,500 (control), 95,258 and 111,111 on four improved cowpea varieties, KVx745-11P, Komcalle, Tiligre, Neerwaya. The results showed a significant variation of fodder and grain yield in both locations. At Farako-Ba the combined years data recorded the values of 3740.50, 5240.94 and 5164.02 kilogram per hectare for fodder yield and 1124.14, 1242.93 and 1372.93 kilogram per hectare for grain yield at the plant population of 62,500, 95,238 and 111,111, respectively. The same trend was Observed in Kamboinse with slightly higher average means of fodder and grain yield which were 4300.75, 6446.06, 6699.06 kilogram per hectare and 1285.82, 1481.06 and 1650.03 kilogram per hectare, respectively. From the study it is also noticed that grain and fodder yield were impacted by genotypes and environment. The positive relationship between plant population, fodder and grain yield suggest that improved cowpea varieties yield can be substantially increased with the plant population of 111,111 per hectare.

Role of adenosine deaminase in the diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis

Charaf, Hanane — 2024-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection that can affect many organs including the pleura, and its diagnosis is not always easy. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) has been developed and widely used for the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Objective: To determine the diagnostic utility of adenosine deaminase (ADA) in a series of 80 pleural effusions, and whether pleural ADA can replace pleural biopsy in the evaluation of suspected pleural tuberculosis. We also propose a review of the literature on the characteristics, metabolism and clinical uses of ADA for the diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis in clinical practice. Methods: This is a retrospective study of 200 patients with pleural effusion, of whom 80 patients had an adenosine deaminase assay in pleural fluid. The study was conducted at the day hospital of Moulay Youssef Hospital, CHU Ibn Sina of Rabat, during the year of 2018. Results: Among 200 patients admitted for pleurisy exploration, 80 patients had benefited from adenosine deaminase assay, 90% of pleurisies were of tubercular origin, 75% were retained on histological arguments (by pleural biopsy), while the remainder were retained in front of clinical, biological, radiological and evolutionary arguments. The median pleural ADA level was 53 IU/L. Conclusion: ADA is a rapid and precise means of detecting tuberculous pleurisy, it can be used to support the diagnosis and in particular in case of absence of histological evidence either in front of the impossibility of realization of a pleural biopsy (child, effusion of small abundance), or in front of a not contributive anatomo-pathological result.

Impact of social networks in the higher education and university environment in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Kongo Central province in the Tshela territory

Grace, Lusiku Muabi — 2024-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

To reach our research period, we began our study in October 2017 and completed it in June 2018, nine months corresponding to an academic year. Higher education and university institutions would therefore have everything to gain from turning to applications dedicated to learning via this social media. Our study has as its field of research three higher education institutions, namely I.S.P/KANGU, ISTM/Tshela and ISEA/Tshela. Indeed, social networks became popular in the 2000s. They are increasingly used in different ways in the field of information and communication technologies. In view of our scientific reflection, all our respondents often consult social networks. Clearly, the three higher education institutes in the area provide good support to students in the regular use of the Internet. As an illustration, for Internet connection, seventy-seven students or 62.07% use cell phones, thirty-three or 28.49% use Internet cafes and eleven with a percentage of 9.48 use modems. Currently, Facebook is the most used social network. We noted eighty-two or 70% of our respondents against twenty-nine or 25% for WhatsApp. Twitter and YouTube are less used by our respondents.

Quality control of leukocyte count in some reference medical training courses in the former city of Tshela: Case of HGR/Pandji, MIMVANZA Reference Health Center and Kilayika Hospital Center

Robert, Litoba Molombe J. — 2024-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

To make the quality control of the leukocyte numbering in some laboratories of the former city of Tshela, was the overall objective of this research. Blood samples for leucocyte (white blood cell) counting were taken from patients at Pandji General Reference Hospital, Mimvanza Reference Health Center and Kilayika Hospital Center and the latter were examined at the laboratory of the Higher Institute of Medical Techniques of Tshela (ISTM /Tshela) with respect for standards, enacted on the subject by the WHO. Indeed, the quality control results of the numbering of white blood cells showed that the quality control parameters were good except for the parameter expression of the results with bad score at C.S.R/Mimvanza and C.H. Kilayika as well as the task parameter of Laboratory Technician with an average index at the Pandji General Reference Hospital in Tshela. In addition, the distribution of data according to age group revealed that the age group from 1 to 16 years was the most encountered with 36 cases out of 90, or 40%, on the other hand, that from 16 to 30 years was the less observed with 14 cases out of 90 or 16%. This predominance of the age group of 1 to 15 years could be justified insofar as this category contains a vulnerable group, that of children from 0 to 5 years old. It was found that according to the presentation of the data of the number of white blood cells in the laboratories, that in the sense of the HGR/Pandji, which has a high frequency of normal results with 16 out of 42 normal cases, i.e. 38 %. According to the overall quality control results of the white blood cell count, quality of the white blood cell count, the normal results were superior compared to the abnormal, with 64 cases out of a total of 90, or 71% From the comparison of the quality control and lab results, we noticed a considerable discrepancy between the lab results and its results from our study. After our analyzes we found that quality control of the WBC count was non-existent in medical laboratories, which is the cause of results that sometimes deviate from reality or standards. Our hypothesis according to which there would be the absence of quality control in the leukocyte numbering which would be the basis of the errors recorded in the expression of the results was fully confirmed.

Next generation sequencing in detecting Oral Cancer Due to Tobacco Consumption

Nguyen, Quang-Trung — 2024-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

DNA sequence DNA Sequencing is the first step in establishing phylogenetic trees, protein structure prediction, diagnosis of cancer, discovery of drugs and hence its importance cannot be underestimated. DNA sequencing finds its use in the diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Oral Cancer is the most common occurring malignancies in the world, especially in India where the prevalence for smoking, Areca nut chewing coupled with a lifestyle that encourages these two activities as fashion are left many people diagnosed with OSCC. Patients with this OSCC are more likely unaware of its side effects and over time might suffer from facial deformity. The importance to understanding the symptoms, prevention and treatment of oral cancer is very much essential today. In this paper, we looked at over 2000 odd papers published and look at the correlation between the next Generation DNA sequencing algorithms (NGS) play an important role in diagnosis of OSCC. This is a further study on some of the papers which have highlighted NGS role in OSCC Diagnosis. We did like to see a comprehensive review on the papers published so far. In the discussion, we will see frequently mutated genes in the OSCC, recent discoveries and OSCC treatment based on the findings.

The main initial representational obstacles in kinematics among fourth-year scientific students in Inkisi and Kimpese in Democratic Republic of Congo

Rama, BAZANGIKA MUSUNDA Wa SADI — 2024-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this study, based on a sociogenetic approach involving 7 teachers and 182 fourth-year scientific students from 21 schools offering the scientific section in Inkisi and Kimpese, two cities in the Kongo Central province of the Democratic Republic of Congo, the central question focused on identifying the main initial representational obstacles in kinematics among these students and their origins. As a result, it was noted that most teachers were unaware of these initial representations. In addition, the students had primitive, negative and collective conceptions, stemming from educational and cultural contexts, relating to the basic notions of kinematics such as motion (moving), time (duration), trajectory (distance), speed (rapidity), rectilinear motion (movement on a flat surface), uniform motion (fixed), varied motion (accelerated) and free fall (falling suddenly and involuntarily). There is thus a persistent and evolving contradiction between these initial representations-obstacles and the new knowledges that teachers have to transmit.

Characterization and trend of the climate in the Central-West region of Burkina Faso

Zoundi, Mahamadi — 2024-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Economic activities in the Central West region of Burkina are dominated by agriculture. This agriculture, dependent on climatic parameters (rainfall, temperature), is under the influence of climate change. Understanding the state of the climate and its evolution can guide effective adaptation measures. This article aims to contribute to knowledge of the state of the climate, its variabilities and trends in the Central West region of Burkina Faso. The results of the analyzes indicate that the region is characterized by a tropical climate subdivided into two types. The North Sudanian type characterizes the northern part and the South Sudanian type the southern part. There is strong variability in rainfall and temperatures from 1991 to 2020. This variability is marked by a relatively dry period (1988-2002) characterized by an average rainfall of 705.95 mm and nine years of rainfall deficit, the excesses of which are recorded in 1997, 2000 and 2005. The second period (2003-2017), wetter, is characterized by an average of 828.58 mm, with ten years of excess rainfall. The year 2012 recorded very excess rainfall. Temperatures have fluctuated with an average for the same period of 29.11°C. High temperature values are observed in 2020 and 2005 with 29.60°C and 29.55°C respectively. The low averages were recorded in 1992 and 1991 with 28.04°C and 28.41°C respectively. The analyzes conclude a trend towards a slight increase in precipitation and a regular and significant trend towards an increase in temperatures.

ANALYSIS OF THE PERFORMANCE OF BURKINA FASO NATIONAL FOOTBALL TEAM DURING THE LAST THREE EDITIONS OF AFRICAN FOOTBALL CUP OF NATIONS (2015, 2017, 2019)

SALFO, Iloubo — 2024-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Sport in general and football in particular has evolved exponentially since its introduction to Africa through settlers. A framework for the expression of different football nations, the African Football Cup of Nations, which is organized every two years, allows the different national teams to measure themselves and evaluate the degree of progress in this discipline. The Burkinabè national football team «Stallons» participates with checkered results in recent years. The objective of this research was to study the factors which explain the instability of the performance of the Stallions during the last three (3) editions of the African Cup of Nations. A qualitative methodological approach made it possible to investigate with 30 people made up of players, technical staff, executives from the Ministry of Sports and Leisure, federal members, sports journalists and supporters. The results obtained show that the Stallions have quality players and have encountered opponents of a somewhat high level. It also appears that poor management of the workforce caused the poor results. There is a need for reorganization and rejuvenation of the national team.

PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING OF TRAINEE TEACHERS OF INJEPS PROFESSIONAL MASTER’S DEGREE AT WORK

AHONNON, Adolphe — 2024-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aims to analyze the psychological well-being of trainee teachers in the professional master’s program at INJEPS and the organizational factors that influence the Psychological Well-Being at Work (BEPT) of these trainee teachers. Specifically, it was a question of evaluating the psychological well-being of trainee teachers in the professional master’s program at INJEPS. In order to achieve these objectives, a study was conducted within our target population. Thus, 63 trainee teachers in the professional master’s program at the National Institute of Youth, Physical Education and Sport responded to an electronic questionnaire. Data collection was done using an online questionnaire, developed using Google Docs. The results reveal that trainee teachers have a fairly satisfactory level of well-being but that one in five teachers has a low level of BEPT. The results of the linear regression analysis established that the managerial relationship, the availability of material resources, the school climate and professional skills have significant and positive effects on the psychological well-being at work of INJEPS professional master’s trainee teachers, while the workload and travel constraints at work have a negative and significant impact. These variables constitute positive factors whose growth contributes to the BEPT. In statistical terms, the variables, workload (β = - 0.063; Sig = 0.032 < 0.05) and travel constraints at work (β = - 0.067; Sig = 0.041 < 0.05) negatively and significantly affect psychological well-being at work.

Research of C-reactive protein in pregnant women in prenatal consultation «CPN»: Case of the Kangu General Reference Hospital), Kangu Rural Health Zone, Lukula Territory, Kongo Central Province in the Democratic Republic of Congo from July to November 2022

José, Nzau Mbadu Don — 2024-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The pregnant woman offers a favorable environment for germs that fight her ability to fight infection, which justifies the increased susceptibility of the pregnant woman to many infectious diseases. CRP has very rapid evolution kinetics during an infectious inflammatory syndrome; its investigation allows early diagnosis of an infectious syndrome, which potentiates the diagnostic value of its assay. The overall objective of this study was to search for the protein; reactive in pregnant women at the Kangu General Reference Hospital. During our study we found that according to the distribution of the results of the CRP of pregnant women that out of 74 samples in total, 46 were positive or 62.16% and 28 negative or 37.84%. The distribution of CRP results according to age groups revealed that the age group of 16 to 25 years old had a CRP positivity rate of 32.43% and that of 36 to 45 years old with 5. 41% out of a total of 74 samples, the two age groups presented being respectively the most affected and the least affected. The distribution of CRP results according to the age of pregnancy indicated that the 2nd trimester of pregnancy presented a positivity rate of 37.84% with 28 cases; and moreover, the 3rd trimester with 10.81% or 8 out of the total of 74. The said age groups being the most infected and the least infected.

Epidemiology of Early Neonatal Infections at the Bunia General Referral Hospital, in the Ituri Province, Northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo

Deogratias, LOKAZO LONU — 2024-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study has been realized with the aim of analyzing the epidemiology of infections in the early neonatal period in the referral hospital of Bunia. The cross-sectional method supported by documentary analysis was used to collect data from 3775 respondents. After the analysis, it was revealed the following: - The frequency of early neonatal infections in the referral hospital of Bunia from 2018 to 2022 is 51.68%. - Neonatal fever was the most dominant factor in newborns (67.90%). - The majority of respondents had no background related to the mother (81.36%). - Almost the majority of respondents were submitted to Amoxycillin/ampicillin + Gentamycin (93.88%). - More than 89.97% of our respondents had benefited from regular follow-ups. - To end, healing was the main outcome of treatment. In view of these results, it should be noted that neonatal infection in the early period is still a major health problem in newborns. So, there is a strong need to develop effective preventative and curative interventions to support newborns in early neonatal period.

Intra-tree variability and quality of small-diameter trees from Ivorian secondary forests: The case of Mansonia altissima

Digbe, Thomas — 2024-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Côte d’Ivoire, the rapid disappearance of the natural forest has led the forestry industry to procure small-diameter wood, mainly from secondary forests, whose properties are little known. In order to contribute to a better management of Ivorian forest species, this work aimed to analyze the properties (density and monnin hardness) of Bété, Mansonia altissima (A.Chev.), an emblematic species in Côte d’Ivoire. Density of wood and monnin hardness were determined under standards NF B51-005 and NF B51-013 respectively. Statistical analysis showed that Bété has a density of 681.8 ± SD kg/m3 and a monnin hardness of 3.77. These characteristics indicate that small-diameter wood from secondary forests can be used appropriately for a wide range of applications, just like wood from natural forests.

Mineralogical and petrographic study and evaluation of the potential of Lukula River within the Lukula territory in the Central Kongo province of the Democratic Republic of Congo

Souhait, Kaluma Mabaya — 2024-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Democratic Republic of Congo is one of the vast countries of the African continent, with a surface area of 2345 million km2. It has a rich soil and subsoil that can be used as a primary development sector. The geology of the DRC is known only in a regional context, i.e., not in great detail, and requires a great deal of investigation on smaller scales. With this in mind, we aim to provide more detailed data on the geology of the Lukula region. The aim is to find occurrences of mineralization in the various formations encountered and evaluate its river (Rivière Lukula) in order to propose a model for the circulation of fluids carrying these mineralizations and finally to plan a prospective study. Our study area is the Lukula territory, which is rich in mineral concentrations, which is why we focused on in situ and laboratory petrography, laboratory metallogeny and metallography, and the evaluation of its large river, where mining activities take place (artisanal mining). Artisanal gold mining has been going on for decades now, and during our fieldwork we got our fingers on the gold and some diamond showings in our study area.

The impact of the determinants of employee professional mobility on organizational performance in a company

Alpho, BANGIMINA KABEMBA — 2024-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

It is now agreed that the organization is increasingly exposed to the risk of its employees leaving. Indeed, the latter have become masters of their professional trajectories and consequently develop various mobility models. The impact of such an event on the performance of the organization seems difficult to assess. To deal with it, the organization is required to stimulate and involve its employees. This article is underpinned by two objectives. The first is to identify the determinants of the mobility phenomenon by emphasizing the concept of organizational involvement. The link that can be established between this and a skills management approach also constitutes an area of development that we will explore. The second objective is to examine the impact of professional mobility on organizational performance, by distinguishing between qualitative and quantitative flexibility. To do this, we begin, in a first step, with a definition of the concept of professional mobility and its different forms. We also present the main theoretical approaches that have tried to explain the course of this process and we draw up a more or less exhaustive list of its determinants. These are generally personal, organizational and sectoral variables. In a second step, we are interested in the consequences of professional mobility on organizational performance. At the end of this study, we show that the implementation of a coherent and effective human resources policy based on skills management can involve employees in organizational life and strengthen their commitment to better contribute to the performance of the organization.

Bridging Urban Vulnerabilities: A Review of Pandemic Resilience Strategies in Informal Settlements through Urban and Architecture Interventions

Caldieron, Jean M. — 2024-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper explores the intersection of informal settlements and pandemic resilience. The study emphasizes the historical context of pandemics and their correlation with urban design, highlighting the pivotal role of urban planning and architectural interventions in curtailing disease transmission. The methodology involves a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature from databases like PubMed, JSTOR, and Google Scholar, focusing on keywords related to informal settlements, urban interventions, architecture, and pandemics. The selected articles, primarily from 2020, undergo comparative analysis, leading to the development of a conceptual framework for pandemic resilience in informal settlements. Results from the literature review are presented in two sections: «Informal Settlements and Pandemics» and «Informal Settlements and COVID-19.» Findings underscore overcrowding, poor sanitation, and inadequate infrastructure as contributors to disease transmission. Case studies emphasize the significance of enhanced waste and water infrastructures, proper drainage, and improved housing design for pandemic prevention. Difficulties implementing public health guidelines, such as social distancing, in these settings are revealed. Additionally, digital connectivity disparities and multifactorial vulnerabilities of informal settlements to COVID-19 are explored. In conclusion, the study advocates for rethinking urban planning and architectural design to address vulnerabilities in informal settlements during pandemics, providing insights for post-pandemic urban remodeling, and emphasizing resilience in future health crises.

Comparative study of bulb production from bulbils and from Niger onion seedlings

Haoua, Bori — 2024-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the most cultivated vegetables in Niger due to its use in food and medicine. The present study, the first of its kind on the production of bulbs from bulbils, aims to compare two onion production technologies in Niger. For this, a test was set up on the CACH experimental site which is located in the Niamey IV commune. The parameters studied were the rate of plant recovery, plant growth and yield and the characteristics of the bulbs at harvest. The results showed that plant height increased over time for all treatments. The analysis shows that there are significant differences between the treatments. The average number of bulbs per plot found at the bulbil treatment level (86.33±8,430 bulbs) is significantly higher compared to that of the seedling treatment (75±5,292 bulbs); the average weight of bulbil treatment (0.98 kg) is lower than that of seedling treatment (1.16 kg); the weight of fresh biomass from seedling treatment (0.3±0.1414 kg) is greater than that of bulbils (0.25±0.2074 kg). The study noted that the yield in weight for the seedling treatment (19666.67±2.129 kg/ha) is significantly greater than that recorded for the bulbil treatment (19000±1.211 kg/ha). Both techniques have proven to be effective and can be used successively so that the onion is available and accessible all seasons of the year.

Antimoniferous Occurrences of the Moroccan Central Hercynian Massif: Comparative test, genetic hypothesis and exploration prospects

Lotfi, Fouad — 2024-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Morocco, the antimony indices and deposits are divided into three regions: Central Morocco which contains the majority of the indices, the Rif, the Tazekka and Tamlelt massifs. These mineralizations are mainly hosted in Paleozoic terrains, sometimes near outcrops of Hercynian granites outside their aureole of contact metamorphism. They are in most cases in the form of stibine with fracture filling. Antimony deposits are vein-like and belong to several morphological types: deposits of large fractures opposing those of small fractures to which a particular type can be attributed, including that of cracks, and stratiform deposits with mineralization disseminated within the rock sedimentary host. The pattern of distribution of antimoniferous mineralization in Central Morocco clearly shows their dependence on granite massifs. Lithological control is a key trap for the distribution of mineralization. The preferential alignment of these mineralizations is generally following the major fractures including two tectonic axes of NE-SW direction (Smala-Achemeche; Pays Zaïan-Haut Oued Beht), with a high frequency in the vicinity of the Carboniferous terrains and those of the pre-Carboniferous basement which constitutes the essential element of the search for new mineralized zones. In fact, it is the hearts of the anticlines as well as their flanks that are the best mineralized. Brittle tectonics played an essential role either at the local level of the deposit, or at the regional level of faulted anticlinal folds in determining the distribution of antimoniferous mineralization in the various massifs. The age of emplacement of antimoniferous mineralization is similar to the different massifs having been deposited at the end of the Hercynian orogeny.

Stanno-Wolframiferous Occurrences of Central Morocco: Similarities and differences

Lotfi, Fouad — 2024-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The northern part of the Moroccan meseta is characterized by a number of deposits or showings of tin and tungsten. They are spatially associated with the Hercynian granitic massifs. The magmatic activity of the North-Mesetian basement is characterized by the establishment in the West and in the center of important granite intrusions: Zaër, Ment, Oulmès, of several pointings of lesser importance: Moulay Bouazza, Aouam, Oued Beht and massifs, still in a hypothetical state, such as the buried granite of Achemmèche (El Hammam). This magmatic activity has led to the establishment of stanno-wolfamiferous mineralization locally of economic importance. This comparative study presents a synthesis of the stanno-wolframiferous occurrences of Hercynian Central Morocco. The study focused on the mineralization of five localities representing the main Sn-W mineralized districts of Central Hercynian Morocco (Oulmès, Zaër, Ment, El Hammam, and Aouam). The characteristics of each of these mineralized occurrences are described before establishing a comparative synthesis given by way of conclusion. It specifies the similarities and differences between the different granite stocks of Central Morocco by identifying the points of analogy and difference of the Sn-W mineralized sites of Hercynian Central Morocco.

Petrographic and mineralogical studies of the polymetallic sulphide mineralization of the Visean formations of the Jbala fault: Nature and origin of mineralization (El Hammam District, Central Morocco)

Lotfi, Fouad — 2024-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the district of EI Hammam and precisely in the sector of Ticht Ouguas and along the fault of Jbala, which materializes in this place the abnormal contact between the anticlinorium of Khouribga-Oulmès and the synclinorium of Fourhal-TeIt, the presence sulphides disseminated in the sediments, the discovery of a major gravimetric anomaly in these sectors and above all the recognition and description, for the first time, of volcanic pillow lavas (pillow lavas), prompted the undertaking of prospecting for sulphide deposits. In this sense, two cored boreholes (SCJB1, SCJB2) of a few hundred m were implanted in the valley of the Boutoukret wadi upstream of the mine, almost on the route of the Jbala fault. The region of the Jbala fault has experienced multiple geological events, which can be summarized in two major stages. The first stage corresponds to Visean turbiditic sedimentation in an active context of synsedimentary tectonics, followed by a second stage which corresponds to a major deformation with a NE-SW structure (post-Visean event) materialized by the functioning of the inherited fault, a tourmalinization (introduction of boron probably in relation to a thermal flux of deep origin (placement of the Achemèche granite), shear under conditions of brittle deformation, and finally a placement of sulphides. The petrographic and mineralogical study of a certain number of samples from these drillings supplemented with those of surface made it possible to recognize petrographic facies (1) of the sedimentary rocks corresponding to an alternation of limestone benches, sandstones and dark pelites having undergone slight metamorphism hardly exceeding the degree of greenschist, (2) igneous rocks: diorites, dolerites and pillow lavas probably similar to a keratophyre, and (3) sulphides present along the entire length of the boreholes. Depending on the arrangement and lithological nature of the formations that host these sulphides, several types have been distinguished: either disseminated (essentially pyrite and pyrrhotite) or in fine laminae predominantly pyritic, or polymetallic (pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite and especially sphalerite) associated with carbonate levels, more or less skarnified and later in fissures parallel with the sulphides of the fluorite veins.

Effect of educational level and marital status on health-related quality of life using Duke health profile in population of Tetouan (Morocco)

EL EMRANI, Latifa — 2024-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Background: Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) assessment and the determinants affecting it in the general population are essential to determine its needs and expectations. This work aims to evaluate the effect of educational level and marital status on HRQOL. Methods: Duke Health Profile was administered to a sample of 385 people chosen by quotas, living in Tetuan city in northern Morocco. Results: The Duke profile dimensions measured depend on the educational level, some of which tend to increase with studies increasing. Illiterate people have a bad perception of HRQOL for all dimensions, as opposed to those with high level of education. Marital status greatly influences the Duke profile dimensions. They was married people who express better HRQOL followed by singles, however divorced and especially widowed people had a bad perception of it. Conclusion: They was illiterate people, divorced and widowed people who perceive themselves in poor health and have a bad perception of HRQOL.

Expropriation due to mining: The procedure and obstacles

Kalé, KALENGA MUTEBA — 2024-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The report by the Platform of Civil Society Organizations in the Mining Sector (POM) highlights a significant increase in investments in the mining sector in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in recent years, particularly in the southern and eastern regions of the country. While these investments have a positive impact on the national economy, the forced displacement of local communities affected by mining projects disrupts their way of life. Despite the constitutional guarantee of the right to housing, practices of expropriation and relocation are common, raising questions about the coherence of Congolese legislation in this regard. The report emphasizes the need to examine this issue from a legal perspective, particularly regarding the expropriation procedure associated with forced displacements for mining projects. It raises questions about the compliance of investors with this procedure, sanctions in case of violation, and the level of compensation provided to affected communities. The central focus of the study is therefore on expropriation for the purpose of mining, with an emphasis on legal procedures and challenges faced by communities and investors.

Scope and extent of persons interposed or incompatible with the commercial profession in Congolese commercial law: Practical study on the right to marry with any person of one’s choice

Cyprien, Isaac Kyamusoke — 2024-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The commercial profession is subject to strict rules regarding conflicts of interest, aimed at preventing situations where a merchant might be tempted to prioritize personal interests over those of their clients. In this context, legal restrictions on marriage can be seen as an extension of these rules, intended to prevent potential conflicts of interest that may arise from a merchant marrying someone with connections to their clients or suppliers. However, such restrictions may be viewed as infringing upon individual freedom and the right to marry. Moreover, they can be challenging to enforce in practice, given the difficulty of determining whether a person is involved in a specific commercial relationship. Ultimately, the justification for restrictions on merchants’ marriages will depend on various factors, including the nature of the commercial profession, the scope of commercial relationships involved, and the individual rights at stake. Therefore, authorities such as civil registries, bar associations, judicial councils, and national orders of certified accountants must carefully examine each case to determine if marriage restrictions are justified in the particular circumstances of the case.

Hunting tools and rites among the Songye in the Tshofa Sector, in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Leonard, Kasemuana Tshite — 2024-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The study of all this which is linked to hunting rites, as well as ideology, has always been important in Prehistory, especially for the Upper Paleolithic. The rite constitutes a particular moment from the point of view of the hunting of an animal, hunting of locusts, the death of a customary leader, hunting songs, death of a chief hunter. This study was carried out in the Tshofa sector, Lubao Territory, Lomami Province in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The survey method supported by the interview technique served as a framework for collecting useful information.

Problematization and its impact on improving the language level of students in science classes

Bidari, Aziz — 2024-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Since the 2013-2014 school year, Morocco has implemented the Moroccan Baccalaureate with the French option, commonly known as the International Baccalaureate with the French Option (IB French). The other two international sections - English option and Spanish option - have been in the experimental phase in certain regional academies and are gradually being generalized in the following years. It should be noted that the International Baccalaureate with the French Option is essentially a Moroccan baccalaureate with the only difference being that scientific subjects, particularly life sciences and earth sciences, are taught in French. Unfortunately, many of our teachers and students struggle to integrate into this process due to their level of proficiency in the French language. Several attempts are being made to upgrade our teachers and students: encouraging students to conduct scientific research in French, using ICT (leveraging digital resources in French), promoting oral and written expression, etc. These various attempts can have a positive effect on students’ language proficiency and can also facilitate classroom debates, which remain an essential tool for upgrading both students and teachers. Problem-based learning, therefore, remains a classroom practice that promotes both the acquisition of the scientific method and the improvement of language proficiency for our students and even our teachers.

Organizational innovation: A literature review

EL MOUDDEN, Maryam — 2024-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article carries out an in-depth review of the literature on organizational innovation, focusing on the main approaches, definitions, its typologies, characteristics and some theories of organizational innovation. The main objective of this work is to improve understanding of organizational innovation and to develop effective strategies for stimulating such innovation and improving organizational performance. The results of this article provide an in-depth understanding of the definition, types, characteristics and theory of organizational innovation. However, as with any study, this literature review provides researchers with significant contributions, but may also present certain limitations. The sources selected may not include all relevant publications. To this end, this work encourages future researchers to fill the gaps identified and maintain understanding of this type of organizational innovation.

Physical characterization of five Ivorian mango varieties with a view to their contribution to the energy mix of Côte d’Ivoire

Coulibaly, Dokatiéné Abdoulaye — 2024-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Floridian mango varieties Kent and Palmer, two of the exported varieties also used to produce dried mango, mango juice and jam, and three other varieties locally called: «Tête de chat», «Bouche longue» and «Mademoiselle» and translated in English as «Cat Head», «Long Mouth» and «Miss», were selected on the market and used for experiments. The mass of the pit, skin and pulp of each variety was determined by weighing. The operation was carried out on several ripe mangoes of each variety and the mass ratios of the pit and skins were determined. The ratios of a variety are used to predict the potential waste products (pit and skin) that can be produced by that variety. As results, the studied varieties Kent, Palmer, Cat Head, Miss and Long Mouth, have a mass percentage of waste (pit + skin), 5.93%, 14.00%, 22.69%, 14.60% and 18.00%, respectively, with an average value of 15.04%. According to the available data on Ivorian mango production, which, according to the sources, is between 140,000 and 150,000 tonnes or between 180,000 and 200,000 tonnes of mangoes per year, the resulting amount of waste would be between 21,056 and 22,560 or between 27,072 and 30,000 tonnes, respectively. This amount of waste could contribute to Ivory Coast ‘s energy mix if converted into energy.

A New Perspective on Experimental Analysis of Biomass Cookstove to Improve Energy Efficiency

Bagaya, Noufou — 2024-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Improving a home's energy efficiency allows the reduction of biomass consumption and therefore human pressure on forests and improves users' health. This work aims to highlight the performance of an improved cooker based on the protocol of a water boiling test (WBT) said advanced. A suitable charcoal or firewood type is tested with wood from the province of KADIOGO, Burkina Faso. The tests took place for a month using pot number 3 with the presence and absence of its lid. The energy lost by the openings, walls, and fumes of the Cook Stove is 73.01%. The thermal performance is estimated at η=26,99% and a maximum cooking time of 40 minutes. The improvements of this Cook Stove made it possible to achieve a gain of 10% unlike three-stone fireplaces generally have yields of about 20%. The result shows that an optimization of the cookstove that can reduce the openings is possible. The study will continue with the development of a digital method to propose a cook stove with optimal energy performance.

Electrical and mechanical study of a medium-voltage overhead distribution line

Nounangnonhou, Cossi Télesphore — 2024-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Benin Sustainable and Secure Access to Electrical Energy Project (PADSBEE), initiated by the Government of Benin, aims to develop sustainable access to electricity through the construction of new lines to extend distribution networks. The construction of overhead distribution lines requires perfect knowledge and application of the climatic, electrical and geometric constraints to which they are subject. Our work thus consists in designing a software package for the electrical and mechanical dimensioning of medium-voltage overhead lines, with its application to the 3 km long 20 kV overhead line in the town of Come, in the Mono department. Based on the characteristics of the conductor to be used, the current criteria and the maximum permissible voltage drop, the electrical dimensioning allowed us to determine an Almelec conductor with a cross-section of 75.5 mm2 and composite insulators with a 490 mm creepage distance. From a mechanical point of view, verification of clearances to obstacles led to the selection of reinforced concrete supports 12 m in line and at a standstill, and 13 m at an angle. Wind and conductor loads on the supports led to the selection of Class A supports with a force of 300 daN in alignment, a Class A support with a force of 800 daN at an angle, and Class C supports with a force of 2000 daN at a stop. Reinforcements are of the sheet-vault type in alignment, horizontal stirrup in angle and single cross-member anchorage in stop.

Effect of seed priming on physiological and biochemical performance of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings

Tchoa, KONE — 2024-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The decline in rice production in Côte d’Ivoire in recent years is partly due to the poor condition of seeds at the time of planting. In this context of climate change, it is important to explore other alternatives for higher production. The aim of this study is to understand the physiological mechanisms involved in the growth of rice plants from primed seeds. Seeds of rice variety C26 (Oryza sativa) were primed in different solutions and grown under rainfed and rainfed lowland conditions. Treatments included control, water priming, sucrose priming and NaCl priming. Seeds primed with water and sucrose favored rice plant growth. The number of leaves under these conditions varied from 20 to 53. Plant height and number of tillers varied from 15 to 45 cm and from 5 to 12 tillers respectively. Seeds treated with NaCl showed the lowest values. Photosynthetic pigment levels were highest in plants growing under rain-fed conditions between the 4th and 7th weeks after planting. As for phenolic compound content, it was higher in growing plants in the lowland system and lower in rainfed conditions. Rice seed priming improved plant growth. The C26 rice variety is better adapted to lowland conditions.

Spatio-temporal analyze of land occupation in the Mawanga sector

Mbala, Laurent Kikeba — 2024-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aims to trace the situation of land use from 2005 to 2020 and its future at the end of this period to identify changes likely to establish a co-evolution between the state of ecosystems and the proliferation of stinking locusts. To achieve this, Landsat 7 and 8 images from 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020 were uploaded to the US Geological Survey website platform: https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov. A classification was carried out using the ENVI software and the results were exported to ArcGIS for the editing and production of maps. During the 15-year period studied, forest cover decreased by 202.5 km2. As for the grassy and shrub savannah, they increased by 194.4 and 32.8 km2 respectively. The recorded decrease in forest in favor of an increase in grassy and shrub savannah in the Mawanga sector during the 15 years under study can explain the proliferation of stinking locusts infesting cassava cultivation. The increase in the area of grassy savannah and the decrease in that of forest present favorable conditions for the proliferation of stinking locusts. Despite the increase in the area of shrub savannah, this situation masks the degradation of this ecosystem favoring low humidity conducive to the multiplication of the stinking locust.

Co-evolution of climate variables and the life cycle of the stinking locust (Zonocerus variegatus Linné)

Mbala, Laurent Kikeba — 2024-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This research aims to identify changes in climatic factors likely to explain the proliferation of Zonocerus variegatus populations observed in the Mawanga sector since 2015. Data series of temperature, precipitation and relative humidity covering the period from 1985 to 2021 have been downloaded from the «power.larc.nasa.gov» website. They made it possible to calculate the Lamb or Nicholson index and to evaluate the variability in order to discriminate between years with precipitation, temperature and hygrometry deficiency from those in excess compared to normal. This diachronic analysis revealed a variability likely to impact the population dynamics of stinking locusts and increase their ravages against cassava cultivation. Associated with the phenological stages of the stinking locust, the variability of precipitation, temperature and relative humidity parameters recorded between 1985 and 2021 favored the proliferation of stinking locusts and subsequent attacks.

Market structure of some agricultural products of regulary consumption and propensity of family agribusiness in mountainous South Kivu in DR Congo

CIRIMWAMI, Jean-Pierre Kashangabuye — 2024-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

In mountainous South Kivu, local markets are characterized by imperfect competition because not only is the information imperfect, but also transaction costs are high, sometimes arbitrary and hamper arbitrage in the marketing chain. There is freedom of entry and exit in the market but the information is not known in the same way and accessible to everyone in all markets. There are several sellers and several buyers on the market, but the products are heterogeneous. The price of agricultural products on the market are not stable and for good reason: the devaluation of the local currency, unpredictable taxes and over-taxation, the multiplicity of tax services on the same product, freedom in setting prices by the players, suppliers and/or wholesalers as well as retailers (unfair competition), a choice of products dictated by origin. The oligopoly situation experienced in the sector is caused by the concentration of producers. The determinants of consumption that are common to the four products studied are the market price, the income/wealth of the consumer, the prices of other substitutable goods and services, complementary goods and services, customer tastes/preferences as well as the family responsibility. Almost all consumers have the same behavior when it comes to essential goods. The latent factors determining the success of agribusiness in beans and corn are the profile, infrastructure, resources used, production technologies used, entrepreneurial orientation and marketing. The latent factors determining the success of cassava agribusiness are the resources mobilized and infrastructure. The latent factors determining the success of potato agribusiness are infrastructure, entrepreneurial orientation, marketing and production techniques.

Determinants of the success family agrobusiness in mountainous South Kivu in the Democratic Republic of Congo

CIRIMWAMI, Jean-Pierre Kashangabuye — 2024-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Local markets in mountainous South Kivu are characterized by imperfect competition because not only is information imperfect, but also transaction costs are high, sometimes arbitrary and hinder arbitrage in the marketing chain. The prices of agricultural products on the market are not stable. The oligopoly situation experienced in the sector is caused by the concentration of producers. Suppliers thus have power resulting from their domination and strong demand. Oligopoly is dangerous for consumers to the extent that the few players present in this market may be tempted to agree on the prices they impose on buyers. Thus, the latent factors determining the success of agribusiness in beans and corn are the profile, infrastructure, resources used, production technologies used, entrepreneurial orientation and marketing. The latent factors determining the success of cassava agribusiness are the resources mobilized and infrastructure. The latent factors determining the success of potato agribusiness are infrastructure, entrepreneurial orientation, marketing and production techniques. The variable exploited and secured surface area proved to be discriminatory for family agribusiness. Apart from the cultivation of potatoes considered as cash crops on any surface area, only medium and large producers can boast of doing agribusiness on beans, corn and cassava. The direct use of land covered by official and lasting titles offers more guarantee than usufruct for family agribusiness. In addition to land guarantees, the common latent factors for doing family agribusiness are the personal characteristics of the producer, infrastructure, resources used, production technologies used, entrepreneurial orientation and marketing.

Perception of climate changes on the hydrological balance and natural opportunities for exploiting solar energy in the Kouroussa area

Kourouma, Moriba — 2024-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Kouroussa prefecture is one of five prefectures in the Kankan region in the North-East and is an integral part of the upper Niger basin in the Republic of Guinea. It is an area that is experiencing the effects of climate change on the hydrological balance and the activities of local populations. The objective of the study is to characterize the hydroclimatic and thermal parameters in order to foresee the possibilities of natural exploitation of solar energy for the development of agricultural activities in the study area. In this study we determined the drought indices and calculated the specific energies from solar radiation. In terms of the results of the study, we note that the period from 1981 to 1993 the average rainfall value equals 1082 mm when the drought period from 1994 to 2010 is characterized by an average rainfall of 1131 mm. From 2011 to 2022 the rainfall is 1742 mm. The river is experiencing a period of drought for an average flow of 121.5 m3/s from 1980 to 1994. The average flow of 173.3 m3/s estimated for the period 1995-2018 explains the alternating drought phenomena. and surplus. The balance deficit is worth 95% of precipitation and the energies calculated at the expense of temperatures vary between 2048.10E-26 and 2062 10E-26 joules for an average of 2054. 10E-26 joules. Solar radiation established in the north and northeast of the area is characterized by temperatures varying between 25 and 27°C for an average temperature equal to 26°C. Solar energy sources can be used among many other possibilities for exploiting renewable energy for the benefit of the populations of Kouroussa.

Characterization of detritical processes on Ivory coast: Case of Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire)

Aimé, GBAMBLE Bi Youzan — 2024-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The coastline in Abidjan -Côte d’Ivoire present many potential. Much previous work has been done there. However, there are few studies that essentially address the petro-sedimentary processes of detrital deposits in their transfer to the coast in Abidjan. Granulometric, morphoscopic and mineralogy approaches made it possible to characterize these detrital deposits on the coast. The sediments would have been preferentially moved by traction. At the end of their transfer, these sediments were deposited in the beach area and coastal dune. The appearance of the quartz grains in Abidjan area remains dull and not very shiny. These grains have rounded, sub-rounded, sub-angular, angular and masted round shapes. The proportion of haevy minerals increases from the «canal Est» site to the «Cité U» site. This follows the direction of the littoral drift.

Effectiveness of ophtascan 2 diabetes screening in Lubumbashi: Pilot study on screening for cancer and type

Banza, Désiré Kamba — 2024-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: Screening and early treatment are the best strategy for controlling cancer and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Based on artificial intelligence, new software Ophtascan allows the early detection of the following cancers: cervix, endometrium, breast, prostate, lung as well as type 2 diabetes, from the image of the eyes. The objectives of this study were to test the reliability of the test in the detection of type 2 diabetes and to present the prevalence of oncological pathologies detected. Methodology: screening was carried out in two stages: a technical test of the program and mass screening at the University Clinics of Lubumbashi and the Sendwe Hospital of Lubumbashi among volunteers from April 2023 to July 2023. Results: Of the 98 volunteers screened including 32 men and 66 women, the risk of the following cancers was detected by Ophtascan: in men, 12.5%, 28% and 6% respectively for the prostate, lung (pre-cancer) and lung while in women we had 1.5%, 6%, 3%, 4.5% and 3% respectively for cervix (pre-cancer), cervical cancer, endometrial, breast (pre- cancer) and breast. This cancer screening trial was not accompanied by clinical confirmation of detected diseases due high cost and practical problems. T2DM trial was accompanied by lab blood test for confirmation of results. Proved sensitiviy of Ophtascan for T2DM achieved 91% within blind clinical trial and 100% within technical trial, and 72% of screened people did not suspect they had this disease, detected by Ophtascan. Conclusion and recommendation: Ophtascan is feasible in our environment and seems to have high reliability for the detection of type 2 diabetes as screening tool. Ophtascan certainly detected most of the targeted cancers, but the low number of cases does not allow solid conclusions to be drawn. The difficulty of validation for all types of cancer mentioned above due to its high cost for patients, we propose to carry out a new pilot research project which will focus on cervical cancer, for which early treatment is possible at a low cost in our environment.

Determination of physical and mechanical parameters of soil in the Niamey region (Niger) by using in situ and laboratory geotechnical tests

Idi, Baraou Souley — 2024-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present study focuses in situ and laboratory determination of geotechnical parameters of soil samples from the Niamey region (Niger). The collected soil samples were analyzed at the geotechnical laboratory (GEO-LAB CONSULT). Petrographic analysis of samples from manual wells showed three stratas of varying thickness. From top to bottom, these are: medium to coarse yellowish-red sand (50 to 80 centimeters), lateritic gravel (20 to 40 centimeters) and ferruginous armour (40 to 60 centimeters). The obtained results from the penetrometer boreholes were used to determine the depth of the foundations, the thickness of the studied stratas and the ultimate stress of the soil for foundations dimensioning. At the Aeroport site, the depth of the lowest point is 1.5 meter, with an ultimate stress of 5.05 bars. The Satu site has a lowest depth point of one meter, with an ultimate stress of 7.47 bar. The Kalley Plateau site gave a lowest depth point of 1.5 meters with an ultimate stress of 2.20 bars, and the Saguia Béné site had a lowest depth point of 1.5 meter with an ultimate stress of 2.15 bars. Analysis of the water content of studied soils, combined with the penetrometric results, shows that water content influences soil strength.

Production of biogas with household peelings in households and estimation of energy potential in Côte d’Ivoire

Louh, Sahi — 2024-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this study is to produce biogas with household peelings. The peels used are cassava (PM), yam (PI) and plantain (PB) peels. The bibliographic study allowed us to know that this waste has a high yield of biogas. However, the production of biogas with these peelings has acidification problems linked to their acid pH and a high C/N ratio. The use of a digestate from the anaerobic digestion of cow dung as inoculum (I) and a neutralizer such as human urine and cassava effluent allowed the pH to be adjusted around neutrality, which which made it possible to produce flammable biogas with its various peelings.

Characteristics and management method of agro-pastoral waste in the agricultural watershed of Sassandra case of the departments of Sassandra, Soubré, Daloa and Issia

Kouassi-Kouadio, Amenan Anne Mary — 2024-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The management of agro-pastoral waste remains a major concern in countries with high agricultural potential such as Côte d’Ivoire, due to the pollution of environmental components resulting from its poor management. This work aims to identify the different types of agro-pastoral waste generated in the departments of Soubré, Issia, Sassandra and Daloa. It also aims to provide information on the quantities of residues available and to identify the management method for this waste. To do this, some fields of observations were made to identify the different types of waste then based on agricultural statistical data from the Ministry. The quantities of agro-pastoral residues were estimated. A survey was also conducted from a survey sheet of agropastoral residue holders to identify the management method. It appears that in these localities, we find as crop residues, rice straw and husk, stalks, cobs and pobs of maize and cassava, bunches and palm shells, cocoa fibers and pods, shells of coffes. Livestock waste is made up of slurry, liquid manure, manure, bones, feathers and droppings and comes from animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and poultry. The quantities of crop residues estimated are 236,123.3 t/year in Daloa, 255,000 t/year in Issia, 290,000 t/year in Soubré and 198,221.4 t/year in Sassndra. Livestock waste is 728.8 t/year in Daloa, 3,606.1 t/year in Issia, 2,442.6 t/year in Soubré and 873.4 t/year in Sassndra. In these localities, 85% of planters abandon their residues in the fields, 12% of planters incinerate them in the open air and 3% compost them.

Social representation of mental illnesses in Congolese urban areas

Josue, Ozowa Latem — 2024-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article targets Congolese residing in urban areas, 115 subjects were contacted. We submitted a questionnaire assessing the social representation of mental illnesses, in terms of symptomatology, etiology and therapeutics. The results of this study explicitly demonstrated that there is an evolution in the social representation of mental illness and the understanding of its etiology in the African environment. Because the understanding of the manifestations of mental illness among the Congolese is in line with psychiatric semiology. We believe that modernity would have an impact on the positive social representation of mental illness among the Congolese contacted.

Effect of physical parameters of the porous medium on natural convection in a partitioned cavity

FAYE, Souleye — 2024-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this article is to study numerically the influence of the physical parameters of the porous medium on the heat transfer rate. To do this, we use the Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer model, and a numerical tool (Ansys fluent) to solve the heat transfer and Navier-Stockes equations. The average Nusselt numbers (convective and radiative) were then determined as a function of thermal conductivity, porosity and permeability. We can deduce that as thermal conductivity increases, the heat transfer rate rises to a maximum value before decreasing. As porosity increases, radiative and convective Nusselt decrease. Finally, the transfer rate increases with increasing permeability.

Knowledge of dirty hand diseases and hand hygiene practices in households in the Tshopo health zone, city of Kisangani

Gaston, Boande Losangola — 2024-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine mothers’ level of knowledge about dirty hand diseases and the practice of hand hygiene in the Tshopo health zone. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among 200 mothers/caregivers selected by a three-stage cluster sampling technique, in the Tshopo health zone, using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were based on proportions, mean and confidence intervals. Results: The most frequently cited dirty-hand diseases were diarrhea (55%), typhoid fever (48%) and amoebiasis (41%). Inadequate hand hygiene (71.5%), soiled food (34%) and unsanitary water (21%) were the most frequently cited contamination routes. Hand hygiene was the best-known measure for preventing dirty hands (71%), and the most frequently cited times for practicing hand hygiene were before eating (77.5%) and after using the toilet (71%). Hand hygiene was most frequently observed before eating (66.5%) and after using the toilet (49%). Hand-washing facilities were close to toilets in 37% of cases. Conclusion: The knowledge of diseases of dirty hands and means of prevention is incomplete but that of hand hygiene as a means of prevention of these diseases is satisfactory. Raising awareness, the availability of washbasins, water and soap near the toilets are actions to be reinforced.

Evaluation of the quality of the macroscopic examination in pathological anatomy: Pathological anatomy laboratory of the Ibn Rochd University Hospital of Casablanca

Belcaid, Mohamed — 2024-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Macroscopic examination is a description of a tissue sample. This procedure involves observation of the specimen, together with the samples taken. As part of our laboratory’s ongoing quality approach, we carried out a study to assess the quality of macroscopic examination in pathological anatomy. The assessment and interviews carried out identified existing good practices and areas for improvement, namely: a lack of space under the fume hood, unsuitable bottles for certain specimens, communication difficulties with surgeons, staff exposure to chemical hazards, particularly formalin, and infectious risks when examining fresh anatomical specimens. The recommendations put forward in this study are aimed at improving this essential technique for accurate anatomical-pathological diagnosis.

Reflexivity: An essential skill to optimize the teaching of soft skills in higher education in Morocco

Fadili, Samira — 2024-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Higher education in Morocco faces a persistent challenge linked to its adaptation to contemporary educational needs, highlighting the need to develop reflexivity among students to promote critical thinking and independent learning. The objective of this study focuses on the pedagogical strategies employed by higher education teachers in various disciplines to teach reflexivity.Through an in-depth survey conducted among a representative sample of teachers working at higher education institutions in Morocco, using semi-structured interviews as the main means of data collection. The results of this research are analyzed qualitatively to identify emerging trends and best practices in teaching reflexivity. This study makes a significant contribution to the understanding of educational practices aimed at developing reflexivity, offering prospects for educational innovations. The qualitative findings of this research can guide educational policymakers and practitioners towards more effective approaches to promoting reflexivity among students, thereby contributing to an overall improvement of higher education in Morocco.

Electro-analytical method for the detection of copper using a carbon paste electrode modified by ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid

BILE, Bernadette EHUI AVO — 2024-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Copper is one of the essential trace elements because it has metabolic importance for humans. However, copper and cupric compounds can be toxic at high concentrations. Indeed, too high a concentration of copper in the human body can cause damage to the kidneys, the brain and even death. Given that this product represents a health risk of dependence, it is therefore important to develop analysis methods capable of detecting it. Indeed, an electrochemical sensor has been synthesized. This electrochemical sensor is a carbon paste electrode modified with ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). It was characterized by electrochemical methods such as cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry in the presence of copper. Certain electrochemical parameters such as the influence of the copper concentration, the detection limit, the influence of pH, the reproducibility of the results was studied.

Evaluation of the Viability of Turpentine Oil at High Density Printing on Cotton Fabric

Rahman, Md. Mahbubur — 2024-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Printing is a popular method for all fabrics and garments. It is referred to as localized dyeing, in which dyes or pigments are applied using different techniques that can provide a particular color effect on the fabric surface according to the design. High-density printing is one of the most essential fabric and garment printing processes which results in a raised or textured surface on the fabric. In this study, we examined the performance of turpentine oil instead of silicon oil in high-density rubber printing on cotton cloth. Based on colorfastness to washing, colorfastness to rubbing, colorfastness to perspiration, colorfastness to saliva, and colorfastness to light, the performance of the printed fabric was assessed. We also evaluated the expense of the printing chemicals and the smell of the printed fabric. Turpentine oil saves around 10% on chemical costs, brings satisfactory results, and smells like kerosene. By curing the printed cloth or exposing it to sunlight for 4-5 days, this odor can be eliminated.

Evaluation of the antifungal activity of 4 plants used in the treatment of Tinea capitis (ringworm) in Niger

HIMA, Ramatoulaye MAROU — 2024-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Tinea capitis is a very common fungal infection in children. It is characterized by the appearance of white circular spots on the patient’s head. Piliostigma reticulatum (D.C.) Hochst, Terminalia avicennioids (Guill and Perr), Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst and Securidaca longipedunculata Fres are plants used therapeutically in the treatment of this disease in external application, in the form of a poultice. Chemical screening of aqueous and methanolic extracts of these plants reveals the presence of phenolic and terpenoid compounds but not alkaloids. The antifungal activity of the extracts of these plants, evaluated by the agar medium diffusion method using the fungal strain Candida albicans, showed that the crude extracts of S. longepedunculata and D. mespiliform have low antifungal activity compared to Nystatin. P reticulatum and T avicennioides extracts have average antibiotic activity. The evaluation of the antifungal activity of the fractions of the methanolic extract, obtained by treatment with different solvents including hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate, shows that the acetate fraction is more active than that obtained with the dichloromethane. The fractions obtained with hexane are inactive.

Management of purple blotch disease on onion (Allium cepa L.) using fungicides and plant-based pesticides in West Africa, Burkina Faso

Nana, Tounwendsida Abel — 2024-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Onion (Allium cepa L.) purple blotch caused by Alternaria porri (Ellis) Cif. is a disease of world-wide importance. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment combinations with fungicides and plant-based pesticides in the control of A. porri, onion growth and bulb production. To do so, the effect of aqueous extracts (5%, 10%, 15%) of Lippia multiflora, Azadirachta indica and the fungicides Mancozeb 80 WP (1g/L) and Azoxystrobin 250 SC (0.2%) on the radial growth of A. porri on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium was assessed. Furthermore, the onion variety «Prema» was used in field in a Fisher block design with four replicates. The treatments included the following: (i) the application of foliar sprays with distilled water (control), Mancozeb at 2 kg/ha and Azoxystrobin (1L/ha); (ii) the ground application of plant leaf powder (400 g/m2) at seven days before transplanting, which was then followed by the application of aqueous plant extracts and fungicides as foliar sprays. Sprays were carried out at 60, 80 and 100 days after transplanting. The results show that treatments inhibited the growth of A. porri from 25.35 to 100%. Furthermore, bulb yields in the plots treated with plant powders, ranging from 35 to 43.25 t/ha, exceeded that of the fungicide Mancozeb, which was 28.75 t/ha. From these findings, soil and leaf treatments with plant extracts may be used in the control of onion purple blotch disease. Nevertheless, it is essential to study the effects of plant extracts on soil fauna and microorganisms.

Evolution of gold content along the orebody in the Torkera gold deposit, Gaoua district: Deformation and hydrothermal alteration

Ouédraogo, Barkwendé H. Fabrice — 2024-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Mineralization at the Torkera gold deposit is located at the contact between volcanic rocks (basalt-andesite) and volcanosedimentary rocks (pyroclastite, blackshale) in the relay zone within the large West Batié Shear Zone (WBZ). Along strike, these formations are not only strongly sheared, but are also affected by intense hydrothermal fluid circulation. The deposit has not yet been characterized in terms of deformation and hydrothermal alteration. The present study aims to constrain the factors controlling the variation in gold content. Direct field measurements show that the mineralized body contained within the shear zone is affected by two phases of deformation. The first is a shear-type deformation known as D1T, marked by S1T schistosities. This first phase of deformation is taken up by a second phase of deformation called D2T. This second phase is marked by S2T fracture or crenulation schistosity. Two hydrothermal alteration phases affect these formations. The first phase of hydrothermal alteration is a carbonate-chlorite-quartz ± pyrite ± iron oxide paragenesis, while the paragenesis of the second phase of alteration is quartz-pyrite-white mica ± carbonate. Gold mineralization is associated with pyrite crystals from the second phase of hydrothermal alteration, whatever the nature of the host rock. The variation in gold content along the ore body is controlled by the intensity of fluid circulation in relation to deformation. The more space freed up by deformation, the more the hydrothermal fluid interacts with the host rock, resulting in a strong silicification and pyritization phase capable of trapping gold.

Petrosedimentary analysis of maastrichtian and paleocene-ypresian deposits in the Kao region and indices of phosphate mineralization (Tahoua Region, Central Niger)

Komi, Aguede — 2024-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study concerns the south-central part of the Iullemmeden intracratonic basin. The main objectives of the study were sedimentological analysis of the various facies and preliminary description of the nodules bearing phosphate mineralization in the Agougaran sector (Kao area, northern Ader Doutchi). The phosphate-bearing rocks are phospharudites. These occur as nodules of variable size and morphology. The phosphate nodules are hidden in the marl limestones or in attapulgite schists of the Barmou Member. Attapulgite schists contain the highest concentrations of nodules bearing phosphate mineralization. In the mineralized levels, nodules are either scattered or organized in layers or beds. The faunal association of the Barmou Member, which encases in the mineralized nodules, is made up of nautiluses, bivalves, sea urchins, gastropods, foraminifera and ostracods. This faunal association testifies to the emplacement of phosphate mineralization-bearing deposits in a confined marine environment.

Hearing Aid Dispensation in the Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services: An analysis of the Model, Client Satisfaction and impact on quality of life

Chirac, Awah Jacques — 2024-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Informed by the paucity of literature regarding ear and hearing care technology in Cameroon and the growing prevalence of ear and hearing pathologies justified by an increase in the number of clients that show up for ear and hearing care at facility level, the Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services (CBCHS) in partnership with Sound World Solutions (SWS) and Christophel Blind Mission (CBM) commissioned this study to conduct a field testing of SWS Hearing Aids with the aim of investigating user satisfaction vis a vis the quality and model of delivery of SWS Hearing Aids (HD75 and HD100) and to measure improvements in the quality of life of persons with hearing impairment using SWS hearing aids. Within 6months, 30 participants selected through a combination of self-reported inquiry and a Pure Tone Audiometry Test (PTA) took part in the study that was nested in the Ear Nose and Throat (ENT) departments of the Mbingo Baptist Hospital (MBH). Three tools including the Hearing Aid Satisfaction Survey (HASS), Hearing Handicap Inventory for Adults (HHIA) and the Washington Group set of Questions (WGQ) were used for Data collection at facility level at onset (upon consultation) and three to six months after using the Hearing Aids. The data collected was analyzed using a mixed method design. The findings show reported improvements in quality of life that were drastically adverse at onset of hearing impairment. There was an overall 80% satisfaction with the technical quality of the hearing aids, the accompanying services provided, affordability and ease of use. The Study recommends a review of current protocols related to hearing aid dispensation in the region.

Design of Biomass Cookstoves Reliability Demonstration Test Plans

Kevin, Tsapi T. — 2024-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

An open fireside is estimated to produce smoke equivalent to that of burning 400 cigarettes per hour. To reduce indoor air pollution from improved cookstoves, manufacturers should demonstrate the reliability of various aspects of their product, including thermal efficiency, cooking power, emissions, safety, and durability. This study investigated the optimal design of a reliability demonstration test (RDT) plan for accepting or rejecting a batch of cookstoves based on a target of no more than 5% failures at the end of the warranty period. The planning parameters for the RDT plan included the number of units to be tested (3, 5, 7), the reliability target of 95%, the confidence level of 95%, the maximum number of allowed failures (0, 1, 2, 3), the statistical power of the reliability test, and the values of the Weibull shape parameter (β_1=2.5; β_2=3.0; and β_3=3.5). The required number of samples and testing time for a successful reliability demonstration were determined using Minitab statistical software. The study results show that larger sample sizes or Weibull shape parameters lead to shorter required test times. The statistical power results for eleven scenarios demonstrate that the probability of passing the demonstration test increases as the improvement ratio or shape parameter increases. When the improvement ratio was 1.5 and the shape parameter was 2.5, the probability of passing the test increased from 34% to 54% for a fixed number of maximum allowable failures. Moreover, if the stove’s actual performance exceeds the standard that the test was designed to measure, the demonstration test’s power for one maximum allowable failure would be equivalent to that for three maximum allowable failures.

Challenges faced by Bunia English teachers in English teaching in 3rd and 4th forms building section

Christian, Maki Tsedha — 2024-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Teaching as well as learning English as foreign language has become problematic in Bunia town, which makes it a neglected and less appreciated lesson by pupils in third and fourth forms throughout their course in building section. Therefore, a survey was carried out among these pupils as well as their respective teachers in order to be able to per point the difficulties they face but also the factors leading them there. During this research, it turned out to be some difficulties which hinder the teaching and learning of English; five of which relate to teaching and five others to learning. We then allowed ourselves to come to the conclusion according to which all the difficulties are mainly due to the luck of a professional education relating to the section and qualified personal having followed the course of technical English teaching in building section.

Characterization of guinea pig (Cavia porcellus L.) breeding systems in Butembo town in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Kito, Mbusa Siviholya — 2024-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The purpose of this study is to identify and characterize different systems of guinea-pig breeding on farms in the town of Butembo. To achieve this objective, a survey was carried out among 60 breeders throughout the city. Results show that guinea pigs are raised on the floor in the kitchen, on the floor in a specific room and in cages. In many cases, guinea pig rearing is family-based. Carried out in the traditional way, family breeding is characterized by low animal numbers. Feeding is based almost exclusively on herbs and kitchen waste. With no management by the farmer and no external support in terms of training in modern breeding techniques, productivity is low. Factors leading to low productivity include mortality, overcrowding, lack of concentrated feed, disease, predators, and lack of organization. To improve the productivity of guinea pig breeding, it is important to increase knowledge of breeding systems and popularize improved breeding techniques. In addition, guinea-pig breeders should be supported and coached to encourage them to adopt commercial breeding.

Impact of the frequency of phytosanitary treatments on the damage of Spodoptera frugiperda J.E Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on corn in western Burkina Faso

Diao, Aboul Gani — 2024-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

With the aim of contributing to the protection of corn against the larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda JE Smith in Burkina Faso, we evaluated the effectiveness of four phytosanitary treatments based on chemical insecticides for the protection of corn plants. The experimental setup is a Fisher block comprising 04 repetitions and 7 treatments. Our study showed a significant effect of the number of insecticide treatments on the infestation rate, larval density but also the severity of damage caused to plants. However, the number of insecticide treatments evaluated in this study did not have a significant effect on yield (Pr( F = 0.531). The average yield of the plants was statistically identical when the plants were protected seven, three and two times with synthetic insecticides based on Emamectin benzoate and Flubendiamide + Thiacloprid. Furthermore, the yield analysis also does not show any difference between untreated plots and plots having received synthetic insecticide applications. It appears from this study that high numbers of insecticide treatments do not necessarily lead to an increase in yield. In areas heavily affected by the pest, three insecticide applications based on approved synthetic insecticides can be used against S. frugiperda damage.

Supplementary food formulation based on plantain, enriched with peanuts

TIGORI, Ernest Bonzou — 2024-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Plantain suffers post-harvest losses of 40 %, due to a lack of adequate means of preservation and processing. The aim of this study is to contribute to the valorization of plantain and the reduction of post-harvest losses through its transformation into instant infant flour. Material balance and overall material balance equations enabled us to formulate two feeds. Flour (F1) consisted of plantain, peanut and germinated maize; flour (F2) of plantain, peanut and ungerminated maize. Physico-chemical and organoleptic characteristics were determined using standard methods. The results show that flour (F1) incorporated with germinated maize flour recorded values in line with WHO-recommended standards. Protein contents ranged from 13.49 ± 0.03 g / 100 g MS (F2) to 14.54 ± 0.08 g / 100 g MS (F1). Iron levels range from 18.95 ± 0.64 mg / 100 g MS (F2) to 21.80 ± 0.64 mg / 100 g MS (F1). Leucine levels ranged from 792.49 ± 1.56 mg / 100 g MS (F2) to 799.56 ± 3.12 mg / 100 g MS (F1). The results obtained show that the slurry in the absence of germinated cereal is viscous. Viscosities ranged from 1.34 ± 0.06 Pa s (F1) and 4.42 ± 0.07 Pa s (F2). In overall, the panelists liked the sprouted corn slurry more than the panelists. The panelists' acceptance of F1 porridge over F2 porridge for their children is justified by its fluidity. Composite flour incorporating germinated maize could be recommended for children, helping to combat infant malnutrition.

Fodder potential of trees and shrubs in West Africa: Literature review

Soumana, Idrissa — 2024-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

In West Africa, fodder trees and shrubs play an important role in the socio-economic life of populations. The aim of this study is to summarize the literature on the use of these species worldwide, in Africa and in Niger. The methodological approach used in this study is documentary research via the Internet. The results show that articles (67%) are the most frequently consulted documents. Of this wealth of documentation, the subjects most dealt with were the inventory and distribution of fodder trees and shrubs (13%), followed by studies on animal husbandry systems (10.2%), the feed value of woody fodder (10.2%) and agrostological studies (9.90%). It has been shown that trees and shrubs play a major role in feeding, especially in the Sahel, where they help to alleviate the fodder deficit during long dry seasons and periods of drought. The 100 species concerned are mainly Fabaceae, Capparidaceae, Combretaceae, Malvaceae, Rubiaceae and Rhamnaceae.

Agro-pedological impacts of different crop rotations on a ferric acrisol in Burkina Faso

Bouinzemwendé, Pouya Mathias — 2024-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Low crop yields are often explained by unfavourable rainfall conditions, the natural poverty of the soil in terms of nutrients and the low use of fertilisers. In order to find appropriate solutions for the sustainable management of soil fertility, a study was carried out on the Fertility Maintenance Trial (FTM), an experimental system established in 1960 in central western Burkina Faso, where organic and/or mineral fertilisation regimes combined with crop rotations have been tested. The approach of this study consisted of a synthesis of existing agronomic data from 2011-2019 on the three (03) crop rotations. Soil samples were taken from a depth of 0-20 cm for physico-chemical analysis. We also measured yields on the cotton and sorghum plots during the 2018 and 2019 seasons. The results show that yield variability can be attributed not only to fertilisation, but also to crop rotations and the annual rainfall recorded over the period. The sorghum-cotton and sorghum-cowpea rotations produced the highest average sorghum yields, at 547 kg.ha-1 and 642 kg.ha-1 respectively. Sorghum monoculture recorded the lowest sorghum production. Chemical analyses revealed higher phosphorus use in the sorghum-cowpea rotation compared with the other rotations. The study of cropping system efficiency also revealed the role of legumes in crop rotations in maintaining and preserving soil fertility. In addition, we recommend integrated soil fertility management (organic and mineral fertilisation, crop rotations, etc.) for sustainable management of productive capital on cotton farms in Burkina Faso.

Integrating Respectful Maternity Care: Trend and Practice at Mvuzi General Referral Hospital in Matadi

KENURE, KENA KAPINGA — 2024-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The lack of Respectful Maternity Care (SMR) is a significant failure in birth facilities in many low-income countries. Mvuzi maternity ward at the hospital of the same name in Matadi Kongo Central, DR. Congo is not to be outdone. The specific objectives of this study were to assess the knowledge of birth attendants and midwives on respectful maternity care; determine the time at which practitioners integrate this care, and describe the main reasons for the low integration of SMR. Twenty (20) health professionals assigned to the maternity unit made up the sample size. The observation technique complemented by the face-to-face interview were used as data collection tools. The present study found that the mean age was 39.5 (range 23–56 years); 50% of them had a low level of education (graduates and nurses from basic school); 65% had less than five years of professional experience. SMR are integrated with a long delay (75% at delivery, 20% at reception and 5% at consultation). Among these types of care, those relating to women’s rights are almost unknown (5%); Physical care is also less and less applied (20%) and safe care (75%). Lack of motivation (60%) is the main reason for not integrating SMR into this health facility. We conclude that the integration of SMR through staff training and the establishment of a monitoring and enforcement unit is a necessity to enhance women’s rights to motherhood.

Epidemiological profile and probable risk of gestational diabetes at the Kimbanseke General Referral Hospital in Kinshasa, DR Congo

Mukuna, B.N. — 2024-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Gestational diabetes is a public health problem that requires special monitoring given the divertit of factors involved. The specific objectives of this study are: to describe the epidemiological profile of pregnant women in order to identify the particularities of those who develop gestational diabetes; and then calculate the relative risk of gestational diabetes in pregnant women. Nine Teen (19) pregnant women were being investigated at the Kimbanseke maternity hospital in the eastern part of the city of Kinshasa. Data are collected through interviews and observations. These data concerned socio-demographic characteristics, paraclinical examinations (blood glucose), family, medical, gynaecological and obstetric history as well as dietary habits. Seven (7) pregnant women had developed gestational diabetes, an incidence rate of 36.84%. Regarding history: the risk of gestational diabetes increases with lack of occupation (1.61 times); in the first and second trimester of pregnancy (1.60 times) and with large mass (1.15 times). This risk is higher if the pregnant person has a history of diabetes (2.76 times); hyperglycemia (2.28 times); if the pregnant woman has had surgery for ovarian cyst (2.13 times) and if she had given birth with malformation with malformation in the past (1.50 times). For pregnant women with glycosuria (5.40 times); angina infection (3.73 times); if high blood pressure (2.76 times); in case of genital infection (1.81 times); obesity (1.62 times); if fasting blood glucose is high (1,15 times). As for treatment habits: the risk is 8.25 times higher for pregnant women taking insulin; and 5.41 times more for pregnant women on diet. We conclude that the risk of gestational diabetes increases with sociodemographic profile, medical, surgical, obstetric history, and treatment habits.

The repression of the offense of rape of a minor put to the test of judicial practices in the DRC: Case of the Mbandaka High Court, from 2020 to 2023

BOTULI, Cédric IMPOELA — 2024-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Rape of minors is a recurring social phenomenon, a worrying situation and a permanent danger for Congolese society. The effective repression of this offense remains the only remedy allowing the harmonious protection of Congolese children in general and those of the province of Equateur in particular. The Congolese legislator, in order to protect the child against all forms of sexual violence, has developed laws that can constitute the guardian of the life of the Congolese child in the image of the shield and the sword. Very unfortunately the judicial actors (OPJ and magistrates) supposed to repress do not properly repressing and condemning the offender to 20 years of penal servitude. In the judicial practice of the Mbandaka high court and its attached prosecutor’s office, the repression of the said offense is not appropriate due to the fact that on the one hand there are always amicable negotiation between the two families before the judicial body and on the other hand the fanciful sentence of 6 months, 2 or 3 years of SPP, yet Congolese legislation provides for a sentence of up to 20 years of SPP. Faced with this worrying situation Congolese children, the repression of rape of minors often proves to be contrary to the best interests of the child. Not only do minors have difficulty accessing justice, but also the fear of reprisals and the impunity of perpetrators of rape of minors is a recurring phenomenon. Alongside the laws and mechanisms which are failing, one of major gaps in the DRC is the cost of a criminal trial. Indeed, without the intervention and assistance of the state, the minor or his parents are incapable of meeting the costs of the procedures. Either the parents prefer to compromise to the detriment of best interests of the child, or they file a complaint but abandon the proceedings, no longer able to pay for the services of a lawyer. This study therefore confirms the need to strengthen the protection of minors through effective repression of rape of minors. This requires the improvement of standards and mechanisms, as well as the development of alternatives such as legal aid. Significant efforts have been made to protect minors through the establishment of more or less effective laws and more or less effective mechanisms for repressing rape in the best interests of the Child.

Exploration of the Use of ChatGPT by Life and Earth Sciences Teachers (Morocco)

Zerrouqi, Zahra — 2024-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Cette étude vise à explorer l’intégration de ChatGPT dans l’enseignement des sciences de la Vie et de la Terre. Elle a révélé que la moitié des enseignants n’a jamais utilisé la technologie de ChatGPT et seulement 7,7% l’adoptent de façon régulière. Dans la planification des cours, le tiers des enseignants utilisent ChatGPT essentiellement pour créer des supports de cours. En outre, en matière d’évaluation, la majorité des enseignants n’exploite pas ChatGPT pour créer des questions d’évaluation. Concernant l’impact de l’usage de ChatGPT sur la motivation des élèves, seule une minorité d’enseignants a signalé un changement positif, alors que la plupart d’entre eux n’ont observé aucun changement. Par ailleurs, seuls 6% des enseignants ont suivi une formation sur ChatGPT, soulignant le besoin de programmes de développement professionnel en intelligence artificielle. En conclusion, l’étude insiste sur la nécessité d’une formation continue et souligne l’importance de maximiser les avantages de ChatGPT tout en minimisant les risques pour l’intégrité académique.

The impact of the media in the action of contemporary terrorism

Nsabua, Tshabukole — 2024-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The media fulfill a vital function in the various aspects of human life, which is to inform populations in all areas of life. Regarding this article we raised a question which concerns the relationship between the media and terrorism. It is then a question of the dialectical relationship between terrorism and the media in various aspects, including the functions of the media and their negative effects on the impact of the phenomenon of terrorism. To also demonstrate in this article how the media in their way of functioning manage to give impact to terrorist action. The media play the role of mediator in the interaction between populations and the fomenters of terrorism. The impact of the media on public perception is very important. We demonstrate that media coverage of terrorism has much more impact than the terrorist actions themselves. This impact consists of creating a climate of anxiety and terror within populations. However, in this article we have defined what media are in general, starting from media described as traditional (Radio, television, newspapers, etc.) to those described as modern (internet, social networks, etc.). As for terrorism, despite the global interest in the phenomenon of terrorism, no specific, clear and precise definition of terrorism has yet been agreed upon! Definitions multiply and contradict each other, because of the variety of forms and manifestations of terrorism, the diversity of its methods and patterns, and the profusion of international opinions, political tendencies and beliefs regarding it.

Prevalence and outcome of high-risk pregnancies at the Kintambo maternity ward in the city of Kinshasa from 01-01-2017 to 12-31-2022

Mukuna, B.N. — 2024-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction. High-risk pregnancies require quality obstetric care to reduce maternal, perinatal and neonatal morbidity and mortality rates. Evaluating their prevalence is necessary to strengthen treatment strategies. Material and method. Out of a total of 2371 pregnant women, 115 had a high-risk pregnancy at the Kintambo maternity ward in Kinshasa. The data collected in their files covers a period of six years. Their analyzes focus on sociodemographic characteristics, obstetric, medical and surgical histories as well as the outcomes of their pregnancies. Results. The prevalence of high-risk pregnancies is 4.85%. Several high-risk pregnancies resulted in cesarean deliveries 48.7%; abortions 47.0%; premature births 30.4%; stillbirths 15.7% and early neonatal deaths 6.1%. History such as late and multiple gestation, high multiparity (> 6), high blood pressure, third trimester hemorrhages, deliveries of low weight children and macrosomia are among other factors exacerbating the risk of pregnancy in these women giving birth. Conclusion. High-risk pregnancies represent significant prevalence in maternity wards in low-income countries, associated with various factors. Their outcomes are unfavorable and diverse.

Physical, Mechanical, and Durability Properties of Compressed Earth Blocks Filled by Juncus Plant Fibers

Sadouri, Reda — 2024-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper studies the influence of incorporating Juncus fibers into compressed earth blocks (CEBs). CEB composites were manufactured with earth filled by Juncus fibers reinforcement (0 to 0.8% by weight), and compressed at 10 MPa with a compaction loading press. After 28 days of drying, the CEBs underwent diverse experimental tests to evaluate their physical, mechanical, and durability properties. The findings indicated that incorporating fibers led to a diminution in unit weight, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and dry compressive strength. Despite the drop in mechanical strength, CEBs with higher fiber content (0.4%) demonstrated satisfactory abrasion resistance, which could play a crucial role in areas prone to extreme weather events. According to this experimental investigation, this material has the potential as a promising composite for building materials and reduces the need for chemical stabilizers, which is considered a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions in the construction industry. The results have implications for affordable housing solutions and offer insightful information about sustainable building materials.

Analysis of the regularity of alumina dissolution parameters: Case of the Rusal/Friguia plant (Republic of Guinea)

Kandas, Keita — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Good alumina production using the Bayer process depends on the regularity of the alumina dissolution parameters, as failure to control these factors leads to a drop in alumina yield. This work has enabled us to identify and propose solutions to the anomalies linked to alumina dissolution. An analysis of the dissolution parameters (temperature, liquor concentration, residence time and saturation rate) shows that the alumina yield from January to December was irregular. This fluctuation in alumina yield remains the same for all the parameters studied. Chemical analysis was used to provide results for certain parameters. These included spectral analysis, pH meter analysis and methrom analysis of samples taken from the etching plant. These analyses showed the different behaviours of the concentration of the liquor and the content of the different bauxite constituents. An analysis of the graphs shows that the parameters vary according to the plant’s instructions. All the results obtained show the need to regulate the alumina dissolution parameters. Better management of these factors will help to improve alumina yield.

Retinoblastoma: A department’s experience in a developing country

Elmkaddem, K. — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Retinoblastoma is the most common malignant intraocular tumor in children under 5 years old. Survival rates, ocular and visual preservation are major challenges in this disease. This study aims to determine the epidemio-clinical, therapeutic and prognostic profile of patients with retinoblastoma who have been treated in the pediatric hemato-oncology department of the university Hospital Hassan II of Fez. It is a retrospective and descriptive study of all children followed for retinoblastoma at the pediatric hemato-oncology department, over a period of 11 years and 10 months from January 1st, 2012 to October 31, 2023. During this period, we collected 65 cases. The mean age at diagnosis is 25 months and the ratio is 0.9. The mean time to diagnosis is 5 months. Symptoms are dominated by leukocoria (84.2% of cases), followed by exophthalmia (15.8% of cases) and sarbismus (13,2% of cases). The retinoblastoma is unilateral in 70.7% of cases and bilateral in 29,3% of cases. Enucleation was indicated in 97% of cases. The majority of patients were treated by the combination of chemotherapy and surgery (69.2% of cases). Surgery only was indicated in 27,7% of cases and conservative treatment in 26,1% of cases. Radiotherapy was indicated in 9,5% of cases. The overall survival rate at the end of treatment is 75.4% and the five-year survival rate is 60%. The prognosis of retinoblastoma is generally good. In our context, most cases are still diagnosed at advanced stages of the disease, which considerably reduce the overall survival rate and the preservation of the eye and the vision.

The NoSQL database for the electricity network: SNEL SA implements a new model based on the effectively grounded neutral

Barthelemy, Monkila Nkiwa — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

With a population estimated at 17.07 million inhabitants in 2021 and an electrification rate of around 45.5% [1], the electricity supply deficit of the City-Province of Kinshasa is estimated at 54.5%. Reversing this trend is one of the concerns of the Government of the Republic. It is within this framework that several rehabilitation and extension programs are underway. These projects are financed by either international donors such as PMURR, PMEDE, PEPUR, EASE MALT, or SNEL SA itself with its own funds, or through direct intervention by the Congolese government. The implementation strategy of the EASE project by SNEL SA DKO will be the subject of this analysis. Considering the volume of data it is supposed to generate, computer management based on NoSQL data is the most appropriate to the point that it is likely to make it efficient.

Assessment of interactions between raw water from the N’Djili river, groundwater and water treated by the Water Distribution Administration in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

MUFUNGIZI, Innocent — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Background: Water has an important place in the life of human beings. Regardless of the uses of water, water intended for human consumption must be clean. Despite the fact that the catchments of this water are chemically and microbiologically polluted. The objective of this study is to evaluate the interactions between types of water including that intended for human consumption in the city of Kinshasa. Methods: Our analytical and experimental study based on laboratory analysis which was carried out over a period of approximately one month (the month of September 2023) while respecting a certain number of steps. This involves geo-environmental investigation, geographic location, collection and analysis of samples as well as interpretation of the results. Results: After our chemical analyses, we found that the pH of the water is very acidic, the turbidity of the water analyzed is normal, the conductivity is below normal as well as the permanganate index, nitrites and chlorides. Phosphate and nitrates exceed the normal value. Bacteriological analyzes show the development of colonies with the presence of total and fecal coliforms and Escherichia Coli. Conclusion: The results of the analyzes showed that the water is contaminated and polluted chemically and biologically by chemicals (through the abusive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides which release nitrogen, phosphorus and chlorine) coming from the activities agricultural and livestock farming.

A backward and forward change detection method for monitoring irrigated areas in the Haute-Comoé region, Burkina Faso

Traoré, Farid — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Haute-Comoé watershed in southwest Burkina Faso is characterized by water resources used for irrigated agriculture, among other things. The water resources of the Haute-Comoé watershed consist mainly of the waters of the Comoé River and its tributaries. Over time, pressure on the basin’s water resources has increased due to the expansion of irrigated agricultural areas. With a view to preventing conflicts over the use of water resources, this study was carried out to examine the evolution, over nearly 40 years, of irrigated agricultural areas within market gardening areas. Market gardening is one of the fastest-growing components of irrigated agriculture, particularly since the promotion of small-scale private irrigation launched by the Burkina Faso government in the early 2000s. To achieve the study’s objective, a method based on the processing of a series of satellite images was adopted. The method used consists in classifying a series of images acquired on anniversary dates, but consecutively 7 to 15 years apart (1986, 2001, 2015 and 2023). On the basis of agronomic expertise, a post-classification phase, based on an analysis of the temporal trajectory of classified pixels, was carried out in order to correct certain unlikely pixel trajectories. Results were evaluated by measuring overall accuracy and the Kappa coefficient. Overall accuracies ranged from 72.57% to 81.90% (for the classification phase) and from 88.25% to 92.50% (for the post-classification phase). At the end of the image post-classification phase, a change detection analysis, i.e. a measurement of the intensity of change (spatial variations) within the classes considered, was carried out, making it possible to assess changes in terrain over time, and to identify categories and levels of transition between classes. The study showed that irrigated areas increased by 25% between 1986 and 2023 in the study area.

Evaluation of the ecological value of the Mamadou Sangaré estate (Dianra department, North-West Côte d’Ivoire)

Gnanazan, Zinsi Roseline Gouli — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The purpose of this study was to improve knowledge on the evaluation of the ecological value of a plant formation. This process includes several stages including the definition of the evaluation objective, the inventory of the environment or data collection, the choice of criteria, the rating of the criteria, the calculation of the weighting by criterion and the total weighting and finally, the evaluation of the ecological value of the site. he practical case of the Mamadou Sangaré estate shows that denser and richer forest formations record a higher ecological value compared to savannah formations.

Availability and Traditional Uses of Some Plant Species in the Tanoe-Ehy swamp forest (FMTE), Southeastern Côte d’Ivoire

Emmanuel-Joël, Abrou N’Gouan — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Tanoe-Ehy swamp forest (FMTE) has been identified as a high-priority site for primate conservation in West Africa. In addition to a lack of knowledge of the plant communities, the site is subject to pressure from local populations both on the periphery and in the interior. The aim of this ethnobotanical study is therefore to determine the uses made of the plant species collected by the local populations. To achieve this, ethnobotanical surveys were carried out in seven localities on the outskirts of the forest. Generally speaking, direct interviews with local people enabled us to identify the techniques and practices used to plant crops and the plants harvested in the study area. A total of 160 people were interviewed, most of them male farmers. The survey showed that most of the plantation land had been acquired by inheritance and had been established on forest land. Monocultural plantations are the most abundant in the study area. It is worth noting that the preferred place for collecting plants is within the FMTE. Most of the plant species collected are used for traditional medicine. They include Landolphia membranacea, Tabernaemontana crassa, Combretum aphanopetalum, Parquetina nigrescens, Microdesmis keayana, Alchornea cordifolia, and Strophanthus hispidus with a rarity index of less than 80%. Given the importance of the FMTE in terms of a particular ecosystem and biodiversity conservation, it is desirable and urgent that, in addition to awareness campaigns for local populations, the process of its definitive classification be accelerated to put an end.

Conception of biodiversity in the Congolese legal texts related to the management of natural resources: Challenges for the Congolese peoples

Ntamwenge, Corneille — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study concerns environmental degradations noticed in the areas controlled by extractive industry and in the Congolese urban zones. Based on the legal framework established, 2002 – 2016, and on the available results of reserarch, it argues: the management of natural resources henceforth requires more rationality and more responsibility, more attention to ecological balance and to the needs of future generations. It has really detected the notions of biodiversity in Congolese laws focused on the management of natural resources, and has examined the relevance of the Congolese legal framework in relation to environmental, health, ecological and axiological degradations. It has also assessed the quality of the implemention of laws promulgated. Analyses and reflections of this study therefore highlight three major challenges in the Congolese society, namely (1) economy of the cognitive resources, and of the cultural and ecological values, (2) management of the natural resources, and (3) Congolese tragedy. In addition to the introduction and conclusion, analyses and reflections of the study are divided into three sections, that is (1) legal framework for the management of Congolese natural resources: the notions of biodiversity, (2) critique of the Congolese laws considered: their quality and that of their implementation, and (3) biodiversity issues.

Influence of seed size on productivity and nutritional value of maize silage

Mendoza, Claudia Pérez — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Mexico, the relationship of seed size with the productive and nutritional potential of maize silage needs to be studied. Thus, this study investigated the effect of seed size on yield and the nutritional value at the cutting stage for silage of various maize varieties. The research consisted of two phases: the productivity of maize for silage and the nutritional value estimated in the laboratory. Nine maize varieties, previously classified by their seed size, were used: flat large and flat medium. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with factorial arrangement and four repetitions. The harvest was carried out at the silage-cutting stage (30-35% DM, whole plant). Results for each estimated variable showed significant differences (P<0.001) among varieties, while seed size was significant for only some variables. Based on the absolute value of the standardized coefficients, the outstanding variables were female flowering, total protein, in vitro digestibility, and dry matter yield. In conclusion, maize variety for silage affects the productivity and nutritional value in the cutting stage. In contrast, the effect of seed size on protein yield, protein content, and plant digestibility was minor. The materials Campeón, H-135, H-157, HS-2, and A-791 yielded the highest, while the nutritional value of H-135, Campeón, HS-2, VS-22, and H-358 was outstanding.

Ambulatory prescription modalities of psychotropic drugs at Thiaroye National Psychiatric Hospital Center in Dakar (Senegal)

Ibra, DIAGNE — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objectives of this study were to describe and analyze the modalities of prescription of psychotropic drugs in patients followed in ambulatory psychiatry. The study was cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical on the prescription of psychotropic drugs in 205 patients followed at the outpatient clinic of the National Psychiatric Hospital of Thiaroye in Dakar, for a period of three months (from February 1 to April 30, 2019). The average age was 34.5 years, 64.9% of patients were without occupation and 15.6% had a history of hospitalization. The disorder had lasted between 1 - 10 years for 59.1% of patients. The most frequent diagnosis was schizophrenia (33.7%) followed by mood disorders (18.1%) and epilepsy (18.0%). The average number of medications per patient was 2.77 and monotherapy was exceptional (0.06% of patients). Antipsychotics were the most prescribed drugs (76.1%), followed by anxiolytics (31.7%), thymoregulators (27.3%), and antidepressants (23.4%). A synthetic antiparkinsonian was found in 51.2% of cases and delayed neuroleptics were prescribed in 13.7% of patients. Classic antipsychotics were prescribed in 50.4% of schizophrenic patients and second-generation antipsychotics in 33.3%. Second-generation antidepressants (serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors) were prescribed exclusively for depressive disorders and anxiety disorders, unlike tricyclics. One-third of bipolar patients (37.5%) received a combination of a thymoregulator and an antipsychotic. Contrary to antipsychotics, which are still dominated by the classics, we note a trend toward the prescription of new antidepressants. However, some prescriptions did not comply with international recommendations. It is important to set up national protocols, based on current scientific evidence but also on the socio-economic context of the country to optimize the quality of psychotropic drug prescriptions.

Determination of the total protein proportions of spirulina produced in Burkina Faso

Savadogo, Boubacar — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Spirulina is a food supplement rich in micronutrients and vitamins. It is called «the ideal food for humanity» and the World Health Organization has considered it a «super food» and the best food for the future due to its high nutritional value. The present study aimed to determine the proportions of total proteins in sun-dried spirulina. This was an analytical titration study using the KJELDAHL method. The average proportion of proteins in the spirulina samples was 47.52%. The lowest proportion was 43.14% and the highest was 56.10%. There is no significant difference between the variations in proportions of total proteins of the samples studied. However, the protein proportions of spirulina depend considerably on the climate and the growing area. Drying and packaging spirulina remains the only means of wide commercial distribution. Given the nutritional losses that can occur during storage, it is suggested that spirulina be consumed quickly after harvesting in order to maximize the nutrient benefit.

The anxious experience of the Cameroonian adolescent exposed to domestic violence in Cameroon

Rocard, Tabue Defo Fabrice — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Adolescent exposure to marital violence is also an anxiety-inducing situation like any other negative life event. This exposure constitutes, among other things, the most significant anxiety-provoking situations among the various victims. The literature shows us that anxiety among adolescents increases as marital violence persists. This increase is due to the adolescence period which is marked by a quest for identity. This study aims to study the psychological factors that organize the anxious experience among adolescents exposed to marital violence. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with three adolescents exposed to marital violence. The results obtained reveal that in adolescents exposed to marital violence, the adolescent’s life is marked by the feeling of losing the mother following the various injuries. This will create different behavior in the subject (fear, sadness, worry, stress and anxiety). This behavior will now generate anxiety in them and in this case, the psychological system will be invaded by psychological vulnerability, psychosocial stress and imagination focused on acts of violence.

The cinematic film between concept, classification and reception

abdelouahad, Abdouni — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

ABSTRACT: This article seeks to define the concept of the cinematic film and the criteria for its classification, because examining these two elements is important from multiple angles, including seeking to overcome the problem of discrepancy in defining concepts, translating them, framing them, and employing them in their correct cognitive context, and having an accurate awareness of the mechanisms of the cinematic film and what it shares in some or most of its components, in addition to Distinguishing between cinema as an art and discourse and its technical aspect.

Comparative analysis of the attractiveness and characteristics of FDI in Hungary and Tunisia

Nasri, Leila — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Hungary and Tunisia are two countries that rely heavily on FDI as an important pillar of economic growth. These countries are similar in terms of market size, geographic proximity to Europe and in particular from the point of view of attractiveness to FDI. However, they are dissimilar from the point of view of economic performance, the productivity of factors of production, highly skilled labor, and so on. This article proposes to make, on the one hand, a comparison of attractiveness policies in the two countries as well as to present the quantitative specificities of FDI. On the other hand, this article focuses on the presentation of motivations as well as different strategies of investors. Finally, this work focuses on the effects of FDI on economic restructuring as well as on technology transfer in the two countries for the first half of the third millennium.

Overview of the feeding system for pigs raised in Kalehe territory, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo

TABAYE, Justin NYANGEZI — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

This work focuses on the status of the feeding system for pigs reared in the Mbinga-Sud group, Kalehe territory, in South Kivu. He made use of a survey questionnaire with a section of questions to collect the raw data then encoding them finally to produce graphs to produce. The results show that 96% of breeders find that the feeding system of pigs reared in the Mbinga-South group is dominated by conventional feed that pigs pick up during scavenging. Regarding the types of simple food available in the Mbinga-Sud group to feed pigs semi-intensively, 44% of farmers show that green fodder and particularly cassava leaves (sombe) are the most used, 30% affirm that tubers and roots occupy second place, 17% of respondents distribute waste cereal flour and cassava; finally, the 9% indicates the banana constitutes for them a food to provide energy to the pigs. As for the breeding system resulting from a feeding system, the results show that in pig breeding in the Mbinga-Sud group, only 9% of breeders say that breeding is practiced in pigsties or cages; the 61% show that rearing on ties or stakes in a semi-intensive breading system but with the level of rudimentary technicality for the production of pigs; 28% of breeders opt for the supply of food from agricultural residues and remains and 2% practice semi-industrial breeding.

Application of Correspondence Factor Analysis (CA) on data on the nutritional status of children under 5 years old, PRONANUT, from January to December 2022 in DR Congo

Mulembu, Don Folly FOFOLO — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective pursued in this article is to study Correspondence Factor Analysis (CA), which is an extremely powerful tool for synthesizing information, widely used when dealing with a large mass of qualitative data. treat. It also makes it possible to identify existing relationships between individuals by evaluating their similarities, as well as relationships between variables by evaluating their connections, and obtain a simple representation of the data cloud in a low-dimensional space closer to reality. Factorial analysis of the data was applied using R software, version 4.3.1 (2023-06-16 ucrt). The application of the said method was carried out on «the nutritional status of Congolese children under 5 years old, from January to December 2022, PRONANUT, DR Congo». The data was summarized in a table of 26 row categories and 12 column categories. The 26 rows (individuals) represent the health provinces of DR Congo and the 12 columns, the variables relating to the activities of the PRONANUT Preschool Consultation.

Role of Computational Biology in Oral Science

T.A., Deepak — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

DNA sequence Cigarette Smoking, Betel leaf chewing, and alcohol consumption are major cause of oral cancer in Asia. The difficulty in quitting, coupled with patients’ economic conditions affects the inability to get diagnosed early, driving death rate higher. There has been major advancement in molecular sciences, computational biology, and other fields today, but we are not still able to pinpoint the causes of oral cancer, also known as Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC). Early detection leads to better survival rate, therefore, education on yearly check-ups plays a vital role. Computational analysis at the genomic (DNA sequence) can help patients with targeted cellular treatment and hopefully a cure. In this paper, we would look at computation tools used in detecting OSCC and various analysis. Analysis includes detecting abnormality in the cell and other molecular reactions which later morph into a cancerous cell. Later, we investigate all computational tools or techniques from local and global sequence alignment, protein structure, gene, functional structure analysis which help medical staff detect cancer, which in turn can help with oral cancer treatment, prognosis and hopefully a cure.

Evaluation of drug prescribing patterns and factors associated with antibiotics prescribing at first-line health facilities in the city of Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo

Bosongo, Samuel — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: Irrational prescription of drugs is still a public health issue, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to assess prescribing quality using WHO indicators and identify factors associated with antibiotic prescribing at first-line health facilities in the city of Kisangani, the Democratic Republic of Congo. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study from 1 July 2019 to 30 June 2020. Using systematic sampling, we selected 21 first-line health facilities and 715 outpatient consultation forms. We then performed univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses using Epi Info7 and OpenEpi 3.01. Results: The average number of drugs prescribed per consultation was 4.0 (SD=1.5); the percentages of consultations with an antibiotic and an injection prescribed were 69.2% and 69.5%, respectively; 75.2% of drugs were prescribed by generic name, and 83.5% were from the national essential drugs list. Factors associated with antibiotic prescribing were the absence of care flowcharts in health facilities (OR= 0.36, 95%CI= 0.20-0.63), two or more diagnoses (OR= 1.51, 95%CI=1.05-2.17), three or more drugs prescribed (OR=4.12, 95%CI=2.49-6.79), and more than ten years of prescriber’s professional experience (OR=1.92, 95%CI=1.33-2.78). Conclusion: The prescribing indicators did not align with WHO standards, demonstrating the poor rationality of drug prescribing behaviour. Promoting rational drug prescribing in first-line health facilities, with a particular focus on antibiotics, is necessary.

Preliminary note on the fire, its causes and consequences in Kinshasa

Ambur, Joël-André Opey — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The major issue of this study is to identify the causes and consequences of the fire in the city of Kinshasa. The aim is to analyze the statistical data of the fires recorded by the Corps of Firefighters of Kinshasa (in acronym CSPK) to know and understand the causes in order to characterize the consequences in order to better prevent them. This study is based on the fact that knowledge of the origins of the fire is the foundation of any effective prevention policy. The method of observation and the documentary method followed by investigations in the field (in particular surveys by interview with the victims) and laboratory work helped us to arrive at the results. The results obtained from our investigations and resulting analyzes show that anomalies in the use of electric current, poor management/handling or misuse of dangerous products or equipment (candle, flammable products, etc.), material failures on the part of the CSPK are the main causes of fires in the city of Kinshasa. The consequences range from material losses to those of human life, including serious injuries and burns to people who are victims of the fire.

Diversity of plant-parasitic nematodes in the rhizosphere of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) agroforests in Togo

Kadanga, Pana — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Works on the diversity, frequency and abundance of plant-parasitic nematodes present in the rhizosphere of cocoa agroforests is lacking in Togo, although these informations are essential for establishing effective control methods. The aim of this study was therefore to identify the parasitic nematodes infesting cocoa agroforests in Togo. Soils and roots were sampled in 24 orchards spread over four agroforest types (< 10 years, 10 to 20 years, 21 to 30 years and > 30 years) and three agroecological subzones (Agou peneplain, piedmonts and plains and Plateaux and mountains). The nematodes extracted were identified on the basis of morphological criteria. The study revealed the presence of Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Helicotylenchus, Scutellonema and Radopholus genera and microbivorous nematodes (bacterivores and fungivores). In roots, the genera Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus and Helicotylenchus are the most frequent, accounting for 82.46%. In soils, the Meloidogyne genus and microbivorous nematodes were the most frequent, accounting for 72.65%. Finally, the highest nematode infestations were recorded in agroforests of less than 20 years in the piedmonts and plains. The results obtained could serve as a basis for developing effective nematode management strategies for sustainable cocoa production.

STUDY OF THE MAIN GEOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF THE SINTHIOUROU LINGUERE (HOUDA) BAUXITE DEPOSITS: SMB CONCESSION (SOCIÉTÉ MINIERE DE BOKE) TELIMELE PREFECTURE - KINDIA ADMINISTRATIVE REGION - GUINEA

Soryba, Bangoura — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

North-western Guinea is home to significant mineral resources (bauxite, par excellence), diamonds and gold, as well as a few indications of useful minerals. Significant deposits of useful minerals have now been identified, some of which are being exploited (e.g. the bauxite deposits of Boké, Fria, Boffa and Télimélé). However, a good number are still foreseeable, given the favorable geological conditions. So, with the prospect of obtaining appreciable and acceptable scientific results, the aim of this work is to study the bauxitic facies and the main geochemical parameters (Al2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2, SiO2 and power) associated with them, among which titanium appears to be the most stable parameter, with a content varying from 1.71 to 4.14% throughout the deposit. Geological work in the study area has revealed the presence of gelomorphic and gravelly bauxites, and has also brought us into contact with certain source rocks (dolerites and cuirasses). Samples processed and analyzed showed alumina content ranging from 37 to over 50%.

The New Public Management: An impérative for public organizations in Chad ?

Saleh, Moussa Kabir — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Being considered effective and creating value for national economies for many yeras, public organizations have sought in recent years to restructure and perform better. A questioning seems to characterize them given ther dysfunction followed by their poor performance. Obviously, the basic assumptions of administive action as well as traditionnal instruments appear insufficient and obsolete. Faced with this situation, a new perception of public management, in this case NPM, there fore becomes essential to meet the needs at the hour. The objective of this paper aims to explain the articulation of the New Public Management concept in public organizations. Although in Chad, the implementation of this new management style has been significantly delayed, organizations using this concept are campaining for performance. To the extent that they have managed to reduce organizational dysfuction, NPM becomes an absolute necessity for all organizations, in order to achieve the desired performance.

Analysis of the current intensity in each rotor bar of a squirrel cage induction motor: Case of a broken bar

N’GUESSAN, Alexandre — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

In view of the importance of squirrel cage induction machines in industrial applications, effective methods are needed to detect faults that could disrupt their operation. Despite their robustness, squirrel cage induction motors are subject to some faults, such as the broken bar. Current is one of the most widely used parameters for diagnosing squirrel cage induction motors. In most cases, however, the Motor Current Signature Analysis (MCSA) method is used. However, in the specific case of a broken bar, analysis of the current intensity in each rotor bar enables precise detection of a broken bar. The present work analyzes the evolution of the current intensity in each rotor bars in the case of a healthy rotor and in the presence of a broken bar. The current intensity in the rotor bar is strongly impacted, with a greatly reduced current. This situation also leads to a distribution of current intensity in the neighboring bars. As a result, the intensity of the current flowing through these bars increases according to their proximity to the faulty bar.

Study of the role of the functional water-soluble salt « Bicarbon-Plus » formulated from sodium bicarbonate in diet of diabetics

Kamagate, Adama — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

One of the acute complications of diabetes is diabetic ketoacidosis characterized by an increase in blood acidity and the formation of ketone bodies which are toxic to the body. It is from this understanding that we evaluated the impact of the consumption of a functional water-soluble salt formulated from sodium bicarbonate «Bicarbon-Plus» in alloxan induced diabetic rats. For this purpose, 4 batches of 8 rats of the Wistar strain were used. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters were accessed, as well as physiological tolerance. Bicarbon-Plus significantly reduced blood sugar and ketone levels in diabetic rats. The lost of lot of weight was observed in the diabetic rats that did not received Bicarbon-Plus. An increase in HDL-C levels was observed from the 14th to the 36th day in diabetic rats that consumed the Bicarbon-Plus. The diabetic rats having consumed 0.250 mL/100 g of b.w. Bicarbon-Plus, the ALT level decreased significantly, and the AST level was not significant compared to the diabetic control group. A decrease in creatine and urea levels was observed in diabetic rats that consumed Bicarbon-Plus. And diabetic rats that consumed Bicarbon-Plus have showed an extremely significant decrease in CRP levels, and an extremely significant increase in SOD levels. So Bicarbon-Plus is alkalizing, lowers ketonemia, hypoglycemic, increases HDL-C, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, and protects the mass of the pancreas. It is safe, and could be recommended for the treatment of diabetes.

Experimental characterization of the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of palm tree (Borassus aethiopum mart) dependent of moisture content and temperature

Augustin, Memtine Ndong — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

This work determines the physical (density, shrinkage and porosity), mechanical (compression, bending, stress and Elasticity modulus) and thermal (conductivity, diffusivity, effusivity) characteristics that allow the rational and optimal use of palm tree, which is one of the biomaterials used in traditional and semi-modern construction in northern Cameroon. These properties were determined experimentally at different temperatures using the weighing method, mechanical tests and thermal using the «MINCO 230Ω P» heating resistor inserted between two samples. The test results obtained are interesting and satisfactory. The heartwood density varies from 300 to 400 kg.m-3 and the sapwood from 750 to 1,000 kg.m-3. Porosity depending of moisture content is between 76 and 80% for the heartwood and from 38 to 52% for the sapwood. The volumetric shrinkage rate is from 5 to 14% for the heartwood and from 6 to 9% for the sapwood. The stress and the Young’s modulus of Borassus Aethiopum mart. at 12% of moisture content are respectively evaluated at 74.789 ± 5.171 MPa and 3,434.548 ± 82.195 MPa. The longitudinal compression stress is 58.290±3.582 MPa and 29.210±1.775 MPa for transverse compression, the longitudinal compression Young’s modulus is 1,386.470 ± 41.661 MPa and transverse compression is 209.418 ± 6.456 MPa. The thermal effusivity is 458.189 J/m2Ks1/2, the volumetric heat capacity is 322,627.7 J/m3K and the thermal conductivity is 0.651 W/mK are the thermal characteristics obtained. The results of the tests obtained are important and advantageous for the using of palm tree in civil engineering and cabinet-making.

Influence of parents’ speech on the psychic balance of children from single-parent families in the city of Cotonou

Aitchedji, Magloire Fortuné Landry — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Nowadays, faced with spatial, economic and environmental constraints, kinship relationships are transforming; is parenthood still experienced in the same way ? Sprawling, unlimited? The answer is that we are now seeing a restriction of the space of parenthood and a segmentation of community groups. From this point of view, parenthood is seen as a code of conduct, interpersonal skills and know-how which are expressed throughout daily situations in words, actions, sharing, emotions and pleasures, in recognition of the child., but also, in authority, requirement, coherence and continuity. The objective of this article is to analyze the influence of parents’ words on the psychological balance of children from single-parent families in Benin. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study with an inductive aim. Individual interviews were carried out with the children, parents and resource persons on the basis of questionnaires relating to the influence of speech. Analysis of the data reveals that many children from single-parent families cannot stand being teased by their parent (19.62%). The child lacking affection or emotional rejection (18.35%). It is in the same wake that bad words (17.02%), comparisons (14.55%), unpleasant labels (12.02%), stigmatization (9.49%) and bad appreciations (6.96%). Thus, this study shows that children are influenced in their development by the words of their parent. So, by favoring kind words, appreciations, dialogue, communication, they will be able to contribute to the development and well-being of their children.

Dynamic (Re) allocation For Multicast Connexion in Elastic Optical Networks

Christian, Adepo Joel — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Elastic Optical Networks (EON) have emerged as a promising solution to meet the demands for flexible and high-capacity communication. However, due to spectral contiguity and continuity constraints, the efficient allocation of resources, such as bandwidth, in EONs remains a challenging task, especially for multicast connections. Indeed, in dynamic traffic scenarios, frequent establishment and teardown of requests lead to the formation of isolated spectrum fragments that cannot be allocated to other requests. Several reallocation approaches exist to aggregate these fragments by reconfiguring already established connections in the network to accommodate new connection requests. All these approaches aim to minimize disruptions for users by minimizing the number of reconfigured connections in the reallocation process. We propose a new approach called Dynamic Bandwidth Reallocation for Multicast Connections (RDBM), which is specifically designed for multicast connections. The RDBM algorithm primarily aims to minimize disruptions during the process of reallocating bandwidth for multicast connections while reducing the blocking probability for dynamic multicast traffic.

Response of a local variety (Tabouchi) of taro (Colocasia esculenta L. schott) to a phytohormone (6-benzylaminopurine) in in vitro culture

Some, Donwière — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Taro (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott) is an under-exploited crop in Burkina Faso, although it can contribute to food self-sufficiency. The major constraint to promoting its cultivation is the unavailability of healthy seeds. Corms are rich in water (75%) and nutrient reserves, making them difficult to store. The use of plant biotechnologies is one of the effective means of overcoming this problem, hence the interest of this study, which focuses on the response of a local variety of taro (Tabouchi) to a phytohormone (6-benzylaminopurine) in in vitro culture. After budding, the resulting buds were disinfected with NaClO at different doses (2.75, 3 and 3.7%). The disinfected explants were subcultured on ½MS medium supplemented with BAP (2; 4 and 6 mg/L). Seven quantitative characteristics were measured during the trial. With regard to disinfection, the 3.7% NaClO dose showed the lowest contamination rate (43.33%). The culture medium containing 6 mg/L BAP induced sprout tip by inhibiting the root system of vitro plants. All the growth parameters measured showed better performance in the control medium, except for the number of shoots (NR). The control medium did not produce any shoots, even though it promoted the development of the in vitro plants’ root system. The medium containing 6 mg/L BAP would be recommended for the production of shoots, while the control medium would be favorable for the regeneration of plants without shoots.

Effects of the incorporation of cassava flour in the feed of broiler chickens (Cobb 500) on the organoleptic parameters of the meat, the quality of the carcasses and the relative weights of the digestive organs

Souleymane, Doumouya — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present work was carried out with the aim of studying the influence of cassava flour (Manihot esculenta) on the quality of the carcass, weight of relative organs and the organoleptic parameters of broiler meat. The experiment involved three hundred (300) one-day-old «Cobb 500» broiler chicks, distributed among 18 experimental units comprising six treatments and three repetitions each. Six diets were used, namely, two control diets (Rt1 and Rt2) containing corn as the main source of energy and four experimental diets comprising 25% (R25), 50% (R50), 75% (R75) respectively. and 100% (R100) cassava flour. The experiment lasted 35 days. The results of the analyzes revealed that chickens fed with diets containing cassava flour had carcass yields which decreased and also the relative weights of the digestive organs (liver, gizzard, pancreas and intestine) increased with the increase in the rate of digestion. inclusion of cassava flour in the ration. Diets did not have a significant effect on meat texture, juiciness and tenderness. However, beyond 50% inclusion rate of cassava flour, diets (R75) and (R100) influence the flavor and the color of the meat. In conclusion, cassava flour at an incorporation rate above 50% in broiler feed did not have a significant effect on carcass yield, but influences the flavor and color of the meat.

Effects of diets containing cotton seed oil cake and coconut oil cake on the growth performance of tilapia larvae Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) « Brazil strain » reared in aquariums (Côte d’Ivoire)

Diabagate, Youssouf — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

A feeding study was conducted at the NANGUI ABROGOUA University fish farm between August and September 2022. It assesses the effects of one an imported extruded diet (KOUDIJS) used as a reference (AR) and three practical diets (ACOP, ACOT and MA), on growth and cost-benefit ratio. These diets contain 30% protein. The basic composition of formulated diets is: ACOP (coconut and soybean oil cakes, rice and wheat bran, vegetable oil); ACOT (cotton seed and soybean oil cakes, rice and wheat bran, vegetable oil) and AM (Cotton seed, coconut and soybean oil cakes, rice and wheat bran, vegetable oil). Larvae weighing 145 mg ± 6 were fed to satiety in 8 aquariums at the density of 4 larvae/L. The larvae were fed at 9h, 11h, 13h and 15h. After 35 days of rearing, the final average weights obtained were 1.45 ± 0.01g, 1.51 ± 0.01g and 1.67 ± 0.01g, respectively for ACOP, AM and ACOT, against 1.85 ± 0.06g for AR. The best feed conversion index (CI= 1.31 ± 0.04) and daily growth (1.71 ± 0.06g/day) were obtained with AR, followed by ACOT. The highest feed conversion index (CI= 1.68 ± 0.01) and lowest daily growth (1.33 ± 0.00g/day) were recorded with ACOP. Compared to AR, formulated diets reduced feed cost per unit weight gain by 66-71%.

CLIMATE CHANGE AND WATER RESOURCES: APPLICATION OF THE SWAT MODEL TO THE SOUTH-EAST AGNÉBY WATERSHED OF IVORY COAST

Brahima, Koné — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this study is to highlight the combined effects of climate change and anthropization on surface waters in the Agnéby watershed. The global hydrological balances produced by the SWAT model show that in the year 2050, precipitation will record a deficit of 1.87%, while actual evapotranspiration will be 2.80% higher. Groundwater recharge and runoff will be in deficit by 2.5% and 9.77% respectively, and stock variation will be in deficit by 36.62% compared with the reference period. For 2080, precipitation, groundwater recharge and runoff will be in deficit by 1.23%, 1.5% and 10.23% respectively. Actual evapotranspiration will show an excess of 3.37%, and the change in stock relative to the reference period will also show a deficit of 20.42%. The hydrological consequence of this state of affairs is the depletion of surface water resources over the years in the Agnéby watershed due to anthropogenic activities. The predominance of evapotranspiration can be explained by the fact that the area will be covered by large-scale farming operations. These could also be explained by the fact that the area will be less favorable to surface runoff than to infiltration.

Availability and uses of cocoa pod residues in Côte d’Ivoire: An opportunity to improve soil fertility and plant biosecurity

KOFFI, Kouamé Paulin — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Côte d'Ivoire, cocoa beans production (2,248,000 tons in 2020/2021) generates huge quantities of pod residues that are abandoned in the cocoa plantations, promoting the spread of diseases, such as brown pod rot. The objective of this study was to assess the availability of shelling residues and to describe the different utilization in cocoa farming. A survey was conducted with 125 producers in four departments of high cocoa production. The results showed that the production of 480.19 kg/ha/year of beans generated 960.40 kg/ha/year of shells. The crushing residues used are the shells (44% of the producers), the rachis (13.6%) and the mucilage juice (100%). The shells are spread under cocoa trees and/or banana trees (22.4%), are composted (8.8%) or used for manufacturing potash (7.2%). The rachis are displayed under the cocoa trees or used in animal nutrition. The juice is sometimes mixed with herbicides to control weeds on farms. This study showed that there is a large quantity of shelling residues available, but the rate of use is still low. Improving valorization practices would contribute to sustainable agricultural production as well as reducing sanitation problems in cocoa farms.

ASSESSMENT OF THE TROPHIC STATUS OF THE WATERS OF THE COMOE RIVER (COTE D’IVOIRE) USING PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND MICRO-ALGAL ANALYSES

KAMAGATE, Mamadou — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Demographic pressure on watercourses in Côte d’Ivoire is causing increasing degradation of water quality. One of the indicators of water quality is the micro-algal population. The aim of this study is to assess the trophic status of the waters of the Comoé River, based on physico-chemical parameters and micro-algal populations. Four sampling campaigns were carried out from February 2020 to January 2021 at ten selected stations on the river. Abiotic variables were measured in situ and in the laboratory. Microalgae were collected using a plankton net and observed under photonic and electron microscopes for identification. Several indices for assessing the trophic status of the waters were calculated. The study revealed that the waters are relatively warm, rich in nutritive salts and not very transparent. A total of 190 taxa in 79 genera, 39 families, 23 orders, 10 classes and 5 phyla were identified. The Euglenophyceae class, with 58 taxa (30.52%), is the most diverse. The calculated A and B indices range from 6.14 to 7.69 and from 1.14 to 2.23 respectively. The C index fluctuates between 0.20 and 1.18. Nutrient concentration, transparency values and the A, B and C indices indicate that the river’s waters are eutrophic, with more pronounced eutrophy in the middle and lower reaches.

Synthesis and study of morphological structure of N-methyl, N-benzyl derivative of chitosan

Safaraliyeva, F. Samira — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The products obtained as a result of the simultaneous reaction of chitosan, a Schiff-based natural polyaminosaccharide, with formaldehyde and benzaldehyde were synthesized by the method indicated in the experimental part of the article. The two amine groups formed were then reduced with NaBH4 to give the corresponding tertiary amine derivative. The structure of the obtained product was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and elemental analysis was determined. The introduction of hydrophobic methyl and benzyl groups into the macromolecule of chitosan reduces the intermolecular interaction and hydrogen bonding. causes. This leads to an increase in the degree of polarization and better solubility of the functional groups of the product in the polar environment.

Study of the biocide effect of the extract of the leaves of Caspsicum frutescens L. in the fight against arthropod parasites: Case of Musca domestica and Ixodida ticks in Butembo

Manzekele, Muhindo — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this article is to evaluate the biocidal effect of the extract of the leaves of Capsicum frutescens in the fight against arthropod parasites (case of Musca domestica and Ixodida ticks) as well as to appreciate the insecticidal and Ixodicidal effect of this extract. At the end of this study conducted in Butembo, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo on 480 arthropods including 240 flies and 240 ticks, it was found that the extract of capsicum frutescens leaves has an insecticidal action on flies (96.3%) and acaricide on ticks (84.17%) and overall, 433 arthropods (90.2%) have been killed. The analysis of these results showed that the biocidal effect is more insecticidal and its action is fast (10.06 seconds) while it is less acaricidal and its action is not fast (33 hours). The degree of dilution showed a variation in the biocidal efficacy of the leaf extract of this plant.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of financial education programs in the development of business skills and decision making among young entrepreneurs

Mayorga, Ida Ivete Campi — 2024-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

En el cantón Daule, numerosos jóvenes contemporáneos se enfrentan a un dilema al contemplar la idea de emprender sus propios negocios. Muchos de ellos observan que sus pares están involucrados en la administración y planificación empresarial, pero carecen del conocimiento necesario para gestionar los gastos relacionados con la adquisición de recursos vitales para sus proyectos emprendedores. En esencia, estos jóvenes carecen de competencia financiera y no comprenden cabalmente cómo opera el dinero. El propósito de este estudio es describir la influencia de la educación financiera en las decisiones de futuros emprendedores jóvenes en el cantón Daule y diseñar estrategias informativas sobre finanzas que les capaciten para emprender con éxito. El enfoque de investigación es cualitativo, respaldado por la metodología cuantitativa, y se desarrolla mediante un diseño de investigación de campo. Para recopilar datos, se aplicaron cuestionarios y se consultó información relevante en fuentes documentales relacionadas con las variables de investigación. Este estudio tiene un alcance descriptivo, presentando los resultados en tablas y gráficos para facilitar su comprensión. Se administraron cuestionarios a 200 jóvenes del cantón Daule, cuyos datos son cruciales para diseñar estrategias informativas en el ámbito de la educación financiera, proporcionando conocimientos esenciales y pertinentes para una adecuada gestión financiera en el contexto de los emprendimientos juveniles en el cantón.

Blockchain for Peer-to-Peer Insurance: Design and implementation of a P2P Insurance application using smart contracts

Hasnaoui, Saad Slaoui — 2024-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article investigates the feasibility of designing a comprehensive insurance solution without the involvement of insurers or intermediaries. The study begins by the introduction of the blockchain and smart contract concept and their transformative potential on many sectors, of which the insurance market. A novel Peer-to-Peer home insurance model using the parametric concept is presented, answering a real-world issue. To validate the concept, the model is realized on an Ethereum blockchain testbed. Results of the demonstration reveal the feasibility of the solution and the potential of this type of application to streamline insurance processes, enhance transparency, and reduce reliance on intermediaries. This article contributes to the ongoing evolution of the insurance by examining the paradigm shift from centralized to decentralized models. And by addressing the ability of blockchain and smart contracts to realize this shift.

Evolution in land use in highly urbanised watersheds and their impacts on surface runoff: Case of Bonoumin and Gourou (Abidjan, Ivory Coast, West Africa)

Aka, Kouadio Prudence — 2024-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The spatio-temporal dynamic of land use in the Bonoumin and Gourou watersheds, over the last three decades (1990 to 2020), were analysed using Landsat images (1990, 2005 and 2020), remote sensing and a geographic information system (GIS). The main objective of this study was to analyse the impact of changes in land use in these two watersheds on stormwater runoff, which is responsible for flooding in the study area. The methodology adopted consisted of first downloading the Landsat images, which were then pre-processed, before undergoing several processes, leading to the classification and analysis of land cover dynamic. Maximum likelihood supervised classification was applied. Thus, the results of this classification showed that over the last three (03) decades, the impermeabilised surfaces in the two watersheds, represented by the medium and highly densified urban areas, have increased significantly, unlike the vegetated surfaces, which have decreased significantly. The increase in impermeable surfaces reduces the capacity for water to infiltrate the soil and increases the amount of runoff. The results also showed that in recent years, the upper reaches of the Bonoumin watershed have come under considerable anthropogenic pressure. This means that in a few years time, there will be a sharp increase in the amount of runoff water in the lowlying areas of this basin, and therefore an increase in the risk of flooding.

Impact of agroforestry on the sustainable productivity of cocoa-growing soils in central Côte d’Ivoire

Guillaune, Kouame Amany — 2024-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of the study was to assess the impact of cocoa-based agroforestry practices on natural soil productivity. The methodology consisted in identifying three cocoa-based agroforestry systems (simple, mixed or complex) guided by the opening of the canopy of various floristic species associated with cocoa trees, in which three 100 m2 plots were randomly set up to inventory the arboricultural species encountered, determine species density and plantation yields. The results identified 17 tree families divided into 27 plant species, of which 55.55% were found in the simple agroforestry system (SAGS), with a density of 55 trees/hectare, 70.37% in the mixed agroforestry system (SAGM), with a density of 155.33 trees/hectare, and 81.40% in the complex agroforestry system (SAGC), with a density of 224.33 trees/hectare. In terms of particle size, the SAGS and SAGC had a silty texture, whereas the SAGM had a silty-clay texture. Major element, trace element and clay-humus complex contents were satisfactory in all agroforestry systems, but in decreasing order in SAGM, SAGC and SAGS. Cocoa productivity was higher in SAGS (403.42kg/ha), than in SAGM (293.61kg/ha) and SAGC (204.68kg/ha). In conclusion, it should be noted that each forest agrosystem has very distinct characteristics and contributes to soil fertility at depths of 0-20cm. Moreover, SAGS is the agroforestry system with the best production and can be recommended during the establishment of cocoa plantations in Côte d’Ivoire.

Optimization of digitalization in the management of the radio frequency spectrum in the City Province of Kinshasa

Henri, KISOKI MBUNGA — 2024-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Today, users of radio frequencies face a double challenge, namely: - Respond to a growing need for communication channels (frequencies); - Maintain good quality of service (Qos). The difficulty results from the fact that the number of frequency (channels) available for radio electricity spectrum allocation is a very limited resource. This constraint imposes optimal and efficient use of frequencies, taking into account all the necessary parameters so as not to increase the probability of interference and also to avoid the malfunction of neigh boring stations. In the Democratic Republic of Congo in general and more particularly the city Province of Kinshasa, the Post and Telecommunications Regulatory Authority of Congo (ARTPC) has a limited number of usable frequencies in order to cover the needs of potential users.

Phylogenetic study of Chrysichthys Nigrodigitatus populations in three aquatic basins in Côte d’Ivoire

Ouattara, Coulibaly Tionrotia Alice Sita — 2024-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this study was to define the molecular variability of three populations of the species Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus. The mitochondrial D-loop gene from 27 specimens was sequenced. Geneious software was then used to analyse and compare the nucleotide sequences obtained. The results showed that there was no difference between the nucleotide sequences of fish from the Bia river and the Aby lagoon. These two populations are therefore similar for the gene examined. However, the nucleic acid molecule of the Ebrié lagoon population differs from that of the other two populations by at least three mutations. On the phenogram, two genetically different sets were identified: specimens from the Bia river and Aby lagoon on the one hand, and individuals from the Ebrié lagoon on the other. The three populations of the Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus species are therefore divided into two ecological siblings depending on the environment in which they live.

Characterization of the fish marketing sector in the city of Maradi (Niger)

Hassane, Mahamadou Issoufou — 2024-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study was conducted to characterize the fish marketing sector of Maradi Municipality. The survey methodology used was sampling of stakeholders (fishermen, wholesalers and retailers) and the selection of survey sites (landing platforms, markets and outlets). The data were collected following surveys carried out with a sample of 130 stakeholders, including 35 fishermen and 93 traders, at two fishing sites (Mawaliya and Sabon Rouwa), a market and outlets in municipalities 1 and 3 of the region. This study shows that in Maradi, fish are mostly marketed as fresh, fried and dried. Only men are involved in fishing, and both men and women participate in the marketing of fish. Four main players have been identified in the supply chain: fishermen, fishers, wholesalers and finally retailers. It has also made it possible to identify the method of acquisition of the fish, the provenance, the method of conservation and processing, to assess prices and to analyse the relationships and organisation of the actors involved in the marketing of the products on the market. Marketing of fresh fish appears to be a profitable activity mainly for wholesalers and fishmongers. In order to improve the distribution of added value at all levels and promote the availability of products to all consumers, the state must actively participate in the social and professional reorganization of stakeholders.

Multi-factor authentication system for securing mobile money transactions using mobile money services in Ivory Coast

Anoh, Nogbou Georges — 2024-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Mobile money is a financial service available on mobile phones. The evolution of mobile telephony in Africa, and particularly in Côte d’Ivoire, has led to the growing evolution of mobile money services. These services have revolutionized the lives of citizens who do not have access to or do not have a bank account. Thanks to the mobile money service, any citizen can now transfer, withdraw or save money and even make payments. However, with the digitalization of systems, users of these mobile money services suffer from cyberattacks thanks to the scale of social engineering. To slow down and fight against this evolution of cyberattacks. In this article, we propose a new multi-factor authentication system in the context of mobile money transactions unlike the two-factor authentication system. We have developed an authentication algorithm for transfers using a password, fingerprint or secret word and a secret code. For direct deposit, we have proposed a system that provides a withdrawal code to the issuer that the recipient must provide upon withdrawal. We also proposed an authentication algorithm for password changes based on the current password and a secret code to provide. These contributions will help curb deposits made by mistake, scams and theft of mobile phones with password theft.

Electrochemical sensor based on carbon paste modified by phyllanthus amarus for the detection of a perfluorooctane acid disruptor of the spermatozoid rate

BILE, Bernadette EHUI AVO — 2024-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Population exposure to perfluorinated compounds is less well known. These products are found in a myriad of products ranging from food packaging to flame retardant foams, household cleaners and shampoos. Perfluorinated compounds such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and other fluorinated compounds constitute pollutants for our living environment. At tiny doses, they are suspected of increasing the risk of fertility disorders or even infertility, reduction in the quantity and quality of sperm, and genetic abnormalities. The development of electrochemical sensors for the immediate detection of these compounds is therefore necessary to prevent any risk of contamination that could lead to irreparable damage. This work involved the development of an electrochemical sensor capable of detecting perfluorooctanoic acid at low concentrations. To do this, a carbon paste electrode modified by phyllanthus amarus was developed. This was characterized by electrochemical methods in the presence of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). The electrochemical methods used are cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry. Certain electrochemical parameters such as the influence of the PFOA concentration, the detection limit, the influence of pH, were studied.

Graphic animations and their impact on the learning of immunology by 3rd year college students: Case of innate immunity

CHAT, Mouad — 2024-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The integration of information and communication technologies in the teaching of scientific disciplines multiplies the teaching capacities which makes it possible to approach scientific concepts and notions. In the same context, the use of graphic animations for learning is more and more frequent, especially to show complex, invisible and dynamic phenomena. The main objective of our work is to examine the impact of graphic animations on the learning of innate immunity by third-year college students. To do this, a sample of 66 students was divided into a control group (n=33) and an experimental group (n=33) whose only difference was the use or non-use of graphic animations. The two groups of students took a knowledge test twice: The first before the course (pre-test) and the second after the course (post-test). Statistical analyzes were performed with the independent samples t-test to compare the post-test scores as well as the relative learning gain between the two groups of students. The results showed clearly that the grades and the relative learning gain of students in the experimental group (taught with the animations) are higher and significantly different from those of the students in the control group (taught in the traditional way). This shows that teaching with graphic animations can have a very positive impact on student learning and on improving their academic performance.

Vodoun: Historical and socio-anthropological study of an ancestral heritage in search of affirmation

Hounyoton, Bienvenu Hospice — 2024-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article sheds light on the undeniable significance of Vodoun in Benin as a deeply rooted religious and cultural phenomenon. This anthropological religious practice exerts a crucial influence on both individual and collective levels. The examination of Vodoun in Benin reveals its profound integration into local culture, playing a pivotal role in promoting spiritual well-being and constructive collaboration between authorities and guardians of religious tradition. It constitutes an indispensable pillar of socio-cultural identity, contributing to development and the protection of human rights. According to our findings, Vodoun maintains a close connection with power, endowing it with legitimacy in various aspects, and it holds great importance in educational, social, cultural, economic, and political domains. Taking these elements into consideration, it is universally acknowledged as a foundational religion that encourages harmonious coexistence with other beliefs. It occupies a central place in religious and political culture, thus contributing to the country’s development. Nevertheless, challenges persist, notably the fight against discrimination and the essential promotion of interreligious tolerance. It is imperative for public authorities to actively collaborate with Vodun to address development challenges and promote religious tolerance in Benin, thereby preserving the richness of its religious culture.

Petro-structural characterisation of the Oligocene deposits of Continental Terminal 3 (Ct3) in the Tondibia, «Rhodesia» and Kongou sectors (Niamey region, western Niger)

Idi, Karimou Laouali — 2024-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study was carried out in the south-western part of Niger. The study area corresponds to the Niamey region, which straddles the south-eastern edge of the West African Craton and the south-western terminus of the Iullemmeden Basin. The general objective of this work is to determine the context in which the Ct3 deposits were emplaced in the Tondibia, «Rhodesia» and Kongou sectors. Specifically, the aim is to provide a petrographic description of the Ct3 deposits and to characterise the deformation that affected these deposits. The methodology used is based on the macroscopic and microscopic petrographic description of the samples taken and on structural measurements. Three sedimentological sections were taken from the three outcrops selected (Tondibia, Rhodesia and Kongou). The petrographic study of the Continental Terminal 3 (Ct3) deposits identified several facies whose sedimentological characteristics and number varied according to the sectors studied. The facies identified include: kaolinitic sandstones; ferruginous oolitic sandstones; sandstone clays; conglomeratic sandstones; clays intercalated with ferruginous oolitic sandstones; and iron oxide nodule conglomerates. Microscopic observations made it possible to identify several forms of oolitic concretions, namely: type α oolites (Oα), type γ oolites (Oγ), proto-oolites (PO), oolites of type γ (Oγ), oolites of type γ (Oγ), oolites of type γ (Oγ) and oolites of type γ (Oγ). proto-oliths (PO) and composite ooliths (OC). Tectonic analysis has revealed a NW-SE and NE-SW compressive phase of Oligo-Miocene age that affected the deposits of Terminal Continental 3 (Ct3).

Contribution of marine sand extraction to the acceleration of coastal erosion in the San Pedro region (Ivory Coast)

Lassey, Lou Soholy Ange Claverie — 2024-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this study, which focuses on beach sediment extraction, is to highlight the impact of these practices on the accelerated erosion of the San Pedro coastline. These practices, linked to the needs of the local population for construction materials, often have catastrophic repercussions. To carry out the work, data on marine sand production was collected, and systematic observation and interview surveys were carried out at the three marine sand quarries in the village of Digboué and at the mouth of San Pedro. This research revealed that both clandestine and official extractions were taking place on a daily basis in these areas. The annual volume of sediment extracted amounts to more than 15,000 m3, not counting clandestine extractions carried out by local villagers, for which the data remain undefined. These activities have disastrous consequences, such as the gradual depletion of sand stocks and a consequent shortage of sediment, which disrupts the equilibrium of the coastal system, causing the coast to retreat and endangering the environment being exploited. Accelerated flooding poses a real threat to the local population. Marine sand extraction causes a great deal of damage and contributes effectively to coastal erosion. It is essential to take defensive measures against this activity.

Development of a web server load balancing system

LOBA, Thomas — 2024-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The exponential growth of Internet traffic generated by a plethora of interconnected apps poses a size challenge, making effective management of incoming requests by a single server difficult, even for the most reputable businesses. To ensure uninterrupted service delivery, IT teams are turning to the deployment of many servers operating inside a distributed system framework. Charge balancing appears to be the best strategy for capitalizing on increasing data traffic, with the dual goal of distributing computation costs over several servers and improving overall infrastructure performance. In order to achieve this goal, a range of solutions, including specialized hardware, dedicated software, or a combination of the two, may be envisaged. The combined use of keepalived with HAProxy has shown a notable reduction in recovery time following a server panel, minimizing stop time to only one second. Furthermore, our investigation reveals that in low-traffic scenarios, the Round Robin algorithm performs better than HAProxy and keepalived, but in high-traffic scenarios, the source IP technique leads. This idea emphasizes how wise it is to evaluate three algorithms and select the best one based on the traffic’s fluctuating bit rate.

Determination of phenotypic and zootechnical characteristics in caprine breed slaughtered at the Port-Bouët slaughterhouse for butchery in Abidjan city

Akaffou, Yapo — 2024-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this study was the determination of phenotypic and zootechnical characteristics of the caprine breed slaughtered for butchery in Abidjan city. Thus, a study was done on 160 caprine at the Port-Bouët slaughterhouse in the city of Abidjan. Then, the breed, coat colour, age, presence or not of horns, goatee and pendants, as well as the measurements, height at the withers and thoracic perimeter were determined. Descriptive statistics of these variables were produced. Followed by a Chi square test for qualitative variables. Furthermore, an ANOVA was performed for the quantitative variables. The results show that caprine of the Sahelian breed (90%) are more slaughtered than those of the Djallonké breed (10%). Coat colours commonly encountered are black-brown (43.75%) for Djallonké breed and brown-piebald (53.47%) for the Sahelian breed. Caprine breed over four years old age (89.38%) are more slaughtered than others. The tallest caprine on legs are those from Sahelian breed (80.24 cm), males (80.10 cm) and those from 3 to 4 years old age (78.10 cm). The thoracic perimeter was 77.82 cm in caprine of the Sahelian breed, 78.44 cm for males and 78.10 cm for caprine breed over 4 years old age. The height at the withers and the thoracic perimeter are influenced by breed or sex (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the caprine breed slaughtered at the Port-Bouët slaughterhouse showed various breeds, sex, coat colours and ages.

Effects of organic fertilizer «Bokashi» on the productivity of cocoa trees (Theobroma cacao L.) in Daloa (central-west of Côte d’Ivoire)

Manhounou, Konan Jeanne Armelle — 2024-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Most cocoa growing soils currently have a low level of chemical fertility. This does not make it possible to optimize the development of cocoa trees and ensure sustainable cocoa production. The objective of this study was to improve the fertility of soils under cocoa trees and cocoa production in Côte d’Ivoire. The study was conducted using a completely randomized Fisher block design, with three repetitions over two years. The organic fertilizer «Bokashi» was applied in a crown around the cocoa trees at doses of 0, 2, 4 and 6 kg per year, corresponding respectively to treatments T0 (control), T1, T2 and T3. Soil samples were taken before and after the addition of Bokashi to assess the initial and final fertility of the soil. The average numbers of wilted cherelles, healthy pods, rotten pods, weight of fresh beans and actual and potential yields of cocoa trees fertilized with Bokashi were evaluated and compared to those of the control treatment. The collected data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SAS 9.4 software. The results showed that the addition of Bokashi improves soil fertility and the productivity of cocoa trees. The application of Bokashi also made it possible to reduce the levels of certain elements in the soil such as aluminum, which in very high quantities can be toxic for most plants. The highest actual (1351.05 kg/ha) and potential (1846.8 kg/ha) yields having been obtained with the dose of 2 kg of Bokashi per year and per cocoa tree therefore constitute the optimal dose allowing improve the chemical fertility of the soil and the productivity of cocoa trees.

Antenatal diagnosis of anencephaly: A case report

Bennaceur, Samia — 2024-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Anencephaly is a congenital malformation of the nervous system. It’s the most common neurological malformation after spina bifida. Its diagnosis is antenatal and a medical termination of pregnancy is recommended.

Validation of rainfall estimation data from « African Rainfall Climatology 2 » for the cotton production zone of Mali

Traore, Souleymane Sidi — 2024-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Nowadays, satellite rainfall estimation data are used in climate impact studies due to the low density of the rain gauge network in sub-Saharan Africa and the difficulties in accessing data from national meteorological services. However, limitations may exist in the effectiveness of these micro-scale data. Therefore, studies to evaluate the performance of these satellite products are always necessary before their use. This work aims to assess the validity of the rainfall estimation data from «African Rainfall Climatology – version 2» (ARC-2) in the cotton production zone of Mali from 1983 to 2002. The rainfall estimation data were extracted for 10 weather stations and compared to rainfall measurements from these weather stations. Pearson correlation test was used to check the relationship between the two datasets for each station. The comparison of daily rainfall values shows ARC-2 estimated rainfall values very close to the measured rainfall values at the stations, even if the ARC-2 data were found to be sometimes overestimated. The ARC-2 rainfall data also closely follows the annual cycle observed for monthly and annually measured data. The precipitation correlation coefficient between the ARC-2 data and the measured rainfall data is approximately 0.70, with a significance level of 99% at the monthly scale. After calibration, precipitation measured by ARC-2 reproduces almost 99% of the observed data, thus confirming that ARC-2 data can be used for climate studies in Mali.

Teaching-learning and scientific awakening in chemistry: Case of chemical elements in primary and nursery school

Gloria, Mpunga Kalota — 2024-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

This thesis allowed us to realize that chemical elements can be well mastered by very young children thanks to a method of well-arranged didactic bridges, i.e. from concrete everyday examples to chemical concepts usually taught at the highest levels.

Teaching-learning and scientific awakening in chemistry: Case of chemical elements in primary and nursery school (The structure of the atom)

Gloria, Mpunga Kalota — 2024-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Interaction between PFASs and protein using Fluorescence spectroscopy

RABEARISOA, Andry Hariniaina — 2023-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

This research in this aspect is necessary, because of PFASs are one kind of hydrophobic and hydrophilic chemicals, and the study of PFASs with protein used as a dissolved organic matter in this study is valuable to evaluate the ecological risk of this kind of chemicals. Fluorescence has been proven as a sensible method to provide qualitative and quantitative information on the PFAS-serum albumin interactions. This work will provide some information for appropriately understanding the interaction between PFASs and protein and illustrate its binding mechanisms at different concentration of protein, cations and pH. The results obtained from fluorescence spectra indicated that PFASs could quench the intrinsic fluorescence of protein through a static quenching procedure, with the effective quenching constants (K’sv) varying from 0.44 105 L mol-1 to 5.73 105 L mol-1. It infers that the complex of PFAS-protein was formed. In addition, the ionic strength and pH affected the effective quenching constant of PFASs bound to bovine albumin. Furthermore, with increase of pH from 6.5 to 8.5, reduction in the binding affinity of PFAS to bovine albumin and soy peptone were also observed. The interaction between perfluoroalkyl substances and protein using fluorescence spectroscopy, and the occurrence of electrostatic interactions with hydrophobic force in the binding also studied.

Bilharzia risk mapping in the marahoué region (Côte d’Ivoire)

Gnazale, Gnahoua Guy Roger — 2023-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Bilharzia or schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease present in the Marahoué region and constitutes a major public health problem. The spread of this disease is closely linked to the ecology of intermediate hosts, conditioned by environmental, climatic, socio-demographic and health factors. If morbidity is to be reduced, we need to have a better understanding of the spatial distribution of distribution factors, and to identify and locate outbreaks as well as areas at risk of contamination. The aim of this study is to map, using remote sensing and GIS, the areas at risk of bilharzian contamination in the Marahoué region. By classifying the parameters according to factors of risk and vulnerability to infection using Saaty’s multi-criteria analytical hierarchical process of complete aggregation by weighting, we were able to assign weights to each parameter. This methodology was used not only to draw up sensitivity and vulnerability maps for 2003 and 2013, but also to assess the risk of bilharzia infection. We noted four potential areas of risk of bilharzia contamination located around the region’s major towns. Of the 32 localities surveyed, 13 (40.62%) were located in high or medium risk areas. The year 2003 was marked by a predominance of présuméd intestinal bilharziasis, estimated at 62.50%. However, in 2013 we observed an acute presence of urinary bilharziasis estimated at 81.25%, compared with 18.75% for intestinal bilharziasis.

Effects of three types of organic manure on the agro-morphological parameters of cowpea grown in Burkina Faso

KABORE, Zeya — 2023-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp), a legume with high nutritional value, is widely consumed by West African populations. In Burkina Faso, its yields in rural areas are relatively low due in particular to the perpetuation of old farming methods and especially the low level of soil fertility. The study aims to evaluate the effect of three types of organic manure on the agro-morphological parameters of cowpea. An experimental design in completely randomized blocks with four treatments (T0 = control without organic manure; T1 = cattle dung; T2 = poultry droppings; T3 = sheep dung) and four repetitions was used. The results showed that the weight of 100 seeds did not vary under the influence of the types of fertilizers compared to the control treatment. However, the total number of seeds produced per plant was significantly higher (p˂0.001) under the T2 treatment (102±3 seeds). As for the T1 and T3 treatments, they led to the lowest values of this parameter (respectively 69±4 and 65±4 seeds).

Analysis of cross-border transhumance of cattle in the department of Ouangolodougou

Gatien, Brou Gboko Konan — 2023-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The management of pastoral resources is today a real challenge for the West African sub-region, particularly in the north of Côte d’Ivoire. To help improve their exploitation, this study was carried out in the Department of Ouangolodougou. The objective of this is to carry out an analysis of cross-border transhumance in the said locality. To achieve this, a survey was conducted among the various stakeholders involved in the beef industry in this locality. The results showed that transhumant herders are mainly men of Peulh origin whose age range varies between 18 and 40 years (68%). They are mostly illiterate (97.33%) and experienced (6 to 15 years of experience). Zebus are the highest breed (37.33%). Heifers and bull calves make up the majority of the herd with 25.33% respectively. The small transhumance leaves from June to November and the large one takes place between November and May. The reasons for livestock mobility remain the lack of water (48.67%) and pasture (51.33%). The consequences of cross-border transhumance are crop damage and farmer-herder conflicts. Added to this is soil fertilization. The constraints of cross-border transhumance are the absence of passage corridors and rest areas. However, several measures have been taken by the State of Côte d’Ivoire to support cross-border transhumance.

Examen des caractéristiques de la classe dans l’enseignement de l’anglais comme langue étrangère dans les écoles primaires de Bunia en République démocratique du Congo

Emmanuel, Malobi Pato — 2023-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article aims to examine classroom features in English as a Foreign Language Teaching in Bunia primary schools in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It determines the way in which English is taught, the manner in which children learn the teachers’ attitudes towards their pupils’ errors. The research has been conducted using descriptive and exploratory designs. For data collection, survey method has been used whereby observation has served as instrument. Data have been coded and analyzed using the Descriptive Statistics such as frequencies and percentages with the help of statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). Then, they have been presented using either bar graphs or pie charts. The results shows that English is taught without any appropriate methodology. Each teacher creates his/her own way of teaching, which is unfortunately, a major obstacle for the best learning. Then, children fail to develop linguistic skills. Results finally rates teachers’ attitudes towards their learners’ errors unsatisfactory. Therefore, teachers must improve their ways.

Model for identifying the characteristics of an individual from a class of comments

Gérard, N’Guessan Behou — 2023-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Judgments made on a subject by certain people can take various forms. In the case of the covid-19 crisis, certain opinions on the vaccine for this pandemic have generated a lot of comments of various kinds. Unfortunately, some of them have some side effects that vary from person to person. This phenomen on creates then feelings of caution in the population not yet vaccinated. The objective of this article is to propose a model allowing us to analyze and understand the characteristics of the categories of people who made these comments. This model identifies individuals based on the classes of comments issued. It is based on a hybrid approach combining the multinomial logistic model and a genetic model. An application is made on the data of the comments of the Covid-19 in Côte d’Ivoire.

Digital Transformation in Support of Financial Entrepreneurial Incubator Assistance

Ouahi, Hafsa — 2023-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Business incubators are an important part of the entrepreneurial innovation ecosystem. Although, research on this topic remains limited. This article explores the contribution of digital transformation in facilitating the financial support process, as well as internal and external interactions with the various players in the entrepreneurial ecosystem. In addition, we have opted for an exploratory qualitative approach using semi-structured interview guides. We interviewed (10) ten business incubators based mainly in the cities of Casablanca, Rabat, Marrakesh and Agadir. The aim of our article is to explore the contribution of digital transformation to the main activities carried out by business incubators, especially the selection of incubatees, the assistance and also the networking. The results show that digital transformation, through platforms, videoconferencing applications and data management software, is essential to facilitate the financial support process. In fact, the obtained results had revealed a major impact on internal and external communication, speed and efficiency. The digital transformation has also saved business incubators an enormous amount of time, and ensured traceability of process bottlenecks and delays. However, the outcome of our study shows that specific issues, such as the cost of integrating new technologies and the reluctance of incubatees, can hamper significantly the successful implementation of this digital transformation within incubators.

Healing effects of aqueous extract of leaves of Petrosolinum crispum (Apiaceae) on induce wounds in rats

Atto, Virginie — 2023-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Petrosolinum crispum (Apiaceae) is a plant commonly used in traditional African medicine for improving the health of populations including wound care; the aim of this study was to evaluate the healing properties of Petrosolinum crispum (Apiaceae) leaves on second degree incision wounds in Wistar rats. This study was carried out on 28 rats divided into 7 batches of 4 rats, one of which was an untreated control and the other 6 received daily applications of test substances. The results showed that the wounds treated with 500 mg/ml of the aqueous extract of leaves of Petrosolinum crispum (EAPc) healed first. At this concentration, the healing time is the same as that of rats treated with Flammazine, 16 days against. For the batches treated with Betadine and EAPc at 1000 mg/ml, the wounds had completely healed in 26 days. However, those of the untreated rats had healed 95% by the 28th day. This effect of the extract is due to the bioactive substances present within the plant. These results therefore suggest that this extract has healing activity.

Hydroclimatological variability and land use dynamics land use in the Niger catchment at Siguiri (north-eastern Guinea)

Kourouma, Moriba — 2023-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The variations in rainfall patterns observed in recent years in the north-western part of Guinea are well prefecture of Siguiri in Upper Guinea. In order to understand the trends in rainfall and hydrometric variations, we used the Standardized Precipitation Indices (SPI) method. The remote sensing method applied reflects human causes in the transformation of environmental environments (water, forests, soils, habitats, crops). The results obtained show that rainfall over the period 1981-2020 is marked by periods of deficit (drought) between 1981-1993; 1998-2002 and 2013-2020, while wet periods (surplus) occur between 1994-1997 and 2003-2012. Fluctuations in annual flow modules can be explained by a surplus period from 1980 to 2000 and a deficit period from 2001 to 2019. The statistics drawn from the land-use maps for 2000, 2010 and 2021 highlight the spatial and temporal dynamics of each thematic class. From 2000 to 2021, the Water/Wetlands (+22.55%) and gallery forests (+23.92%) classes show increases, while the Bare Soil/Cultivated Land (-20.08%), Wooded Savannah (-4.55%) and Savannah-Crop Mosaic (-21.85%) classes show decreases. Temperatures between 1981 and 2022 in the Siguiri area varied between 25.995°C and 27.72°C, with the highest values recorded in 2010.

2D modeling of the mineralized units of the uranium deposit of the Nord-Taza Satellite prospect of the Tarat formation (Arlit, North Niger)

Chamsi, Lawali Idi — 2023-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study is concerned with the 2D modelling of the mineralised units of the uranium deposit at the Nord-Taza Satellite prospect (Arlit, Northern Niger). The Nord-Taza Satellite prospect, operated by Aïr Mines Company (SOMAÏR), is an integral part of the uranium deposits in the Arlit sector, which are hosted by sandstones of Carboniferous age and deposited in a fluvio-deltaic environment. The methodological approach adopted consists of correlating the data obtained from development drilling and facing surveys using modelling software such as Surpac and Sermine. The minerals present include orthoclase, quartz, biotite, zircon, monazite and apatite. The lithological analysis showed that the study area is characterised by coarse sandstones with microconglomeratic tendencies, argillites and finely consolidated sandstones. These facies, referred to respectively as Unit 1 (U1), Unit 2 (U2) and Unit 3 (U3) of the Tarât, are the host formations for the uranium mineralisation in the study area. Correlation of data from boreholes and face surveys has shown that high uranium grades are found in the reduced sandstones of units U1 and U3, while low grades are found in the mudstones of unit U2. Information obtained from the Surpac software showed that uranium mineralisation is oriented in a north-south direction and is more concentrated on the western flank of the study area near the Arlit normal fault-flexure. The 2D model produced using the Sermine software showed that U1 has stratiform mineralisation, U2 has discontinuous or isolated lens mineralisation and U3 has chenalising lens mineralisation. The U4 or Madaouéla unit is not mineralised in the Nord-Taza Satellite prospect.

Knowledge, Practice and Satisfaction of the beneficiaries of the National Program of Sanitized Schools and Villages in post-certification in the province of Tshopo in the DRC

Eugene, Basandja Longembe — 2023-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge and satisfaction of the population on the National Program of Sanitized Schools and Villages (NPSSV) as well as their practice in post-certification. An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out in 3 intervention Health Zones during the period from November 15 to 27, 2022. The statistics were carried out with Pearson’s chi2, Fisher’s Exact Test, ANOVA Test and Kruskal Wallis Test, according to the conditions of their applications. The knowledge most represented on the NPSSV, regardless of site, was «the drinking water coverage improvement program» (99%), the other components of the program were poorly known (p≤0.05). The village certification criteria and the tasks of the village committee members were poorly known (p≤0.05). Almost all of the population currently uses unimproved water sources (92%), indistinctly of Health Zone. Surface water and traditional wells are significantly more used (p≤0.05). Poor construction, lack of maintenance and sabotage of structures were the most cited causes of the deterioration of water structures (p≤0.05). Satisfaction with the program and the quality of the works is very good, differently between the Health Zones (p>0.05). Diarrheal episodes were observed in 33% of households, the median number of people with diarrhea and the median number of children under 5 years of age did not differ between Health Zones (p>0.05). The knowledge of the mothers on the key aspects of the NPSSV is limited, their appreciation of the implementation of the activities is satisfactory and the households no longer use the improved water points. This maintains a high incidence of diarrhea at the household level. Other measures are essential to deal with it.

Supportive environment for livestock development in the Boundiali Sub-Prefecture (North, Ivory Coast)

Levol, Kone — 2023-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The majority of the livestock sector remains dominated by practices despite the state’s desire to increase animal production. This study aims to analyze the enabling environment for the development of livestock farming in the Boundiali Sub-Prefecture. The results of this study are based on the use of data from surveys of 210 breeders made up of Fulani breeders, agro-breeders and cattle herders. It emerges from this study that the physical environment offers natural conditions favorable to the expansion of livestock farming. The dispersion of fields and the occupation of water points hinder the development of pastoral activity. The mobility of animals in search of pasture and water points leads to the destruction of crops and the accentuation of conflicts between farmers and breeders. Around 81% of cases of conflicts due to field damage are resolved at the village authority level. On the other hand, 19% of conflict cases were resolved by the administrative authority. The mobility of animals in search of resources is the main cause of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP). To deal with the health risk in a context of a shortage of veterinary care, breeders resort to self-medication. The study led to the conclusion that the Boundiali Sub-Prefecture offers a relatively favorable environment for the development of livestock farming.

Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy

Elmkaddem, K. — 2023-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy is a rare neurodegenerative disorder, with onset in the first or second year of life, after an interval of normal psychomotor development. It is characterized by rapid motor and cognitive regression and hypotonia evolving into spasticity. This is a retrospective and descriptive study realized over a period of 10 years [January 20-October 2023], including all patients diagnosed with Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy in the neurology unit of the Paediatric Department of the Hassan II University Hospital of Fez. We report 7 patients with Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy, three girls and four boys. Earliest symptoms presented between 10 and 18 months of age. The first manifestations were a psychomotor regression in all cases and pshymotor developmental delay in 5 cases. Fast rhythms on electroencephalogram (EEG) were observed in all patients. Brain imaging studies showed cerebellar atrophy, with signal hyper- intensity in the cerebellar cortex on T2-weighted images in six patients. Mutations in the PLA2G6 gene were identified in the four patients studied. Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy is a rare and serious disease in children with a risk of generally fatal complications, but it remains a preventable disease thanks to genetic counselling.

Use of Information and Communication Technology for Teaching (ICT) by trainee teachers of Biology and life and earth sciences in the city of Bunia (DR Congo)

Pascal, Cwinya’ay Wong’a — 2023-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present study which focuses on the use of Information and Communication Technology for Teaching (ICT) by trainee teachers of Biology and Life and earth sciences in secondary schools in the city of Bunia (DR Congo), is a study relating to biology teaching and Life and earth sciences. The latter aims to examine the use of ICT by trainee teachers of Biology and Life and earth sciences during the final cycle of study. The result obtained shows that trainee teachers (51%) do not know the ICT adapted to the teaching of Biology and Life and earth sciences, they do not use certain websites which can help students with self-learning, and the most Some of the tools relating to ICT, notably digital manuals, tutorials, online learning platforms, digital spaces, interactive or touchscreen tablets and IWBs are not used by trainee teachers of Biology and Life and earth sciences. The major constraints in the use of TICE are educational and material. Trainee teachers are not sufficiently trained in the use of ICT but also trainee schools are under-equipped and lack the necessary tools. We recommend that teachers of biology teaching and Life and earth sciences restructure the content of their teaching units and provide modules related to the use of ICT.

Effects of mineral (NPK) and organic (compost) fertilizers on the productivity of onions (Allium cepa L.) in Niger: Case of the purple Galmi variety

Haoua, Bori — 2023-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Niger, onion production has grown but the unsuitability of fertilization techniques and application of fertilizer doses are challenges to be met in order to improve onion yield. This study aims to assess the effects of mineral (NPK) and organic (compost) fertilizers on the productivity of «violet de Galmi» onion (Allium cepa L.). The study is carried out at the Saga experimental site (Niger). The experimental design used is a completely randomized block consisting of three repetitions and six treatments including a control treatment (T0). The treatments are: T0 (300kg/ha of NPK + 20t/ha of compost); T1 (200kg/ha of NPK); T2 (100kg/kg of NPK + 20t/ha of compost); T3 (300kg/ha of NPK + 10t/ha of compounds); T4 (300kg/ha of NPK + 5t/ha of compost); T5 (300kg/ha of NPK + 15t/ha of compost). The results of the study showed that the plots having received the treatments T5, T4, T3 and T0 recorded numbers of superior bulbs respectively of 29,333 bulbs, 33.67 bulbs, 34 bulbs and 35.67 bulbs. And that the yields of biomass (5.57±1.84t/ha) and bulbs (30.00±5.00) recorded for the T0 treatments are part of the low yields recorded in the study. The dose of fertilizers in treatment T2 provided a significantly high yield (31.67±3.63). The results obtained at the end of this study show the interest in using organic matter as fertilizer in onion growing systems, in order to increase soil productivity and ensure their sustainable exploitation.

Design of a dashboard and choice of relevant indicators: The case of the Biochemistry Laboratory at Ibn Rochd University Hospital in Casablanca

Zerrouq, Wafaa — 2023-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Through its involvement in a quality approach, the medical biology laboratory (MBL) seeks above all to satisfy the needs of its customers. The question is whether the production processes and improvements undertaken by the biologist are converging towards optimum performance. In order to do this, an effective evaluation process must be set up to assess the extent to which the MBL is meeting the requirements and objectives it has set itself. The aim of this paper is to identify the performance indicators of an MBL’S operational process and to develop a dashboard for evaluating its performance. For this study, we surveyed the literature to identify the various indicators used to measure business process performance. Once the indicators had been selected, we proceeded to contextualize and validate them by organizing a focus group. This focus group enabled us to add certain indicators and eliminate others, and to design a dashboard that offers a global and synthetic vision, and represents a turnkey solution for biologists to monitor laboratory activity in a quest for effectiveness and efficiency.

Controlling land resources: Ways in which male and female heads of household access and acquire farmland in the Tahoua region in Niger

Moussa Dit Kalamou, Mahamadou — 2023-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article deals with the control of land resources through ownership, access and acquisition of agricultural land in the Tahoua region of Niger. It explains how male and female heads of household access and acquire agricultural land. It also looks at the availability of cropland and the size of farmland in rural areas. An analysis of 84 sample heads of household, 42 of them male and 42 female, showed that inheritance remains the dominant mode of acquisition, with 52% of households acquiring land. This is followed by purchase coupled with inheritance (19%) and rental (7%). Female heads of household rent (12% renters vs. 2.40% renters of agricultural land) and lend (4.80% vs. 2.40% of men). The analysis shows that the farmland available to households consists of fields and gardens. Male and female households have plots of varying sizes, up to 15 hectares for fields and 3 hectares for gardens. On average, female households have only 2 hectares of land, compared with around 6 hectares for male households. A comparison of average field sizes, using ANOVA analysis with Tukey’s test, shows that the average areas owned by heads of households in different zones are not significantly different. The average is 4.39 ha in agricultural zones versus 3.07 ha in agro-pastoral zones.

Source river sand mass heat and river sand mass heat and its impact on the environment: A comparative study

TUFUKAMA, Alphonse Djesse MAMBU — 2023-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Some house building material med to be considered in order maintain the house climate and atmosphere.Sand beeng the most essential building material for brick laying columns, beams, plastering and paving, this material reats to temperature variation this causing some temperature. The specific heat being a characteristic propriety, it varies with a given sample of substance. The choice of one or other type of sand for house building contributis to home climate quality of factors.

Verification of Fourier’s law in heat conduction of metals: Experimental study

TUFUKAMA, Alphonse Djesse MAMBU — 2023-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Heat always spread from the hottest part of a solid (high temperature) to the cold part (low temperature). However, the increase heat in this propagation decreases according to the influence of temperature variation along the surface and not according to the variation between the two points.

Face Liveness Detection and Tracking in a Remote Exam Monitoring System

YAO, Konan — 2023-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the growing context of online exam surveillance to ensure academic integrity, biometric authentication through facial recognition has become a common practice. However, the efficacy of this method is being questioned due to the potential vulnerability associated with the use of printed images to bypass the monitoring system. This vulnerability raises significant concerns regarding the security and authenticity of online assessments, thereby necessitating a deeper exploration of more reliable and secure facial liveness detection methods. In this study, we proposed a real-time approach for detecting facial liveliness within an anti-fraud device during online exams, leveraging facial recognition technology. Our focus was on employing a convolutional neural network algorithm to extract distinctive facial features. Convolutional neural networks, known for their adeptness in pattern detection and recognition, were at the core of our investigation. We delved into analyzing facial liveliness through two distinct approaches. Firstly, we meticulously examined facial texture, studying a dataset comprising both genuine faces and reproductions on various media such as fabric or masks. Concurrently, we implemented a method centered on detecting eye blinking. Regarding the implementation with the neural network algorithm, the results unveiled a precision rate of 57% for skin texture analysis, highlighting the inherent challenges of this method. Conversely, the eye blinking approach exhibited significantly better performance, with a precision of 96%, emphasizing its strong potential in detecting facial liveliness.

Optimising urban traffic management: A dynamic approach to traffic lights using artificial intelligence

BATIEBO, Mory Richard — 2023-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper presents a novel approach to improving urban road traffic control using artificial intelligence (AI) for dynamic traffic light management. We begin by describing the current context of urban traffic management and the challenges facing traffic light infrastructures. We then explain how AI can be integrated into this context for more effective regulation. We have chosen to use a basic model based on convolutional neural networks (CNN) to model road traffic in real time. This model collects real-time data from traffic cameras and other sensors, pre-processes it and then analyses it to make intelligent decisions about traffic light control. By using historical data and adapting to changing conditions, our model has been able to reduce waiting times at intersections, minimise congestion and improve traffic flow. This research paves the way for more intelligent and adaptive traffic management in urban environments. The practical implications of our approach include more efficient urban mobility, reduced greenhouse gas emissions and improved road safety. Future prospects lie in the continued optimisation of the AI model and its integration with other intelligent transport systems, contributing to more sustainable and liveable cities.

Time management, an essential asset in the administration of a school: Case of schools in the city of Kabongo

Kashele, Marcel Lenge Kalonda — 2023-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the education and training sector, management concerns several areas. These are the educational aspect, the financial aspect, the temporal aspect... All these aspects contribute to the achievement of the schools’ objectives. A large part of school activity is carried out at the administrative level and without effective administrative management, all work at the educational and financial level in schools will be doomed to failure if there is no concept of time. Likewise, if the educational role of the head of the establishment is essential, his administrative and temporal role as manager is taking on more and more importance today given the broadening of the mission of the school and the current developments in human resources management methods.

Unfavorable factors for learning and teaching psychologies in first and second year secondary schools in Kabongo sub-division

Kashele, Marcel Lenge Kalonda — 2023-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Through the writings of certain psychologist authors, the author of this article realized that psychologies do not interest the public. He conducted a survey among students of teaching schools, students of higher educational institutes and psychology professors, to research the factors that disadvantage the learning and teaching of psychology. This study made it possible to conclude that at the basis of all these factors lies the lack of an organization capable of giving students and teachers the moral and scientific material support necessary for the learning and teaching of psychologies.

Attitudes of female students towards their teachers in secondary schools in the city of Kabongo

Kashele, Marcel Lenge Kalonda — 2023-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

We started from a constant according to which the attitudes of female students towards teachers within educational establishments remain a problem no less negligible for this, our research interests several categories of people among which we can cite: Female students, teachers and researchers will both find in this document the elements that can help everyone, as far as they are concerned, to adopt good attitudes towards their teachers; moreover, researchers will find teachers who can enable them to approach certain aspects that we have not addressed in this research.

Fishing typology on the Fresco Lagoon (Côte d’ivoire, West Africa)

N’GUESSAN, Emmanuelle Akissi — 2023-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The actors and fishing gears on the Fresco lagoon (Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa) were studied from August 2018 to July 2019 by administering questionnaires to fishermen, interviewing them and observing them during their various activities. The fishing practiced on this lagoon is of the artisanal type. A total of 59 fishermen were surveyed, including 49 Ivorians (83.05% of all fishermen), with a predominance of Godiés (62.71%) and 10 Malians (16.95%), with a majority of Bozos (10.17%). All are male. Most of them are professionals (55.93%), adults (59.32%), have primary school education (49.15%), are married with family responsibilities (74.58%), have personally financed their activities (82%) and are Christians (71.19%). They are not united into cooperatives. Materials used include longlines, hawks, gillnets, wire traps and barrage nets. The density of fishermen is relatively low (2 to 4 fishermen/km2). Motorized pirogues, bamboo traps and ichthyotoxins are prohibited. Unfortunately, materials with mesh sizes below regulatory standards are used. These results constitute a database for an efficient management of the fisheries resources of the Fresco Lagoon.

Impact of gaming assets on Mathematics Learning via Virtual Games in Adolescents

Zoh, Venance Saho — 2023-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The creation of a «Serious Game» can take several approaches, ranging from total creativity to the adaptation of an existing game. A game engine calls on a set of software components as diverse as scripting, the graphics engine, artificial intelligence, the physical effects engine, the audio engine and networking, all of which come into play in the design of a Serious Game. The aim of this research is to find out how game components, otherwise known as game assets, interact with each other in the design of a Serious Game to contribute to learner motivation The research aims to understand how the components or assets of a «Serious Game» interact to motivate the learner. A study was carried out with 50 3rd grade students, aged between 14 and 16, who were experiencing difficulties in mathematics. These students, familiar with digital technology, were immersed in a game designed to reinforce their mathematical skills. The aim was to demonstrate the effectiveness of the «serious game» as a pedagogical tool, and to underline the importance of adapted game assets for maximum immersion and interactivity. Following a questionnaire, the analysis showed a moderate correlation between the various game assets, confirming that graphics, sound, mechanics, narrative, interactivity and accessibility are crucial in the design of an educational game.

Techno-economic performance of motorization for sustainable agricultural water management: Case of zaï practice in the central region of Burkina Faso

Zongo, Beteo — 2023-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Burkina Faso, farmers have adopted the practice of manual zaï and mechanized zaï for the rehabilitation of the productivity of degraded lands to meet the water needs of rainfed crops through the making of pockets. The arduousness of the work for making the pockets remains the major constraint to the adoption of the zaï practice. The objective of this study is to analyze the technical and economic performance of zaï. Using a block device, the practice of making pockets with the Zaïner is compared to those made manually with the daba and mechanized using animal traction. The technical and economic performance of the practice of motorized zaï is evaluated based on yield, investment, working time and net margin. The results show that sorghum yields from motorized zaï (1844 kg/ha) are higher than those from manual (1413 kg/ha) and mechanized (625 kg/ha) zaï. The practice of mechanized zaï requires less work time than motorized and manual zaï. The net margin is estimated at 176,871 FCFA/ha, 263,548 FCFA/ha and 56,025 FCFA/ha respectively for manual, motorized and mechanized zaï. The implementation of motorized zaï makes it possible to generate a higher net margin than other practices. However, it is necessary to continue testing the motorized zaï in a peasant environment depending on the agro-climatic zones to guide decision-making on its scale-up.

Effects of financial inclusion on the profitability of banks in the CEMAC ZONE

Cyrille, Reounodji Madji — 2023-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this article is to analyze the effects of financial inclusion on bank profitability in the CEMAC zone over the period 2000-2020. Specifically, it consists of firstly analyzing the implications of financial inclusion, profitability of assets and capital of banks in the CEMAC zone. Secondly, it is a question of highlighting the interactions between financial inclusion Net banking product in the CEMAC zone. In order to achieve these subsequent objectives, triple least squares (3SLS) estimators were used. The results obtained globally show that financial inclusion does not guarantee the profitability of CEMAC banks. The results obtained make it possible to recommend the promotion of education of populations in the development of financial culture and then to strengthen the regulatory framework through the formulation and implementation of policies which make it possible to promote the private sector, this can contribute to strengthen the supply and demand of financial services.

Diachronic analysis of forest dynamics and susceptibility to forest fires: Case of the province of Fahs-Anjra, Morocco

Ben Driss, Nisserine — 2023-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The province of Fahs-Anjra is a province characterized by a very significant forest area, a very rich and diversified biodiversity. The environmental problems in the province are multifaceted and continue to take on an uneven scale and manifest themselves on various scales: entire forests are destroyed and species disappear, ecological disasters multiply, water becomes a rare resource whose uses require more and more arbitration, etc. Faced with the urgency of the ecological crisis, perceived through climate change, natural disasters and the scarcity of natural resources, the concern to control environmental problems through sustainable development has become a global concern, which is growing. over the years. In fact, the degradation of forest space, caused by human activities and climate change, poses major challenges to sustainable development. Forest fires are the main cause of degradation of these forests; almost a minimum of 200 serious forest fire incidents were recorded between 2008 and 2020, that is to say, an average of 16 fires each year. To deal with forest degradation and monitor their condition, different techniques and methods have been developed for a long time: Geographic Information Systems (GIS) make it possible to georeference observed degradation, and remote sensing, which thanks to satellite images, makes it possible to map plant cover at very varied time and space scales.

Planning of the electricity distribution network in the city of Kindu up to 2040

Remy, Batiki Nkoy — 2023-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Energy is the essential and fundamental input for the development of all productive activities and for satisfying the basic needs of the population. The aim of this article is to develop an appropriate electrical energy planning system to promote what is profoundly transforming the sector: the rational exploitation of energy resources and the efficient use of energy in all links of the energy chain, by making the investments that will enable Maniema province and precisely the city of Kindu to be assured of a reliable, inexpensive and ecologically sustainable supply. This study is an important step in the implementation of a comprehensive energy planning system in the city of Kindu. It represents a useful tool for all players in the energy sector and in other areas of society and the economy. However, there is no doubt that the process of transforming the sector will only succeed with the active participation of producers, consumers and the state in the analysis and study.

The theme of the child in the work of Michel Tournier

Min, Liao — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Michel Tournier is one of the great figures of the contemporary French novel. The subject of the child runs through almost Tournier’s all works. Tournier makes the child a marvelous, triumphant being. This ideal model of the child, which is inspired by Rousseau’s conception, designates childhood as a fullness of being and embodies an original innocence. This conception of the child is also well developed in eastern philosophy, which considers the child as a representation of strong vitality, spiritual simplicity, the desire for ignorance, the ideal paradigm of life. For the characters in Tournier’s works, the state of childhood is an ideal way of life and a fulfillment of being; they dream of returning to this state of childlike innocence in order to attain an ideal of happiness.

Computerization of the water distribution and consumption monitoring system at REGIDESO in the city of Kolwezi

KANDURI TRINULI, Antonio — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The distribution of water and the billing of user consumption remain a major difficulty that the Régie de Distribution d’Eau of the Democratic Republic of Congo, REGIDESO in acronym, has been trying to overcome for several years, because this does not allow the Congolese State to maximize revenue on the one hand, and on the other hand, users are victims of over-invoicing, classified in the category of flat-rate invoicing, given that REGIDESO has no effective means of management of water distribution and users. In the context of the province of Lualaba, in the city of Kolwezi which presents a fast demographic growth, and which knows many problems related to the management of water consumption, this study relates to the installation of a system of distribution and monitoring of water consumption using Internet of Things sensors to control and manage installations remotely.

Impact of peasant agriculture in the development of the territory of Kimvula (Kongo Central, Democratic Republic of the Congo)

Lugangu, Marie Honorine — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study on the impact of agriculture was carried out in the province of central Kongo, precisely in the territory of Kimvula. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate tha the lack of supervision of peasants, the poor condition of the roads means that the vehicles of traders no longer arrived at Kimvula, this handicaps the development of peasant agriculture in the area under study. To do this, we have used the following methods and techniques: analytical, inductive ant interview survey. The results showed that the territory of Kimvula has an agriculture that does not have a positive impact on economic development due to low production. Indeed, we note that agricultural production in 2020 and 2022 has either deteriorated or fallen to worrying proportions. This situation has negatively influenced the standard of living of the population.This means that agricultural production in Kimvula has not been able to feed its population and therefore ensure its own food security. Mainly due to low production. The majority of Kimvula households have low incomes and therefore low purchasing power and uncomfortable living conditions.

Knowledge stock-taking of soybean agri-food processing related innovations in Benin: Case studies in Central Benin between 1980 and 2021

Kouevi, Teko Augustin — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Innovation and its dynamics are topics rarely discussed in the field of agri-food processing and in relation to soybean. This article fills this gap by taking stock of the dynamics of innovation in soybean processing in central Benin which is an area of concentration of soybean-related activities. Data required were collected with a questionnaire and interview and observation guides from women processors and resource persons, of varying ages and seniority in the field of soybean agri-food processing. The data were qualitatively and quantitatively analysed to take stock of the innovations that occurred. The study results highlight innovations related to the variety of soybeans used which moved from exclusive use of the local variety called klomikouin to the concomitant use of Klomikouin and the improved variety called TGX. Product and process innovations recorded increased from 13 between 1980 and 2013 to 26 over the period of 1980 to 2020. In total, 0.5 to 2 product innovations were recorded per year along the food processing chain, and 80% of them came from intervention organisations, which highlights the weakness of the innovation potential of the women processors alone. The article suggests that an appropriate system for promoting both the innovation potential of processors and those of intervention organisations could qualitatively and quantitatively diversify and strengthen innovations relating to soybeans.

Assessing variation of rabies antibody titers in domestic cats in the context of pet travel from Morocco

Ziani, Saloua — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Rabies is a deadly disease that can spread between mammals. Morocco is a rabies-endemic country. To maintain rabies-free status, some countries require rabies antibody titration tests. This titration is subject to variation. This retrospective study was conducted to determine the factors associated with humoral response variation in rabies-vaccinated domestic cats in the context of pet movements. Factors such as the animal’s sex, its age, the laboratory, the test used (FAVN or RFFIT), the time between vaccination and rabies titration sampling, and the number of vaccinations were taken into account. Information on 959 cats was collected, and structural modeling utilizing logistic multinomial regression was used. The results showed that 57.1% of the cats had a titer exceeding 10 IU/ml, 32.1% had a moderate response (3

Mapping the Collaboration Network in Pastoralism Research: A Coauthorship Analysis-based Approach

Sieza, Yssouf — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Research on pastoralism has been the subject of scientific publications. This article examines collaborative research patterns in the field of pastoralism. The study is based on a bibliographic analysis of 855 publications extracted from the Lens.org database, covering the period from 1905 to 2023. Trend and network analyses were employed within this study. The results highlight an increase in the number of publications over the years, covering diverse themes. Furthermore, recent years have shown a notable rise in the number of publications, indicating an intensification of publishing activity in the pastoralism domain. Collaborative efforts, in terms of coauthors, have mainly centered around authors affiliated with the same scientific and research institution, or operating within closely related or similar scientific disciplines. These findings suggest the necessity of actively encouraging interdisciplinary research collaborations, supported by funding organizations, in order to effectively address challenges related to pastoralism in a sustainable manner. Given the cross-border nature of pastoralism, promoting collaboration among researchers sharing the same borders would contribute to better addressing emerging themes in this development field.

Some techniques for separating discrete and random components

Mbourou, Donald Romarick Rotimbo — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

In many fields, different elements (mechanical, electronic, electromechanical, etc.) come into play independently to ensure the overall operation of devices/machines: electrical cables, gears, bearings, pulleys, etc. In maintenance operations, the signals from these different elements in operation are often a mixture of multiple contributions, the level of complexity of which may vary, for example, depending on the measurement point, during the data acquisition stage. There may be a number of reasons for wanting to access only the signal from a particular component (e.g., to monitor service life, diagnose the faulty part and/or predict the time remaining before a serious breakdown), rather than all the contributions measured. It is therefore essential to have a range of tools to enable us to remove harmful signals (sometimes called noise). This article presents some techniques for separating discrete and random components.

Evaluation of contamination by heavy metals in soils collected from four public landfills in Brazzaville, Republic of Congo

Bardoul, Engambé Christ — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study evaluates the contamination by heavy metals of the grounds taken in four of the public landfills in the districts of Brazzaville. Soil samples taken at a depth of 25 cm first underwent some physical treatment (drying, sieving and grinding) before undergoing physicochemical analyzes and determination of heavy metals by ICP-OES. Physicochemical analyzes showed that Landfill soils are heavily contaminated with heavy metals: lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), mercury (Hg) and zinc (Zn). The highest levels of these heavy metals are as follows: lead (220 mg/kg) in the soils of the Tsiémé landfill; chromium (13000 mg/kg), cobalt (160 mg/kg), nickel (7500 mg/kg) and zinc (12000 mg/kg) in the soils of the Diata landfill and mercury (0.66 mg/kg) in the soils of the Moukondo landfill. Mercury is also present in these four landfills but in small quantities.

Adsorption of a basic dye on a fixed bed column of clay beads

Baba, Soro Donafologo — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Effluents from the textile industry and artisanal dyeing contaminate water resources. The objective of this work is to eliminate the dye safranin from the aqueous medium by adsorption on natural materials. The clay used comes from Daloa in the center-west of Côte d’Ivoire. It is ground and then dry sieved on a column of sieves with a diameter of between 45 μm and 2 mm. The balls are made with the diameter fraction between 45 and 125 μm. Thus, 40 mL of distilled water is added to 100 g of clay powder. The balls obtained (approximately 0.5 cm in diameter) are dried in an oven at 60°C for 24 hours, then calcined in the oven at 500°C for 2 hours. The experimental device is a glass column 64.4 cm high and 2.9 cm inside diameter surmounted by a separating funnel containing the solution to be treated. The samples from the adsorption tests are analyzed using an AQUALYTIC 800 brand UV-visible spectrophotometer. Mathematical models are applied to model the breakthrough curves. The results showed that breakthrough time and adsorption capacity increase with bed height (60, 240 and 420 min respectively for 8, 16 and 24 cm) and decrease with flow rate (240, 90 and 30 min respectively). for 2, 3 and 4 mL/min). The modeling of the different breakthrough curves shows that the models applied are able to describe the entire dynamic behavior of the column.

Ecological monitoring in the Bouna region in the Sudanese Ivory Coast: Floristic surveys for monitoring biodiversity by landscape region

Sambi, Kambire — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aims to highlight ecological parameters, dues to interactions between specific biodiversity, biotope and human practices, at various levels of landscapes in the Bouna region. We hope to contribute to choice of ecological zonings and thus to access suitable management practices for biodiverty. The hypothesis is that, in this region, ecological parameters are higher in Massifs and mountains. Cartography of landscapes and statistics description of vegetation parameters on the scale of the large « natural regions », thus identified, give high values of biophysical indicators in Inselbergs and mountain chains region, hills with rocks on top region and in certain sectors of tabular mountains and Croups with ferricrete crusts on top where they plead for conservation of hotpost biodiversity.

Determination of the physico-chemical quality of resources in water from the Loka watershed in Bouaké, Central Ivory Coast

Ebé, Aloua Estelle Danielle — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this study aims to evaluate the physicochemical quality of surface and well water based on measurements of Temperature (T°C), pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Suspended Matter (MES), Calcium (Ca2+), Magnesium (Mg2+), Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Bicarbonates (HCO3-), nitrates (NO3-), nitrites (NO2-), ammonium (NH4+), Chlorides (Cl-), sulfactes (SO42-), orthophosphates (PO43-) in the Loka watershed. The physical parameters pH, EC and T were measured in situ with a WTW 3111 pH meter, a WTW 3110 conductivity meter and a WTW3110 oximeter. Chemical parameters, major elements, nutrient salts and heavy metals were all analyzed at the CIAPOL laboratory. The analysis of these parameters was carried out according to the protocol of Rodier 1994. The suspended solids (MES) were obtained by filtration on a fiberglass filter. The physicochemical analysis of the Loka watershed shows that the surface waters have an average temperature of 26.43°C. pH values vary between 5.5 and 6.8. Summary The objective of this study aims to evaluate the physicochemical quality of surface and well water based on measurements of Temperature (T°C), pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Suspended Matter The coductivity content is between 29 ÿS/cm and 116.2 ÿS/cm, which reflects weakly mineralized waters. Nitrate concentrations observed in surface waters vary from 0.24 mg/L to 1.95 mg/L. Also, well water has a pH varying between 6.55 and 8.9 with an average of 7.35. These waters are also weakly mineralized and have nitrate contents of between 0.2 mg/L and 1.04 m/L. The average values of the different physicochemical parameters are generally below WHO quality standards. As a result, surface and well water on the whole can be used for the supply of drinking water but environmental monitoring remains important.

Study of the impact of domestic electric energy polluters: Case of the MV/LV distribution network in the Kakifuluwe district, CDM transformer cabin

Muswa, Daniel Kasongo Monga — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

For electrical engineers, the transit of power between the source and the consuming load must respect the principle of balance. Unfortunately, this balance is affected by pollution of the power consumed, through the polluting loads of electrical energy. From where an instability in tension and in power appear; one of the causes of this instability corresponds to a high load. In the case of the medium voltage-low voltage network, this is due to the growing increase in demand and a large transfer. of energy between the source of energy which is the transformer cabin and the consumers, which are the subscribers of the SNEL company. The SNEL network is subject to voltage instability because the load becomes too high than expected and the risk is all the greater when the consumption of reactive energy is also greater than expected. The low voltage electricity network of the city of Kolwezi is not spared from electrical energy pollution, the quality of the voltage and the power even consumed daily leaves something to be desired and raises more questions.

Replacement of a copper cable catenary power line with one using aluminum cable: Cas de la ligne caténaire de la Société Nationale des Chemins de fers du Congo (SNCC)

Grégoire, TSHAMBULA MIJI FOTA — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

In a country with a limited road network, the country has only 5,033 km of non-interconnected railways that do not have the same standards. Only 858 km of rails were electrified and served the mining region south of Katanga. The rail infrastructure of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has a vital role. At a time when preserving the environment and reducing greenhouse gas emissions are major concerns, electric locomotives are emerging as an efficient and environmentally friendly option compared to other modes of transportation by offering higher efficiency.

Physico-chemical and microbiological characterization of local beers of the city of Kara in Togo

Marie-France, Bakaï — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Sorghum beer, commonly called Tchoukoutou in Togo is a popular loved local beer in several African countries. However, the manufacturing conditions of this beer are still artisanal and this drink suffers from a lack of hygiene, reproducibility in the manufacturing chain and analysis of several parameters. Thus, in order to control quality and health safety, the physico- chemical and microbiological parameters of the samples of three different productions of local beers produced in Kara were analyzed. By that way, pH-metry, densimetry, colorimetry, alcoholometry, spectrophotometry, manometry and fresh state followed by counting on agar are methods used to determine respectively pH, density, volatile acidity and total acidity, alcohol content, sugar content, carbon dioxide content and microbiological quality of beer. Four samples of beer have been collected from sellers, and have been analyzed: these are two beers of type «Kabyè-Missine», a beer of type «Tchakpalo» and the fermented must of type «Kabyè-missine». The results showed that these beers have a pH between 1.92 ± 0.01 and 2.67 ± 0.00, a density that varies between 1.0063 ± 0.0001 and 1.0248 ± 0.0003, an alcohol content between 3.45 ± 0.03 and 7.48 ± 0.05. The microbiological analysis revealed that Saccharomyces yeast strains are present in all beverages, and unidentified wild yeast strains are also present in 3 out of 4 beverages. All drinks contain lactic acid and acetic bacteria. This study which is the first on the local drinks of the city of Kara will be deepened by complementary analyses such as the counting of other microorganisms, the detection possibly of methanol, tastings to assess the organoleptic quality of these drinks and the search for stabilization methods.

Emergence of donkey meat markets in the city of Kaele in Far North Cameroon

Zilhoube, Appolinaire — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The donkey (equus asinus) is traditionally considered a faithful companion of man. This horse of proverbial robustness is bred mainly for its services (transport, traction). It is also prized for its skin and, increasingly, for its meat. This study aims to study the emergence of donkey meat markets in the city of Kaélé in (Far North Cameroon. The methodological approach combines documentary research, field observations, surveys by questionnaire, interviews, cartographic surveys, and timing. Analysis of the data collected reveals the presence of eleven main markets run mainly by moundang and mafa butchers whose activities are influenced by the sarki pawa, the commune of Kaélé, and the head of the zootechnical and veterinary center of Kaélé. Grilled meat (48%) and fresh meat (32%) are the most popular and constitute an alternative to the high cost of livestock meat. Similarly, the marketing of donkey meat makes it possible to generate significant income allowing actors to meet some of their essential needs. However, the question of the balance between economic development and the preservation of biodiversity deserves to be posed for careful examination.

Physico-chemical characterization of soils in gold mining areas in the Central region of Togo

Tchassanti, Latifou — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The purpose of this study was to characterize the soils subject to gold mining. Data collection consisted of sampling soil from the 0-20 cm layer, in corn fields, under natural vegetation and in gold panning sites (gold-bearing soil and washed gold-bearing soil). A total of 48 composite samples of 1 kg of soil were analyzed at the ITRA Soil Laboratory in Lomé. The results of physicochemical analysis show that the washed gold soils have low contents of organic matter, carbon, nitrogen, calcium and sodium; and are sandy in texture. Washed gold soils have a very low level of fertility. Over the entire study area, the levels of trace metal elements range from 0.01 to 10.24 mg/kg for copper, 0.02 to 4.01 mg/kg for zinc, 0.01 at 5.05 mg/kg for lead and 0 to 1.40 mg/kg for cadmium. The pollution index varies from 0.01 to 0.09 depending on the localities and is less than 1 in all localities. The lowest index is obtained at Kéméni and Kpaza sites, indicating a low accumulation of trace elements on these sites. The sites of its localities are not polluted by the Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd studied. Gold panning in the Central Region of Togo leads to soil degradation.

American Orientalism, Religion and the 2003 War on Iraq

Kbiri, Hamid — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the central role of religion has played in the American invasion of Iraq in 2003, especially when examined through the prism of Orientalism’s nexus with war. Drawing on postcolonial theory and critical discourse analysis, the paper shows that religion has been at the core of the Orientalist discourses and practices that have been used to justify and mobilize for the 2003 intervention. Second, it proves that religion, both as a ‘sincere’ driver and propaganda tool, has been an important factor in the attainment of the political and popular consensus about the war within the United States and with ‘willing’ allies. And last, it reveals how the religion of the ‘Other’ was used to cast any resistance of Iraqis to the invasion as arising from exclusively religious/cultural motivations, in contradistinction to the secular/rational Americans who wage war for purely political ends.

Socio-anthropological and environmental study of water resources in the North and North-West of the Central African Republic, Lake Chad basin, in a context of climate change

FOTO, E. — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The fragility of Lake Chad’s existence due to climate change and anthropogenic activities has been demonstrated by several scientific articles in physics-chemistry, water chemistry and climatology, as well as studies in the human and social sciences, notably anthropology and sociology. The aim of this study is to investigate the population of the North and North-West of the Central African Republic, the Lake Chad basin, in order to understand all the existing uncertainties which will contribute to the definition of new preventive solutions for the sustainability of water resource management. In human societies, water potential reveals modes of social organization, local socio-political dynamics, power relations and the legitimization of status and social roles. Around water resources, actors with opposing interests confront and clash, making this natural and cultural heritage an «arena» at the heart of social organization. This implies that water potential is one of the «resources most closely interwoven with social and cultural relations», and appears to be a vector of social transformation. This work has highlighted the advent of inter-community conflicts caused by cross-border transhumance, the abandonment of local knowledge on water use, water pollution from mining and the destruction of the ecosystem that protects water resources in the southern slopes of the basin.

Antibiotic resistance profile of Escherichia coli strains isolated from lettuce (Lactuca sativa) from 3 market gardening sites in the commune of Port Bouët in Abidjan (Ivory Coast)

Amine, Koné Tadiogo Naty — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aimed to determine the characteristics of antibiotic resistance in strains of Escherichia coli isolated from lettuce. 3 vegetable crop production sites were randomly selected. A total of 60 lettuce samples were taken from 20 lettuce plants randomly collected per site. Escherichia coli strains were isolated on Rapid E.coli 2 medium and their identification confirmed on API 20E gallery. Then, an antibiotic susceptibility test using the disk diffusion method in Müller-Hinton agar medium was carried out on the identified strains. The results revealed relatively high resistance rates to amoxicillin (73.5%, 66.5% and 62.5% at sites 1, 2 and 3 respectively) and tetracycline (86% for site 1, 67% for site 2 and 79.5% for site 3). The proportions of expanded-spectrum betalactamase were 22.5% for site 1, 44.5% for site 2, and 56% for site 3. A total of 246 extended-spectrum betalactamase-producing strains were observed out of 600 strains isolated, i.e. 41%. The resistance genes BlaCTXM, BlaSHV and BlaTEM were observed in the respective proportions of 32.5%, 43.1% and 56.1% in extended-spectrum betalactamase-producing strains. These antibiotic-resistant strains of Escherichia coli could constitute a health hazard for humans, because lettuces are vegetables eaten raw.

Main Explanatory Factors of the Degradation of the Vegetation Cover of the Galangashie Classified Forest in North Togo: An Analysis Approach Using Spatial Statistics and GIS

Zakariyao, Koumoi — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Galangashie Classified Forest is facing a degradation of its vegetation cover due to anthropogenic factors. This research aims to identify the main explanatory factors of the dynamics of land use in order to propose a development plan for the sustainable management of this protected area. To achieve this, data was collected initially on the basis of survey forms by questionnaire and then by processing satellite images to determine the points of vegetation fires and the burned areas. The results show that four main factors explain this degradation of the classified forest. These are logging according to 37% of the households surveyed, agricultural practices for 36%, overgrazing according to 23% and wildfires according to 4% of the households surveyed. The annual distribution of wildfire points shows high fire activity in the forest. From 2001 to 2019, the areas burned in the sector evolved from 6139 to 5058 ha. On average 53% of the forest area was affected by the fires. The late fire points evolved from 49 to 112 points between 2001 and 2019, hence the vulnerability of the reserve. The results obtained constitute a database for the development of a development and management plan for the Galangashie Classified Forest.

Analytical and numerical comparative study of the damage of a composite film based on cassava starch reinforced with coconut fibers

Doumbia, Ahmed — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

We have developed a composite material based on cassava starch reinforced with coconut mesocarp fibers which has given convincing mechanical, physical and chemical properties. The objective of this work is to analyze its elastic damageable behavior. For this, we made an analytical study followed by simulations with finite element method under the Cast3M calculation code. It appears that before displacements in the vicinity of 0.51 mm, the composite, although presenting cracks, does not reach a state of total rupture. In addition, local fractures are observed from 0.52 mm in displacement. The comparison of the two methods shows a very high agreement of the values obtained. This thus confirms the results on the behavior of this material in our previous work. This composite can be used in certain areas such as packaging.

Numerical simulation of the power dissipated by the aerodynamics of a prototype mobile electric generator

SOKHNA, Sidy Mactar — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The article investigates power losses caused by aerodynamic forces in a stand-alone photovoltaic generator. The generator is designed to meet electrical energy requirements and is propelled by 3000 W electric motors in the rear wheels. To overcome resistances, including the variable air resistance at different speeds, the propulsion system is utilized. Numerical methods are employed to investigate the interplay between structure, shape, and performance. The contrast in pressure between the front and back of the generator creates a significant amount of pressure, mostly caused by aerodynamic drag. This occurrence is dictated by the body’s shape being examined concerning the airflow while in motion at a designated velocity, ascertaining the air’s force and dynamic pressure. During changes in speed, power is dissipated. The purpose of this study is to determine the value of this power. Numerical and analytical models provide results for this physical phenomenon. The findings of numerical simulations, which used ANSYS 2020 R1 and SolidWorks 2020 SP5 software, concerning the airflow over the generator are presented. The numerical and analytical methods show only a slight difference; 4.22% for drag force and 6.10% for dynamic pressure. These results indicate energy losses due to air resistance, revealing that a speed increase of 3 km/h results in a power decrease of 12.69 W, with rolling resistance being taken into account. It is worth noting that the total power lost amounts to 1438.55 W.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) sector in the Niayes area (Senegal): Analysis of cultivation techniques, conservation and marketing methods used by growers in Kayar and Notto

TOURE, Malick — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Senegal imports a large volume of potatoes, i.e. 23,452 tonnes in 2022. These imports have a negative impact on the country’s balance of trade, and reflect its low production capacity for a commodity that is in high demand on the market. Based on the premise that controlling horticultural production helps to reduce food insecurity, the aim of this research is to analyse the potato production, conservation and marketing system in the communes of Notto and Kayar. To achieve this, surveys were carried out with a sample of 150 producers in the two communes. After analysing the data, the results show that in both communes the majority of growers are men, with an essentially temporary workforce made up mostly of women. Annual potato production for most growers is less than 100 tonnes. Also, the quantity of potatoes marketed is less than 50 tonnes/year for most growers. Most customers are «bana-banas», with 97.3% and 93.2% of growers in Kayar and Notto respectively. Growers face a number of constraints, including a lack of training for some growers, problems of access to water, inputs and credit, price fluctuations and a lack of modern storage facilities.

Effect of fungicidal formulations based on Cymbopogon citratus essential oil and two contrasted natural clays on seed health and seedling development of naturally pathogen-infested sorghum

DABIRE, Tobdem Gaston — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Sorghum is the most cultivated cereal in Burkina Faso. However, sorghum is produced extensively without respect for good agricultural and storage practices and the resulting grains are permanently infected by mold species. These mold species cause seeds rot, seedling damping-off and others diseases in field. They also secrete mycotoxins harmful to human health. The main method recommended for their control is seed treatment with chemicals. However, handling pesticides presents high risks of toxicity and ecotoxicity. The search for an alternative method made it possible to identify the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus which has antifungal properties. This essential oil was then formulated by adsorption on clay in order to facilitate its use in the field. The objective of this study was to test the efficacy of the formulation made with two types of clay against Phoma sorghina and Fusarium moniliforme, the main species of molds encountered, and to evaluate the effect of the formulation on seed germination and seedling growth. Sorghum grains from two varieties were thus coated with the formulations. The grains thus coated were first analyzed to assess the presence of the target molds and then sown in pots containing sterilized fine sand to assess the germination and growth of the seedlings. The formulations significantly reduced grain infection rates from both fungi by more than 70%. The formulation with Sitiéna clay significantly improved germination, plant vigor and root length of both varieties. Field trials are necessary to confirm the efficacy of this formulation and initiate the popularization procedure.

The intellectual capital as a predictor of a company’s future performance: A case study

Medaghri, Hassan A. — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The accounting and financial reporting system in use today is over half a century old and has failed to capture the new knowledge and innovation economy in which intangible assets are becoming increasingly valuable. Yet, there has been a growing acknowledgment among the research community as to the relevance of intellectual capital as a major enhancer of an organization’s well-being. Much of the research provides great support how the IC is instrumental in determining profitability and stock performances. This article is an attempt to examine intellectual capital impact on corporate performance of the IT sector in Morocco. The purpose of this study is twofold. Firstly, it attempts to verify empirically the influence of intellectual capital on firm performance. Secondly, we aim to analyze the effect of the corporate public listing over the period. We have undertaken over a nineteen-year period, a longitudinal (2002–2020) case study of a prominent payment-solutions company based in a developing economy and generating 80% of its revenues from global operations in ninety countries. The paper uses the Pulic framework, in its ameliorated version as modified by Ulum. The paper tests four elements of IC and company performance. For the sake of data analysis, the multiple linear regression with simultaneous entry method was used for this empirical study. The findings show that: the company’s IC has a positive impact on the firm’s current and future profitability, IC is not a predictor of market performance. In addition, IC components yield a significant correlation for the performance of the high-tech company, the results indicate that physical capital is not a determinant of corporate financial performance.

Condoms use determinants at first intercourse and knowledge of sexually transmitted infections by high school students in Lubumbashi, DR Congo

Numbi, Vinie Mwanza — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Condom utilization at sexual initiation is associated with subsequent condom use and with a decreased risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Our study objective was to determine the factors related to the use of condoms at first sexual intercourse and the level of knowledge about STIs/HIV/AIDS among high school students in grades 11 and 12. A cross-sectional survey was conducted within three secondary schools in Lubumbashi City, D.R. Congo, from 2017. Sampling was exhaustive of the 563 pupils present on the day of the survey. A logistic regression analysis was performed. The mean age of the respondents was 18.2 ± 1.4 years. HIV/AIDS was the most commonly mentioned STI (99.8%). Sexual intercourse was the most quoted path of infection (93.4%) for STIs/HIV/AIDS. Condom use was the most cited form of prevention. Among the respondents, 21.2% had ever been sexually active. The condom was the most commonly used contraceptive (89.1%). The 118 pupils who were sexually active included 13.9% of all girls and 35.3% of all boys with a significant difference (p <0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that children 12 and older, and students who cited their parents as sources of information were more likely to use condoms at first sexual intercourse compared others. Students whose father’s or guardian’s education included university and who reported abstinence as a means to prevent STIs or pregnancy were less likely to use condoms at sexual debut than the others. Hence, family members, leaders and teachers should discuss reproductive health and responsible sexuality earlier with children.

Spatial and temporal dynamics of woody cover in the Kou watershed, Burkina Faso

Dembele, B. — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Burkina Faso, forest areas are losing several hectares of their surface area every year as a result of anthropogenic pressures and climate change. The Kou watershed is no exception to this trend. The aim of this research is to assess the spatio-temporal dynamics of vegetation cover in the Kou watershed using Landsat images. To this end, Landsat TM, Landsat ETM+ and OLI 8 satellite images from September and March (1986 to 2021) were used. Operations on Envi 5.3, field validation output and finally mapping on ArcGIS were the steps. Discrimination was significant, with kappa coefficients of 0.76; 0.79; 0.88 and 0.88. From 1986 to 2001, open forests, gallery forests, wooded and grassy savannahs lost 4.76%, 22.24%, 23.47% and 14.74% of their area respectively. Between 2001 and 2017, the areas of gallery forest (33.53%) and wooded savannah (56.67%) declined. Between 2017 and 2021, wooded and grassy savannahs lost 25.36% and 34.54% of their area respectively. The area occupied by water has decreased considerably over the 35 years. However, during the same period, there has been an increase in areas of annual crops, irrigated crops and habitats. These results highlight the need to develop a sustainable management strategy for the watershed, given its enormous potential.

The theatrical game: A didactic support with double competence

Manal, Chouiba — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Speaking in Moroccan schools remains a very complex but also very simple activity. This dichotomy manifests itself most of the time through the very low language level of the students. The latter often have difficulty conducting conversations and pronouncing words according to standards. This situation results from a lack of practice within the class and also outside the school setting because most students do not practice foreign languages, particularly French, in their family and friend circles. The problem of this research is as follows: Can we therefore consider theatrical practice as a means of developing the skills of understanding and production? This contribution will try to shed light on what is theatrical play and its impact on the dual competence of oral.

Establishment of a global comfort indicator for classrooms in a humid tropical climate

APOVO, Didier Berléo M. — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study looked at global comfort in a classroom in a tropical climate. Based on surveys and in situ data collection, the hierarchical multi-criteria analysis method was used to establish a model of the global comfort indicator. The weights obtained for each of the comfort components truly reflect the needs in terms of global comfort in a classroom in a tropical climate, with a high level of hygrothermal comfort, a high level of visual comfort and acoustic comfort, and a low level of olfactory comfort. The global comfort index for classrooms in a tropical climate, I_GSC, has been established and will be used as a tool for predicting global comfort in classrooms.

Anti-stress strategies and antioxidant potential of some traditional plants and salts used in poultry farming in hot climates in the Far North region of Cameroon

Denis, Djaomanwe — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this study was to explore local strategies used by poultry farmers in the Extreme-Nord region of Cameroon to mitigate the effects of heat stress in hens. To this end, a survey was carried out among 390 farmers in the Departments of Diamaré, Mayo-Danay and Mayo-Kani. A total of 19 strategies for combating heat stress were identified. The main ones were the use of canary to cool the water (15.63%), Adansonia digitata fruit pulp (8.46%), Allium cepa light violet or Allium cepa dark violet bulb (6.97%), traditional salts of Sorghum bicolor or Zea mays (5.97%), Salanum macrocarpon or Salanum aethiopicum fruit (5.92%) in chicken water. The phytochemical study of these plants showed that total polyphenol and tannin contents were highest in the fruit pulp of Adansonia digitata, Salanum aethiopicum and dark purple Allium cepa bulb. However, flavonoid, saponin and vitamin C levels were highest in Salanum macrocarpon fruit. Adansonia digitata fruit pulp and Sorghum bicolor traditional salts showed higher Zn, Fe and Cu contents (p < 0.05). The antioxidant powers of Adansonia digitata, Allium cepa light violet and Salanum aethiopicum were higher. We can conclude from the strategies explored that Adansonia digitata fruit pulp and Sorghum bicolor traditional salt have the best antioxidant potential.

Chemical parameters for valuing pineapple leaves into strands for hair

Agossou, Samson Ahognonhoun — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Pineapple leaves are usually buried or left to rot in the fields after the fruit is harvested. The aim of this study to harness the potential of plant fibers present in pineapple leaves to product hair strands. in order to reduce the dependence on synthetic resources derived from petroleum, which are often used in the production of strands. conventional capillaries. The methodology used includes several essential steps. First, the fibers are extracted manually. The fibers are then bleached using a 6% aqueous NaOH solution for 6 hours to remove any unwanted pigmentation, increase their versatility and achieve an optimal balance between whiteness and strength. The fibers were colored with natural indigo-based dyes. Color saturation and different shades are obtained by letting them soak for between 45 and 90 min. Finally, the colored fibers are immersed in a mixture of beeswax (90%) and paraffin (10%) to significantly improve their flexibility and water resistance. The wicks thus obtained have appreciable aesthetic and mechanical characteristics which are beneficial for the preservation of the environment.

Design and manufacturing of a new generation of multiparametric monitor called LIKITA CAREand#174; by the startup YAYI MAKE NIGER

Salatikoye, Mamane Kabirou Ouseini — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Background: Measuring and monitoring the physiological constants of patients in a hospital environment is very important in order to detect any clinical deterioration early. The use of an electronic monitor is essential for this monitoring. Objective: This study aims to describe the design and manufacturing of a new monitor called LIKITA CARE(by the company YAYI MAKE from Niger. Methodology: The LIKITA CARE( device includes two main parts: The electronic part and the software part. The electronic part includes three electronic modules: the control and signal processing module, the communication module and the power supply module. These different parts were manufactured and assembled. Results: LIKITA CARE(is a monitor for measuring the physiological constants of patients in particular: body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, electrocardiogram and oxygen saturation. It also allows you to monitor one or more patients thanks to its wifi connectivity and its web platform interface. Conclusion: LIKITA CARE(is a patient diagnostic and monitoring monitor, easy to handle and reproduce locally using 3D printing. The device allows six physiological parameters to be measured simultaneously. It would be important to compare its performance to other monitors.

The rise of civil society in Africa: A comparative analysis of Benin and Togo

Akessime, Lawani Ayemi — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Civil society organizations are important players on the international stage, and specifically in sub-Saharan African countries. While the place they occupy in the public arena and the influence they exert on political decisions seem to be accepted today, this has not always been the case. Their emergence is the result of a historical process that needs to be contextualized to better understand the role they play today. This article proposes a socio-historical study of this emergence, using two West African countries, Benin and Togo, as a framework for analysis. The analyses are based on a documentary review with data from archival documents, supplemented by a mobilization of scientific literature. A comparison of the emergence of civil society organizations in Benin and Togo illustrates that, despite similarities, from the 1990s onwards these two countries underwent differentiated processes. The success of the democratic transition in Benin was an important factor; whereas in Togo, the socio-political crisis slowed the rise of civil society for almost two decades (1990–2005).

Behavior of pavements with a base layer made up of Unbound Granular Material (UGM) in Côte d’Ivoire

Kone, Bakary — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Roads are essential to the development of a nation, as they facilitate transportation and economic growth. Pavements, which provide a durable surface for vehicle traffic, depend on a variety of factors, including the quality of Unbound Granular Material (UGM) used in their base layers. The main objective of this review article was to review recent studies on the characterization of UGM in pavements. To do this, a bibliometrics study was carried out to confirm the scientific interest of the subject by revealing a large number of publications on pavements and gravels not treated on the subject since 2000. It appears that various empirical and theoretical approaches are used in pavement design and that UGM properties play a crucial role in the structural integrity of pavements. Indeed, the study showed that UGM cleanliness is crucial to avoid contaminants that can affect the quality and performance of building materials. Various methods, including digital image analysis, have been used to quantify the characteristic shape of UGM. Additionally, UGM resistance is achieved using tests such as the Los Angeles abrasion test, which measures impact resistance. The researchers also underline the importance of taking into account cyclic stresses and permanent deformations in the design of the pavement to improve its longevity. In conclusion, the article highlights the growing scientific interest in pavements with UG base layers and discusses various methods for characterizing UGM properties, which are essential for the design of durable and resilient road pavements.

Factors in the invasion of the Comoé River estuary by Invasive Aquatic Plants (south-east Côte d’Ivoire)

Emmanuel-Joël, Abrou N’Gouan — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The contribution of remote sensing to controlling the proliferation of invasive aquatic plants is of paramount importance, as it makes it possible to better monitor the spatio-temporal evolution of these plants’ occupation of water bodies. The surface of the Comoé River estuary has always been occupied by Invasive Aquatic Plants (IAPs). This study was carried out with a view to listing all the aquatic plant species colonising the surface of the estuarine water body and analysing the dynamics of their proliferation. To achieve this, the study’s first stage consisted of carrying out an itinerant inventory along transects installed on the water body to record all the species encountered. In the second stage, the colonisation dynamics of the estuary were analysed using four Landsat (TM) 1986, 1989, Landsat 7 (ETM+) 2004 and Landsat 8 (OLI) 2022 satellite images. The floristic inventory identified 8 species divided into 8 genera and 8 distinct families at the surface of the estuary water body. Analysis of land use dynamics from 1986 to 2022 shows a variation in the annual rate of expansion of IAPs on the surface of the estuary water body. The recent period from 2004 to 2022 is characterised by a considerable rate of expansion of around 1240.2%. The results of this study could constitute a reliable scientific database for the implementation of a policy to control the proliferation of these IAPs at the surface of the water body of the Comoé River estuary.

The effect of operational risk management on the profitability of small and medium size enterprises of the hotel sector in Cameroon

Xavier, Mayegle François — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

One of the most common types of risk faced by SMEs of the hotel sector in Cameroon is the operational risk as there exist uncertainty related to personnel, clients, processes and systems that motivated this study. Today, organizations are investing a lot on business activities which requires risk management practices to mitigate the negative outcomes of operational risks. In line with this, the study focuses on the effect of operational risk management on the profitability of Small and Medium Size Enterprises (SMEs) of the hotel sector in Cameroon. The data used was collected through questionnaires and limited to SMEs of the target sector, imputed through SPSS and analyzed by multiple correlations with ANOVA tables. The findings reveals that there exist strong positive relationship between operational risk management and profitability. Hence, By managing enterprise-wide risk, the management will develop a unified picture of risk for decision-making and improve the organization’s ability to manage risk effectively which can enhance its profitability. This present research will give new insight to the researchers and will help them to consider the proposed model to implement and generalize in different settings.

Evaluation of material flows in the Mé River watershed (Ivory Coast)

Koffi, Ehouman Serge — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Soil erosion by precipitation, rainfall and runoff is a widespread phenomenon in different countries of the world. It becomes disastrous in particular on the slopes because of the torrentiality of the flow, of the strong vulnerability of the grounds (soft rocks, fragile grounds, steep slopes). The present study has for objective: The analysis of the data of concentrations of sediments in suspension are measured at the station of the rivers highlights relations, linking the concentration (or the solid flow) of the sediments in suspension to the liquid flow and to quantify the seasonal, monthly and interannual and intra annual variation of the surface degradation. Annual tonnage estimates of solids loads to the Mé were derived from the power law for all seasons. From this deduction, the annual quantities of sediment transported by the Mé from 2015/2017 is 7.06.106 t/year, or a specific degradation of 1.79.103 t/km2/year. On the other hand, in 2017, the value of this solid input is 3.06.106 t/year. However, the annual solid input is estimated at 7063.03.103 t/year with a specific degradation of 1784.47 t/km2/year at the Mé from 2015 to 2017.

Analysis of agro-pedological potentialities in the context of climate change: A comparative study of cocoa agroforestry systems, fallow lands, and forests

Faustin, Akotto Odi — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The comparative study of cocoa-based agroforests, fallow lands, and forests in the Akoupé department reveals promising results in combating climate change. Cocoa-based agroforests (SAFs) stand out with a higher average nitrogen content (0.22) compared to fallow lands (0.14) and forests (0.08), promoting carbon sequestration and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Correlation analysis shows a moderate positive relationship between nitrogen and potassium, enhancing nutrient utilization and strengthening crop resilience against climate variations. While SAFs sometimes exceed sustainable agriculture thresholds for nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and to a lesser extent, fallow lands for nitrogen, sustainable management practices (crop rotation, organic fertilization) can mitigate these exceedances. Overall, SAFs prove to be powerful allies against climate change. Their carbon sequestration capacity, resilience, and agricultural potential make them essential systems for sustainable agriculture. These findings can guide farmers and policymakers towards environmentally friendly practices and contribute to a greener and more sustainable future.

Effectiveness of four plant-based insecticides in managing damage caused by the stink locust (Zonocerus variegatus Linné) on cassava crops

Mbala, Laurent Kikeba — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Since 2015, the stink locust (Zonocerus variegatus) population has been proliferating in the Mawanga sector, in the territory of Kasongo Lunda, an administrative entity in the province of Kwango in the Democratic Republic of Congo. This insect ravages food crops and fruit trees, devouring their leaves and bark and causing the host plant to wither. To assess the insecticidal action of four total extracts based on Nicotiana tabacum, Tephrosia vogelii, Zingiber officinale and Capsicum frutescens on the stink locust, a field trial involving a cassava crop was set up between November 2020 and December 2021 in the Emmaüs village in the Mawanga sector, Kasongo Lunda territory, in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Tobacco and ginger showed the lowest incidence and severity of locust damage. For the latter parameter, their performance was equal to that of deltamethrin. These two plant species showed potential for use in the manufacture of biopesticides to help farmers control the locust.

Preliminary domestication and integration into an agroforestry system of a number of local food, medicinal, heliophilous and sciaphilous plants

NKAU, Blaise MATONDO — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The elders ate and treated themselves with native plant species, some of which have not been domesticated and others are now experiencing the beginning of domestication. To avoid their extinction on the one hand and to enrich the range of cultivable plant species on the other, we have opted to conduct a preliminary trial of domestication of leafy vegetables and fruits. The retained parameters for the experiment were the emergence of the seedlings, the growth in both thickness and length, the plant movements, the effect of illumination on the species, the flowering and the developmental cycles as well as the setting in place of the tested species in agroforestry. From this study it appears that the seedling emergence differs between species, the growth in thickness correlates positively with the final species size, and the twining and tendril plants excel in terms of growth in length. The study of the illumination effect has made possible to categorize these species into heliophilous, sciaphilous and indifferent plants. As far as flowering is concerned, a distinction is made between annual and perennial plants in this batch. Finally, sciaphilous plants have integrated the agroforestry system by making them evolve under woody species with multiple uses.

Prevalence of intestinal parasitosis at the university hospital of Abomey-Calavi and So-Ava in Benin (West Africa) from 2010 to 2020

Espérance, Medoatinsa Seindé — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

In tropical environments, parasitosis is a public health problem. This study aims to describe the evolution of the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis diagnosed at the laboratory of the University Hospital of Abomey-Calavi/So-Ava in the Atlantic Department of southern Benin in West Africa from 2010 to 2020. Each stool sample was examined directly with physiological water and stained with Lugol’s stain. From 2010 to 2020, 2348 patients benefited from a parasitological examination of stools at the laboratory of the University Hospital of Abomey-Calavi/So-Ava. 181 samples were positive (8%). 53% of the patients with parasitic disease were female. Children aged 0 to 5 years represent 51% of the parasitized patients. 97.90% of the parasites identified during the parasitological examination of stools belong to the group of protozoa. Entamoeba histolytica is the most observed parasite species (64.64%), followed by Entamoeba coli (27.76%), Trichomonas intestinalis (3.30%), Giardia lamblia (2.20%), Ascaris lumbricoides (1.6%) and Trichuris trichiura (0.5%). An effective control of intestinal parasitosis in Benin will require the eradication of intestinal protozoosis.

Analysis of lithological data from the Yaouré gold district

KOUAKOU, Niamien Michael Kouadio — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Yaouré gold district is located in the central-western part of Ivory Coast. The lithostratigraphy of this district is characterized from bottom to top as follows: (a) a series of metamorphic rocks, consisting of biotite gneiss and granodiorite gneiss; (b) a series of metasedimentary rocks, composed of medium to fine-grained sandstones and graphitic schists with elongated linear quartz-feldspar crystals and a north-south oriented schistosity.; (c) a series of volcanic rocks, consisting of pillow basalt flows associated with late-stage intrusive rocks (granodiorite, diorite, gabbro, tonalite, microgranodiorite, microdiorite, microgabbro), marking the end of magmatism; (d) a series of volcanoclastic rocks, composed of polygenic conglomerates. The petrographic study of the geological formations in the Yaouré gold district has allowed us to identify three main groups of rocks: (i) magmatic rocks (plutonic, subvolcanic, and volcanic); (ii) metamorphic rocks; (iii) volcano-sedimentary rocks (volcanoclastic and metasedimentary). Most of the lithologies in our study area are affected by greenschist metamorphism, characterized by minerals such as chlorite, sericite, epidote, as well as hydrothermal activity with carbonate fillings (calcite), quartz, potassium feldspar, sulfides, and varying amounts of gold.

Contributive to the floristic study of the Partial Natural Reserve of Dahliafleur located in the Department of Bingerville, in southern Côte d’Ivoire

Koffi, Missa — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Côte d’Ivoire, the problem of forest sustainability has led to studies on their dynamics being undertaken in recent years. The Dahliafleur Nature Reserve, located in the commune of Bingerville is part of the Ivorian urban forests. Unfortunately, it is very little known in its floristic diversity, let alone its vegetation. The surface surveys supplemented by the mobile survey made it possible to identify 135 species throughout the forest. These species are divided into 110 genera and 53 families. The most represented families in these three zones are respectively for the North, South and East zones, the Fabaceae, the Apocynaceae and the Araceae. The analysis of the chorological spectrum of all the species identified highlights five types of chorological affinities. The species with the strongest I.V.I. are (in descending order) Tabernaemontana crassa, Ceiba pentandra, Senna siamea, Acacia mangium, and Nesogordonia papaverifera. A comparison of the different plots in two by two reveals a rather weak similarity.

Welcome and integration of new assistants at the University of Kinshasa: Process, assessment and consequences

Kwando, Roger Nzapakembi — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this work is to examine the way in which newly hired assistants are welcomed, to know the level of appreciation that these assistants have of their welcome and integration and to determine what major psychological effects result from this. To carry out this study, we used the survey method for data collection. It is supported by questionnaire, interview, observation, documentation techniques for data collection, statistics and content analysis for data processing and analysis. The study population consists of 384 assistants appointed on April 13, 2018. We extracted an occasional sample of 102 subjects. After analyzing and processing the data; it turned out that there is no reception and integration policy at the University of Kinshasa. The comments reported by the respondents describe a minimal reception and integration system instead of a real reception and integration policy, generally taking place at the level of faculties or departments. It is only through interaction with their colleagues that certain essential knowledge is transmitted to the newly hired assistant.

Studies of the acute and subacute toxicities of Rhynchospora corymbosa and Olax subscorpioidea, medicinal plants used in the treatment of sickle cell anemia in the Poro region (Ivory Coast)

Soro, M’Béfèhê — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study was carried out to evaluate the acute and subacute toxicity of aqueous extracts of Rhynchospora corymbosa (DRC) and Olax subscorpioidea (DOSA) in Wistar rats. For the study of acute toxicity, the rats divided into 3 batches of 6 subjects (3 males and 3 females) and the aqueous extracts DRC and DOSA were administered once, orally at 2000 mg/kg/bw respectively. for batches 2 and 3. The rats were monitored for 14 days. In the subacute toxicity study, DRC and DOSA aqueous extracts were administered orally to rats at doses 400, 800 and 1600 mg/kg/bw daily for 28 days. Their body weight was monitored during the experimental period, while the hematological and biochemical parameters of the blood and the histo-pathological study of the kidney and liver were evaluated at the end of the experiment. Oral administration of DRC and DOSA aqueous extracts at doses of 2000 mg/kg bw did not result in the death of rats in all treated batches. The subacute toxicity study in rats did not show any toxicity of Rhynchospora corymbosa and Olax subscorpioidea extracts at the doses administered. It appears from all of these results that the aqueous extracts of DRC and DOSA at doses 400; 800 and 1600 mg/kg/bw administered orally to rats is well tolerated and its activity does not cause any harm to the organs, biochemical and hematological parameters as well as to the mass of the animals compared to those of normal rats. The study of the toxicity of DRC and DOSA aqueous extracts did not show signs of acute or subacute toxicity at the doses studied.

Are symbolic wounds linked to intellectual disability? A case study of the father of a child with an intellectual disability

Trésor, Choupo Tamwa Julio — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

In reference to the psychoanalytical theory on the drives, the birth of a child in poor health leads to drive dissatisfaction preventing the support of the ego in the father which could inflict symbolic wounds on the latter. Research on intellectual disability has focused more on analyzing the experiences of mothers of children with intellectual disabilities and the experiences of siblings. However, the experiences of fathers of children with intellectual disabilities and their symbolic wounds are not documented. However, fathers and mothers of children with disabilities experience it differently. The study aims to fill this gap by linking this handicap to the symbolic wounds of fathers. A semi-structured clinical interview was carried out in the city of Douala with the father (aged 37) of an 11-year-old male child. The results of the thematic content analysis highlight a painful transmission, a depreciation of the ego, a narcissistic attack, a feeling of humiliation and a feeling of injustice in the latter. It can be concluded that these observed symbolic injuries are related to intellectual disability.

Spatial diversity and distribution of Aquatic Macroinvertebrates in the middle course of the Comoé River (Ivory Coast, West Africa)

BAMBA, Youssouf — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this study was to determine the diversity and structure of aquatic macroinvertebrates in the middle course of the Comoé River. Sampling of macroinvertebrates was carried out at four stations in this course. A total of 3921 individuals of aquatic macroinvertebrates were identified in this part of the river. These macroinvertebrates are divided into 137 taxa, 72 families, 17 orders and 6 classes. Insects with 64% numerically dominate this population of aquatic invertebrates. They are followed by gastropods (21%). Ephemeroptera (27%), Mesogastropoda (21%) and Coleoptera (13%) are the most abundant orders. The most diverse orders are Coleoptera (27 taxa) followed by Ephemeroptera (19 taxa). The Dytiscidae (8 taxa) constitute the most diversified family in this part of the river. According to the number of individuals per species, Melanoides tuberculata (8%) dominates in the middle course. In the middle course, the Shannon-Weaver index varies from 2.85 to 3.56 and the fairness from 0.83 to 0.95. The abundance coupled with the various indices of diversity studied reveal that the waters of the stations of the middle course are well populated in aquatic macroinvertebrates and well diversified.

Weight-length relationship and condition factor of Trematocara unimaculatum Boulenger 1901 and Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758), two cichlid fish species from the northern littoral zone of Lake Tanganyika: Case of the Kumase and Rusizi Estuary stations on the coast Burundian

Gordien, Mbonimpa — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Parameters of the weight-length relationship and the condition factor are very important in the knowledge of several aspects of biology and in the management of fisheries. Unfortunately, there are few studies relating to the ichthyofauna of Lake Tanganyika in general and cichlids in particular. This study was conducted with the aim of contributing to enrich the existing database and the rational management of the lake. Total lengths and weights were obtained based on T. unimaculatum and O. niloticus fish samples collected over 8 months (January to August 2021). The correlations between the length and the weight of the specimens are very strong with coefficients of determination ranging from 0.95 to 0.99. In both stations, positive allometry was recorded in T. unimaculatum (b>3) while isometric growth was recorded in O. niloticus. Mean K is greater than 1 in O. niloticus while mean K <1 in T. unimaculatum. In the latter species, the average K varies significantly depending on the sites (p<0.5) whereas the variation in the average K is not significant in the two sites in O. niloiticus (p>0.). This shows that the two species of cichlid fish adapt differently to the two stations with different environmental characteristics: O. niloticus seems indifferent to the degree of pollution while T. unimaculatum displays an average K in a station known to be less polluted compared to the ‘other.

Study of the resistance of twelve (12) new rice genotypes to fight against Magnaporthe oryzae B.C. Couch, a rice blast pathogen in Burkina Faso

Ouattara, Souleymane — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this study was to evaluate, in a semi-controlled environment, the resistance of twelve (12) new rice genotypes (KBR2, KBR4, KBR6, KBR8, KBR9, KBR11, KBR12, KBR13, KBR15, KBR17, KBR28, KBR42) to rice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae in Burkina Faso. The experimental design used was a randomised block with three (03) replications. The parameters assessed were leaf and panicle severity, leaf and panicle incidence, yield per pot and percentage yield loss. The results showed that genotypes KBR11, KBR15 and KBR42 were resistant to medium resistance to blast, with values ranging from 7.7% to 15% of leaf area diseased and from 14% to 24.07% of panicles diseased. These genotypes recorded the best yields per pot of 60.32g/pot, 65.97g/pot and 60.43g/pot respectively, with relatively low yield losses. Genotypes KBR11, KBR15 and KBR42 were resistant to medium resistance to leaf and panicle blast with high yield performance and relatively low yield loss rates. These genotypes can be used to control rice blast in rice fields in Burkina Faso. They therefore need to be improved and made more widely available. This will require the support of agricultural research, extension services and farm advisory services.

ICT use by the Life and Earth Sciences subject teachers of regional academies of education and training of Rabat-Salé-Kenitra in Morocco before and during the Covid-19 epidemic

Labioui, H. — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Generally, the technological development has made a great advance in the teaching/learning act even in life. The inclusion of information and communication technology (ICT) in education, as an initiation of a technical process and educational innovation, can lead to changes in teaching/learning practices. In order to carry out this current study, we adapted the scientific method most recommended in the literature; deductive method, which makes it possible to follow the ICT use by the Life and Earth Sciences (LES) subject teacher at qualification secondary schools. Thus, the used questionnaire was produced and validated by experts, and it was published in Google drive and Facebook groups (LES- teachers), and it was completed by seventy-five (75) LES teachers during the school year 2019-2020. This process comprised more than twenty questions and divided into five sections. It is obtained that the majority of LES teachers have a computer and a personal internet connection, where55% of them integrate ICT in their classes for the lessons form, 23% in the tutorials form, and 35 % in the training exercises. In addition, it is noticed that 54 %of LES teachers use a projector (data show) as a classic method of the ICT use in the learning construction, a portion of 37% use interactive videos, and 9% use the interactive whiteboard. On the other hand, the teachers questioned believed that the main obstacles to their educational practices relate to the ICT infrastructure, and that 61% of them during the teaching training did not follow courses relating to specifically on the educational use of the computer, with an insufficient number of computers connected to the Internet (10%), the absence of educational software (73%). For educational content adapted to school programs, the results obtained (13%), as well as the absence of educational meetings between teachers, inspectors and stakeholders around the digital resources use (67%), and lack of professional training for the realization of the educational scenarios. According to these results, the Moroccan education system must be based on a timely and thoughtful approach through the development of organizational and technological infrastructure, and to provide a training plan, support for teachers for the production and the integration of digital resources in learning situations in order to improve our education system quality.

Improvement of solar water disinfection by the photosensitization of plant extracts

SUNDA, Teddy Makuba — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present study aimed to improve the solar water disinfection by the photosensitization of coumarin extracts of some plants of the Rutaceae family (Citrus reticulata, Citrus aurantium and Citrus maxima). The results found in this work show an inhibition of around 7% of faecal coliforms after 15 minutes of exposure for solar disinfection. An inhibition of 17 % is noticed after 30 minutes of exposure. On the other hand, for water treated and exposed to the sun, an inhibition of around 90% is noticed for all the extracts after 30 minutes of exposure. Complete inhibition is recorded after 60 minutes of exposure. These results show that the plant extracts used improve significantly the solar disinfection of water. The photosensitizing activity observed in these extracts is due to the presence of coumarins. These molecules, in the presence of light, absorb energy and pass from the ground state to the excited state. Returning to the ground state, the stored energy is transferred to the oxygen, which then passes from the ground state, triplet, to the excited state, singlet, and inhibits the microorganisms present in the water.

Determinants of willingness to pay for hybrid cocoa seed in Cameroon

Emmanuel, Bikele Charles — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this study is to gain a better understanding of the variables determining farmers’ willingness to pay for SNK hybrid cocoa seeds, and the amounts farmers are willing to pay for these technologies. Faced with the volatility of bean prices in an increasingly unstable external market, and with the galloping demand from emerging processing industries, farmers are looking for varieties with high productivity and capable of withstanding climate change and diseases. Hence their preference for the hybrid SNK cocoa variety to improve the productive capital of cocoa farms. However, little is known about the factors that determine willingness to pay for the adoption of improved seeds. The survey was conducted among 311 cocoa farming households in the Centre Region of Cameroon, specifically in 07 divisions with high cocoa production. The data were collected using a questionnaire. Heckman’s two-stage selection model was used to analyze the data. The results show that the sex of the farmer, the level of education and the number of people living in the respondent’s household have a positive influence on the willingness to pay for the SNK cocoa variety. The amounts they are prepared to pay to acquire it varies between FCFA 50 and FCFA 500 per unit, with an average of FCFA 150 per unit of acquisition. It is therefore recommended to produce more.

Design and experimental study of a new electronic device for ESP32-based control of an anti-mold chamber for conservation of leather articles

Matenou, Agathe — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper presents the design and experimental study of a new electronic ESP32-based control device of an anti-mold enclosure for the conservation of luxury leather goods. The control specifications deal with temperature control inside the enclosure between 18 oC and 25 oC, while maintaining the internal humidity rate between 50% and 60%, for the sake of better conservation of leather products. The virtual schematic diagram of the device is developed with EasyEDA, then the virtual assembly diagram is realized using Fritzing. The complete experimental device is realized and well tested using several electronic modules, including: DHT22 sensor, ESP32 microcontroller, Peltier effect module and LCD display. In addition, an application program is developed using Arduino C++ and uploaded into ESP32. Finally, the testing results presented and discussed confirm the quality and originality of this novel device for digital control of leather product preservation enclosures.

Comparative evaluation of the loss of mass, under the effect of corrosion, and the corrosion rate that initiates the cracking of asphalt concrete, steel bars for reinforced concrete used in constructions in Senegal

SY, El Hadji Amadou Fall — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article presents the study of the behaviour of reinforced concrete steels, used in constructions in Senegal, under the effect of corrosion. The study is carried out on locally manufactured steels from three (03) companies located in Senegal and on control bars imported from France. Type 1 (E1), Type 2 (E2) and Type 3 (E3) steels are locally manufactured and Type 4 (E4) steels come from France. For each type of steel, samples with diameters of 8 mm, 10 mm and 12 mm were used. Mass losses were evaluated after immersion of these samples in a corrosive solution. For each type of steel and for all the diameters studied, the corrosion rate that initiates cracking of the asphalt concrete was evaluated from the actual diameter of the bars and the thickness of the nominal coating. From the mass lost over time, correlations between duration and mass loss were established for all diameters of the different types of steel. These relationships made it possible to calculate the time required to reach the corrosion rate that initiates concrete cracking. The results indicate that 66.67% of the steels studied, of local manufacture, have a corrosion time that initiates cracking of concrete lower than that of the control bars imported from France. Type E1 steels with a diameter of 8 mm have a duration to reach the corrosion rate that causes cracking of concrete, equal to 49.71% of the duration of type E4 steels. These results indicate that the steels used in construction in Senegal do not have the same behaviour vis-à-vis corrosion.

Influence of municipal discharges on the physico-chemical and biological quality of urban aquatic ecosystems: Case of the Massili River (Burkina Faso, West Africa)

Idrissa, Kabore — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

In West Africa, particularly in Burkina Faso, the urban freshwater bodies are amongst the most threatened exacerbating the urban environmental crises. Domestic and industrial discharges and fecal sludge are the main sources of urban water pollution. This systematic pollution, which deteriorates the physicochemical and biological condition of urban water ecosystems is a major concern for decision-makers and scientists. Thus, this study was undertaken to assess the effects of urban wastes on ecological status of physicochemical parameters et biological organisms. To do so, from September to October 2020, physicochemical and bacteriological parameters were analyzed using standard methods. Then, the macroinvertebrates were collected using hand net, and then identified in the laboratory. The results showed that the concentrations of physicochemical variables such as conductivity, COD, BOD5, nutrients and chlorides were high in downstream compared to those in upstream. The higher concentrations of total coliforms, Escherichia coli and faecal streptococci were reported in downstream. In regard of macroinvertebrates, the results revealed that taxonomic richness, the relative composition of polluo-sensitive taxa and the Shannon-Wiener index were very low in downstream. From our results, the urban freshwaters ecosystems are strongly impacted including waterborne diseases spreading, and for suitable management of these waterbodies and the well-being of riparian’s population, it is crucial to strengthen the legislation on the discharge of domestic and industrial waste, and to promote appropriate systems for the waste treatment in our cities, and to train and raise public awareness of environmental citizenship where ecology meet society.

Etiologies and prevalence of bisalbuminemias associated with nephropathies discovered on capillary serum protein electrophoresis at the biochemistry laboratory of the university hospital Ibn Rochd in Casablanca Morocco

Yousra, Essayh — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Bisalbuminemia is a rare electrophoretic abnormality of the albumin fraction, characterized by a doubling of this fraction on the electrophoretic trace of serum proteins, reflecting the presence in the same individual of normal plasma albumin and structurally altered albumin, which may be of acquired etiology, rarely hereditary. The aim of this article is to study the etiologies and prevalence of bisalbuminemias associated with nephropathies discovered on serum protein electrophoresis at the biochemistry laboratory of the university hospital Ibn Rochd in Casablanca. This is a retrospective study of serum protein electrophoretic capillary tracings revealing bisalbuminemia in patients hospitalized in the nephrology department at university hospital Ibn Rochd in Casablanca over an 18-month period. 29 electrophoretic profiles out of 242 showed bisalbuminemia, i.e. 12% of all electrophoretic tracings in 29 patients presenting with acute or chronic nephropathy. The average age was 45±22 years, with a sex ratio (M/F) of 2.22. The etiologies of the nephropathies were dominated by renal amyloidosis with 24.14%, followed by minimal glomerular lesion nephropathies, extramembranous glomerulonephritis and lupus nephropathies with 17.24% each, and finally membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis with 6.9%. Among secondary etiologies, betalactam use was highlighted in 13.8% of cases, no patient in the series had a labelled pancreatopathy, and the presence of a monoclonal gammapathy was objectified in only one case in the series. This study illustrates the varied etiologies of bisalbuminemia associated with nephropathy, requiring detailed knowledge to enable proper interpretation of electrophoretic profiles.

Assessment of the borehole and well water quality intended for human consumption: Multivariate analysis approaches

Yéo, Kandana Marthe — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The poor condition of Grand-Bassam’s boreholes and the drinking water wells of the local population led to an assessment of their hygienic quality. Several data analysis approaches were performed on 4 boreholes and 17 well water samples. Indeed, physico-chemical and bacteriological analysis, as well as Water Quality Index and Principal Component Analysis were used to differentiate the characteristics of borehole and well water in order to determine the level and origin of water pollution. The results showed that all chemical borehole water quality was poor, while of 35% and 65% of well chemical water quality were good and satisfactory, respectively. Owns to soil nature, the iron and manganese contents were 0.73 ± 0.23 mg.L-1 and 0.1 ± 0.07 mg.L-1, respectively. The high presence of fecal streptococci, salmonella and shigella in the borehole water, as well as Escherichia coli, total coliforms and fecal coliforms in the well water, thereby underscoring the poor microbiological quality of water (90,53% of borehole and 92% of well), which is contaminated by septic tank water. Furthermore, the high presence of Salmonella in borehole water suggests that it may contain hydrogen sulfide, which is responsible for its unpleasant odors.

The determinants of the use of accounting by small and medium-sized enterprises in food security in the informal sector: Case of food stores, shops and stores in South Kivu

OLIVIER, ZAGABE MULUMEODERHWA — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The main objective of this study is to measure empirically the level of use of accounting and accounting documents in the informal sector (food stores, shops and stores). To record economic phenomena within an administration and their results, identify management principles, establish forecasts and monitor them, you need an instrument. Among the instruments linked to its organization, accounting, beyond its real mission, currently appears as the regulatory instrument of the company. Climatic contrasts have a notable influence on the soils and, as we will see, on the vegetation of the city. 'Uvira. Accounting, considered as a basic cell and key institution of the economy of a country, The use of accounting documents explains positively and significantly the use of accounting to the extent that accounting is kept on the basis of the information contained in various accounting documents used to record current operations within the company.

Study of the breeding and feeding ecology of two fish species (Tilapia Niloticus and Clarias Gariepinus) in the Lake Kivu basin (Case of Kalengera)

OLIVIER, ZAGABE MULUMEODERHWA — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Our overall objective was to know the ecological and food relations between Tilapia niloticus and Clarias gariepinus in Lake Kivu, precisely in the Kalengera site. The statistical method helped us to compile tables of data from our surveys in our field of study; the analytical method allowed us to analyze all the data and to interpret them, the techniques of the interview by the questionnaire and the documentation allowed us to collect the data of this study, the tools used are the questionnaire, the notepad , pencil and pen. The random sample was determined by Lynch's formula, which for us was more scientific in nature. 25 questionnaires were administered to fishermen and other individuals working in the Kalengera site and 25 others to provincial inspection agents of Agriculture, Fisheries and Livestock with a size of 152 surveyed. The feeding of Tilapia niloticus and Clarias gariepinus must be done taking into account the species but also the stages, among others the fry between them, the juveniles between them and the marsh fish each other according to size, weight and feeding rate to avoid prey and predators in natural selection and protected species umbrellas by several methods in their ecology by the The method of occurrence, number, volume and weight allowed us to study the food ecology of fish (Tilapia niloticus and Clarias gariepinus) which allows to know the number of fish in which each type of food appears to be expressed as a percentage of the total number of fish examined with the total number of individuals of each type of food given as dominant or recessive and to express the volume or weight of each type of food in each stomach with the beneficial percentage of its contents because 99% of Tilapia niloticus species reproduce in pelagic zones by storing their nests in benthic bottom rocks and only 1% can do so at littoral level with the risk of predators while 100% of Clarias gariepinus species bottom their nests. nesting in spawning grounds precisely in coastal macrophytes.

Identification of the mechanisms involved in the resistance observed in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato in the Oyem area (Northern Gabon)

Kutomy, Pyazzi Obame Ondo — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The resistance of malaria vectors to insecticides used in vector control is a major obstacle for national malaria control programs. It is in this context that an entomological study was conducted in urban, peri-urban and rural sites in the Oyem area (Northern Gabon). This study looks at species of the An. gambiae complex and the resistance mechanisms developed by Anopheles to escape to insecticides in Oyem, northern Gabon. To this end, Anopheles larvae were collected in the above-mentioned areas and reared to the adult stage in the field laboratory. Subsequently, the adult anopheles were subjected to sensitivity tests following the World Health Organization protocol. Seven insecticides (DDT 4%, Deltamethrin 0.05%, Permethrin 0.75%, Lambda-cyhalothrin 0.05%, Cyfluthrin 0.15%, Bendiocarb 0.1% and Malathion 5%) were used for these bioassays. The mosquitoes tested (live and dead) were analyzed using PCR to identify the species of the An. gambiae complex. The results obtained showed that the species Anopheles gambiae, the only species identified, has resistance to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT 4%) and Pyrethroids. However, this species is sensitive to Bendiocarb 0.1% and Malathion 5%. These statuses are confirmed by the presence of Kdr mutations (East and West) and the absence of the Ace-1R mutation in this vector.

Structural characteristics of the granitoids in the Ayorou and Kandadji area (Liptako, western Niger)

Noura, Gambo Ranaou — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Ayorou and Kandadji sectors are located in northern Niger’s Liptako in the Téra-Ayorou pluton, composed mainly of granodiorites and various granites. This study investigates the structural characteristics of the granitoids of the Téra-Ayorou pluton in the Ayorou and Kandadji areas. Field and laboratory work revealed two major deformation phases, D1 and D2. Tectonic structures observed on granodiorites and synkinematic biotite granite (foliation, mineral lineation, shear corridors, folds and boudins identified) were assigned to deformation phase D1, which is ductile to semi-ductile. Other structures (quartzo-feldspathic, pegmatitic and doleritic fractures and veins) affecting all lithologies, have been linked to deformation phase D2, which is frankly brittle. The average direction of shortening of the compressive stress responsible for setting up the foliation (S) is generally N-S (Z N185° in Ayorou) and NNE-SSW (Z N225° in Kandadji). The shear zones were controlled by a shortening of average direction Z N195° (dextral shear zones) and Z N135° (senestial shear zones).

Family characteristics and performance of lower secondary school students in Togo

Ibn Habib, BAWA — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

School performance is explained in the literature by a trilogy of factors coming from the school, the family and the student himself. This study focuses on the family and examines whether there is a relationship between family characteristics and the performance of lower secondary school students in Togo. To achieve this objective, a sample of 944 students was mobilized using the convenience sampling technique. Participants completed a sociodemographic questionnaire and a parenting style scale. Inferential analyses of the collected data found that not only were parenting style and performance related to family structure, but also that the two variables were positively correlated. On the other hand, the results do not show a relationship between parenting style on the one hand, academic performance on the other hand and family size.

Physical and organoleptic characteristics of eggs and meat of Japanese quails fed on three (3) different diets based on local products in Côte d’Ivoire

King, N’Gbo Martin Luthère — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The effects of the consumption of newly formulated feeds (A1, A2 and A3) and of a control feed (AT) on the physical and organoleptic characteristics of the eggs and flesh of the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica), bred in captivity, have been evaluated. The experiment was carried out on 80 one-day-old quail. At the end of the experiment, which lasted 9 weeks, the physical and organoleptic characteristics of the eggs, as well as those of the flesh of these quails, were studied. It appears that the eggs of the quails fed with food A3 had the highest masses and shell thicknesses. The sensory analysis carried out in this work showed that all the flesh of the quails fed with the newly formulated feeds was accredited with the same appreciation as those fed with the commercial feed, both in terms of tenderness, aroma, and flavor. With regard to quail eggs, it has been observed that, with the exception of the color parameter where the color of the egg yolk of the quails fed with the newly formulated feed is darker than that of the quails fed with the feed of trade, the statistical analysis did not reveal any statistically significant difference at the 5% level for the other parameters. In short, all the quails were equally appreciated by the panelists, this makes newly formulated feeds good feeds for quail.

Determination of the distance from a point to a line by analytic-graphical method

MWANANSENGA, Edouard MUKONKOLE — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The analytical resolution of the problems posed in descriptive geometry by the MONGE method would be a plus that we bring to the scientific world and to secondary education. Our subject is entitled: Determination by the analytical-graphical method of the distance from a point C to a straight line AB. To solve the problem thus posed in this article, we have used: - To the formula which makes it possible to calculate the distance between two points in space, - To the construction in elementary geometry seen in the first scientific year, of a triangle knowing the lengths of its three sides as well as that of the height resulting from a given point of the triangle, - To the notion of similar triangles.

Influence of sowing date and water regime on growth and yield of two cowpea varieties (KN1 and KVX 61-1) in Burkina Faso

Kihindo, Adama Pascal — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp, is an important seed legume in tropical and sub-tropical regions, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite its wide adaptation and importance, cowpea productivity is generally very low due to numerous biotic and abiotic constraints. In Burkina Faso, climatic hazards accentuate drought, which limits cowpea production. The aim of this study is to determine the water regime and periods of the year suitable for cold dry-season cultivation of cowpea varieties. To this end, two cowpea varieties (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) KN1 and KVX 61.1 were grown in six (06) liter pots in a real environment, during the cold period of the year. Trials were separated by an interval of fifteen (15) days. Each variety was subjected to three watering frequencies. During the study, environmental, growth and agronomic parameters were determined. The study revealed that in cold periods, low temperatures and the application of water regimes reduced most agronomic parameters in both cultivars. Nevertheless, KVX 61.1 produced throughout the study period, while KN1 did not flower when sown from December 09 onwards. The KN1 variety can be sown before December 9 for pod production during the cold off-season, and after that date for its tops, which rich in beneficial elements for livestock are feed. For these two varieties, watering every other day is the best watering regime to ensure good growth and better pod production. These results will serve as an indicator of period and variety for cold dry-season pod and leaf production of these cowpea varieties.

Analysis of the application of bioclimatic information in building design in the city of Abidjan (Ivory Coast)

KOUASSI, Amani Odilon — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The development of the city of Abidjan in recent years has led to an explosion in the number of buildings. However, hygrothermal comfort in these buildings leaves much to be desired. These buildings therefore consume large amounts of energy to restore comfort. This energy expenditure contributes to global warming through the emission of greenhouse gases. The aim of this study is to check whether buildings in the city of Abidjan are constructed with the climate in mind. To achieve this objective, a bioclimatic study of the city of Abidjan was carried out using the Mahoney and Szokolay methods. The recommendations made by the bioclimatic analysis are then compared with the characteristics of the buildings encountered in the field. The bioclimatic studies carried out during this study and superimposed on the characteristics of the buildings encountered in the field show that the orientation of the buildings encountered in the field in the three municipalities studied was different from that recommended by the bioclimatic study. The construction of the various buildings did not take into account the elements of the climate in order to achieve thermal comfort with low energy consumption. To overcome these problems, a set of recommendations derived from the bioclimatic study was proposed.

Availability, food values and uses of agricultural and agro-industrial by-products in cattle and sheep production in Burkina Faso

Millogo, Dié Xavier — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study reviews the state of knowledge on the availability, feed value and use of agro-industrial by-products in ruminant feed in Burkina Faso by means of a literature review. Searches were mainly carried out online using the Google Scholar engine. A total of 150 documents were inventoried, of which 49 were selected and used for this literature review. Various by-products, notably oilcake, cereal bran, cereal straw and legume tops, are used to feed cattle and sheep for fattening, and dairy cows. Cereal straws are energy-free, rich in NDF and ADF fiber, and low in total nitrogen. Legume tops are richer in total nitrogen and energy than straws. Tuber peelings are low in total nitrogen, richer in fiber and energy than tops. Mango by-products are low in total nitrogen, high in fiber and richer in energy than other by-products. Mango and manioc by-products are available, but are rarely, if ever, used in animal feed. Further work is needed to scale up the use of mango and cassava by-products to increase the availability, low-cost and high-quality feeds for meat and milk production.

Marketing and level of consumption of fish caught in Lake Songori (Gontougo Region, North-East of Côte d’Ivoire)

N’DRI, Kouamé Marcel — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study made it possible to analyze the marketing and consumption of catches from Lake Songori in the Gontougo Region. To do this, a survey was conducted among 8 wholesalers working on this dam and 101 consumers drawn at random from June to August 2014. The results show that the commercial activity is practiced by nationals who have no training in management. of business. The transport and trade of fish takes place in a completely unhygienic environment with rudimentary means of preservation. However, with Oreochromis niloticus as an economically more important species, wholesalers achieve a turnover greater than or equal to 50% compared to fishermen. The local population, for its part, hardly benefits from the catches made, most of the production (75% to 100%) being sold in urban areas. Thus, irregular consumers (46.5%) remain the most numerous. Faced with this situation, the customary authorities should really get involved in the management of this body of water to enable local residents to benefit from it and fight against food insecurity in rural areas. The development of this activity seems logically inevitable to help meet the challenge of self-sufficiency in animal protein at the local level.

Individual gears fishing in Aby lagoon (Adiaké, Côte d’Ivoire): Stakeholders, fishing gear, catches and constraints

N’DRI, Kouamé Marcel — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The lagoon waters of Côte d’Ivoire contribute to the country’s self-sufficiency in fish products, in the face of ever-increasing needs. This study examines the current state of exploitation of the Aby lagoon by individual fishermen. It is the result of three months of surveys, from April to June 2022, with fishermen and the fisheries administration of Adiaké. The results show that fishing is in the hands of nationals. Mostly uneducated (50%), those traditional fishermen use as dominant gears: small-mesh nets (75.20%) and nailed plank pirogues (61.91%). The most important species in catches are Ethmalosa fimbriata and Sarotherodon melanotheron with proportions of 34.78% and 30.43% respectively. The annual biomass is estimated at around 275.73 tons. There is a poor cooperation between fishermen and the administration, which impacts negatively the statistical data. The use of non-selective gears remains one the major constraints against the preservation of aquatic biodiversity. Therefore, management programs and research projects have to be implemented for avoiding an eventual collapse of stocks. A study on the spatio-temporal distribution of species with high aquaculture potential could be considered.

3D modelling of the effects of electrons losses at the junction of a polycrystalline silicon PV cell on its performance

Saré, Ramatou — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

This work investigated, using a 3-D modelling, the influence of electrons losses on the performance of a polycrystalline silicon PV cell. The electrons transport equations have been solved by taking into account the rate of electrons lost at the junction (Sf0) to find the expression of the electrons’ density which allowed to derive the expressions of the electrical parameters (Jph, Vph, P) then those of the performance parameters (η, Rsh) of the PV cell grain. Then we analyzed, from a numerical simulation, the effects of the rate of electrons lost at the junction (Sf0) on the performance parameters (η, Rsh) found from the curves of output power (PT) -diffusion velocity (Sfj). Results of simulation showed that, in open circuit, there is a leakage current at the junction of the PV cell grain whose density increases from 0 mA.cm-2 à 58.80 mA.cm-2 resulting in a drastic drop in the shunt resistance from infinity to 4.273 Ω.cm 2 and a drop in the conversion efficiency of 34.376%. Considering the manufacturers’ standards, 20% drop in efficiency, so for Sf0 = 1,790×104 cm.s-1 the PV cell is degraded.

Linear regression and prediction of monetary inflation: Application for the Central Bank of Congo (DRC)

Cedric, KABEYA TSHISEBA — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

With the advent of automatic learning methods and the exponential growth of computer power, several things are being facilitated, in particular the prediction of certain behaviors, made by banking establishments. Although some prediction tools such as Excel are nowadays used by some of our establishments, we find that machine learning remains unused so far, even less with all its power, yet many advantages and opportunities present themselves to it. use. We argue that elsewhere, experiments based on machine learning, in other words automatic learning, are more than topical, even more so in the banking sector. We are therefore going through this experience, to propose as an illustration and educational, for our local banking establishments, an activity of prediction of monetary inflation, using the power of artificial intelligence. The prediction in question here will be made on the basis of a set of data collected from a few banks in the city-province of Kinshasa, and particular emphasis will be placed on general consumer price indices. It is important to note that the prediction in question here goes as far as clearly specifying the causes of the inflation being analyzed, or predicted, of course on the basis of the different variations of the indicators. The machine learning used here offers us several possibilities in terms of algorithms and models, but in the context of this work, we will only address a few, in particular Linear Regression, the Random Forest Regression algorithm or Radom Forest Regression, and the Regression model decision tree, will get we will get the best algorithm with respect to its score.

Discrimination and characterisation of the stages of post-cultivation reconstitution: The case of the Ivorian sub-Sudanese sector, Dianra Department, North-West Côte d’Ivoire

Yao, N’Guessan Olivier — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present study aims to improve knowledge of the resilience of post-cultivation vegetation in the Ivorian sub-Sudanese sector by discriminating the stages of post-cultivation reconstitution and characterising these stages using the structural attributes and functional traits of the species. To this end, 4 groups corresponding to the different stages of reconstitution were identified. These stages are divided into three groups according to their characteristics. Stage_1 is characterised by SudanoZambézian (SZ) and introduced (i) species, generally hemicryptophyte-pyrophytic and chamaephytes that spread by anemochory and barochory. Stage_2 is characterised by Guinean-Congolian and Sudano-Zambézian transition species and Sudano-Zambézian species. They are therophytes and nanophanerophytes, anemochores with small leaves (nanophyll, leptophyll and microphyll). Stages 3 and 4 share the same characteristics. They are characterised by GC species, which are generally large (mesophanerophytes and megaphanerophytes) as well as geophytes, which have large leaves (megaphyll) and spread by zoochory (epizoochory and endozoochory). In short, post-cultivation reconstitution takes place in four stages. These stages are divided into four groups according to their characteristics. Depending on the maturity gradient, these stages are marked by a transition from savannah species, herbaceous species with small leaves and anemochorous spread, to forest species, large species with large leaves and zoochorous spread.

The payement effects of social prestations by the national savings loan of social security on socioeconomic life of the beneficiaries in Bukavu town, Democratic Republic of Congo

Emmanuel, Makelele Masirika — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

This research focuses on the determining the effects of social prestations of the National Savings loan of Social Security (NSSS) on the social and economic life of the beneficiaries in Bukavu. It uses the primary data collected on 138 persons by using a quantitative investigation questionnary. The methodology adopte dis analytic, using the descriptive purely statistics obtened by the SPSS 20.0 logicial. The results of this study indicate that the social prestations of the NSSS have positive effects on the social life of beneficiaries, but not on their economic life, because of the modicity of the amount received, sometimes by irregular periods. The conclusion of this paper calls out the government to diversify the social security organisations and to improve the social prestation amount for the beneficiaries (social prestatories) so that their well-being should grow.

Assessment of health risks linked to the use of rainwater collected and stored in a concrete tank: Case of the storage Ivory sud, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar

RABEARISOA, Andry Hariniaina — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Numerous studies have shown the variability of the physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of meteorite waters collected and stored in recovery tanks. This variability can have negative impacts for users, physico-chemical and microbiological analyzes reflecting the quality of rainwater collected downstream from the roof and stored in a concrete tank were carried out. The chosen site is a rainwater tank whose use is not limited to laundry, some households use it for washing, for domestic uses in the kitchen, and even for drinking. The objective of this work is to assess the risks to which users are exposed when consuming collected and stored rainwater. The hydrogen potential analysis revealed an average content of 7.05. The turbidity value is less than 5NTU.The conductivity has an average value of 0,01005 µs/cm. The quantity of chloride ion is very varied for each sample analyzed, with an average of 227.47 mg/l in Cl-. The samples show considerable number of total coliforms.

The prevalence of severe acute malnutrition in children under 5 years of age and associated factors in rural areas: Case of Vaku health zone in 2020

Ngombe, Nono Koka — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Severe acute malnutrition is a real public health problem in the Vaku health zone, we note the persistence of cases and the increase in infant and child mortality. This study aims to determine the prevalence and determinants of severe acute malnutrition. This is a cross-sectional analytical study of 479 children under 5 years of age with acute malnutrition, received in the structures of this health zone in 2020. Selected according to the Z-score weight/height or mid-upper arm circumference. The prevalence of severe acute malnutrition was 3.8%, the Khele health area (6.6%) was in first position. Male sex was more concerned and age between 12 and 24 months had the highest prevalence (4.7%). We performed multivariate analysis with logistic regression of associated factors. Non-exclusive breastfeeding, inadequate complementary feeding, monthly income ≤ US$ 30 of heads of household and non-attendance at SPC have been identified as potential determinants of severe acute malnutrition in this health zone. Incomplete immunization status, household size of more than six people and access to difficult food were identified as protective factors for severe acute malnutrition. The other factors studied did not present the link with malnutrition in this health zone. Several cited studies found similar results. We suggest the effective integration of infant and young child feeding activities into the structures of this health zone that could reduce this prevalence.

Measuring the dynamic capability: The case of Moroccan SMEs

Achelhi, Hicham — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The dynamic capability notion has been studied from a theoretical point of view. The authors note the lack of work on the dynamic capabilities’ deployment. Our research is based on Teece’s (2007) conceptualization that a competitive company mobilizes three dynamic capabilities: sensing, seizing and transforming. The study is based on a case study of 15 Moroccan SMEs considered to be competitive. It is based on a qualitative study: surveys were carried out to collect data from the owner-managers of these SMEs. Our results validate that the SMEs studied are mobilizing dynamic capabilities, and highlight areas for improvement for future development.

Programming in C-sharp of a land registration software for the ministry of land affairs in the city of Lubumbashi/Haut-Katanga

Franck, KASONGO NYANGE — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this paper was to develop a computer application that would allow the various agents of the cadastral division in the city of Lubumbashi and the Director of Land Affairs to register information about the various people who come to apply for land, to facilitate the consultation of information, etc. The application would facilitate the registration of information about the various people who come to apply for land, to facilitate the consultation of information, etc. This application would facilitate the registration of information relating to the various people who come to apply for land, facilitate the consultation of information, etc. This solution is of crucial importance, as it will allow us to avoid the problem of land conflicts which has become commonplace in the city of Lubumbashi. It will also allow the registrar of real estate titles to verify the different plots of land that are available without having to move and in real time.

Promotion of student self-training and consultation of resources via a dynamic website at the Higher Pedagogical Institute

Chris, SOMBODI BIN SELEMANI — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

This work is part of an article developed within the Higher Pedagogical Institute of Lubumbashi (DRC), It leads to the design of the website that will serve as a tool for students of the said institution. Maintenance activities, in the sense of troubleshooting equipment, have always existed. But these activities were initially little or not formalized: they were not necessarily carried out by specialized staff, nor were they supervised by specific methods. In addition, they consisted essentially of repairing equipment; once it was repaired, the repairer was content with the solution to the problem and forgot to archive it somewhere and even if he did, the solution always remained confidential, that is to say, not shared. This collaborative approach makes it possible to transform the Internet into a global forum where the most distant Internet users can meet and form communities according to their tastes and aspirations; and it also allows access to information of common interest, the sharing of opinions... Thus, we admit that the implementation of this tool will certainly help to improve the computer education system and encourage students to have the habit of documenting themselves and the failures encountered for the reusability of the solution and to push students to research, read, share information and stamping. It also aims to help students remedy the various troubleshooting problems they will encounter in their daily lives and put them at the height of a precise diagnosis.

Diversity and availability of woodfuel used in rural areas by Koulango and Lobi populations on Eastern periphery of Comoé National Park (Côte d’Ivoire)

KOUAKOU, Yao Bertin — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aims to investigate the diversity of species and assessing the availability of woodfuel plants used in rural areas by Koulango and Lobi populations on Eastern periphery of Comoé National Park. Two surveys were conducted in ten villages: a house-to-house interview and an individual walk-in-the woods interview with some informants. Frequency of citation use value were used to estimate the local knowledge of woodfuel plants. Floristic inventory based on random plot sampling method was applied on 200 small squares. A qualitative analysis through the households has showed that firewood was the fuel most used in households. Among the useful species, 6 plants were the most use species by both local populations. According to plants availability, in Comoé National Park, juvenile individual of 12 plants such as Berlinia grandiflora, Burkea africana and Vitellaria paradoxa were the most abundant species. Adult individual of plants were the most abundant species. In rural area, 8 plants like Daniellia oliveri, and Vitellaria paradoxa were the most abundant species. Annona senegalensis, Saba senegalensis and Vitellaria paradoxa were the 3 most abundant species. However, juvenile individual and adult individual of 16 plants such as Bombax costatum Margaritaria discoidea and Raphia sudanica were very rare in both areas (CNP and rural area). The study pointed out the importance of use value as tool to select the species which conservation must be emphasized in the management plans to meet not only the need of the populations but also to improve the conservation statute of the species. Finally, this study raises the fact that there is an urgent need to develop methods for a sustainable use of these plants from Eastern periphery of Comoé National Park.

Vision of ekistics in the 21st Century in the light of the Athens Charter and Agenda 21: Challenge of sustainable urban development

Gonzaleze, Jean Rufin Munkuamo — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study is part of the World Research Program for sustainable cities (ecological cities). Program coordinated by Massasuchetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Word Resources Institute (Washington, DC). Indeed, according to the International Development Research Center (2007), more than 60% of humanity will live in urban areas at the dawn of 2025. This concentration in urban areas is not without impact on the urban environment. It amplifies and aggravates the content and depth of the urban ecological crisis. Victims of this situation are, above all, the cities of developing countries, particularly characterized by the lack of urban planning. Thus, faced with strong global urbanization, ekistics, a support for urban ecology, presents appropriate solutions so that we can manage to renovate environmental policies, in order to place third millennium cities in the orbit of sustainability. urban environmental.

Deadly floods in Kinshasa: Diagnosis and integrated preventive strategies for reducing the risks of natural disasters

GONZALEZE, Jean Rufin MUNKUOMO — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Floods are sources of natural disasters around the world. They occur following flooding of rivers and an overflow of urban sanitation drainage routes. This impressive phenomenon causes enormous losses in the ecological, economic and social sectors. According to current statistical data (2010-2020), floods caused more than five million victims worldwide (OCHA, 2022). Obviously this, without taking into account the other effects: material damage, service disruptions, health risks, famine, psychological trauma, etc. Faced with the intensification of these phenomena in Kinshasa, thanks to scientific investigations carried out in the field, this study proposes integrated strategies likely to contribute to the sustainable prevention of flooding in the lower part of the city of Kinshasa. This approach will be accomplished in response to the Sendai Action Plan (2015-2030) which wants scientists to become deeply involved in the quest for sustainable prevention of natural disasters in their societies.

Perception on post-harvest practices and storage constraints of tamarind fruits, Tamarindus indica L. in the Hauts Bassins and Centre regions of Burkina Faso

Ki, Kilo Francine Marina — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Food security is a major challenge for developing countries. Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) are a source of income for families, improving their living conditions. Tamarind is a NTFP used for many purposes, both for food and industrial purposes. However, it suffers from pest attacks. This study aimed to evaluate the post-harvest practices of tamarind fruits and the constraints related to its storage in the communes of Bobo-Dioulasso and Ouagadougou. A survey conducred in the form of a semi-structured interview toward 113 respondents in Bobo-Dioulasso and 138 in Ouagadougou. The participatory diagnosis showed that the majority of respondents in Bobo-Dioulasso (70.19%) and Ouagadougou (57.33%) considered insects to be the main cause of damage to the pods. We observe a preponderance of perforated beans (63.16%) in Ouagadougou, while in Bobo-Dioulasso the percentage was 29.85. After collecting the pods, 78.95% of the farmers in Ouagadougou dehull the pods immediately and then keep the pulp without further drying, in contrast to Bobo-Dioulasso (16.67%) where only a minority practice this. More than half of the interviewers sell tamarind to meet specific needs. As for control methods, the main ones are steaming of tamarind used by 72.92% of farmers in Ouagadougou, while in Bobo-Dioulasso only 25.64%. These results show that tamarind pods are highly exposed to insect attacks. It is therefore necessary to investigate the improvement of traditional control methods by including other natural alternatives in order to minimize losses and promote tamarind exploitation.

Use of dissolved gas analysis methods as tools for monitoring the state of health of power transformers installed on the electrical network in the northern shore of the large metropolis of Abidjan

Bogui, Gnoléba Célestin — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The liquid-insulated power transformer is the most critical and expensive component of the power supply system. In order to improve monitoring of the state of health of these devices (transformers) installed on the power grid in the bank of the large metropolis of Abidjan, dissolved gas analysis (DGA) was used. Conventional interpretation techniques were developed to diagnose transformer oil. The database we used consists of those of the Compagnie Ivoirienne d'Electricité (CIE) in 2018. It includes 25 samples containing analysis of the five main dissolved gases (H2, CH4, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6). The five defect classes we considered, namely partial discharge (PD), D1 and D2 electrical defects, T1andT2 and T3 thermal defects, are taken from the IEC and IEEE. For interpretation, five methods were adopted, namely the IEC, Doenenburg, Rogers criteria using the ppm gas concentration ratio technique, the Duval triangle using percentage gas concentrations and the IEEE criterion using ppm gas concentrations. The highest success rate of 72% was obtained when using the Duval triangle criterion. But the greatest consistency with a rate of over 70% was observed using the IEC ratio criterion.

Preliminary essay of phenotypic and zootechnical characterisation of the ovine breed slaughtered at the Port-Bouët slaughterhouse for butchery in Abidjan city

Youan, Bi Irie Van Dexter — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this study was the determination of phenotypic and zootechnical characterisation in ovine breed slaughtered at the Port-Bouët slaughterhouse for butchery in the city of Abidjan. Thus, a study was carried out on 120 slaughtered ovines breeds, including Djallonké and Sahelian ovine. Indeed, before slaughter, individual and direct observations of breeds, sex, ages and coat color characteristics were done. Also, measurements of the height at the withers and the thoracic perimeter. were done. Then a descriptive analysis was performed, followed by a Chi-square test for qualitative variables. In addition, an ANOVA was performed for the quantitative variables. The results show that ovines of the Sahelian breed (82.5%) are the most slaughtered. Thus, the most dominant coat colors in Djallonké and Sahelian ovine breed were respectively black-piebald (33. 34%) and white (47.48%). Also, ovine 3 years or older (57.50%) were the most slaughtered. In addition, Djallonké and Sahelian ovine breed without horns and pendants were more slaughtered. The breed had an influence on the height at the withers (p < 2e-16) or the thoracic perimeter (p = 1.67e-11). Similarly, sex and age had a significant effect on thoracic perimeter. However, the sex factor had no effect on the height at the withers. In conclusion, the breeds, sex, ages or coat colors of slaughtered ovines at the Port-Bouët slaughterhouse are various.

Mutuelles de Solidarité: African microfinance to combat poverty and financial exclusion in Ituri (DRC)

Dieudonné, Kabongo Kabongo — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

This research questioned the capacity of Solidarity Mutual to offer microfinance products adapted to the specificities of beneficiaries, and to contribute to improving the living conditions of beneficiaries, by putting into practice their social mission, which is especially an agro-pastoral area. To achieve this goal, a quantitative approach was used, with a questionnaire to quantify the results. Our universe of analysis or sampling frame consists of the beneficiaries of the microfinance services of de Solidarity Mutual. The size of our study population is 213 Solidarity Mutual for 3013 members. We used probabilistic sampling, using a frame made up of finite lists of the population, our sample is random simple, and its size is 700 members surveyed MUSO sites Bunia, Irumu, Aru and Djugu. After analyzing the data collected, it emerges from the results obtained that the MUSOs do indeed offer microfinance products adapted to the socio-professional specificities of the poor populations in the three of the five territories of Ituri, and effectively put into practice their mission to contribute to improvement of social living conditions of members in 77% of cases.

Web application for the evaluation of teaching and teachers by students in a higher and university establishment

Moïse, Byaruhanga Bamaraki — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article deals with the design and implementation of a new web application for the evaluation of lessons and teachers by students. This application is accessible from a smartphone or any other computer device to allow the student to evaluate. The latter has access to the application once registered, hence his number and first name gives him access. Finally, the application produces a summary evaluation report for a teacher per course and annually for all the courses given by a teacher according to the criteria defined in the Vadmecum for managers of a higher education and university establishment. It is designed in client-server architecture with PHP programming language which is mainly used to produce dynamic web pages through a HTTP-server, but can also function as any interpreted language locally with a database that runs on the MySql server allowing the exploitation and manipulation of stored data. The man-machine interface offers the user a user-friendly form containing clear and explicit criteria and validation button and also a button allowing the student to check all his courses already evaluated.

Simulation of the performance of the Potable Water Supply (PWS) network in the localities of Bébouo-Sibouo, Zaliouhan and Krébléguhé in the Gadouan Sub-Prefecture (Central-Western Côte d’Ivoire) using Epanet

Konan-Waidhet, Arthur Brice — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The drinking water needs of the populations of the localities of Bébouo-sibouo, Zaliouhan and Krébleguhé are increasingly accentuated and constitute one of the major problems in this area of west-central Côte d’Ivoire. The aim of this work is to strengthen the drinking water supply system in order to meet the needs of the population. To solve this problem, the methodology was based on simulating the operation of existing and complementary networks using Epanet software. The results show that the population’s needs in 2019 are estimated at 400,032 m3/d and 685,406 m3/d in 2031. The pipes selected after sizing are all in PVC with nominal diameters of 10 bar, and comprise a PVC DN 200 mm for delivery, a PVC DN 90 mm for supply pipes (main pipe) and another PVC DN 53 mm for distribution. Simulation of the network shows that there is a malfunction in the existing system, which can be explained by the low or even zero pressures recorded only after 1 h of distribution throughout the existing network. Even if pressure results are good on the complementary network, low flow velocities are recorded on the whole network. As a result, further boreholes need to be drilled to boost production. This model will therefore be retained and used to support the implementation of this water supply project.

Informal transport: Traffic accidents among mototaxi drivers in thies, Senegal

Diédhiou, Bocar Baïla — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: The profession of motorbike taxi driver is flourishing in Africa. The aim of this study was to investigate the determinants of traffic accidents involving motorbike taxis. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study conducted from 3 January 2020 to 2 February 2020. The study population consisted of motorbike taxi drivers admitted to the emergency department of the Thies regional hospital (Senegal) after a traffic accident. Results: A total of 63 motorbike taxi drivers took part in the study. The average age was 26.7 years. The level of education was low. The average daily takings were 6,627 FCA francs. The drivers were not wearing helmets in 81% of cases. Similarly, 95% had no driving licence. Stress (39.7%), risky sexual behaviour (36.5%), drug use (22.2%) and alcohol consumption (6.3%) were also found. The main causes of accidents were speeding (96.8%), the effect of other road users (96.8%), the driver’s profile (50.8%), the condition of motorbikes (50.8%) and road conditions (14.3%). The regulations in force on motorbike taxis were perceived bad in 57.1% of cases. Reducing police harassment (95.2%), reducing the cost of taxes (90.5%), training in the highway code (69.8%) were the main expectations of drivers. Conclusion: Motorcycle taxi drivers are highly vulnerable to road accidents. The public authorities need to raise awareness and clean up this type of informal transport.

Proposed technical treatments to produce aesthetically and functionally appropriate clothing for children with motor disabilities (cerebral palsy)

Albishri, Amal Abdullah — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

This research aimed to establish standards for clothing designed for children with motor disabilities, specifically those with cerebral palsy. The research utilized a descriptive and analytical approach, and data was collected through a questionnaire given to caregivers of children with cerebral palsy. The research sample consisted of 10 caregivers, and the results showed that trousers and a shirt were the preferred clothing items for children with cerebral palsy, rather than overalls. The Kingdom's logo was also preferred to enhance national identity. Based on these findings, the research recommended further studies on alternative solutions and the use of smart fabrics to address clothing and health problems faced by people with special needs.

Did Africa know real ideologies? Their problematics, stakes and perspectives

Balibuno, Bernard Kateta — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The great debate and the big argumentative elevated by the matter of recognition of the existence or not of the African Philosophy justify a systematical analysis of African thoughts to quarry the philosophical ingredients. In fact, for many African pessimists, it was unthinkable to consider an African ideology. Many prejudices have been advanced for that goal supporting the mental inability of niggers. Here, we can mention that the major marks the « pre-logism» of Levy Brühl confirming that the negroes have a pre-logical mentality. Hegel, denies all the history, every movement and development to Africa testifying that all happened in Africa highlights from Asian and European world. Towards this african reification, it becomes imperative to wonder if Africa has got real ideologies, their matters, and perspectives. This is the task on which harness different authors of this section thus the major intention is to bring up the readers discover the great African ideologies and their contributions in the history of african thought in particular and in the universal thought in general.

Duties of the Prince of Machiavel

Balibuno, Bernard Kateta — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the Italy devastated by occupational wars imposed by strangers, Machiavel felt called upon decides to give a donation to Prince Laurent de Medicis which would allow him to take thecountry in this chaotic situation. The gift was a collection of Machiavel’s experiences presented in the «Prince» in a form of a Prince’s code of laws or conduct. We was interested in this unpretentious scientific research due to duties assigned to «Prince» by Machiavel in the «Prince», a well-known work by intellectuals and which has become paramount book for politicians. This feat works encloses principal duties such as: duties towards people, duty of being feared but not blamed and the duty of speech which does not break down the power. Machiavel sermonize realistic and practical politics which considers humans not as they should be, but as they are: wicked, envious...he does not sermonize cruelty, avariciousness, etc. to avoid social nuisance. However, he wants to show the possibility for the leader to do evil in order to overcome and maintain territorial integrity, but also the social welfare, going against blind and fierce cruelty which ruins the «Prince». Also, Machiavel substitutes politics for moral while it is the moral which serves politics. It is against such a practice of doing things that the writers attempts to give warming to their readers through this scientific research understudy, because nowadays, many leaders practice this hypocritical politic sermonized by Machiavel.

Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in antelopes in Kahuzi-Biega National Park and goats raised nearby

Balungwe, Emmanuel Bisimwa — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The research on the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of antelopes and goats has been conducted in and around the Kahuzi-Biega National Park. The method of collecting dung by hand coupled to that of the laboratory coprology analysis were used. The results of the study show that the antelope and the goat have in common as roundworms trichostrongylus, Nematoduris and flatworms, Fasciola gigantica (Trematodes) and as other worms, Coccidia. Gastrointestinal parasites in both sites (PNKB and around the PNKB).Trichostrongylus, are abundant in antelopes and goats, but Coccidia are abundant around the PNKB so in goats. Goats have a high prevalence of parasites for the same species found in the two sites namely trichostrongylus, (51.2%), Nematoduris (8.7%) and Coccidia (47.5%) against trichostrongylus, (47, 5%), Nematoduris (1.2%) and Coccidia (21.2%) in antelopes whereas for Fasciola gigantica, antelopes have a high parasite prevalence (26.2%) than goats (20%). The other prevalences of parasites in antelopes are distributed as follows 5% respectively for Gardia lamblia and Molineus, 1.2% respectively for Balatidium parcel, Monezia expensa, Cappilaria sp and Ascarus lumbricoides and 2., 5% Trichuris trichura. The parasite infestation rate in the two small ruminants (antelope and goat) is at least 10 parasitic elements counted on the slide of Molineus, Trichuris trichura, Ascarus lumbricoides, Cappilaria sp, Monezia expensa and Nematoduris while for Coccidia and tricostrongylus, is 10 to 100 parasitic elements counted on the blade. The infestation rate of gastrointestinal parasites is 10.1% in antelopes and 31.9% in goats. Goats around the PNKB are quite infested with trichostrongylus, as the antelopes at PNKB. For Coccidian parasites, goats around PNKB are infested in the same way as PNKB antelopes.

Health control of meat delivered for consumption in the city of Bukavu (DR Congo) and their consequences on public health

MITUGA, Ntwali Victor — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Zoonosis are not a recent problem in the history of humanity. Throughout history, humans have lived with animals and may have contracted diseases, either through direct contact with animals or through contaminated food or the environment. Zoonotic agents often cause fatal diseases, such as plague, rabies, anthrax, brucellosis and various bacterial infections. Regarding the healthiness of meat delivered for consumption in Bukavu, out of a total of 49 samples collected and analyzed, the average FMAT (Total Aerobic Mesophilic Flora or general contamination) is 155.5. 106, total coliforms are 101.106, faecal coliforms 132.106 and pathogens 133.106/g of meat sample. The meats are more contaminated by a bacterial microflora with high loads. They are therefore unfit for consumption because they can cause toxi-infections, zoonosis and other infectious diseases.

Anesthetic effects of Ketamine in combination with Xylazine and Diazepam: Case study in dogs (Canis familiaris)

Ntayeolushamungu, A. M. — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

16 dogs (Canis familiaris) of local breed 12 males for castration, 4 females for the diagnosis of an unknown pathology were administered a combination of anesthetic agents which included medium drugs of Xylazine 1.49 mg / kg) for premedication. After 10 minutes the animal was injected with an average dose of ketamine 14.72 (mg / kg). The infusion route and the parameters were recorded every 10 minutes time intervals (heart rate, respiratory rates, oxygen saturation, temperature, color of the mucous membrane, reflexes, capillary replenishment, blood sugar level and carbon dioxide). At 29.9 minutes, the injection of Diazepam came through the vein to sedate the animal. The average heart rate of the individuals was 86.89 beats per minute that of all intervals was 88.06 beats per minute. Respiratory rate was 16.73 breaths per minute and the average of all intervals was 21.89 breaths per minute. The average temperature for all individuals was 37.13 0C and for all intervals were 36.90C. The average oxygen saturation for individuals was 91.57% that for all intervals was 91.96%. The carbon dioxide for individuals was 32.52 mmHg and for all intervals was 31.4 mmHg. Anesthesia in dogs for suppression of the pain, good muscle relaxation and anesthetic depth that can ensure the well-being of animals and the surgical procedure.

Cesarean scar pregnancy: Case report

Hajare, Halim — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Scar pregnancy is an ectopic, life-threatening pregnancy (hemorrhage or uterine rupture) that can also involve functional prognosis (hysterectomy). Its incidence is rare, but is likely to increase due to the rise in Caesarean section rates, these past few years. The clinical signs include metrorrhagia in variable abundance and/or pelvic pain in patients with uterine scarring. Diagnosis is made by endovaginal ultrasound, using the Vial criteria. The case we report in this article will enable us to discuss the pathophysiological, diagnostic and therapeutic criteria of this pathology, with the help of a literature review.

The determinants of access to drinking water in rural areas in Burkina Faso: Case of the rural commune of SAABA

Yonkeu, Samuel — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Water, a natural resource whose usefulness no longer needs to be demonstrated, is currently at the center of debate. Drinking water is a key determinant of household well-being. This is the reason why the value of water and its contribution to human well-being enjoy particular recognition. The objective of this article is to analyze the determinants of access to drinking water in rural areas in Burkina Faso. The research methodology used is quantitative. Data was collected through a questionnaire sent to 284 households in the rural commune of Saaba. From the analysis of this data, it appears that most households store their drinking water for a long period, the distances traveled to have access to a source of drinking water is long, the bad habits which consist of obtaining water in non-potable sources remain relevant. The estimation of the Heckman selection model yielded the following results. Indeed, the sex and age of the head of household, the income of the household, its size, the level of education of the head of household, the taste of the water, the location of the water source, the reliability of the source, the number of children in the household, are the main determinants of adequate access to drinking water in rural areas in Burkina Faso.

Impact of waste treatment methods used in urban agriculture on environmental pollution risks and producer health

SENOU, Issaka — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The waste is used to fertilise fields. Their pre-treatment can impact on human health and the environment. A study was carried in Bobo-Dioulasso, precisely in Kuinima and Dogona, with the main objective of assessing the impact of waste treatment methods on the environment and health. The data was obtained from individual interviews with farm managers. The results show that 56.67% of the producers practise sorting followed by incineration and 20% practised sorting only, 23.33% of the producers did not perform any treatment. Sorting caused injuries to 33.33% of the producers, 10% were harassed by insects. As for the impact of the treatment methods on the environment, 83.33% of the producers who sorted their waste had their fields invaded by new weed species, compared to 76.47% of those who sorted and incinerated. For 88.23% and 66.67% of the producers who were sorting followed by incineration and sorting only respectively, the crop yield was good. From these results, we can conclude that the waste treatment methods used by producers have negative effects on the environment and human health.

Analysis of the use of tick repellent in cattle by farmers in the department of Korhogo (Côte d’Ivoire)

Fatoumata, Coulibaly — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the perspective of improving cattle breeding and their health and for a better understanding of tick resistance to acaricides, this study was conducted in the Department of Korhogo. The objective was to verify the knowledge and skills of farmers on the use of acaricides and to contribute to the reduction of the impact of ticks on livestock productivity. Thus, a cross-sectional survey was conducted using elaborate questionnaires, followed by specific interviews with livestock stakeholders in the study area. The results showed that the majority of cattle breeders (58.06%) are Ivorians. Among them, 58.07% are between 27 and 45 years old. In addition, 51.61% of cattle farms have at least 50 heads with 83.87% being zebu breeds. In addition, to control ticks, 54.84% of farmers use alphacypermethrin as an acaricide, 41.93% of which are zebu breeds. However, none of the farmers used this medicine in accordance with the instructions and standards of use, 68% of them used an underdosed treatment and 32% an overdosed treatment. The most common method of treating cattle against ticks was spraying. The presence of ticks despite the use of alphacypermethrin could be related to the misuse of this product, resulting in resistance issues. It would therefore be important to respect the normal dosage of the product. In order to minimise resistance problems, awareness is needed among farmers for the proper use of acaricide products as well as all other drugs.

Tele-petrography in the quantitative evaluation of petrophysical characteristics of reservoir rocks with the terra package: The case of sandstones

Paul, Assale Fori Yao — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the present work, the cement and/or matrix, pores, and grains present in sandstones were quantified by tele-petrography. The selected sandstones come from the superficial formations of Ivorian onshore basin and the deep formations of offshore basin. A total of six sandstones, three from each part of Ivorian basin, were analyzed. The tele-petrographic analysis consisted of processing the images of these sandstones taken under the natural light from petrographic microscope to the R software using the «terra» package. The results show that the quantification of sandstone components depends on the magnification of the microscope image, the grain size, and the sorting. At low and medium magnifications, a small number of images per rock is sufficient to evaluate the proportions of the components. At high magnifications, however, a large number of images are required as they tend to overestimate the proportions of grains at the expense of other components (porosity, cement, matrix) if the grains have a poorly sorted. The presence of phenocrysts accentuates these variations. However, if the sandstones have a well sorting, the proportions of components hardly vary from one image to another, whatever the magnification. The density curves and histograms reveal that the number of components on these curves depends on the proportions; the higher the proportion of a component the better it is represented. Low proportions remain invisible on the density curves. Remote sensing is therefore promising for the evaluation of the petrophysical properties of reservoir rocks.

Agricultural water management of small and medium reservoirs in Burkina Faso: Case of Mogtedo

Traoré, Farid — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The droughts of the 1970s and 1980s led the government of Burkina Faso to secure water resources and agricultural production by building large reservoirs and irrigation schemes. In the early 2000s, this policy of securing water resources was pursued through small-scale village irrigation, which involved developing irrigated agricultural areas around small to medium-sized reservoirs. This study presents the case of water management in a hydro-agricultural area located in Mogtedo (Burkina Faso), with a view to proposing optimisation solutions. The study was based mainly on a literature review and the use of the database of the Irrigation Development Support Programme (2011-2016) in Burkina Faso, with a view to assessing the extent to which agricultural water needs are being met. Analysis of water management in the study area revealed organisational and structural shortcomings within the organisations in charge of water management. It also shows that there is a precarious balance between water supply and demand. This balance is threatened by an unfavourable climatic outlook, which could result in a considerable deficit in the reservoir’s capacity to meet the needs of multiple uses. In order to delay the occurrence of such a collapse, solutions have been proposed, in particular, to improve in particular the efficiency of the use of agricultural water and to better protect the water reservoir against sedimentation.

Computerization of the tourist aid system in the city of Lubumbashi and its surroundings in the DRC

RUBUZ, Elie MWEZ — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The choice of this subject is related to the object that has activated our attention as a researcher and strikes our imagination. It all started with an exchange between colleagues and an observation made when we were watching a tourist documentary of the city of Lubumbashi, so we were driven by the taste of wanting to improve the tourism process to grant quick access to all sites available in the city for sightseeing. This work will provide the IT solution to the Ministry of Tourism and more specifically to the Tourism Service through the application that will be designed and implemented with regard to the process of tracking tourists and better managing them to maximize revenue.

computerization of the control system and identification of pupils nationally by SERNIE in DRC

ILUNGA, Bazin NSHIMBA — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The SERNIE is an educational system that guarantees the quality of education, the circulation of fake school coins, in short, it fights against anti-values in the school environment. The SERNIE awakens the conscience of parents in the supervision of their children to increase discipline and observation. The Ministry of Primary, Secondary and Vocational Education is working through SERNIE to fight relentlessly all the flaws observed in the head of managers, students and parents alike. The SERNIE is also a powerful weapon of deterrence in the hands of the authorities of the Ministry of EPESP. The choice of our subject is not a random fact, it is explained by the fact that we have seen the way in which the management of student identification works. Certainly, the SERNIE has set very relevant objectives, among which we just mention the identification of students in order to prevent fraud and school vagrancy. But the information system as designed now does not really allow it to achieve its ends.

Analysis of the development of the financial and economic sector of the Democratic Republic of Congo from 1980 to 2016

NYEMBO, Patient KAYEMBE — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study examines the relationship between financial sector development and economic growth in DR Congo (DRC). Indeed, well-functioning financial markets are a key factor in achieving high economic growth, while inefficient financial markets are one of the reasons many countries around the world romain desperately poor. Hence, the development of the financial sector can drive economic growth. The main objective of this work is therefore to determine the influence of the financial system on economic growth in the DRC). By conducting this study, we specifically want to verify whether financial development indicators are significantly related to the growth of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the DRC. The econometric analysis is based on a general linear model, and the data used for this analysis come mainly from the World Bank and the Central Bank of Congo. The results obtained show that the savings rate has a positive and significant impact on economic growth in the DRC; the interest rate also influences economic growth but in a negative way. These results show that the development of the financial sector promotes growth in the DRC.

Evaluation of the productivity of different varieties of local Cassava grown in the territory of Kabongo: Case of the Mukola village

Lwamba, Amand Mutombo — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this work it was a question of evaluating the productivity of different varieties of local cassava grown in the Territory of Kabongo. To achieve the objectives we have set ourselves, the data were collected at MUKOLA following a completely randomized experimental design during the month of March of the year 2021. The yield parameter in terms of the number of chips per variety was evaluated. It emerges from the analysis of the variance of the following classification: KILEBE = KATSHILUSA ≥ ASUMINI = MULOKO with regard to the number of chips per variety.

Prioritization of social determinants of health of GCM volunteer participants in the DRC

KALOMBO, Jacques BAJIKA — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The main objective of the present survey, is to achieve the selection and classification of the major problems of health that the starters voluntary of the GCM know. This classification makes itself according to the criterias of priorisation, so while putting in inscription the mixed approach, following the diagram: quali=>Quanti => quali, and that, for the explanatory sequential design, we got the results below according to the order: The main objective of the present survey, is to achieve the selection and classification of the major problems of health that the starters voluntary of the GCM know. This classification makes itself according to the criterias of periodization. So while putting in inscription the mixed approach, following the diagram: qual i=>Quanti => quali, and that, for the explanatory sequential design, we got the results below according to the order: The problems of the food with 34 points, the problems of recourse to the cares of health with 31 points, the problems of education (payments of the school expenses with 27 points, the problems of payments of rent with 26 points, the problems of the reinsertion with 22 points, the problems of retirement with 20 points;, the problems of the payments of invoices of the REGIDESO with 19 points and finally the problems of the payments of invoices of the SNEL with 18 points.

Study of the movement of a charged particle in electrodynamics

Henri, KISOKI MBUNGA — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this article we will try to study the motion of a charged particle electro dynamic. Note that a moving charged particle finds its application in electronics, more precisely in television and the vacuum tube, thus giving rise to the different types of screen currently used to display an image of a transmitted object. Note that a moving charged particle is subject to two fields: the electric field □( (E ⃑ )) and the magnetic fiel□( (H ⃑ )) . This article will be the subject of a study in uniform electric field taking into account the physics laboratory reference of the department of physics and applied sciences of the National Pedagogical University. For this purpose, we used for our experiment: - Two metal plaques ; - An electron gun having a cathode et anode ; - A low and high voltage generator ; - A screen (flat surface for projecting light). The objective of this study is to establish the different equations of motion of a charged particle an uniform electric field E in a projection frame (O:i,j,k). To close the study, we will finally consider the electrical bending of a charged particle moving between two plaques having different potentials.

Applied of geotechnical tests used in road construction to the lateritic soils of Samo and Songon (Ivorian sedimentary basin)

Grehoa, Abalé Martial — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Côte d’Ivoire, the base layers on road are generally made from lateritic soils which must respect specification in order to guarantee its quality. Unfortunately, most of the road bases made with lateritic soils from the sedimentary basin degrade early. This investigation aims to determine the geotechnical characteristics of the natural lateritic soils from sedimentary basin used for road construction to understand the reasons for their early degradation. Thus, soils from Songon and Samo were subjected to tests, to know their intrinsic properties. Particle size distribution, Atterberg limits and methylene blue test, modified Proctor, California Bearing Ratio (CBR), and chemical and mineralogical tests were performed. The soils of Samo and Songon contain appreciable quantities of iron and aluminum oxides and silica, but small quantities of titane, manganese and magnesium oxides. They are mainly composed of kaolinite and quartz. Furthermore, they are massive consisted of sand packed in fine matrix (49 % and 46 %) for soil of Samo and (62 % and 33 %) for soil of Songon but no gravel. The dry densities, the optimum moisture content and CBR at 95 % of maximum dry density obtained for the soil of Samo and Songon are respectively 1.83; 15.2 %, 24 % and 1.88; 16.7 %, 20 %. These soils are not suitable for use as base layers on road because they are still in a primary stage of lateritic soils formation.

Simulation of the propagation of floods in the flood plain of the Senegal River valley

Dieme, Yaya — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

To simulate the propagation of floods in the Senegal River valley in order to lay out the flood risk maps, we used hydraulic methods calculating the flooded surface from the topography of the minor and major beds. To this end, the HECRAS model and GIS (ARCGIS and HEC-GeoRAS) were used on the Bakel-Matam reach. The work was done in steady state and allowed us to map the risk of flooding on this Bakel-Matam section in the Senegal River valley for different floods. to do this work, water levels and flows were used for the calibration and validation of the HEC-RAS model. The Nash criterion was used to optimize the HEC-RAS parameters. The flood extent obtained by this model was exported and visualized in ArcGIS. Thus, the flood mapping results obtained made it possible to detect a certain number of villages at risk of flooding for the hundred-year flow, wich shows that the Senegal River Valley is vulnerable to floods. Moreover, this was demonstrated by the average catastrophic flood which caused flooding that could impact approximately 24,071 people. The characteristics (height, speed and propagation time) for each flood were analyzed. The promising results obtained showed that the couple HECRAS and GIS is an effective tool for mapping floods and could be used as a tool to help planners in planning.

Study on the behavior of a bandpass filter at low frequency and high frequency

Henri, KISOKI MBUNGA — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this article, it is a question of studying the behavior of a band pass filter in BF and HF with passive elements. Said filter is widely used in electronics and telecommunications with many applications such as: manufacture and assembly of loudspeakers, limitations of working frequencies in a given interval according to its band, etc. We preferred to do this study based on mathematical and physical models which allowed us to discuss and interpret the different results obtained after simulation at the physics laboratory of the National Pedagogical University (UPN/RDCongo-Kinshasa) and which are presented as follows: In Low Frequency (BF): The capacitor blocked the signal and behaved like an open switch, on the other hand the coil allowed the signal to pass through. It acted as a closed switch. Therefore, the voltage at the filter output was zero; In High Frequency (HF): We had the opposite behavior in BF and the voltage at the output of the filter was always zero. The studied behavior led us to the determination of the band pass filter. The tool used for the simulation in Matlab, very powerful engineering software.

Alternating current and direct current electrical energy transport system: Advantages, Disadvantages, Selection criteria

Jean De Dieu, KADIATA MUTEBA — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Electric energy is an essential factor in the economic development of a country. It is generally produced in power plants located at points more or less distant from consumption centers. To reach consumers, this energy must go through several stages including transport, allocation and distribution. Formerly carried out almost exclusively with alternating current, the transport of electricity over long distances has increasingly been done with direct current over the last few decades. Each mode of transporting electrical energy has certain advantages over others which militate in its favor when it comes to transporting electrical energy over long distances. This article aims to analyze HVAC and HVDC systems from a technical, economic and environmental point of view in order to identify for each system its strengths as well as its weaknesses, and also to define the criteria on which we are based. basis for choosing one or another mode of energy transport, depending on the constraints imposed.

Integration of SVD leadership framework: A basis for improving the Catholic Educators’ Ministry

Bañez, Judy Agustin — 2023-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study was conducted against a background of Philippine schools having endured the longest and most stringent lockdowns in the Asia-Pacific region due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Distance learning and inherent problems such as low availability of internet connections and devices have exacerbated the difficulties faced by teachers to effectively deliver the curriculum and maintain a context of Catholic Ministry which will naturally be less effective without face-to-face interaction. As of 15 September 2020 for example, an estimated 27 million students in the Philippines had lost more than a year of in-person learning (UNICEF, 2021). It is therefore gratifying to conclude from the data returned for this study that the seven sample schools in the provinces of the SVD PHN were generally perceived by the teacher respondents to be well-integrated and effective in their implementation of the SVD Leadership Programme.

Evaluation of the technical and economic performances of shea mills and crushers in Benin

AHOUANSOU, Roger Houéchénè — 2023-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Shea is a plant found in the central and northern regions of Benin. In the counties of Borgou and Alibori, for example, shea kernel provides basic cooking oil for more than 80% of the population. In recent years, the production of shea butter has emerged as a credible income generating activity alternative to the reduction in cotton income for the populations of northern Benin. It has become an important source of income to the women who are involved in collection and processing activities of shea kernel. This work is gradually witnessing the modernization of the sector by introducing new technologies to reduce the drudgery of butter extraction. Thus, the grinding (crushing) and milling operations have been mechanized, which allow labor reduction and time spent in the processing; and improve the profitability. However, in Benin, the technical and economic performance of the equipment introduced has not been documented. The study evaluated the technical and economic performance of crushers and mills of shea almonds. The technical performance of the machine is evaluated based on different parameters such as: throughput; broken rate; hourly consumption and specific consumption. The economic performance of the equipment focuses on costs and benefits, on indicators such as work times, variable costs, income and fixed costs, gross and net margins. The result obtained from the evaluation indicated that the throughput; broken rate; the crushing efficiency and gross margin of crusher BECRREMA type are respectively 501 kg/h; 100%; 98.8% and 925.32 FCFA/100 kg. The throughput; milling efficiency and gross margin of mill COBEMAG type are respectively: 62.95 kg/h; 99.5% and 2,412 FCFA/100 kg. These results show that these agro food equipment’s are efficient and cost-effective for the production of shea butter. Full dissemination of these improved technologies is recommended for development of shea processing sector in Benin and West Africa.

The influence of exogenous elements on technological innovation system development: The case of rainwater harvesting for irrigation in Kenya

Singh, Radhika — 2023-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Rainwater harvesting for irrigation can increase sustainable access to irrigation and improve farmer resilience to climate change, particularly in semi-arid regions of sub-Saharan Africa. However, attempts to increase adoption of rainwater harvesting for irrigation in Kenya have rarely been successful, despite decades of efforts by governments, NGOs, and development practitioners. Most scholars investigating reasons for these low levels of adoption tend to focus on hydro-geological, techno-managerial, or socio-economic factors, and leave out explanations grounded in the analysis of macro-level cultural, political, economic, and environmental dynamics within a specific context. To fill this gap, this article analyzes historical processes of two sites to identify how these dynamics contributed to an enabling environment for rainwater harvesting for irrigation in Kenya. The concept of technological innovation systems, which describes processes central to the emergence, growth, and diffusion of technological innovations, was used as a lens to examine long-term rainwater harvesting for irrigation adoption dynamics in the two sites. The identification of elements «exogenous» to the innovation system demonstrated that ecological, demographic, macroeconomic, political, cultural, and socio-economic elements exerted a major influence on the development of an enabling environment for rainwater harvesting for irrigation. Exogenous elements influenced levels of adoption by shaping the capacity and quality of elements within rainwater harvesting innovation systems, giving rise to systemic problems or opportunities, and influencing the speed of system development.

Use of Phytase in Aquaculture and Possibilities of Incorporation into Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Feed

Sileye, Niang Mamadou — 2023-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The study focuses on the use of phytase in aquaculture, its zootechnical benefits and the possibilities of incorporating it into feed. The aim is to reduce phosphorus waste in fish feed, with no loss of zootechnical performance and lower feed costs. We studied the data in the bibliography, in order to better valorize raw materials (total phosphorus, phytic phosphorus and available phosphorus); to determine phosphorus requirements for aquaculture species; to determine signs of phosphorus deficiency in fish; to study antagonism between phosphorus and calcium and also to study the different forms of discharge by rainbow trout. The results found in the bibliography enable us to test several hypotheses for the formulation of feeds for rainbow trout with different raw materials. This simulation and waste calculation enabled us to validate two feeds: a control feed A1 (0.5% monocalcium phosphate) and a test feed A2 (supplementation with 0.002% phytase and phosphate). The feeds were produced and sent to an experimental facility (Lycée agricole de Bréhoulou). The results of the formulation showed a 28% reduction in phosphorus loss for the test feed compared with control feed. Supplementation resulted in a gain of 2.3 euros per tonne. The results show no significant difference in zootechnical parameters (growth rate, mortality, weight gain and obvious conversion) between the control and trial feeds. Waste measurements also show no significant difference between the control feed and the test feed, but the difference would enable waste to be reduced by 35.6% through the use of phytase.

Study of the mechanical behavior of starch-cotton fiber waste composite sheets

GBEGBO, Eric — 2023-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Africa, the cotton industry is one of the most important agricultural sectors. In Benin, a record 730,000 tonnes will be produced in 2020-2021, making the country the leading producer of the white gold in Africa. Although essential to the economy, fourteen types of residue from cotton processing remain unexploited. This waste is generally burnt by producers, which contributes to environmental pollution through the emission of greenhouse gases. To overcome this problem, we focused our work on recycling cotton fiber waste into a cotton fiber-starch composite material for use as false ceiling panels in the building industry, in place of the plywood generally used. To achieve this, we manufactured sheets from our composite material to determine mechanical properties such as modulus of elasticity and flexural modulus of rupture in accordance with NF EN 310. Three-point bending loading-unloading cycles were performed. The plates manufactured have dimensions of 300x300x100mm3. The plates are manufactured with «starch/water» and «starch/cotton fiber» mass ratios respectfully equal to 0.25 and 1. We obtained a modulus of elasticity equal to 2830 MPa and a modulus of rupture equal to 11.53 MPa.

Human resources strategy: Why and how to become a source of better business performance

Lambert, MBALA BUKASA — 2023-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Aware of the difficulty of convincing skeptics about the strategic role of human resources, we tried, through our research, not only to provide evidence on the predictive capacity of the HR strategy of sustainable performance, but also to demonstrate that the renewal of HRM is very real and is not just a matter of speech. Regarding the positive effect of human resources in performance improvement, our research, wanting to complement previous research in GSRH that has attested to the existence of simultaneous associations between HR strategy and performance, has focused on verifying the durability of these. Moreover, by demonstrating that the human resources strategy improves the performance of companies at several levels, economic, organizational and social, The results of our research give human resources managers the means to strongly demand the integration of HR action in sustainable development..

Consequences of errors in the functioning of the immune system Descriptive review

Samih, Majda — 2023-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The immune system is a very complex network of cells, tissues and organs that work together to defend the body against pathogens. Its two main components are: the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system. However, when this system is compromised, the body’s ability to defend itself is impaired, which can increase the risk of developing at least one of the more than 80 autoimmune diseases that affect a significant proportion of the world’s population. These illnesses can cause a range of symptoms, including pain, fatigue, rashes, nausea, headaches and dizziness. They can also affect different parts of the body, such as the skin, muscles, joints, tendons, blood and blood vessels, and even other organs. Also, it is not uncommon to suffer from more than one type of autoimmune disease, as they share similarities in their basic immunological mechanisms. In this review, we aim to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the impact and severity of immune dysfunction. We will also describe the advantages and disadvantages of factors considered to promote immune function and summarize current knowledge about the mechanisms of certain autoimmune diseases. We hope to shed light on this complex subject and provide valuable insights into potential treatments and preventive measures for these diseases.

Morphological and phenological variability of ten accessions of Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. (Fabaceae), cowpea grown in Côte d’Ivoire

Hervé, Kimou Serge — 2023-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Cowpea is important for food safety in several countries of Africa. In spite of this importance, we have an insufficiency of data on the morphophenologic and nutritional characteristics of Vigna unguiculata in Côte d’ Ivoire. Then, in the present study, analysis of morphological and phenologic traits of 10 cowpea accessions was carried out to identify ideal plant producing simultaneously in quantity seeds and fodder during a short time of culture cycle. The 10 accessions were cultivated under the same pedological and climatic conditions according to a device in block with 5 repetitions. Germination growth and reproduction parameters were evaluated from the sowing to the harvest period. Results show that any accession can be retained as the ideal plant. However, NR2 and NRB1 can be recommended for their high seed yield. NB1 can be retained for the production of seeds and fodder. On the other hand, accessions NN1, NN2, NRB2, NMC1, and NMC2 can be appreciated for a higher length of pods and for their earlier cycle.

Vegetation structure and distribution of turacos (Musophagidae) in a few natural environments in Central and South-eastern Côte d’Ivoire

Modeste, Okon Okon — 2023-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

From August 2015 to July of the following year, the influence of stratification and types of plant formations on the distribution of turacos in four natural environments in Côte d’Ivoire was studied. As a result, three strata (low, intermediate and canopy) of vegetation and several types of plant formations were chosen for the sampling of turacos. In each of these natural environments, turacos species have identified by the method point indices of abundance in six facies of habitats different by their structure and plant composition. The result is five species of turacos whose distribution varies according to vegetation strata and types of plant formation. The Great Blue Turaco Corythaeola cristata is abundantly distributed in the canopy of primary forests while other species are more frequent in the intermediate stratum of secondary forests or forest galleries, except the Western Grey Plantain-Eater Crinifer piscator which is distributed in the savannah. Thus, each species of touracos is strongly linked to a type of plant formation that constitutes its preferred habitat. This study on the distribution factors of turacos is necessary and must be considered in the perspective of sustainable conservation of these birds and the preservation of their respective habitats.

Beyond the opportunities: The challenges of digitalizing internal communication - An exploratory case study of a Moroccan insurance company

Elkam, Khadija — 2023-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper presents a unique case study focusing on a Moroccan insurance company. It looks at how internal communication is being digitized within this company and identifies the digital channels used for this communication, the benefits they offer, and the challenges they may pose. The data collected came from 15 thematic semi-structured interviews. The results of this case study reflect a nuance that recognizes both the benefits and limitations of digitalizing internal communication. They suggest that digital and face-to-face internal communication should not be considered as alternatives to each other. Furthermore, our results highlight the importance of turning away from generational stereotypes and instead recognizing the significant contribution of employees to the success of the transformation, including their commitment, adaptability and expertise. However, given the focus of this study on a single case, it is important to note that the results cannot be generalized to other contexts without further investigation. Thus, additional research is needed to confirm and extend the findings to other companies and contexts.

deployment of the dynamic capability process: The case of Moroccan SMEs

Achelhi, Hicham — 2023-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The dynamic capabilities approach posits that a firm’s performance is largely driven by its ability to adapt to a changing environment to secure value creating potential and, thus achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. Our aim is to verify that these capabilities are indeed elements that contribute to competitiveness and to identify the organisational processes associated with dynamic capabilities. In the literature, various authors point the lack of work relating to the deployment of dynamic capabilities. It is recognised that it is important to fill this gap in order to advance knowledge on this concept. This article follows Teece’s conceptualisation: a competitive firm mobilises three dynamic capabilities: sensing, seizing and transforming. The study is based on a case study of 15 Moroccan SMEs considered competitive. We conducted a qualitative study: surveys (structured and semi-open) were conducted to collect data from the owner-managers of these SMEs. The results obtained validate that the SMEs studied mobilise dynamic capabilities.

Users’ perceptions of the green spaces lining public roads in the commune of Lemba in the city of Kinshasa

Mudiayi, Rebecca Mitshiabu — 2023-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The city of Kinshasa, capital of the Democratic Republic of Congo, has been marked for some years now by anarchic and ever-increasing urbanisation. This goes hand in hand with galloping demographic growth, which is increasing the pressure on urban green spaces. The resulting environmental impact is likely to increase in the years to come. Green spaces that were once considered a nuisance are now being given special attention, for the well-being of city dwellers. The aim of this study is to identify the benefits of the green spaces lining some of the public roads in the commune of Lemba. In order to carry out this study, a questionnaire was sent to users to gather their opinions on Lemba’s lined green spaces. This questionnaire was supplemented by direct observations in the field to assess the behaviour of the population with regard to these green spaces. The itinerant inventory method was used to identify the plant species present along five major public roads in the municipality under study. A total of 100 users of the green spaces were interviewed at random. The majority of these users were men (67%). Their main reasons for using the green spaces were to relax (33%), enjoy the shade (24%) and the peace and quiet (22%) at certain times of the day. According to these users, green spaces serve mainly to regulate the climate (19%) and beautify the city (17%). The lack of trees on certain roads to provide shade and the absence of public gardens to take advantage of their amenities led 93% of respondents to call for an increase in the number of trees in line and the creation of public gardens. Analysis of the floristic data shows that the tree stock in the Lemba commune’s green spaces includes 22 species divided into 21 genera and 16 botanical families. Nearly 73% of these species (16 species) are of exotic origin and nearly 55% of these plants (12 species) are reported to be edible. These results will enable the local political and administrative authorities to take these areas into account in the planning and development of the city, for the well-being of the population.

Drying kinetics of cassava by indirect drying in forced convection

Abouanou, Emmanuel N’Dri — 2023-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The main objective of this study is to estimate the drying parameters of cassava using an indirect solar dryer equipped with a sensible heat energy storage system. This dryer, which uses stones as storage material and made of wood and plywood, was used to dry a quantity of 12.2 kg of cassava. Drying parameters relating to drying curves and drying efficiency of cassava were established and studied. The drying curves were modeled using semi-empirical models. The results showed that the water content of cassava decreased from 159.12 g H2O / 100 g dry matter to 13.32 g H2O / 100 g dry matter. With a collector and drying efficiency of 56.64% and 29.39% respectively. The Weibull distribution model allows a satisfactory modeling of the drying curve, with an r2 = 0.988, a χ2 = 0.000896, and an RMSE = 0.0288.

Contribution of LandSat OLI imagery and field indices to the structural cartography of the aquifer system of black Volta catchment in Côte d’Ivoire

KOUAME, Armel Kouadio — 2023-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Fracture aquifers are actual major issue in hydrogeology. They are an essential resource for many populations around the world. The present study focuses on major fractures that control groundwater and surface water flow, and play a key role in the productivity of fractured reservoirs. The use of numerical processing techniques (Selective Principal Component Analysis (SPCA), band ratios) and directional filtering by Sobel and Yésou allowed the identification of major fractures in the Black Volta Basin in Côte d’Ivoire. Validation of the latter was done by several field works (geology, hydrogeology and geomorphology) and a comparative analysis. Three groups of NS, NE-SW and E-W lineament directions were identified from these images. The structural field data generally indicate similar directions. Field data and satellite image processing show that most of these lineaments correspond to either shear faults or veins related to Eburnian and post-Eburnian orogenic events. The comparative analysis carried out revealed concordances with previous studies and automatically detected structures in the same area. The final lineament map generated for the study area will help to identify potential areas for drilling for water supply purposes.

Availability and technologies for improving lysine and methionine levels of ingredients used in pig and chicken feed: Literature review

Ouedraogo, Isidor Zangbéwindin — 2023-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study reviews the current state of knowledge on the roles of lysine and methionine in monogastric nutrition, and their potential availability in feedstuffs for pigs and chickens in Burkina Faso. It aims to better orient ongoing research to make these amino acids more available and optimize their content in local feed resources and their use in the rationing of pigs and chickens on intensive farms in Burkina Faso. Searches carried out mainly online using the Google Scholar search engine yielded a wide range of documents, which were filtered to retain only the most significant ones dealing with the above-mentioned themes. A total of 294 documents were identified, from which 126 references were selected and used for this literature review. Lysine and methionine are the most limiting amino acids in pig and chicken feed, in that their deficiency in rations affects feed efficiency, leads to reduced growth and dysfunctions in the organism. The methionine and lysine used in Burkina Faso are imported synthetic products that are not easily accessible due to their high cost. Their availability in certain ingredients can be improved by germination and/or heat treatment. Compliance with recommended lysine and methionine requirements in formulations for pigs and chickens is essential to optimize their utilization by the body, while reducing nitrogen losses and ensuring good productivity.

Phytochemical study and antioxidant activity of Prosopis africana leaf extracts

Moustapha, Fatia — 2023-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: The species we have chosen is Prosopis africana (Guill. and Perr.) of the Fabaceae family is a medium-sized shrub that can reach about 30 m in height and is widespread in tropical Africa, locally known in the Central African pharmacopoeia. It is a species widely used in traditional medicine for its therapeutic properties. Objectives: As part of the valorization of medicinal plants used in the Central African pharmacopoeia, the interest of this work is focused on ethnobotanical investigations, chemical screening and antioxidant activity of Prosopis africana. Methods: Four solvents of different polarities were used (cyclohexane, dichloromethane, acetone and methanol) for extraction. Qualitative analyses were based on staining reactions, followed by quantification by the 96-well plate reader to determine polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids and anthocyanins. Results: The extraction results showed that the methanol extract has the best yield of 14.45%. Qualitative analyzes revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, sterols, triterpenes and saponosides. The polyphenol content was better than the other families of compounds quantified (Table 2). It varies between 42,90 and 247.89 mg of gallic acid equivalent (EqAG) /g. The methanol and acetone extracts have strong antioxidant activity. They have respectively the percentages of inhibition of DPPH the values 98.47±00.70 and 98.55±00.10% (Figure 5). Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed using the «FactoMineR» and «factoextra» packages of the R software circle of variable correlation. The best Person (r) correlation coefficient obtained was 0.95 between polyphenols and DPPH inhibition. Conclusion: The phytochemical study revealed the presence of certain molecules such as polyphenols and alkaloids, which can give Prosopis africana (Guill. and Perr.) its therapeutic properties.

Social thinking in Africa: Between neutrality and commitment

Alosse, Dotsè Charles-Grégoire — 2023-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The question of the right distance between subject and object has always been crucial for the social sciences. It reveals two aspects: epistemological and ethical. From the epistemological point of view, the concern concerns the objective knowledge that one can produce on objects of which one is a part. From the ethical point of view, the concern concerns the axiological position that can be defended in the study of phenomena involving values on which we ourselves make judgments. Social criticism is based on axiological neutrality as a methodological posture of social science research. This wébérienne requirement is part of the criteria of scientific neutrality and the criteria of scientificity which aims objectivity and excludes subjectivity. By proposing to situate social thinking in the African context, our approach consists, starting from social criticism but taking to witness one of the arenas of its manifestations that are universities and especially those African. The thinkers of the social, within these institutions, produce reactions that are confronted, through social criticism and social commitment, with the institutional pressures of regulation and control of the social particularly in the ranks of African academics who have the merit of asking the social question and enlightening the enlightenment of society in which knowledge and power are equidistant.

Rehabilitation of low-voltage electrical networks in the city of Kolwezi: Low-voltage electrical energy stability engine in the city of Kolwezi

Muswa, Daniel Kasongo Monga — 2023-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

If there’s one area where rigor and caution are essential, it’s electrical installation. Electrical installations age. On the one hand, of course, because all materials age, depending on how they are used. On the other hand, the uses to which electricity is put have developed considerably, and many old installations were not designed for these multiple and different uses. Today, there are several dwellings (houses, stores, kiosks), and some houses have been demolished to make way for large low-cost buildings or even hotels on the same plots of land once occupied by a single house. This increases the current demand on a mother cable originally designed for a single house. In addition to this situation, the exodus from the province of Lualaba, and in particular the town of Kolwezi, is currently registering a veritable explosion in its working population. This situation is becoming even more acute in the town of Kolwezi, where the demand for electrical energy has grown exponentially. Today, not only are we witnessing power cuts, but also recurrent fires in homes and even in electrical installations, a source of tension caused by electrical fires. To remedy this situation, two hypotheses have been put forward: The first is to rehabilitate the low-voltage power grid, and the second is to increase the power available to Kolwezi’s low-voltage grid (construction of new power injection points). Both hypotheses required first determining the current energy demand of the city of Kolwezi, which today has risen from 7MW to 25MW, and inventorying all the plots where the installed electrical power has been drastically increased. The conclusion is that both hypotheses have been retained to finally achieve stability in the supply of electrical energy.

Factors Related to Sanitation at Padang Great Market, West Sumatra

Gusti, Aria — 2023-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

There are 3 markets with good sanitation in Padang City and 5 with passable sanitation; the rest of the markets in Padang City did not meet the requirements, one of which was Padang Great Market. This is the largest central market in Padang City, but it still does not meet the requirements. This study aims to determine factors related to Padang Great Market Sanitation in 2023. Methods. The research used a quantitative approach cross-sectional design in January-April 2023 at Padang Great Market, using a questionnaire of 104 respondents. The sampling technique used proportional random sampling. Data processing using univariate analysis and bivariate analysis using a chi-square test with a degree of confidence of 95% (α = 0.05). Results. Univariate analysis showed 47.1% of sanitation was not good, 68.3% of traders traded full-time, 49% had fewer roles, and 40.4% of sanitation workers still lacked support. Bivariate analysis showed that there was a significant relationship (p<0.05) between the duration of trading time (p=0.000), the role of traders (p=0.000), support of cleaners (p=0.000), and Padang Great Market Sanitation. Conclusion. Duration of trading time, traders’ role, and cleaning staff support are related to Padang Great Market sanitation. Efforts to overcome this include educating traders and training cleaners about good market sanitation.

Effect of seed size on productivity and nutritional value of maize stover and grain

Mendoza, Claudia Pérez — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of seed size on the productivity and nutritional value of maize stover and grain. Nine varieties of maize previously classified by their shape and size were produced. The investigation consisted of two phases: in the first, the agronomic and productivity characters of maize stover and grain were evaluated, and in the second, the nutritional value. The experimental design used in each phase was randomized complete blocks with factorial arrangement and four repetitions. The harvest was carried out at the cutting stage of physiological maturity. Significant differences (P ≤ 0.001) were observed between varieties for all the evaluating parameters; For seed size, there was only significance in stover protein yield per hectare, stover and grain protein content, and in vitro digestibility of stover dry matter. Based on the absolute value of the standardized coefficients, the most relevant variables were in vitro digestibility and stover protein; grain yield, protein and starch. It is concluded that the variety affects the yield and nutritional value of maize stover and grain; seed size only had a slight effect on nutritional value. The outstanding materials for their stover yield were Campeón, VS-2000, H-157E and H-358 and for grain yield, they were the hybrids HS-2, Promesa and H-157E. The most outstanding variety for its productivity and nutritional value of maize stover and grain was VS-22.

Polypropylene characterization by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

Yeo, Angeline Kpeusseu Kouambla — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Objectives: The objective of this work is to study the thermal behavior of polypropylene (PP) as phase change material (PCM) with the aim of its use to store energy necessary for cooking in the event of energy deficit for the solar cooker. Method: We used the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) method for different speeds, both heating and cooling. We have identified the phase change temperatures of the different samples as well as the evolution of the crystallinity rate of each sample. Findings: The first heating measurement of the sample is carried out to remove its thermal history. The additional heating measurements gave us information on the behavior of the material (Peak of melting: 167.24°C; Heat of fusion: 86.50 J/g). The cooling measurements gave us access to information such as the differentiation of materials with different histories. The crystallization peak of the recycled material is wider and lower than that of the new material. The temperature peaks of all the curves are around 120°C. Novelty: The use of the MCP allows us to make a solar cooker autonomous, because the energy stored at the level of the MCP, can ensure the cooking of food during the day in the absence of sunlight and also during the night.

The problem of the practice of human resources management at GENERALE DES CARRIERES ET DES MINES: A look at the voluntary departure operation of 2003

Lambert, MBALA BUKASA — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The practice of human resources management appears visibly as a paramount parameter of productivity at Gécamines, if the role of this practice in the search for productivity is widely recognized the question of the variety and intensity of the links between its activities, the operation voluntary departures and productivity remains a subject of debate. It has been shown in this study that the voluntary departure operation (ODV) as applied has not benefited from an in-depth study on the part of managers because managing is planning. This is what the managers of Gécamines have pretended to ignore, a lesser lesson in wisdom. Why did you fire agents without first taking into account the qualifications and the number per sector. This leads us to find that a contrasting deficit in manpower and qualification was remarkable, hence the skills are scarce, or they are lacking where they are needed, mainly in the production and technical sector, and the productivity is far from being an obvious reality, because neglecting the human factor is ipso facto neglecting productivity.

Accompaniment as a Mechanism for Teachers’ Continuous Traininig in Morocco: Case of the Regional Academy of Education and Training Rabat Salé Kenitra

Rachid, Arharbi — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Teacher training in Morocco is considered one of the most essential elements of all reforms of the Moroccan education system. In view of the increasing number of schoolteachers recruited in recent years, coupled with the use of regional employment that has replaced the short experience of contract employment, the issue of teacher training has become even more important, whether it be initial or in-service training, to professionalize the sector. If initial training is carried out in training centers dedicated to this mission, continuing education takes several forms (continuing education cycles, pedagogical meetings, accompaniment...). Our objective was to focus on one of the mechanisms of continuing education adopted in Morocco, namely «coaching and learning by doing». Building on the study and analysis of the quantitative evolution of the number of accompanying teachers and accompanied teachers within the Regional Academy of Education and Training Rabat Salé Kenitra since 2015, and a study conducted via a questionnaire addressed to the teachers concerned, we were able to notice that considerable efforts have been made and a satisfaction among the «accompanied», however, there are still components that need to be developed by the concerned authorities.

Analysis of the situation of human development in Africa in 2022

Tchagbèlè, Abasse — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Development is a complex process that gives rise to several theses, which are as diverse as they are controversial, concerning its definition. The UNDP presented, as it does every year, a report on human development published in 2022. This document thus served as the basis for the analysis of this study, the objective of which is to present and comment on the ranking of African countries and to throw a critical look at the indicators used for this purpose. The methodological approach was essentially documentary and indeed consisted in reviewing the UNDP report, as well as many other scientific documents. The analysis of the said report reveals that the only African country to appear in the category of countries with very high human development (DH) is Mauritius (63rd in the world). In that of the high DH, there are seven countries, namely the Seychelles Islands, Algeria, Egypt, Tunisia, Libya, South Africa and Gabon. Next in the medium DH category are Botswana and Morocco. It should be noted that no West African country is among the top ten in the ranking. In addition, the study made it possible to identify the shortcomings of economic indicators such as GDP, the promoters of which are accused of ignoring harmful and domestic services in their calculations. As for the UNDP, which is at the origin of the HDI, many researchers denounce the solitary and, moreover, arbitrary choice of the components of this index made by the UNDP to assess development. In addition to the HDI, the IPM takes into account certain basic social services such as access to electricity and water.

Study Of a New Solar Battery Charger for Connected Student Bag to an Android Graphical Monitor for Load Energy

Rosine, Nkoulou Nkoulou Ninon — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper is deals with a solar battery charger to be embedded into an Android student bag model. It is a new multipurpose ESP32-based microcontroller for: a) solar energy conversion into regulated DC energy for charging Lithium-Polymer batteries; b) digital acquisition of battery electrical energy data; c) Bluetooth transmission of this energy data to an Android monitor. On the ESP32 microcontroller side, the application program required for data acquisition and Bluetooth server configuration, is developed using Arduino IDE-C++. Then, on the Android terminal side, a Smartphone equipped with a configured application for virtual monitoring of the charging energy data of the powered battery. Finally, an experimental prototype of the proposed device is pointed out and well tested, then he testing results obtained and presented are very satisfactory.

Geopolitical confrontations in the context of a contested world order in the 21st century: A snapshot of Putin’s Russia

Mikobi, Jean Paul Mikobi — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The ordered global village on one side remains anarchy on the other side, due to the absence of a single regulatory body. Of life (State custom), states run the risk of being described as a rogue or civilized state, wrongly or rightly. It is in his context that Russia stands out between the recomposition of the glory of yesteryear (USSR), at the risk of being disapproved, and the acceptance of Western values. Would it be necessary to give up its essence in order to please a world interdependent codified? A real problem that we qualify as: geopolitical confrontations where geopolitical clashes of powers arise, this trial and error inspired the very object of this study which is the return to the natural space of Russia, and the Western perception of the facts. Thus, so it remains to be seen whether is the harmonization of the international system a necessity or an issue? Even if the acceptance by Russia of the world order is a naivety for the latter? Is this Russian refusal justified? Will be the questions addressed in this study. An analysis carried out between 2022-2023 provided this summary.

Challenges Facing the Teaching of English in Bunia Primary Schools in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Emmanuel, Malobi Pato — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aims to pinpoint the challenges facing English Language Teaching in Primary Schools of Bunia town. The research relayed on descriptive and exploratory designs. Data were collected through survey method where questionnaire served as technique. Indeed, both closed and open questions were addressed to 50 teachers selected randomly among a population of 55 primary school teachers. Data were coded and analyzed using the Descriptive Statistics such as frequencies and percentages with the help of statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). Then, they were presented using frequency tables. Findings supported that the younger the better. Young children are intrinsically better language learners, and become more proficient quickly. English is to be taught to children when they are still receptive. The results also showed that there is lack of English programme at primary level. Teachers of English in primary schools are not qualified. They teach without appropriate methodology.

Interpretative anthropology of cultural religious facts: Example of cultural practice of initiation of children in traditional convents of Southern Benin

HOUNYOTON, Hospice Bienvenu — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The vòdún seems lively and dominant with many rites and initiations that constitute cultural forms of socialization, education and protection of humans. But it must also be recognized that this religious practice, despite its roots, seems to be characterized by a certain violation of the rights of the child during initiations in convents. Conducted on the basis of historical-anthropological, sociological and human rights data, the study offers a journey into the cultural and religious universe vòdún, which takes into account the model of socialization and the conditions of admission without forgetting the initiation practices. in the vòdún convents of southern Benin. With the universalization and ideologization of human rights, particularly children’s rights, the influence of which is noticeable in the strategic and political orientations of nations throughout the world, an initiation of children in traditional convents respectful of their rights, avoid any criticism and credit this religious practice with a promising future in a multicultural world.

Structural characterization of natural populations of Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss. (Meliaceae) in Ivory Coast

Patrice, Houphouet Yao — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Khaya senegalensis is a widely exploited forest species in Ivory Coast. This natural resource is listed on the IUCN Red List. Its efficient management requires the collection of information on its growth and development in standby. This study analysis the structural characteristics of natural stands with a view to providing information necessary for the preservation and sustainable management of Khaya senegalensis in Ivory Coast. To do this, floristic inventories were carried out in eight localities of its natural range. Dendrometric measurements were made on individuals with a diameter greater than or equal to 5 cm at a height of 1,30 m from the ground. A count of individuals with diameters less than 5 cm at a height of 1,30 m from the ground was made to assess the potential for natural regeneration. The results reveal a low overall density ranging from 3 to 10 trees per hectare. The highest density is represented in the northwest in Odienné. Also the largest diameters (50,36 cm on average) were observed in Odienné. The average total height (17,36 m) and the average height of the bole (7,50 m), the highest were also obtained in the northwest in Touba. Vertical and horizontal stand structures reveal an abundance of young individuals. Stands are subject to various human pressures (debarking, pruning, cutting) resulting in poor regeneration of the species in its natural habitat.

Physical activity and prevention of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases (MCNT) in Côte d’Ivoire: The case of the city of Daloa

Jacques, N’DA Mian — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases (MCNT) are responsible for many disabilities in Côte d’Ivoire, particularly in the city of Daloa. Faced with this phenomenon, a program to promote physical activity has been initiated to fight against this disease. However, the implementation of this program has failed because this disease is still relevant. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of the physical activity promotion program in the prevention of MCNT in Daloa. From a quantitative study through documentary research and interview and the theory of the flow in two stages, the study notes that the failure of adoption of a new behavior of the population to the practice of physical activity in the prevention of MCNT results from the inadequacy of the channels, the supports and the weak communication messages of the actors of the program.

Evaluation of the acute toxicity of aqueous extracts of two plant species commonly used in the Ivorian diabetes pharmacopoeia

Stéphane, Doh Koffi — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Traditional medicine uses many plants in the preparation of medicinal recipes for the treatment of human pathologies. These plants are thus indispensable to the existence of all living beings, because they provide all the necessary elements for their survival. Man, to ensure a daily well-being, uses plants in various fields including traditional medicine. The purpose of this work is to determine some toxicological parameters of the decocté of the leaves of Vernonia colorata (Asteraceae) and Crescentia cujete (Bignoniaceae) in order to control the dosage and prevent poisoning in the therapeutic use of these plants. The acute toxicity of aqueous decoction of these species was assessed following a process of orally administering raw decoctions to mice at increasing doses ranging from 6000 to 7500 mg/kg body weight (bw). Phytomedicines were used orally at different doses. The results obtained the solubility limit dose corresponding to the maximum tolerated dose or DTM of 6000 mg/kg and 7500 mg/kg respectively for Vernonia colorata and Crescentia cujete. This toxicological endpoint (maximum tolerated dose) is far greater than 21.04 and 100.33 mg/kg body weight of the daily doses recommended by traditional healers. Therefore, the doses prescribed by traditional healers are not toxic. The use of these plants under traditional conditions of preparation and oral administration against diabetes may be scientifically justified.

Food and human rights

Sylvain, Ilunga Kazule — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Our concern in this article is to demonstrate that food is the foundation of human rights. It is the first right that we must claim because through it we remain alive and pretend to do the most derisory things. Indeed, the food that man consumes is the essential element of the generation, conservation and maintenance of life and therefore of the conservation of the human species. As such, talking about human rights is therefore ipso-facto like giving sustained attention to food. And, there is no human right that can be guaranteed without food.

Foreigners and the promotion of human rights

Sylvain, Ilunga Kazule — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

In many cases, foreigners are considered to be non-rights holders as well as in developed countries that are the donors and/or developers of universal human rights theories as in sub-countries.developed said today emerging who undergo them as good students. In one or the other side of these countries, the margin between written and verbal language in relation to everyday life is a reality that challenges more than one conscience. We help you through these few lines to emerge in a somewhat objective way, anything remaining, to relativize the negative vision that is stuck to foreigners both in the so-called «civilizing» Western countries and those of the countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America considered «sheep of the first».

Analysis of children under 5 years’ direct costs of health care in Lemera, Walungu and Ibanda’ hospitals in South - Kivu, in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Kakisingi, Terry — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: Financial inaccessibility to health services is aggravated in some health zones by armed conflicts. This study analyzes the direct costs of care for children under 5 years old based on the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness approach (PCIME). It compares the direct costs of care with the solvency of the care bill issued according to the pricing applied in hospitals in three health zones (Ibanda, Walungu and Lemera) in South Kivu, in the Democratic Republic of Congo. This province has been experiencing recurrent armed conflicts for thirty years. Methodology: The study is comparative cross-sectional, conducted from January to December 2018 in hospitals and health centers in the health zones of Ibanda, Walungu and Lemera in South Kivu. Data collection mainly relied on documentary review (patient files, hospital registers, laboratory registers, cash books and issued invoices). Data analysis was performed using Excel 2016 and SPPS software. The frequencies, the proportions and the median were identified. The comparison of the proportions was carried out. A logistic regression model testing the associations was applied and one-way analyzes of variance or Pearson’s correlation test were performed for the observed variations. Results: The direct cost of health care for children under 5 years old remains high, although the cost of care for the majority of pathologies is less than or equal to $US50 (p<0.001). The cost of hospitalization per episode of care (≤ $US78) represents the highest cost in the Ibanda Health Zone (ZS) for a non-flat rate. The cost of drugs remains higher (≤ $US20) in the HZ of Lemera, which is more unstable for a flat rate (p<0.001). Households pay 82% of bills. The insolvency of healthcare bills is predominant (89.9% in the rural Health Zone of Lemera with a flat rate (p<0.001)). Certain socio-demographic factors (age of the patients, level of education and socio-professional situation of the parents) explain 48% of the directly proportional increase in the cost of care (p<0.001); while the evolution of the cost is inversely proportional from the rather stable urban Health Zone of Ibanda with non-flat rate to the rural Health Zones of Walungu and Lemera respectively stable and unstable all applying a flat rate (p=0.018). Discussion and Conclusion: Crisis situations have a negative impact on health care costs for children in South Kivu, especially those who are vulnerable. There are, however, differences in the cost of care observed according to the Health Zones in crisis. We recommend a further study including several health zones and dealing with quantitative and qualitative aspects in order to analyze and adapt primary health care financing strategies.

Air humidity influence on global solar radiation on the surface of a photovoltaic module in Niger: Case of the city of Dosso

Ali, Aminou Baare — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The production of a photovoltaic solar system depends on a number of atmospheric parameters, namely the solar radiation received by the surface of the panel and the temperature of the surface of this panel. However, this solar radiation and temperature are also influenced by other meteorological parameters. The objective of our work is on the one hand, to evaluate the solar potential of Dosso city in Niger and on the other hand, to study the influence of air humidity on solar radiation during a month of high heat (May) and a month of high humidity (August) during the year 2021.

Ethnobotanical survey of indigenous leafy vegetables consumed by the populations of the prefecture of Lobaye in the Central African Republic

Nazaire, Madiapevo Stephane — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Several nations have integrated food security for a long time, thus undertaking a fight against malnutrition in all its forms. This work aimed to inventory the indigenous leafy vegetables of the prefecture of Lobaye in the Central African Republic. To do this, an ethnobotanical survey was conducted among 144 people. The survey was carried out during the period from May to October 2022. In total, sixty-three (63) species were identified, grouped into forty-six (46) genera and belonging to thirty-one (31) botanical families. The sub-prefecture of Pissa totals 56 species, that of Boda 54 and 48 for that of M’baïki. The most represented families are Tiliaceae (6 species) and Moraceae (5 species). The analysis of ethnobotanical data revealed that the leaf is the most used organ (95.24%); 66.67% of leafy vegetables are consumed as complementary nutritional sources while 33.33% are functional foods. Cooking is the most used method of preparation (98.41%). The biological forms that produce more leaves consumed are herbs (38.09%). The habitat of these species is in particular the forest, fallow land and fields. The well-known species (50 to 100%) are fourteen (14) in number or 22.22% of the total specimens. In addition, the results showed that fourteen (14) LFI species are subject to significant trade in local markets. This study showed that there is still a high diversity of LFI species in the prefecture of Lobaye in the Central African Republic.

Planting hedgerows around cassava plots to control stink locusts (Zonocerus variegatus Linne)

Mbala, Laurent Kikeba — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

To evaluate the repellent or attractive properties of certain plant species to stink locusts, and to exploit them in the implementation of cropping systems likely to reduce the importance of the population of this pest and its damage on the cassava crop, a field experiment was carried out between November 2020 and December 2021. Living hedges consisting of Vernonia amygdalina, Melinis minutiflora, Cymbopogon citratus, Lantana camara and Euphorbia turicali were installed around the cassava plots. The living hedges with Vernonia amygdalina and Lantana camara acting as a trap crop gave low values for the number of insects on the cassava plots, incidence and severity of attacks compared to Euphorbia turicali, Melinis minutiflora and Cymbopogon citratus. The latter showed a phagorepellent effect as reflected by a higher number of stink locusts on cassava plots surrounded by living hedges made up of the above species. These five different species can therefore be used in the construction of integrated pest management systems to control locust damage to the cassava crop.

Contribution to the Study of Materials Commonly Used in Goma, DR Congo for Concrete Production

Paterne, Cirhuza Badesire — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

A study was conducted to investigate the suitability of commonly used materials in Goma, DR Congo for concrete production. The objectives of the study were to characterize the raw materials and determine their optimal use for desired resistances. Idjwi sand used, with a fineness modulus of 2.53 and a sand equivalent of 83, was found to be suitable for concrete production. Volcanic origin gravel was well graded but required consideration for its water absorption coefficient of 13.5%. Nyiragongo and Hima cements met standard requirements. Compression tests were carried out on laboratory specimens made using the Dreux Gorisse method, and material quantification results were used to create a table for 1 m3 of concrete based on desired resistances.

Study on the stabilization of Buganga soil in DRC using cement and lime for road construction purposes

Paterne, Cirhuza Badesire — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article studies the effect of stabilization through incorporation of cement and lime on the bearing capacity of soil from BUGANGA in the Democratic Republic of Congo, with the aim of using it in road construction. Physical, identification, compaction, and bearing tests were carried out in the laboratory on the natural soil as well as after stabilization. The results show that the soil is a fine, sandy clay with low plasticity consisting of 47.25% fines and has low bearing capacity. The addition of cement and lime increases the soil bearing capacity, with cement being more effective than lime. With 10% cement, the CBR rate increases from 5.37% to 46.32%, while with 10% lime, it increases from 5.37% to 28.916%. Soil stabilized with 10% cement or lime is suitable for use as a foundation layer for paved roads, while that stabilized with 5% cement or lime is suitable for platform layers for roads.

Study of concrete compressive strength behavior following quantitative unimodal variation of its primary components

Paterne, Cirhuza Badesire — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article presents the results of a study on the behavior of the compressive strength of a reference concrete formulated by the Dreux-Gorisse method, varying the dosage of water and cement by +/-10%, +/-20%, and +/-30%. The strength obtained for the reference concrete was 13.04MPa. However, an excessive change in the water dosage resulted in strengths of 8.438MPa, 7.05MPa, and 4.73MPa respectively for the dosages of +10%, +20%, and +30%. A deficient change in water dosage produced strengths of 14.418MPa, 15.465MPa, and 17.11MPa for the dosages of -10%, -20%, and -30%. For an excessive change in cement dosage, the strengths were 13.496MPa, 15.936MPa, and 21.575MPa respectively for the dosages of +10%, +20%, and +30%. A deficient change in the cement dosage showed strengths of 6.271MPa, 5.26MPa, and 3.207MPa for the dosages of -10%, -20%, and -30%. These results demonstrate that variations in these two components significantly affect the compressive strength of concrete. However, the change in cement dosage has a far greater impact on compressive strength than that of water.

Profile study of the living poultries resellers from Abidjan city in Côte d’Ivoire

Komara, Moussa — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this study was the determination of the profile from living poultries resellers of Abidjan city in Ivory Coast. Then, a survey has been conducted in 869 resellers through 79 selling points of the living poultries to Abidjan city. Survey data has been registered. Thus, gender (man or woman), age class (youngs, adults or seniors) and nationality (ivoirian or others) of living poultries resellers were determinated. These variables has been tested by descriptive analysis. Also, the dependances between nationality (ivoirian or no ivoirian) with ages classes or gender were tested with Pearson Khi deux analyses. The results show that the men (98.85%) resellers of the living poultries are more than those women (1.15%). In the same way, the adults (56%) reseller of living poultries are more than those youngs (36%) or seniors (8%). For nationality, the living poultries resellers burkinabaes (33.37%) or nigere (33.14%) are more important than ivoirians (26.58%) or malians (5,98%), togolese (0.45%) or beninese (0.12), ghanaians (0.12%), guineans (0.12%) or nigerians (0.12%). Furthermore, the living poultries resellers no ivoirians are more important than those ivoirians in each age class (youngs, adults, or seniors) (p = 0.0008). Also, the men resellers of living poultries no ivorians are more than those ivoirians (p = 0.04). However, the women resellers of living poultries ivorians are more important than those no ivoirians (p = 0,04). In conclusion, the living poultries resellers of the Abidjan city, dominated by men, are from different ages classes and various nationality.

Evaluation of the acute oral toxicity of dry extract of a traditional herbal drink « Plaie de ventre » sold in the commune of Yopougon (Côte d’Ivoire)

Félicité, ABOLI Tano-Bla — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Plant-based alcoholic mixtures are widely appreciated by the Ivorian population due to their low cost. The aim of this study was to assess the safety of extractible contained in one of these mixtures («Plaie de ventre») sold for its health claims in the commune of Yopougon (Côte d’Ivoire). A consumption survey was carried out on these alcoholic mixtures using a questionnaire. Subsequently, an acute toxicity study was carried out on the consumers’ favorite drink by administering the dry extractible from this mixture to three batches of rats at doses of 500, 2500 and 5000 mg/kg bw. Animals were observed for 14 days for clinical signs of intoxication, and hematological and biochemical parameters were assayed. The results of this study revealed that mixture «Plaie de ventre» was the drink preferred by consumers (53.33%). Moreover, administration of the extractible from this mixture revealed no behavioral changes in the rats, and estimated LD50 was greater than 5000 mg/kg bw. In addition, evaluation of hematological and biochemical parameters revealed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in white blood cell count, blood platelet count, and serum ASAT and ALAT levels. Thus, extractible from mixture «Plaie de ventre» constitute a health risk for consumers.

Remote sensing mapping of land cover changes from Landsat images in a gold panning area, Dimbokro department (Central-Eastern, Côte d’Ivoire)

Patrick, Yapo Armand — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Located in central-eastern Côte d’Ivoire, the department of Dimbokro has for the past ten years been faced with the illegal and clandestine development of artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM), commonly known as gold panning. This activity is having a huge impact on the environment and especially on natural resources (deforestation, loss of arable land). The aim of this study is to detect changes in land cover in the Dimbokro department using Landsat TM (1988), ETM+ (2002) and OLI (2021) images. The supervised or directed classification method with maximum likelihood and the diachronic comparison method were used. The areas of the classes obtained after the diachronic analyses were used to highlight the average annual rates of spatial expansion. This expansion between 1988 and 2021 is either progressive or regressive. A regression was observed for the dense forest (-2.99%), degraded forest (-2.32%), crop (-0.82%) and water (-1.65%) classes. In terms of change over this period (33 years), there has been an increase in the surface area of savannah (+2.67%) and buildings/bare ground (+4.12%). This study shows that changes in the landscape of the Dimbokro department are linked to a high level of human activity, leading to the degradation of natural resources in a context of climatic variability.

Additive effect of legumes in multi-species systems on maize productivity, fertility of overcultivated land and economic profitability

Ibrahima, Fofana Ben — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The overexploitation of arable land has led to a decline in crop productivity in Côte d’Ivoire. In a context of scarcity of arable land, the search for innovative farming systems seems to be essential. This study was conducted in the Gôh region using a completely randomized block design to assess the effects of maize-legume associations on maize growth and productivity, profitability, and soil fertility restoration. Plantings were conducted at the same date for three cycles. The results showed that the maize-bean and maize-cowpea multispecies systems practiced on overexploited plots significantly improved the parameters: maize yields between the second and third year compared to maize simple crop and productivity evaluation and competitiveness. The total value of yield index (IER) and maize equivalent yield (MEY), concluded that even when poorly exploited, the maize-cowpea association was more profitable than purely cultivated maize. Chemical parameters were not significantly different. However, despite the use of minerals by the plants, the mineral contents remained the same or even high compared to the initial value. Multispecies systems are therefore a solution because they provide stable and sustainable yields and good profitability.

Pragmatism in management science research: Theoretical foundations, applications and implications

Elkam, Khadija — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The purpose of this article is to explore the theoretical and practical implications of pragmatic philosophy in management science research. It highlights the fact that this philosophy provides multiple explanations and interpretations for management science and emphasizes its use of both objective and subjective criteria. Referring to the fact that there is no one appropriate philosophy and thus researchers can adopt more than one philosophy, pragmatism argues that it is possible to work with variations in epistemology.

The value of pharmacological dosage in the management of chronic inflammatory bowel disease treated with anti-TNF agents

Radouane, Imane — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: The advent of biotherapies has radically changed the management of IBD. However, the use of these drugs may in some cases result in to primary non-response or a loss of secondary response. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is a tool that was developed to manage biotherapy as accurately as possible in these situations. Material and methods: This is a retrospective descriptive study spread over 8 years of 53 patients followed for IBD put on anti-TNF(, in whom assays of residual levels of anti-TNF and anti-drug antibodies were carried out. Results: 48 suffer from Crohn’s disease and 5 from ulcerative colitis. Of these patients, 41 were on infliximab and 12 on adalimumab. The TDM performed in front of a primary non-response in 18 patients, and a loss of secondary response in 34 patients. We found immunization in 28% of patients, underdosage in 56%, and 15% had a normal dosage. Therapeutic optimization was adopted in 52% of patients, a switch in 19%, a swap in 25% of patients, and the addition of an immunosuppressant in 6.5%. The evolution was marked by the achievement of a prolonged remission in 69% of these patients. Conclusion: Pharmacological dosage of the residual rate of the anti-TNF and anti-drug antibodies currently constitutes an important element for managing the primary non-response or the loss of secondary response to anti-TNF in patients with IBD treated by biotherapy.

Analysis of long-term rainfall trends and change point in Bandama Basin, Côte d’Ivoire

Abo, N’Guessan Kouamé Emmanuel — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this study is to analyses long-term trends and rainfall breaks in the Bandama River catchment. To achieve this objective, the study used data from nineteen (19) rainfall stations from 1950 - 2020. The methodology adopted was based on the Mann Kendall (classical and modified), Krusal Wallis and Cumulative Deviation statistical tests to detect and analyses significant changes in the rainfall series. The results show that 58% of the stations show a significant downward trend at the 5% risk without taking into account the Hurst effect, while with the Hurst effect only 32% of the stations show significant downward trends at the 5% risk. The breaks detected in this study oscillate around 1970 with a deficit ranging from -6% to 23 %. Furthermore, the Moran Index (MI) revealed a spatial dependence in the rainfall series of the catchment.

The role of communication in the quality of nursery schools in the city of Butembo, DRC

Balume, Barthelemy Muzaliwa — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

This research has explored the role of communication in the development of quality education in nursery schools in the town of Butembo in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The Congolese education sector in general, and nursery schools in particular, is plagued by a host of difficulties that hamper the achievement of quality learning. The majority of teaching staff are less pedagogically equipped, due to a lack of resources and ongoing training. Infrastructure to support teaching and learning is not available in nursery schools. Further to all of this, communication is also inadequate, and this hinders the achievement of the objectives of this specific level. How is communication manifested in nursery schools? How is bilingualism managed in nursery schools? These are the questions that guided this reflection. As for methodology, the qualitative approach was used through the documentary method associated with observation. The findings of this research are as follows: communication is inadequate at nursery school level, due to the lack of availability and diversity of infrastructures. Similarly, teachers find it difficult to manage bilingualism, given their lack of mastery of learners’ colloquial language. As teachers are the key to improving the quality of teaching and learning, in-service training remains a requirement for the development of communication in nursery schools.

Mapping of land use units in the District of Abidjan using Google Earth Engine cloud, based on Sentinel-2 optical images and Machine Learning algorithms

Carine, NJEUGEUT MBIAFEU Amandine — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this study performed in the Abidjan District is to map land cover units using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform and Machine Learning algorithms such as Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Classification and Regression Tree (CART), Naive Bayes (NB), and Minimum Distance (MD). The data used include optical Multispectral Sentinel 2A satellite images with a 10-meter resolution, a 12.5-meter Alos Polsar digital terrain model (DTM) resampled to a 10-meter resolution, as well as cartographic data. The implemented methodology starts with the preprocessing and normalization of the composite image. The final composite image is created using eight spectral indices: NDVI, NDWI, MNDWI, VARI, SBI, SAVI, GCI, RGR, along with the first three bands of Principal Component Analysis and slope information. Subsequently, training and validation points are collected and coded based on image reflectance and ground truth data. The different classifiers SVM, RF, CART, MD, and ND are then trained and evaluated using various metrics such as confusion matrix, overall accuracy, producer’s accuracy, consumer’s accuracy (reliability), and Kappa coefficient. The classification performed with the RF algorithm achieved the highest overall accuracy of 83.28%, with a Kappa coefficient of 0.78. The statistics reveal that the Abidjan District is composed of 28.07% urban areas, 25.35% agricultural and other cultivated areas, 12.39% oil palm plantations, 10.05% rubber plantations, 4.66% banana plantations, 2.53% forests, 3.96% mangroves, 3.80% forest plantations (reforestation), and 9.2% water bodies in 2020. This study has led to an improved mapping of the distribution and proportions of land cover classes in the Abidjan District.

Response of barley varieties to fungicides for the control of leaf rust

González, Miguel González — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Mexico, the production of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is affected by various diseases including leaf rust (LR) caused by Puccinia hordei Otth. In the spring-summer/2018 cycle, under rainfed conditions and natural incidence of HR, a factorial test was established under a randomized complete block design, in the municipalities of Texcoco and Temascalapa, State of Mexico and Tlaxco, Tlaxcala, to evaluate the effect of two fungicides (Azoxistrobin 11.1% + Tebuconazole 18.4% and Tebuconazole 25%) on the LR control in six varieties of barley. The variables measured were day to heading and maturity (DE, DM), Plant height (PH), Test weight (TW), grain yield (Yield) and final severity of the disease (FDS). Highly significant differences were found for TW, Yield and FDS for varieties, fungicides and localities (Tukey, p≤ 0.05). The most effective fungicide was Azoxistrobin 11.1% + Tebuconazole 18.4% taking FDS of 2% and yield (REND) of 2,757.2 kg ha-1 compared to the non-fungicide check which had 23% FDS and yield of 2,262.7 kg ha-1. The variety with the greatest resistance was ABI Voyager (10MS) and the most susceptible, Doña Josefa (40S). Disease control influenced performance, there were losses of 31% in Apizaco; 20% in Esmeralda; 19% for Doña Josefa and ABI Voyager; Maravilla with 16% and AC Metcalfe 9%. Resistance levels observed together with the use of fungicides will allow a comprehensive control of the disease.

The micro-enterprise and its impact on the Ecuadorian economy

Pizarro, Mabel Elizabeth Barriga — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The main objective of this paper is to review microenterprises and their impact on the Ecuadorian economy, as well as the application of the new Microenterprise Regime and its impact on natural persons for the period 2019-2020. Serving as support and guidance on how they should benefit from the new Tax regime for micro-enterprises that has emerged as a result of the new Tax Simplification and Progress Law. Through theoretical contributions from experts, the authors and the review of current regulations affirm that the new system fulfills its purpose, since its correct application will bring benefits to taxpayers, in addition to reducing the income tax rate, reducing year by year the number of declarations and finally, with the entry into force of this new regulation, taxpayers will no longer be considered withholding agents in the commercial operations they carry out. Finally, for this analysis a qualitative and quantitative methodology was used, obtaining as a unit of analysis 242 microenterprises located in the cantonal capital of Daule, to which information was collected through a field survey.

GAP Analysis of the Street-food Consumers in Surabaya and Bangkok

Sari, Evi Thelia — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study is to examine the gap analysis between consumers’ perception (P) and expectation (E) toward the street foods in Surabaya and Bangkok cities. The convenience sampling is used to collect the data totaled as 849 respondents from both cities. The P-E Cartesius gap analysis indicates the quadrants of each questionnaire item. The Paired t-test is used to examine each city’s consumers’ P-E differences. The independent sample t-test examined the P-E differences towards the street foods quality among the cities. The result shows P-E gap towards street foods is higher among the consumers in Surabaya than in Bangkok. The perception towards street foods among consumers in Surabaya is different than in Bangkok, but the expectation of both consumers group is the same. It is suggested street food vendors in Surabaya to increase their product and service qualities as well as prices to meet the expectations.

India’s G20 Presidency: Importance, Challenges and Future

Singh, Siddharth — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

India is convening the G20 Leaders’ Summit for the first time in 2023. India’s role as G20 President will be crucial for global stability. This paper discusses how the G20 Presidency can shape India’s identity as a global leader and rising power.

Radiation-induced breast angiosarcoma: Case report

Aboueddahab, Zineb — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Breast angiosarcomas are rare tumors, their diagnosis is difficult and the prognosis is worst. We report the case of radiation-induced breast angiosarcoma. The diagnosis is histological and was only made on the surgical specimen. The treatment was essentially surgical. Through this case as well as a review of the literature, we have made an update on this disease.

Co-operative learning method and metalwork student’s academic achievement in technical colleges

Ogunbote, Shefiu — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The paper investigates cooperative learning method and Students’ Academic achievement in Technical College Metalwork Technology in Lagos state. The study covered four out of five Technical Colleges in Lagos state. To guide the study one research question and one hypothesis are formulated and tested at 0.05 significant level. To guide the study one research question and one hypothesis are formulated and tested at 0.05 significant level and Quasi experimental designed was used for the study. Eight (80) students were randomly sampled from the four technical colleges and assigned to experimental and control groups. A thirty-five Metalwork achievement test (MWAT) adapted from National Board for Business and Technical Education past questions papers was used to assess the students. Validation of the instrument was established by four experts in metalwork technology and reliability of the instrument using person product moment correlation yields 0.89. Data collected were analysed using mean and T-test statistics. The findings revealed that cooperative learning method has significant effect on students’ academic achievement in Metal Work Technology in Technical Colleges. Based on the findings, it was recommended that cooperative learning method should be adopted in teaching metal work technology in technical colleges.

Assessment of professional risks at Abass Ndao hospital center in Dakar

Diatta, AER — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Objectives: To evaluate occupational risks at the Abass Ndao Hospital Center. Methodology: This was an observational, descriptive study conducted in internal medicine in July 2021. Data collection was based on direct interviews and observation of work situations using a pre-established questionnaire containing all the parameters of PRRA in a hospital environment. Results: Out of 118 agents, the sex ratio (M/F) was 0.66 and the average age was 36.49 years. Our agents were medical (35.6%) and support staff (64.4%). Biological products were handled in 35.6% and 38.1% used sharp equipment and recapping was practiced in 31.6%. AES were reported in 9.3% and Covid-19 infection in 8.4%. About 87.2% reported awkward postures. Musculoskeletal disorders were reported in 68.6%, handling of heavy loads in 77.1% and electrical risk in 90.7%. The agents were exposed to irritating (100%), corrosive (60%), toxic (33%) and flammable (100%) products, mainly by the cutaneous, respiratory and ocular routes. Approximately 33.8% of the workers suffered from varying degrees of professional stress and 67.8% declared that they were victims of violence, especially verbal violence. Only 5% said that their remuneration met their expectations. Conclusion: Work-related nuisances are frequent, varied and of varying severity in health facilities. It is urgent to implement corrective and preventive actions to ensure the health and safety of workers and patients.

Evaluation of The Bamboung Community Marine Protected Area (Senegal) as a geosite

Gueye, Adama — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Bamboung Community Marine Protected Area is located in the Saloum Delta Biosphere Reserve located in the estuarian part of the Sine-Saloum watershed, administrative region of Fatick. It was set up in 2004 with the aim of preserving marine biodiversity, rebuilding habitats and improving the living conditions of local communities. It was followed by the creation of six other Marine Protected Areas, including 2 in the Saloum Delta Biosphere Reserve. Based on our observations and the results of previous work, we have carried out an evaluation of the criteria retained by the authors for the creation of a geosite in this Marine Protected Area of Bamboung. Thus, the scientific value (representativeness, integrity, rarity and degree of scientific knowledge), ecological, cultural, touristic, socio-economic, scientific and educational values evaluated seem relevant to us. It benefits from a national and regional policy supported by international conventions. However, we recommend to modernize and improve tourist infrastructure, promote effective resource management mechanisms in the polarized area, prohibit or regulate the exploitation of shell middens and further explore the educational side by setting up a secure educational circuit.

The major challenges of Togo’s maritime space

Yao, Simtagna — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article presents the different problems that Togo faces in its maritime space. The research methodology is based on field survey, observation, literature research and interviews. The talks concerned fishermen, market gardeners of the coastal cordon, resource persons from the Ministry of the Environment and the Ministry in charge of the maritime economy, some associations, the authorities of the autonomous port of Lomé, and the Togolese navy. A total of 25 people are being investigated. The data collected was manually analyzed and processed. Excel, Word and ArcGis 10.4 software and allowed text formatting. The results show that Togo’s maritime space is confronted with environmental problems (erosion and pollution), mapping of available natural resources, legal delimitation of the effective boundaries of space, governance of space, problems related to the different actors and conflicts of use and security challenges of space.

Malnutrition in relation to water supply, hygiene, and sanitation practices in northern Benin

Moucktarou, Abdoulaye Amidou — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Despite the real progress in the field of nutrition in Benin, malnutrition remains a major public health problem in the commune of Karimama. It affects hundreds of children in all its forms. Indeed, the municipality of Karimama has the highest rate of malnutrition in the department of Alibori with 11.9% acute malnutrition and 39% chronic malnutrition among children under five years old according to the nutritional survey. This study aims to determine water, hygiene and sanitation (WASH) behaviors and their influence on undernutrition in children under five. From a descriptive and cross analysis, the absence of a healthy environment, including water, hygiene and sanitation favors infections which create a vicious circle between the living environment and malnutrition. Thus, the factors associated with infections are significantly (p<0.01) related to the source of water supply, household waste management, hand washing and open defecation. Encouraging better integration of WASH actions into strategies to combat undernutrition would considerably reduce the persistence of malnutrition in the commune of Karimama.

Cereal seeds conservation strategy in the region of Far-North, Cameroon: Locality of Gazawa

Fatoumata, A. — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

A study aimed at understanding the different methods of storage and conservation of cereal seeds was carried out in the locality of Gazawa, region of Far-North/Cameroon. The objective was to determine the local conservation knowledge of farmers in order to preserve the diversity of production plant material and promote sustainable integrated management of plant genetic resources. Based on a methodological survey, question and answers based on target sample of fifty individual persons. It follows that in total 6 varieties of maize (CMS-9015, CMS-8806, CMS-8501, CMS-8704, TZEE-W and EVDT) and 6 varieties of sorghum (CS-54, CS -61, CS-95, Damougari, S-35 and Zouaye) are popularized, maintained. The EVDT varieties of corn and CS-95, CS-61, Damougari of sorghum are kept ex-situ in cold rooms or conservation structures. Optimal dehydration method, warehouse maintenance applied and in conservation structures help to maintain seeds quality and varietal diversity. The only variety of rice recorded was Nerica 3 and 25 collections of pennicilary millet from the Far-North and North of Cameroon, ICRISAT and INERA are being popularized. The local varieties Sectaire (22.85 %), Dadoudou (11.42 %), Farigawa, Salié, Viri by 8.57 %, local white maize (5.71 %) and Panar (2.85 %) are the most appreciated and cultivated by farmers for their organoleptic properties, their nutritional values and their productivity. The local seeds of the farmers are kept with the corn cobs enclosed in the husks, the panicles covered with the powder of the glumes hanging in sheds.

Environmental effects related to the settlement of refugees in eastern Niger (Diffa region)

Ibrahim, Oumarou — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Diffa region is located in the far east of Niger and occupies 12.4% of the country’s total land area where agriculture, livestock, and fishing remain the main activities of the people living there. As of February 2015, the region hosted more than 24,000 uprooted people, including Nigerien refugees, internally displaced persons in Niger, and Nigerien returnees who were previously living in Nigeria (UNHCR, 2021). The settlement of refugees not only has impacts on the environment but also on economic and social activities. This paper aims to analyze the environmental and socio-economic impacts of refugee activities in and around the camps (Diffa urban commune, Boudouri, Maina Kaderi, and Sayam forage). In order to analyze the impacts (identification, mapping, and observation of impacts in the field), three (3) approaches are used in this work. Surveys, field observations, and GIS and remote sensing analysis. The results show that refugee activities can have impacts on the environment but over the long term (10 to 15 years). Some effects related to soil degradation, destruction of vegetation, and pollution of water resources (quantity and quality) are observed in and around the sites in only 3 years of presence (GIS, remote sensing and field observation). At all sites, a decrease in fallow land, an increase in bare soil, and an increase in human settlements have been observed, signs that can have consequences on the environment. The accumulation of household waste that prevents the proper infiltration of rainwater into the soil and whose runoff carries away essential elements. As for mitigation measures, a strict application of laws and regulations on environmental protection is required.

Production of Hermetia illucens L and Musca domestica L larvae (maggots) for animal feed in West Africa: A review

Sankara, Florence — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the search for new, cheaper and environmentally sustainable sources of protein-rich food, much research has shown the alternative role that insects could play in animal feed. Fly larvae or maggots have been identified as a food source that is very rich in protein, dietary fat, vitamins and minerals. The most commonly used maggots in animal feed are those of the housefly (Musca domestica L. 1758) and the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L. 1758). Different maggot production systems for these two fly species have been developed and others are still being developed in different contexts around the world. The production of these maggots does not require much expenditure as they can be easily obtained from animal and/or plant waste available free of charge or at low cost. This study summarizes the available literature on the methods of production of maggots of these two fly species and their use in animal feed. Also, the zootechnical performance of animals fed with maggots and the importance of maggots were discussed in this study.

Genetic diversity and structure of Clarias anguillaris from the Niger and Senegal river basins in Mali

Diop, Ramata — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Information on genetic diversity is essential in fish conservation programs, the constitution of gene banks and the selection of the most efficient strains. The objective of this contribution is to identify the genetic diversity of wild populations of Clarias anguillaris from river basins in Mali. Eight microsatellite markers (Cba11, Cba19, Cba20, Cga02, Cga06, Cga10, Cm12, Cma17) were used on fins taken from 131 fish. After DNA extraction and PCR amplification, the alleles obtained are separated on a 3% metaphor gel, visualized using the E-Box device. The data was analyzed using Power Marker V3.25 software. The results identified 54 alleles with an average polymorphism information content (PIC) of 0.60. The number of alleles per locus varied between 2 (Cba11) and 10 (Cba19). The rate of heterozygosity was between 0.16±0.07 and 0.14±0.05. The average heterozygosity observed was lower than that of the expected heterozygosity, i.e. 0.16±0.037 versus 0.34±0.04. Three genotypes have been recorded. Group 1 consists of samples from Mopti (Niger Basin) and Lake Magui (Senegal Basin), group 2 those from Sankarani (Niger Basin), Lake Magui and the Bafing and Bakoye rivers (Senegal Basin) and group 3 by those of the Bafing, Bakoye and Sankarani rivers. These results indicate a genetic diversity of the species in the river basins of Mali. The information will serve as guidance in conservation programs for Clarias anguillaris in Mali.

Perception of producers on agro-ecological practices in cotton growing areas in Benin

Soumanou, Babio — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Abstract: This study aims to analyze the perception of producers on agro-ecological practices in cotton growing areas in Benin. To do this, data was collected from 300 producers in three municipalities (Banikoara, Sinendé and Djidja) using a semi-structured questionnaire digitized on Kobocollecte. The calculation of the response rates and the ascending hierarchical classification carried out using the statistical software Ri386.4.0.4, made it possible to arrive at three classes of agro-ecological practices according to the perception of the producers. These classes of practices are: lightly restrictive, moderately restrictive and very restrictive. The major constraints are organizational, material, climatic and institutional. The study recommends strengthening the supervision of producers and taking into account the socio-economic characteristics of producers in the promotion of agro-ecological practices in cotton-growing areas.

Analysis of territory marketing in light of stakeholder and proximity theories

Moussalim, Sanaa — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Place marketing is a discipline that has been growing for about thirty years. Places, at different scales, are now engaged in marketing initiatives, ranging from simple communication campaigns, to more elaborate strategies, and often launching, as for any product, place brands for cities and regions. Place marketing is thus a tool used to make places more attractive, more competitive and unique, but also, increasingly, as a tool of place management. It also serves to boost economic place development, the success of which depends on many factors, namely the proximity, both geographic and organizational, between the various stakeholders. In this article, we will, through a case study of the Moroccan Oriental region, tap into stakeholders and proximity theories, in order to identify the important stakeholders in the region to be mobilized in marketing strategies as well as the proximity types existing between these various players. We will conclude by proposing some recommendations for the success of place marketing.

Spatio-temporal dynamics of the coastline between Abouakro and Assouindé (Côte d’Ivoire)

Beugré, Djahouié Prisca — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The study of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the coast between abouakro and assouindé was carried out from the analysis of the average profiles of beaches over the period 2015-2017. This analysis showed that the morphology of the studied beaches is dominated by a rectilinear shape on the Aboukro-Village station, while it alternates between concave and convex shape on all the beaches of Aboukro- Cokiplage at Assouindé-Valtur. The profiles show low slopes (2%) in periods of low marine agitation (December-February) and medium slopes (7%) in periods of strong agitation (July-September). The study of the evolutionary trend has highlighted an alternating dynamic between erosion and enrichment of the beaches depending on the swell climate, which gives a relatively stable character to this area. This stability is disturbed by exceptional swells which cause significant erosion and a notable advance of the coastline with rates of retreat of more than 3 meters.

Nature of Exchange Rate Misalignment in Sub-Saharan Africa

Zongo, Kirsi — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article aims to analyze the nature of the misalignment of the exchange rate by comparing its amplitude according to the two exchange rate regimes. To do this, the behavioral equilibrium exchange rate model (BEER) is used and with the help of the PMG estimator of the ARDL model on a panel of 36 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and on the period 1998-2018. The analyzes show that the real effective exchange rates (REER) of SSA countries that have adopted a fixed exchange rate regime are globally misaligned and that there are significant disparities between countries. These results clearly show that the management of the exchange rate seems not to be mastered or that it is not in favor of an export promotion policy. As for the countries that have adopted the flexible exchange rate regime, they tend to have a less misaligned REER. However, some countries such as the Comoros Islands, Guinea, Gambia and Kenya have experienced significant deviations of their REER from its long-term equilibrium. Such a counter-intuitive result shows that these countries seem in fact to practice an exchange rate regime contrary to those officially declared and/or that they are unable to use their automatic stabilizer weapon. As a result, it is imperative for SSA countries to adopt good exchange rate management by opting for consecutive undervaluations in order to promote the growth of the export sector and industrial development.

Modeling of the estimation of the risk exposure to certain pathogenic germs in banana foutou sold in three collective catering establishments in the city of Yamoussoukro by the Monte Carlo method

ABOUO, N’Guessan Verdier — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Banana foutou is a food consumed in Côte d’Ivoire, particularly in the center of the country. It is made by hand and therefore presents enormous possibilities of contamination. The objective of this study is to determine the rates of non-compliance with standards and for certain pathogenic germs and to estimate the risk of exposure by the probabilistic Monte Carlo method. The results of the analyzes carried out on ninety (90) samples showed that thirty-nine (39) were of unsatisfactory microbiological quality (N > 3.105 CFU/g) i.e. a percentage of 43.33% due to the presence of GAM. Similarly, forty-five (45) were of unsatisfactory microbiological quality (N > 10 CFU/g), i.e. a percentage of 50% due to the presence of E. Coli. As for the total coliforms, 20% of the samples presented an unsatisfactory microbiological quality (N > 103 CFU/g) i.e. eighteen (18) samples. Finally, seventy-two (72) samples obtained amounts of Clostridium perfringens above the norm (N > 104 CFU/g), i.e. a rate of 80%. Regarding the level of exposure, the estimate is 45.50% risk of consuming foutou banana containing Total Coliform (TC) levels above the norm. Regarding E. coli, almost 90% possibility of consuming this dish with higher values in this area. The zero risk (0%) is practically zero for Clostridium perfringens because more than 99.99% of bad luck to consume this food with rates higher than its reference value.

Analysis of factors contributing to the destruction of forest ecosystems and their consequences in DR Congo

Mavinga, Mvumbi Sylvain — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Throughout the world, the forest remains the most stressed ecosystem for various human needs. The humid tropical forests found in the Third World are in constant decline due to clearing for cultivation, bush fires and the overexploitation of firewood and charcoal. «In the year 2000, the forest area covered about 3.9 billion hectares, or roughly 30% of the Earth’s land surface, but every year the global forest cover is shrinking» (Lester, 2001). As far as DR Congo is concerned, «wood energy covers 82% of total energy needs and 99% of housing sector needs» (Zins and Kambale, 1989; Gerkens, 1989). Furthermore, «the urban consumption (Kinshasa) of wood as a source of energy led to the disappearance of nearly 16,000 hectares of forest in 1980 and 80,000 hectares in 1985 for the other cities of the country» (Vangu, 1988). «The southern Shaba region alone is losing more than 40,000 hectares of forest per year. The needs of the city of Lubumbashi in energy-wood lead to deforestation of more than 10,000 hectares per year» (Binzangi, 1989). «Households in the city of Kisangani use wood energy for cooking, i.e. 226,908 bags of charcoal per year, i.e. 14,300 tonnes of charcoal per year compared to 1,802,124 bundles of wood, i.e. 60 384 tons per year. Consequently, the total quantity of wood-energy in Kinshasa is estimated at around 4.8 million m3 of wood per year (Projet Makala/CIFOR, 2011)». In the hinterland of Kinshasa, the regressive series at the level of forest formations continues its trajectory in an interrupted manner since the rate of deforestation has already reached 55.81%. Furthermore, the average monthly production of 41 kg wood bundles is 13,800 ± 84.85 while that of 51 kg charcoal is 45,750 ± 49.50« (Mavinga, 2019). These few estimates indicate the extent to which wood energy occupies a prominent place in the lives of the world’s populations in general and Congolese in particular.

GENOTYPE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION STUDY OF SEEDS HARVESTED PER PLANT IN MUNG BEAN (Vigna radiata (L.) WILCZEK) LINES GROWN IN TWO AGRO-CLIMATIC ZONES OF BURKINA FASO USING GGE-BIPLOT ANALYSIS

Serge, Zida Wend-Pagnagde Felicien Marie — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this study was to evaluate the adaptability of mung bean lines introduced in Burkina Faso and to identify favorable environments for its cultivation. The present study was thus conducted on forty-four mung bean (Vigna radiata) genotypes in two agro-climatic zones of the country, namely the Sahelian zone and the Sudano-Sahelian zone. The experiments were more specifically conducted in three environments of these two agro-climatic zones characterized by an unequal spatio-temporal distribution of rainfall: Pobé, Kamboinsé and Saria. The field trials were conducted during the rainy season using an augmented bloc design with one check. Seeds harvested per plant weight as yield related important trait where recorded and analyzed. The results show that seed yield per plant varied with regards to the environments and to the genotypes. Indeed, the combined analysis of variance revealed the presence of a significant variability and an important influence of the environmental component in this variability. Also, using GGE-biplot analysis, study revealed that the most favorable environments during this mung bean multi-location trial in Burkina Faso where Kamboinsé and Pobé. These are the sites where the best performance in terms of seeds harvested per plant was recorded. GGE-biplot analysis also allowed to identify genotypes that shows specific adaptation to Kamboinsé and to Pobé. These are the genotypes: V 2709; VC 1481A/VC 1560A; NM 94 and 9154 for Pobé in the Sahelian zone, the most arid environment, and genotypes PLM 944; KPS2; Kyungkijaerae 16 and VC 1168D/VC1560A for Kamboinsé a relatively more humid zone.

Factors associated with women’s empowerment in N’Djamena, Chad

Ronel, Gloria — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this study is to determine the factors associated with the economic empowerment of women in unions, measured in terms of decision-making power on keeping and use of their own income. A cross-sectional, and mixed (quantitative and qualitative), study was conducted from 2018 to 2019. A total of 216 women chosen individually and 5 groups of women in unions in the 6th arrondissement commune of the city of N’Djaména, the capital of Chad, participated in this study. Stratified random sampling and purposive sampling were used. A questionnaire and a semi-structured interview guide in focus groups were used for data collection. A logistic link was used to identify factors associated with women’s empowerment. Of the total number of women interviewed (216), 83.3% stated that they decide for themselves on the custody of their income and 86.6% felt that they decided on the use. Women’s power to decide on the custody and use of their income is influenced by factors relating to the pre-marriage environment, the socio-economic status of parents or guardians, husbands and the women themselves. The focus group data shows that women generally believe that decisions made by themselves are necessary to enable them to develop their intellectual capacity, know-how and competence in the face of life’s responsibilities.

Contribution to the study of the causes of punctures and explosions of the tires of transport vehicles on the road axis BITABE - MALUKU from the city-province of Kinshasa

MANGWENO, Emmanuel KILABI — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Our study is a contribution to the development of a technical reference guides which advice on precautions to take by the road carriers, especially those who do the BITABE-MALUKU axis in Kinshasa province, capital of the Democratic Republic of Congo. In this work, we got hitched to present the Psycho-chemical analysis data and some techniucal facts that can constitute parameters that affect the tire perfomance: The choice of the tire following the destined type of service; The camber angle; The inclination of the axle pivot; The tire mounting; The vehicle mechanical irregularities; Choice of tubing flaps and rim; Inflation pressure control; The pinching and opening; Steering arm angle; The road condition; Whether condition; The unzipping; The wheel rim.

Contribution to the troubleshooting study of hydraulic circuits: Case of hydraulic sawmill machines

MANGWENO, Emmanuel KILABI — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study is a contribution to the development of a logical troubleshooting flowchart of hydraulic circuit of hydraulic sawmills machines (hydraulic trimmer, hydraulic edger, hydraulic bumper and so on...). The following techniques retained as criteria for the breakdown research and their troubleshooting: Troubleshooting from the operating table, Troubleshooting from the diagram, Troubleshooting from the equation, Troubleshooting from the grafcet. The study showed on one site that the good choice of a troubleshooting technique sufficiently reduces the troubleshooting time of the failure and its repair, and on the other side avoid the prolonged shutdowns of industrial production. However, the troubleshooting is at the same time a technique, a science and an art often difficult to apply (LEFEVRE, 1990, 74).

Effects of Thevetia oil and Top bio on Aphis gossypii and predators in organic cotton production at Gobe in center of Benin

Azonkpin, Saturnin — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Insect pests are a major constraint to cotton production. In order to find an alternative to chemical control of Aphis gossypii, the insecticidal effect of Thevetia oil and Top bio (based on neem seeds), was evaluated in the field on cotton aphids and their predators in Benin. Thevetia oil at 0.1 and 0.2 liters per hectare and Top bio at 2 and 3 liters per hectare were tested in comparison with the agri-bio-pesticide used by organic cotton farmers at the rate of one liter per hectare and an absolute control (untreated) in a Fisher block design. The agri-bio-pesticide was derived from neem seeds, indigenous «koto» soap and pili-pili pepper. Observations and measurements focused on the population level of A. gossypii and its predators and then on yield. The results obtained revealed that thevetia oil and Top bio significantly (p<0.05) reduced aphid damage on cotton at their low dose. Cotton plots treated with 1% Thevetia oil had more ladybugs (0.09±0.016) than those treated with Top bio at 2 l/ha (0.02±0.016). Agri-bio-pesticide and Top bio at 2 l/ha reduced the number of ladybirds compared to the «Untreated», while Thevetia oil did not. Thevetia oil and Top bio did not reduce the number of spiders compared to Agri-bio-pesticide and «Untreated». Biopesticides did not reduce the number of ladybugs and ants compared to the «Untreated». These predators can be used effectively as biological control agents in an integrated pest management strategy for cotton using these biopesticides.

Profitability Analysis of Zai Pits Use in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) Production under Normal watering and Drought Stress Conditions

Célestin, Thiombiano — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The zai system is a traditional agricultural practice used for crops production for water and nutrients management. A study was conducted in Burkina Faso at Kamboinsin to evaluate the profitability of the zai use in cowpea cultivation. Treatments consisted of three levels of drought stress (control, drought stress at seedling and flowering stages), three zai levels (control (tillage); 15 and 25 cm zai depth) and the variety at four levels (Gorom local, Moussa local, KVx396-4-5-2D, Tiligre). The experimental design was a split-split-plot replicated three times. Grain yield and economic data were recorded and cost and returns analysis performed. 25 cm zai depth recorded the highest total variable cost and the control the least. In control conditions, the highest grain yield and net revenue were recorded in 25 cm zai depth for 50% of the varieties and in 15 cm zai depth for the others. In seedling and flowering stages drought stress conditions, the highest net revenue was recorded in 25 cm zai depth, while the lowest was recorded in the control (tillage). The highest benefit-cost ratio was consistently registered in the control (tillage) for drought-tolerant varieties. For drought-sensitive varieties, higher benefit-cost ratio was registered in zai pits in seedling-stage drought stress conditions. The use of manual zai substantial increases cowpea grain yield, but does not consistently guarantee a high economic profit. The mechanical construction of zai could reduce the cost of pits implementation and increase the financial profitability.

Bouaké, the former « capital of the armed rebellion », faced with the security challenge (Ivory Coast)

Calvin, Yapi Atsé — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The galloping urbanisation observed in developing countries is accompanied by numerous security challenges. Bouaké, the «capital of the rebellion» during the political-military crisis of 2002 to 2011, is increasingly faced with a rise in insecurity in all its forms. The objective of the study is to understand the reasons for the increase in insecurity in the city of Bouaké. Various techniques and methodological approaches were used to conduct the study. These were: documentary research, collection of statistical data, interviews with the heads of the security services and city managers, and a questionnaire survey addressed to households that experience these attacks on a daily basis. The results showed that insecurity is growing, as 35.17% of the heads of households interviewed had been victims or witnesses of aggression, compared to 64.83% who said they had never been victims or witnesses. Secondly, the rise in insecurity can be explained by poor security coverage, the deterioration of roads (47.13%) and unemployment. Finally, the strategies adopted to combat insecurity are ineffective. It is therefore urgent that the state sets up an anti-insecurity brigade in Bouaké, like the one that exists in Abidjan, whose results have so far been reassuring.

Genetic diversity of sweet papper (Capsicum annuum L.) accessions from region of Diffa (Niger) assessed using seeds germination capacity

Diagara, Saley Moussa — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The seed germination test is generally used to assess the seeds germination quality. The objective of this study was to determine the germination kinetics as well as the diversity of pepper accessions (Capsicum annuum L.) from the Diffa, region of Niger according to the germination potential. These accessions were collected in 5 Departments of the Diffa region in 2020 and 2022. Thus, the emergence of the seedlings was carried out in vitro according to a device in complete randomized blocks with three (3) repetitions. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a significant difference between the accessions, for all the parameters analyzed (P˂0.000). The average germination rate which varied from 7.33% for N’guigmi (Ng-047) to 100% for Bosso accessions. Strong correlations were observed between germination rate and germination rate (0.63). The ascending hierarchical classification (HAC) and the principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a structuring of the accessions into 3 main distinct groups. The G1 group composed of 27 accessions is characterized by a long germination time and a germination time of 50% and by a high germination rate. Group G2 is made up of 10 accessions with a long latency time and 50% germination time. As for the G3 group, it is also made up of 10 accessions with a high germination time and latency time. This study will allow breeders to have a biological base material for further research.

Evolution of the ecosystem of the Saloum estuary over the last millennia: Contribution of diatoms

Gueye, Adama — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

As part of the inventory of the diatomic flora of Séné-Gambia and the reconstruction of the history of Senegal’s estuaries, a sampling mission was carried out along the Saloum estuary in the upstream parts of its three branches which are the northern branch (the main inlet), the middle branch (the Diomboss) and the southern branch (the Bandiala). The samples were taken using a Russian auger. The bottom of the mud has always been reached, but at very variable depths. A total of six cores were made and the study of diatoms carried out. A total of 150 species of diatoms belonging to 70 genera have been inventoried. The most represented genera are Nitzschia (14 species) and Coscinodiscus (8 species). The microflora is dominated everywhere by Cyclotella striata except at Néma Ba where it admits Nitzschia granulata as co-dominant. Euryhaline species dominate everywhere and confirm the dual marine/freshwater influence, the degree of which has varied over time and space. These results, combined with the lithological data, allow the following conclusions to be drawn: (i) the filling deposit of the Saloum estuary, begun in Nouakchottian, is marked by an abundance of sands and a poverty or absence of diatoms; (ii) at the end of the Nouakchottian transgression, the development of the mangrove allows the deposit, in the upstream part of the main inlet, of peat incompatible with the conservation of diatom valves; elsewhere, the sands diminish in favor of lutites and allow the development of diatoms; (iii) between 3500 and 2500 years B.P., primary paleo-productivity and specific diversity increase everywhere and the Bandiala receives fresh water from the Nema River; (iv) after 2000 years BP, the growing influence of the Nema River leads to an increase in oligohalobic forms along the Bandiala; (v) at the top of the sedimentary series, the agitation of the environment caused the deposit of coarse sediments and the absence of diatoms.

Towards a 3D web tool for visualization and simulation of urban flooding: The case of metropolitan cities in Cameroon

Maguelva, Nelson Mafai — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Today, 3D geo visualization of flood data is perceived as a more realistic and detailed solution for making decisions regarding flood mitigation and adaptation measures. In this paper, after a multi-criteria comparative study of four virtual globes used in the visualization of geospatial flood data, it is found that CesiumJS stands out the most from the other solutions, with a score close to 100% on all criteria grouped in four categories (visualization, interaction, quality of support and experiences). Using CesiumJS and other libraries, we proposed a 3D web solution to dynamically simulate and visualize floods in urban areas of Cameroon. The main objective of this tool is to strongly involve water experts, policymakers and the general public in flood management. With-out considering a precise 3D city model, this tool, however, represents a good compromise be-tween the quality of flood management and the cost of better Flood Management by an expert.

Retrospective study of health indicators related to carbon monoxide poisoning in Morocco

Chahboune, Mohammed — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this study is to measure the state of health of the population of Morocco regarding carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning based on the evolution over time and space of health indicators. A retrospective analytical study of health indicators related to carbon monoxide poisoning, i.e. incidence, mortality, and lethality at the regional and national population level during the period 1999 to 2013. The evolution over time of the incidence shows continuous growth at the national level. The highest average is thus observed in the region of Meknes-Tafilalt (0.112 per 1000 inhabitants). Regarding mortality indicators, the evolutionary study reveals overall continuous growth over time at the national level. At the regional level, we note annual fluctuations in rates in virtually all regions and case fatalities record the highest averages in the regions of Fez-Boulmane, Gharb-Chrarda-Beni Hssen, Rabat-Salé-Zemmour-Zaer, Doukkala-Abda, and Souss-Massa-Draa. The study highlights, on the one hand, that CO poisoning in Morocco is mainly influenced by weather conditions. Indeed, regions characterized by autumn and especially cold winter temperatures record the highest incidences. On the other hand, the fatal risk in the event of poisoning does not depend on the incidence at the level of regional populations, and the chronological evolution of mortality and case fatality rates at the national level is rather dependent on the unforeseeable accidental nature of the occurrence of deaths.

Evaluation of the phytotoxicity of a compost prepared with calcined phosphate from Tahoua (Niger)

Sani, Ousmane Mahamane — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study concerns the phytotoxicity test of a compost prepared with calcined Tahoua phosphate in order to increase its solubility. To do this, a test was carried out on two crops: corn and peanuts. For each crop, four treatments were carried out: control To made up of sand, T1 containing 1/4 compost and 3/4 sand, T2 made up of 3/4 compost and 1/4 sand, T3 made up of compost alone. The experiment was carried out in pots arranged in blocks with three repetitions. After 10 days of incubation, the maturity of the compost was evaluated according to the percentage of germination of the treatments compared to the control. The results made it possible to obtain a germination rate of 100% with maize and 122% with peanut for the T1 treatment. For the T2 treatment, the germination rate is 100% with maize and 88.89% with peanuts. As for the T3 treatment, the germination rate is 111% for maize and only 22.22% with peanuts. These results show that the calcination of merchant phosphate from Tahoua does not lead to the formation of phytotoxic products for plants.

Perception and adaptation strategies to climate change by market gardeners in the Funa river valley in the city of Kinshasa

Momangi, Michel Ndengoli — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The study concerns the adverse effects of climate change on peri-urban agriculture in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The overall objective of this research is to contribute to a better understanding of the endogenous strategies put in place by market gardeners to adapt to the adverse effects of climate change. To this end, a questionnaire survey was carried out on a sample of 100 randomly selected market gardeners in the Funa valley, on the outskirts of the Monastery of the Our Lady of the Assumption. This was complemented by field observations. Meteorological data covering a period of 30 years (1990-2020) made it possible to assess the evolution of precipitation and temperature. The results indicate that the respondents are informed about climate change and perceive its effects through the increase in temperature (93%) and rainfall (86%). Market gardeners reported that climate change induces water stress, stunting and low crop germination rate. The intensification of the use of fertilizers, the gradual abandonment of the empirical agricultural calendar, the supply of water for the fight against drought and the construction of dykes and drainage canals are the adaptation strategies developed by market gardeners in order to limit the harmful consequences of climate change on agricultural production.

Analytical essay on the conflict related to the sustainable management of the Ngiri Triangle Nature Reserve : Impact on biodiversity conservation of fully protected species

Mandele, Matthieu Sekalo — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Although officially created, the protected reserve of Ngiri remains virtual, existing only on paper, many reasons can explain this hypothesis: - The insufficient national regulations, at least at the time of the establishment of this protected reserve, which had the effect of not having any application at the local level. - Conflicts of administrative and community interest arising from the overlapping of different laws or measures. - The authorities’ lack of interest in safeguarding biodiversity or the priorities given to other aspects of environmental management (development of fishing). - The local situation too complicated due to various conflicts between fishermen and eco-guards. - The lack of qualified personnel, of means, in particular financial resources, to implement measures for the sustainable management of the reserve. - The lack of skills in assessing the state of the environment and planning management. - The poor definition of the limits of the protected reserve, thus reducing its interest for the fauna and flora. - The very significant human pressure on the outskirts and the lack of ecological corridors to connect the reserve. - The lack of economic valuation of the said reserve.

Dynamics and parcel compactness in the commune of Lemba (DRC): Challenges to be met for the benefits of the ecosystem services of the inhabitants

Tshiesese, Sylvain Nkate — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The commune of Lemba was formerly called commune of the evolved because inhabited by cadres who formed a class of intellectuals and civil servants. It was furnished with houses of the ONL type or stylish houses, roads, equipment, infrastructure... in planned neighborhoods (marked nowadays by self-production and self-construction). Today, where infrastructures exist, they are poorly maintained, poorly sized by the rapidly growing population with intermunicipal mobility difficult to control. Nowadays, urban planning standards of constructability, principles of habitability in plots, principles of hygiene and environmental protection, principles of migration and rural exodus, etc. that allowed positive models to live in neighborhoods, are no longer known and respected by populations. This is what has irreversibly tipped towards negative models of living in all plots of the commune of Lemba in particular, and the city of Kinshasa in general. Populations are increasing without taking into account any communal or urban restrictions relating to inter-municipal mobility, rural exodus and natural increase. These increases create housing needs that impose an anarchic pace of house construction that characterizes the compactness of all living environments that have already reached their limits in plot spaces, living environment. The compactness in progress throughout the municipality is irreversible, it is at the root of multiple vulnerabilities (social, physical, and environmental) that do not allow the inhabitants to benefit from the ecosystem services generated by the various municipal resources (parcel spaces, urban trees, rivers, communal soils...) in «suffering» and losing speed.

Ecological degradation of the living conditions of plots located on the easements of the Yolo river in the municipality of Lemba (DRC): Case of the Foire, Molo, Kimpwanza and Salongo districts

Tshiesese, Sylvain Nkate — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

At its origins, the commune of Lemba was made up of the planned. Free and intertitial spaces were planned for the future development of the town (respect for easements of watercourses and traffic lanes, protection of reserved green spaces, municipal wasteland, land for the construction of housing, etc). Since independence, the city of Kinshasa has not been governed by any sanitation plan. It was a time marked by the absence of regulations relating to land use (constructability standards, town planning standards, envirronmental protection standards, housing standards, etc.) This is what justified self-construction in all municipalities. The occupation of non aedificandi areas has sometimes been carried out with the complicity of local, urban, political and customary authorities throughout the city of Kinshasa. The occupation of spaces by the inhabitants has taken place without taking into account urban planning standards for construction, environmental protection and housing. This engendered negative inhabiting patterns of building, inhabitingand living. The models of living determine today, in the minicipality, the compacteness which translates in its own way the negative morphological and functional diversities in all the districts. They characterize most of the plots which have more parcel space and effective means of Kinshasa to menage rainwater, which has made all closed living environments characterized by difficult accessibility conditions, with the absence of termsanitation fears.

Environmental vulnerabilities of Lake Mai-Ndombe: A contribution to solving the environmental crisis of lake ecosystems in the Democratic Republic of Congo

GONZALEZE, Jean Rufin MUNKUOMO — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the Democratic Republic of Congo, lake ecosystems, absolutely necessary sources, in particular for the production of fishery resources, are today threatened by both artisanal and industrial overexploitation. This overexploitation is a serious threat to the ecological balance, environmental protection and maintenance of the biodiversity of these aquatic ecosystems. This study, which falls within the framework of nature conservation and environmental education, seeks to understand in a multidimensional vision how the young students of the Higher Pedagogical Institute of Inongo identify, analyze and measure the importance of these ecological problems that cause the degradation of the environmental health of Lake Mai-Ndombe. The results of this study will be able to guide the national authorities in their decision to integrate the course of ecology into the undergraduate program at the University. Because the quality of the environmental governance of Lake Mai-Ndombe in the future depends on it.

Biological profile of food allergies in children

Elfaiz, Rachid — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: The World Health Organization (WHO) ranks allergies as the fourth most common chronic disease. Food allergie, defined as adverse immune reactions to food proteins, is an important public health problem that affects adults and children and may be increasing in prevalence. The aim of our study is to present the biological profile of children consulting for food allergy problems. Materials and methods: Retrospective descriptive study, spread over a period of 29 months. Concerning 177 children consulting for type I hypersensitivity problems at the CHU Ibn Rochd. Results: 109 children (61.5%) had sensitization to at least one trophallergen. It was more frequent in boys than in girls (54% vs 46%) without statistically significant difference (p= 0.27). The most frequent food allergens in our series were: sesame 21.47%, cow’s milk 20.90%, egg white 19.21%, crab 18.08%, beef 16.38%, casein 12.43%. Total IgE was ordered for 46 patients with a median of 202.3 KU, L. 30 (65%) children had elevated total IgE and 16 (35%) children had normal total IgE, with an increase in median total IgE concentration with the number of specific IgE to which a child is sensitized. Conclusion: Our study showed a high prevalence of sensitization to food allergens in children. Larger and more in-depth studies are needed to better understand the risk factors and mechanisms underlying food allergy in children in order to develop more effective and personalized prevention and treatment strategies.

Acquired factor V deficiency: Case report

Elfaiz, Rachid — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Factor V deficiency by acquisition of an inhibitor is a rare pathology whose cause is often idiopathic. The clinical phenotype can range from asymptomatic laboratory abnormalities to life-threatening bleeds. We report a case of acquired factor V deficiency diagnosed in our laboratory, which illustrates the diagnostic procedure and the etiological circumstances. Acquired factor V inhibitors develop in extremely rare cases via the development of alloantibodies or autoantibodies against factor V. Several diseases or conditions are associated with factor V inhibitors. In this observation, the predisposing factor was the autoimmune context; our patient has ulcerative colitis. The biological diagnosis of factor V inhibitors (aFVi) remains a challenge, which every biologist must think about when faced with an isolated FV deficiency not explained by hepatic involvement. It is a rare pathology but its occurrence is worrying for both the biologist and the clinician because of the absence of a validated therapeutic strategy.

Work-life balance and professional motivation

Badji, OUYI — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Work-life balance and work motivation are very important concepts in human resource management. Thus, the purpose of this research is to verify the relationship between work-life balance and workers’ motivation. To achieve this objective, a survey was conducted among 60 civil servants of a ministry in Lomé. The results obtained validate the hypotheses according to which the organization of working time improves motivation. Also, the tensions between roles positively influence the motivation of workers. In light of these results, it is suggested that public authorities conduct awareness sessions on the respect of all working hours set by the law in force in the Togolese civil service. This could allow civil servants to better reconcile their two spheres of life.

Decentralizing discourse and centralizing practice in Congo-Kinshasa: A highlight on Administrative control of Decentralized Territorial Entities

Kakodi, Clément Kilutu — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Congo-Kinshasa, the relationships between decentralized territorial entities (ETD) with the State and the province are mainly settled by organic law n ° 08/016 of October 07, 2008. However, concerning the supervision on the acts of these entities Territorial, there is a paradox between the provisions of articles 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102 and 103, and the facts on the ground. A centralizing logic is observed in the management of the municipalities of the city of Kinshasa, instead of an accompanying logic, as recommended by the legislator. This is why, this reflection engages, first, to retrace the general physiognomy of ETD under organic law n ° 08/016; Then, apprehends the actual content of control over the acts of ETDs and, finally, the critic through a few cases.

Parliamentary control and its challenges in the National Assembly of the DR Congo: Focus on the «Majority-opposition» tandem, the politics of the stomach and provincial solidarity

MBAKA, Jefferson ABDALLAH PENE — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

By observing and evaluating the various parliamentary controls undertaken by the National Assembly, the Congolese become pessimistic and no longer believe in the effectiveness of this institution, especially, following the issues of all sides that torpedo this exercise. This is why this reflection highlights the majority-opposition tandem, the politics of the stomach and provincial solidarity as bottlenecks in the process of parliamentary control.

eWOM quantity, eWOM quality, eWOM content, and consumer engagement in virtual brand community, the moderating role of perceived organizational justice: The case of MTN Cameroon

Ehongo, Eric Noel Anaba — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this research is to understand the role of perceived organizational justice on the credibility of electronic word of mouth in brand communities. Based on a theoretical model built from the literature on the concepts of electronic word of mouth, organizational justice, and engagement in branded virtual communities, this research mobilizes a hypothetico-deductive empirical approach and structural equation methodology to evaluate the role of electronic word of mouth on consumer engagement, under the moderating influence of organizational justice. The results indicate positive effects of electronic word of mouth content and quality, and no effect of quantitative word of mouth. Furthermore, the moderating effect of perceived organizational justice on the influence of word of mouth is established. Therefore, it is recommended that managers of branded virtual communities take into consideration the credibility of the brand in its social engagements in order to benefit from a positive electronic word of mouth that can foster consumers’ online engagement.

From the effectiveness of dynamic traffic modeling of multiservice networks, to the congestion reaction hypothesis by adaptive traffic compression

Elisée, ILUNGA MBUYAMBA — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Abstract: In this paper, we first describe the general principle of dynamic modelling, the effectiveness of which in analyzing the traffic of multiservice networks is one of the main objects of this study. By showing how this technique can be applied to obtain the elementary Markovian system: of the queue M/M/1/∞; we partly answer the big problem on the management of the QoS in the case of an isolated node then of a network. We then focus on the principles of traffic control of multiservice networks, drawing inspiration from existing work in the literature and from policies for managing congestion phenomena defined in recommendations I.371 of the ITU-T and ATM-Forum UNI specification V3.1. As a possible solution to this problem, we have evoked the hypothesis of the reaction to congestion by dynamic traffic compression, in the event of the appearance of a phenomenon of congestion exceeding any prediction. The progress of this hypothesis will have the merit of resurfacing and increasing the interest of resorting to compression as a solution to the problem of congestion, in particular for wireless networks; since radio resources are scarce and shared.

Design of a geolocation and vehicle tracking system using GSM/GPRS/GPS technologies

Elisée, ILUNGA MBUYAMBA — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Abstract: This work focuses on the design and implementation of a computer system capable of tracking the position of a vehicle in real time and recording its different positions during a journey. Thanks to such a system, the owner of the vehicle will be kept informed of the various past locations of his vehicle but also of other additional information which will be provided to him by the system, for example the total distance traveled by the vehicle, etc. To succeed in designing such a system, we used two technologies: GPS and GSM (GPRS). GPS is a technology that, thanks to a constellation of satellites orbiting the earth, allows us to obtain the geographical location of a place (or geographical coordinates including latitude, longitude and altitude). GSM, on the other hand, refers to the cellular network which serves as a transmission medium for conveying the geographical coordinates freshly collected. Concretely, the vehicle will be equipped with an embedded system consisting of an Arduino card, a GPS chip and a GSM/GPRS expansion card. This on-board system will send the geographical coordinates to a computer server in which is installed a database intended to store this data. Thanks to a web application linked to this database, the owner will be able to track his vehicle.

Pleural effusion revealing a rare haematological disease

Hasnaoui, Naoual — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: POEMS syndrome consisting of polyneuropathy (P), organomegaly (O), endocrinopathy (E), monoclonal gammopathy (M) and skin changes (S), is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome resulting from an underlying plasma cell disorder. The multi-organ involvement associated with this syndrome extends beyond those listed in the acronym, such as extravascular volume overload (pleural effusion, ascites, oedema), sclerotic bone lesions, papilledema and thrombocytosis, and not all of the features listed in the acronym are required for diagnosis. Observation: we report a rare case of POEMS syndrome in an 83-year-old man with bilateral pleural effusions, initially attributed to pleural tuberculosis given the endemic context. Conclusion: the pleural involvement in patients with POEMS in our endemic tuberculosis context makes diagnosis difficult, delaying treatment. However, a good history and physical examination followed by appropriate investigations can differentiate this syndrome from other diseases.

Advocacy for the promotion of gender in agriculture in Côte d’Ivoire

ALLANGBA, Yéboué — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

With a view to economic growth that generates social well-being with an accessible, efficient and quality public service, the Ivorian government has adopted the State of Côte d’Ivoire has developed the Government’s Social Program 2019-2020 (PSGov 2019-2020). In its strategic axis 5 of this program aims to create the conditions for improving the well-being of populations in rural areas and to ensure food security. How to achieve this in the agricultural sector marked by the persistence of gender inequalities? The article proposes a systematic integration of gender in the agricultural sector in rural areas. The main objective of this study is to show the interest of taking gender into account in agricultural development projects in order to allow everyone, men and women, to enjoy the fruits of their labors in a fair and equitable manner. The hypothesis of this study is: the development of the rural world is ensured when inequalities between men and women are reduced considerably in the rural agricultural sector. As a methodology, the Gender approach, the product of a comparative analysis of the situation between men and women through a quantitative and qualitative method enhanced by documentary research, we identify the different characteristic elements of inequality gender in the agricultural sector in rural areas.

Explanatory factors for the ineffectiveness of info-communication interventions from structures in charge of the prevention of illicit drug use among young people living in urban areas in Côte d'Ivoire

Gohi, Ernest Zah Bi — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Despite the implementation of various info-communication interventions aimed at protecting the Ivorian population against drug use, Côte d’Ivoire has gone from being a country of transit and trafficking to one of high drug consumption. This consumption concerns mainly young people living in urban areas (AIP, 20 August 2018). The present study, conducted through mixed methods and based on the theory of information processing and the socio-ecological model, makes it possible to identify the factors that explain this high level of drug consumption by young people living in urban areas, in spite of these preventive communication actions. It emerges that young urban dwellers have very little exposure to the awareness-raising activities undertaken by formal drug prevention structures. This is due to the fact that the communication channels and media most used by the majority of these young people, especially those who do not use drugs, are generally ignored by these structures during their info-communication activities. Furthermore, the biological parents of young non-drug users and drug users present in the smoking rooms, who are the primary social actors capable of positively influencing their attitudes and practices, are also ignored or inadequately integrated into awareness-raising activities against drug use. The study therefore recommends prioritising ICTs and television on the one hand, and the biological parents of these young people on the other, as the main info-communication media and actors in awareness-raising and anti-drug education activities targeting them.

Analysis of complement C3-C4 fractions: Correlation between the electrophoretic method and the turbidimetric assay

Kouame, H. — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Complement is part of the host’s natural defense mechanisms against pathogens. Its exploration is based in first intention on a quantitative evaluation of the C3 and C4 fractions by automated and standardized immunoassay techniques. Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) separates proteins into 6 fractions. The beta-2 globulin fraction contains complement C3-C4, the amplitude of which allows their quantification. In this context, we carried out a comparative study between the two assay techniques. We included all patients who had simultaneously received a weight determination of the C3 and C4 fractions by turbidimetry on a SPA Plus® automaton and an SPEP on a Capillarys Sebia® automaton over a period of one year. Our study demonstrated a positive correlation between these two methods with Pearson r=0.801, P-value<0.001. Studies have reported that SPEP can be used for the detection of hypocomplementemia by a decrease in the fraction of beta-2 globulins. In capillary electrophoresis (Capillarys Sebia®), beta-2 globulins contain almost exclusively complement. To date, our study is the first to seek the correlation between two electrophoretic and turbidimetric methods for the quantification of complement.

Capturing the intangible in cross cultural learning: Retracting Intercultural Adult Education in Sub-Saharan Africa

Evani, Tangyie — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Approaches in achieving and implementing a shared vision for adult education concepts applicable to Sub Saharan African contexts are almost nonexistent when it concerns strategies conceived within the global context. This situation has limited the understanding of complex efforts on building sustainable development oriented educational mechanisms that lead to more effective and adequate context-based results in African states south of the Sahara. This study emphasizes on the point that, in an era of increasing globalization, a comprehensive inclusive global economic society would have significant potentials to contribute to achieving universal collective development goals, if inadequacies in developing nations’ organizational and technological knowhow are adjusted to create avenues for participating in decision making processes. This will ensure that meaningful and context bound economic values are sustained within the global economy context that integrates cultural diversity in adult education and development strategies. By applying a cross cultural development analysis frame, the paper is contributing to a better understanding of the fundamental changes in the nature and goals of Sub-Saharan transformative learning model which seeks to reduce a dominant conceptual paradigm that annihilates African cultural values and principles as fundamental parameters on which Adult Education and community development principles should be conceived and executed. This study thus explores the sub-Saharan African context of adult education, its basis as an oral community, analyzes paradigms that unravel its sociocultural specificities, and assert the need for an African context oriented adult education scheme that underpins the socio-cultural dimension of transformative learning as basics for an integrated participatory meaningful Adult Education program for African states south of the Sahara.

Agreement and directionality of possessives in the Metaꞌ Language

Eni-Enih, Fokwa Ruth — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Language dynamics and structured community setup communication requires a close examination of how agreement and directionality of possessives are construed in main stream pragmatics. This paper investigates the types and distribution of possession markers in Metaꞌ, - a Grass-fields Bantu language of the Momo subgroup community in the North-West Region of Cameroon. It examines the nature of the Metaꞌ possessives or possession markers in general, with particular attention on its possessive determiners as portraying some complexity in structure and distribution. This situation leads us to question whether possessives in Metaꞌ are pre-modifiers or post modifiers to nouns and to further examine what accounts for the different positions occupied by possession markers in this language. The study further argues that the post-nominal position of possessive determiners is as a result of focus on the head noun and asserts that, the co-occurrence of two possessive determiners in Meta’ is as a result of emphases or the fact that they do not modify the same noun.

Statistical and frequency approach correlated with Wiener filter for denoising and detection of defects of asynchronous machines

Ilunga, Jean Claude Mukaz — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The electrical current signal can be seen as a useful signal, disturbed by a mechanical noise signal or other measurement noises. In this case, noise reduction methods such as the Wiener filter can provide solutions to detect mechanical defects. It will be assumed that the electrical signals are decorated with the rotation of the rotor and therefore of any mechanical event related to the rotation. This can be verified in the case of an asynchronous machine. This property is important for estimating the Wiener filter whose basic assumption is that the useful signal must be decorated with noise.

Extracting indicators for cutting tool wearing detection during turning using vibration analysis

Ilunga, Jean Claude Mukaz — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The analysis of vibrations generated during conventional turning is one of the reliable means of determining the condition of sensitive components. In this paper, it is clearly presented the necessary steps to extract the indicators in order to be able to detect tool wear during the main three phases of use (running-in, stabilized wear, accelerated wear). It is clearly demonstrated that there is a relationship between the evolution of wear and the measured quantities (vibrations) during machining. To achieve this, we have carried out several measurement campaigns using metal carbide plate tools. Thus, the vibrations generated during the machining operations were recorded along a single axis on the machine tool using a single axial accelerometer positioned on the turret in the vertical direction, perpendicular to the cutting force. The processing of these signals in both the time and frequency domain has proven that vibrations can indeed be used to detect the level of wear.

Occupational risk assessment at a peanut oil extraction plant in Ziguinchor

Faye, DE — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Objectives: To identify and assess the risks in the production unit of a peanut oil extraction plant in Senegal. Methodology: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted from May 30 to June 31, 2022 in the production unit of a peanut oil extraction plant in Ziguinchor. A multi-pronged questionnaire (socio-professional aspects, risk identification) and direct observation of work situations enabled the data to be collected. The level of risk for each of the identified risks was obtained by cross-referencing the rating of the criticality of the risk factor with the rating of the existence and effectiveness of the available means of prevention in order to establish a hierarchy of the identified hazards. Results: Our study population (n = 69) was exclusively male, with an average age of 46.4 +/- 9.5 years, and 5.48 +/- 2.7 years. Individuals aged 56 to 60 were most represented (24.6%). The majority of workers were seasonal (88%). Workers were subjected to high and permanent noise levels, and the moving and hazardous parts of the machinery put 62.32% of the personnel at risk of injury and amputation. Dust cover was 30.43% of the workers and the risk of explosion fire was present. Shift work accounted for 85.5% of workers. Noise, hexane vapours and moving and hazardous parts of the machines had the highest ratings in the risk hierarchy. Conclusion: The peanut oil extraction sector faces many risk factors. Beyond primary prevention, stronger occupational health and safety policies must be promoted.

Use of prenatal health services and knowledge of the risks associated with pregnancy in the health districts of the former Katanga province in the DRC

Kamb, Fortuna Kalam — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: our study describes the state of knowledge of the risks associated with pregnancy and analyzes the factors that influence the use of ANC services by women aged 15 to 49 living in the former province of Katanga. Methodology: the study is descriptive and analytical. The data analyzed were collected by the survey conducted in 2014 by the PARSS II / RDC project. We used SPSS.20 software for data processing. Results: 86.8% of women who gave birth in the last 12 months declared having followed ANC. More than 90% of them had consulted nurses or midwives; over 49% believe that consultation costs are either relatively expensive or very expensive. More than 30% of women say they were not educated on danger signs during ANC. Knowledge of the danger of pregnancy; pregnancies too close together and the cost of consultations are significant factors in the decision to use antenatal consultation services. Conclusion: the low proportion of women who know the signs of risk during pregnancy, the low proportion of those who have received information on these signs and the high cost of ANC advocate for the strengthening of health education in rural areas, the training and motivation of health personnel working in rural areas and the assumption by the community of the costs of ANC.

Spatial constraints and development of domestic air transport in Ivory Coast

Koman, Flora Carine Elena — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

This reflection focuses on the spatial and socio-economic factors that hinder the development of domestic air transport in Côte d’Ivoire. This research is carried out in a context where Ivorian authorities, after independence, undertook significant actions to promote the growth of domestic air transport in Côte d’Ivoire. These actions included the establishment of an institutional and regulatory framework, as well as the creation of an airline fleet, including Air Ivoire, for the service of the territory and the establishment of airports throughout the country. However, despite all these actions, the current situation shows that, more than half a century later, domestic air transport represents less than 10% of travel in Côte d’Ivoire. This study aims to analyze the spatial constraints to the development of domestic air transport in Côte d’Ivoire. The data used to achieve this objective come from documentary research, field observation, and surveys of domestic air transport stakeholders in Côte d’Ivoire. At the end of these investigations, the study reveals that the regression in the number of airports, the narrowness of the Ivorian territory, and the spatial disparities caused by the macrocephaly of the city of Abidjan are the spatial factors that hinder the development of domestic air transport.

The role of Public Administration Reform on its performance: An empirical observation in France

Ibrahimi, Adil El — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

This research aims to analyze and characterize the governance of public administrations in the field of performance management following recent reforms in this area in France between the years 2000 and 2018. To do this, and initially, a review of the theoretical literature of the different models that deal with this problem is proposed. In a second step, all the indicators selected will be the subject of an empirical study based on the econometrics of panel data in order to understand the response of the public administration to the reforms. The results of our research demonstrate the existence of a significant evolution of public administration towards results-based management. The performance indicators used largely explain the transformations observed.

Corporate social responsibility and value creation : An empirical observation

Ibrahimi, Adil El — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Corporate Social Responsibility is now a major challenge for the development and growth of companies. Environmental, social, societal and governance considerations have becomeparamount and therefore constitute sources of competitive advantage and value creation. This present work focuses on the impact of CSR on the overall performance of the company through the analysis of financial and extra-financial information by highlighting statistical techniques and data analysis. Thus, this research aims to explain, theoretically and empirically, the question of creation or destruction of value following the implementation of a CSR approach and to identify the sources of the changes observed. Our study provides major support to defenders of the implementation of suchapproach. Thus, our results affirm that the companies which achieve a significant CSR performance are mainly large companies, belonging to certain very specific sectors. Also, we find that the indicators relating to CSR are positively and significantly associated with the financial performance of companies. In other words, the commitment to a CSR approach improves the financial performance of the company as well as its overall performance.

Improvement of juvenile growth and flowering of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) by different types of fertilizers in southwestern Ivory Coast

Victor, OUATTARA Tièba — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

To ensure the sustainability and productivity of the cocoa crop, replanting on non-forested sites such as old orchards or young fallow lands raises the problem of the survival and establishment of seedlings, due to the low fertility of the soil, particularly in phosphorus. Thus, in order to minimize mortality and improve juvenile growth and flowering precocity of cocoa trees, organic, mineral and organo-mineral fertilizers were applied to a fallow land with low phosphate fertility, in Soubré, in the southwest of Ivory Coast. The experimental design was a partially balanced incomplete block design with 12 treatments and three replications. The treatments consisted of two fertilizer applications per year for each plant: compost (T1); phospho-compost (T2); TSP + compost (T3 and T4); NPK based on natural phosphates (T7, T8 and T9), combined with compost (T5 and T6) or phospho-compost (T10 and T11) at different doses. Growth parameters and flowering were evaluated. Treatments T2 (phosphocompost 1 kg), T3 (TSP 75 g + compost 2 kg) and to a lesser extent T11 (NPK 0-15-15 300 g + phospho-compost 1 kg) were the most efficient. They allowed a better growth, a good precocity of crowning and flowering. All the treatments tested did not impact the mortality rate of young cocoa trees. These results could allow farmers to exploit favorably soils with low fertility, with the guarantee of a good establishment of cocoa plants in the field during the juvenile stage.

The usefulness of troponin in patients with COVID19: Evidence from a meta-analysis

Chorouk, Hilmi — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

In December 2019 an infection with a new virus called SARS-COV2 emerged the Wuhan area in China and took the name of COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease 2019). This disease has spread globally to the point of being called a pandemic by the WHO. Although mainly respiratory in nature, COVID-19 seems to trigger an intense inflammatory response, with a multi-systemic impact including the cardiovascular system. In this work, we propose to synthesize and analyze data from the literature to determine the usefulness of troponin measurement in patients with COVID-19. Cardiac troponin is a laboratory parameter and its measurement is relevant in the management of Covid-19 given the frequency of associated cardiovascular lesions. Several observational studies have shown that patients with Covid-19 have significant elevation of troponin levels up to 59%; however, increased troponin levels are considered predictive of mortality.

Correlation of Western Blot profile with clinical and immunological stages in HIV-infected patients in Morocco

Fatima Ezzahra, Hsai — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: Western-blot was the first technique used to confirm the presence of anti-HIV antibodies. We aim to analyze the different profiles of the HIV western-blot (WB) test and assess their association with the different clinical and immunological stages of infection. Methods: Retrospective study included 688 cases of HIV infection confirmed by WB (HIV BLOT 2.2, MP Diagnostics), at the immunology medical analysis laboratory in collaboration with the infectious diseases department at the CHU Ibn Rochd, between January 2019 and December 2020. For the analysis of the results of the WB profiles, we adopted the interpretation criteria of the WHO (World Health Organization). Results: HIV-1 complete profile (PC: GP160, GP120, P66, P55, P51, GP41, P39, P31, P24, P17) was noted in 41.52% of cases. While 58.04% presented an incomplete HIV-1 profile. P39 was missing in 42.98% of cases, compared to 25.73% for P17, and 28.07%, 15.78%, 7.6%, 6.43%, 1.46%, %0.73% for P55, GP 51, P66, P31, GP24, GP41 respectively. A statistically significant relationship between the clinically advanced stages of HIV infection and the absence of P17, P55 and P39 antibodies in the WB test has been determined. Conclusion: WB profile during HIV infection may be useful in predicting the stages of HIV-positive patients in situations where the assay of CD4 count and viral load are not available.

The evaluation of the causal linkbetween the money supply and ricestability: Approach by the VECM model (Case of Morocco)

Belghiti, Abdenbi — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study proposes to highlight the evaluation of the effect of the quantity of money offered in the economy on price stability in Morocco, during the period 1984 to 2020, i.e. 37 observations, which will be analyzed via the EVIEWS software. The econometric approach based on dynamic panel data is mainly used for our estimations. For ouranalysis, we will use a standard VECM (Vector Error Correction Model) model instead of a VAR. relationship that exists between the variables. We conclude that the link between inflation and monetary policy transmission indicators on price stability has a limited and insignificant effect as long as the money supply has a positive and significant impact. This contradiction led us to recommend for our part the promotion of a monetary policy oriented towards the improvement of economic growth and the exchange rate.

New information and communication technologies vs geographic proximity: Complementarity or substitution

Lakssissar, Ahmed — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

As an extension of our research work in local economics and industrial economics, initiated over 14 years ago, we continue to explore our study carried out in the French context in 2006 in order to refine it, adapt it to the current context and extract more possible results and conclusions. In this perspective, we have highlighted the perpetual dichotomy that exists between geographic proximity and new information and communication technologies. In this sense, the development of NICT never calls into question the necessity of the geographical factor but on the contrary, it proves its necessity during the process of exchange of knowledge especially when it comes to its tacit form which imposes face to face.

Assessment of Farmer Organizations (FOs) multidimensional performance in the Cameroonian and Chadian regions of the Lake Chad Basin

Njambe, Julie Fabiola — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Modern Farmer Organizations (FOs) since the 90s have been advocated as solutions to the problems of small producers, particularly in the Cameroonian and Chadian regions of the Lake Chad Basin which have been affected by several security and environmental crises. Despite the proliferation of this organisations in the area, till date, the trend in the region reveals that FOs are underperforming and unsustainable. Adopting a multidimensional approach to assess the performance of 51 FOs in the study area and profile successful FOs, we built a composite performance indicator of FOs using multiple correspondent analysis. The Ascending hierarchical cluster method was used to classify producers by performance. The results show that 8.94% of producers are in good-performance FOs, 51.4% in medium-performance FOs and 39.66% in poor-performance FOs. The success profile of FOs shows that the factors that contribute most to their performance are having: experienced office members, a manager with good level of education, resources coming from diversified activities, a well-structured leadership and a motivation oriented towards diversification, storage or processing. FOs in rural areas, FOs led by women and Groups in Chad are the most affected by the performance problem. The heaviest constraints as perceived by low-performing FOs are related to the lack of capital and flood problems, while successful FOs complaint about low prices in the market and climate change.

Performance index of the MAT MAF teaching material applied to the understanding of Ohm’s and Pouillet’s law to third year students of scientific humanities in the sub-division of Mbanza-Ngungu I in DRC

Faustine, MAFUTA MELE NLANDU — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article highlights the contribution of a teaching material aimed at the understanding of physical laws for students following the scientific humanities. These laws include Ohm’s law and Pouillet’s law. The research shows that the use of didactic material in a physics lesson increases the satisfaction of the students with an increased success rate of 13, 24 % compared to a lesson without didactic material. Therefore, it is essential for a teacher who wants to improve the understanding of these laws to use appropriate and adequate teaching materials. We propose MAT MAF, which has shown satisfactory results.

Flood dynamics modeling in the Cavally River watershed (Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia, Guinea)

Sandrine, Tivoli Lou Moin — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The disastrous consequences of hydrological risks are of paramount importance, hence the need to prevent them and minimize their impacts, if not eliminate them. In this perspective, the study of flood-related risks in the Cavally watershed was carried out. The objective was to analyze the risks related to floods using different approaches. The study was based on the frequency analysis of three series of extreme flows constituted from the daily flows measured at the different hydrometric stations. These series of flows are made up of annual maximum flows, overthreshold flows and maximum flows obtained on the annual series on which were applied the moving averages of daily duration d. After the frequency analysis of these variables, the construction of the QdF curves was carried out. The study showed that flood discharge times are higher at Toulepleu and Feté (4 - 40 days) than at Nékaounié and Tiéouléoula (1 - 10 days). The frequency analysis showed that the Weibull, Gamma, GEV and Gumbel laws are the best laws that fit the different flood flow series. The QdF curves obtained from the different variables show that those obtained with suprathreshold values give more satisfaction compared to the maxan values. These QdF curves describing the intensity of daily flows showed quantiles of flows with return periods from 2 to 100 years, all higher than the average flows observed in the watershed, thus demonstrating a high risk of flooding since even the most frequent floods are likely to generate floods. Compared to the results obtained by applying the reference basin models, the analysis of the QdF curves showed that the Vandenesse model is better in the observable frequency domain as well as in the rare frequency domain.

Identification and analysis of germs responsible for urinary tract infections in pregnant women in Mbujimayi

José, Tuenda Mbombo — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article presents an in-depth analytical cross-sectional study on the identification and analysis of germs that cause urinary tract infections in pregnant women. Given that urinary tract infection is the most common medical complication of pregnancy, exposing the newborn to the risk of low birth weight, prematurity and perinatal mortality; in the mother, to serious complications such as pyelonephritis, renal failure, sepsis or even death. The majority of pregnant women present numerous urinary leukocytes during the dipstick examination. This is why we provide our readers with this tool to better identify germs in pregnant women.

Plant diversity and reconstitution level of protected habitats in the hydroelectric dam area of Soubré (Côte d’Ivoire)

Attokora, Kouassi Kouamé — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Ivorian forest rehabilitation policy was long time focused on exotic species plantations. Hence, few studies have concerned biodiversity assessment through naturally restauration. This study aimed to assess plant species diversity in habitats reserved for natural regeneration on a hydroelectric dam in the south-western of Côte d’Ivoire. Botanical inventories were carried out in six habitat types where none human activity has been authorized in the last eight years: lowlands, old cocoa and rubber farms, secondary forests, gallery forests and young fallow. Adult, saplings and seedling trees were counted and their diameters at breast height were measured in plot with 625 m2 based on in each habitat type. Species diversity, structural parameters, and conservation value were compared between these habitats. 364 plants species were surveyed in all the habitats. Among them, 48 are rare, endemic, and/or threatened. The diversity of these species decreased from secondary forests to lowlands. The gallery forests, old plantations and young fallows had the same diversity level. Stem density decreased from secondary forests (277.7 stems/ha) to young fallows (150 stems/ha). Above-ground biomass was higher in the gallery forest. The current reconstitution trends of the plant diversity in these protected habitats shown that this method must be promoted for forest restauration.

Anti-anemic activity of an aqueous extract of leaves of Petroselinum crispum (Apiaceae)

Atto, Virginie — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aims to enhance the African pharmacopoeia, for this purpose, we undertook to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of the aqueous extract of leaves of Petroselinum crispum (Apiaceae), a plant used in the treatment of anemia. Qualitative phytochemical tests carried out with this extract have revealed the presence of sterols, polyterpenes, polyphenols, catechic tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, quinones and saponosides. The study of acute toxicity by gavage in female mice, according to the guidelines of the OECD-423 revealed that the extract is not toxic. Anemia was induced in Wistar rats by oral administration of phenylhydrazine hydrochloride. Gavage of anemic rats with an aqueous extract of leaves of Petroselinum crispum (Apiaceae), at 500 or 1000 mg/kg body weight or Ranferon® reference substance corrected the anemia after 14 days. Red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin content and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration impaired by phenylhydrazine were restored. At a dose of 1000 mg/kg, the extract was more effective than Ranferon®. It appears from this study that this extract has anti-anaemic properties in accordance with the effectiveness recognized in traditional medicine. This activity is similar to that of Ranferon® and would be due to the presence of phytochemicals it contains.

Effect of different types of Cocoa Traditional Agroforestry Systems on yield (Central West, Côte d’Ivoire)

Bakari, Dramane Koffi — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Cacaoculture intensification has led to a reduction of the forest area and a continuous decline of woody trees number in cocoa plantations. In the context of climate change, Côte d’Ivoire, the world’s largest producer of cocoa beans, has opted for agroforestry practices to ensure sustainable cocoa production. However, the impact of this choice on cocoa production is not evaluated, let alone the characteristics of existing agroforestry systems. Our objective is to study the effect of different types of agroforestry systems on cocoa yield. Data on flora, DBH diameter, total height of the trees as well as on cocoa pod were collected in 60 plots of 400 m2 each. In addition, tree shading, and potential yield were calculated. The results showed that the diversity of agroforestry systems with cocoa trees includes 47 plant species distributed between 41 genera and 20 families. Factorial Multiple Analysis based on associated tree diversity, dimensions and shading has identified three types of agroforestry systems. Light shading systems had the highest cocoa yields (> 1000 kg/ha/year) while the yield with a dense shading varied from 500 to 1000 kg/ha/year. The absence of shading has a negative effect leading to less than 500 kg/ha/year. These results could help promote efficient Cocoa Agroforestry Systems.

Design of strategies for family SMES based on an organizational approach

Romero, Jessica Leonela Mora — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present investigation is based on the growth that PYMES have had at a national and global level, many of these being of family origin, although many of these are well managed, there are others that do not follow the due processes and approaches that allow them to manage adequately its organizational environment, through the proper use of techniques and a set of plans that are translated into clear, concrete and concise strategies, this study was possible thanks to the collaboration of the two organizations to which a survey was carried out. information, as well as the application of a set of techniques to determine shortcomings on two different fronts, respectively, the contribution of the research and the instruments used to collect information, as well as the use of techniques such as SCRAMPER, were favorable.; Thanks to the results obtained, it was possible to achieve a set of strategies that allow mitigating and improving processes and policies for the customer service area, it was also possible to design a set of strategies that can help create a better work environment and promote an organizational culture. of teamwork. Of the solution alternatives proposed, it is recommended to execute them in the short term, to obtain the benefits proposed in this study, which will serve as a contribution for the small company in attracting more clients and in a better corporate image, while in median labor relations can be strengthened, which will be reflected in better customer service and of course in labor excellence. The important thing that should be highlighted is that by applying the correct organizational design, companies will be able to have comprehensive growth.

Hypoasthesia lip caused by protective mask: A case report

Sharma, Anjali — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

We report a case of unilateral mental nerve hypoesthesia following prolonged wearing of mask causing numbness of lower lip and chin. In this case, patient is reassured and advised to avoid injuries to the mouth and lips till they are numb. However, specific treatment is not required.

How Hotel Could Design Community based Corporate Social Responsibility from the Community Perspectives: A case study from Phuket, Thailand

Khuadthong, Bussalin — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper looks at the way how the hotel sector investigates the community perspectives before starting the community-based corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities. This study starts from presenting case studies of some countries that tourism and hospitality industry is one of the drivers of economic growth and prosperity but the communities still have many unresolved problems. This might be because some community-based CSR projects failed to meet community needs and expectations due to the lack of attempt to understand community perspectives before starting the projects. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to stimulate the hotel sector to start the community-based CSR from investigating community’ needs. Better understanding and transforming community’ needs into CSR planning and practices can help the hotel sector to cooperate and work with local residents to achieve the CSR goals. This study aims to get information from all three districts in Phuket. Therefore, the multi-stage sampling technique was used because it is useful when individuals of interest are geographically dispersed. In-depth interviews and content analysis were used to collect information and analyze data from eighteen senior managers of five-star hotels in all areas of Phuket. The study’s findings identify the way that the hotel sector apply to investigate the need of the target communities for hotels’ community-based CRS. This study also presents the way that communities apply to inform their problems to the hotel sector.

The Effect of an Evidence-Based Intramuscular Injection Practice Training on Intern Students’ Knowledge, Opinion and Injection Site Preferences: Semi-Experimental Study

Kiliç, Meryem — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Intramuscular injections can be life threatening when applied to the wrong area. For this reason, safe areas should be preferred for injection application. This study is to evaluate the effectiveness of intramuscular injection training in the ventrogluteal region (VG) given to nursing students. The research was conducted with a single group using a semi-empirical pre-test, post-test design. The population of the study was composed of the senior nursing students (N=70) studyi ng in Nursing Department of University. The data were collected with survey method. The students were given theoretical and skill training about the VG region, and the students’ knowledge, opinions and preference about the ventrogluteal region were questioned. Descriptive statistical methods and Wilcoxon test in the evaluation of opinions about VG region before and after the training were used. It was determined that the prejudices of the students about injection to VG region changed significantly and positively after the training (90.5%) and their information level increased (p<0.05), but the students had negative thoughts about their self-confidence and about the possible objection of the patients (p>0.05). After the training, 8 students preferred the VG region, while 13 students applied injections to the dorsogluteal region. Although the knowledge level of the students about the VG region has increased and their prejudices have changed positively, there are students who prefer the DG region.

Navigating the World of Video Games for Self-Directed Learning: A Digital Pedagogy Approach

Bañes, Jewell Ken V. — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The popularity of video games has led to increased interest in exploring their potential for promoting self-directed learning, as they provide an immersive and engaging platform for learners to develop their skills and knowledge. To investigate the role of motivation and identify effective instructional strategies for promoting self-directed learning in the context of digital pedagogy, a survey was conducted with 70 video gamers, using four-item questions for self-directed learning, the Situational Motivation Scale, and open-ended questions. The Situational Motivation Scale was used to measure both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, including four dimensions: intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, external regulation, and amotivation. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, ordinal logistic regression analysis, and thematic analysis to determine the effective instructional strategies. The survey results suggest that intrinsic and extrinsic motivation significantly impact self-directed learning in video games, with intrinsic motivation and identified regulation having a stronger positive impact than external regulation and amotivation. The effective instructional strategies identified were clear and concise instructions, feedback on performance, challenge to think creatively, incorporation of problem-solving and critical thinking elements, and fostering a sense of community. Furthermore, practical recommendations for educators were drawn from these strategies. The findings highlight the importance of considering different types of motivation when designing instructional strategies in digital learning environments and promoting intrinsic motivation in these settings.

Improving the Dyeability of Cotton Fabrics with Walnut tree bark Extract using Chitosan and Fixation with Environmentally Friendly Materials

Alsubhi, Hind Ahmed — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Nowadays, it has become important to find different ways to reduce the problems resulting from the textile industry, and one of the most important ways is to replace synthetic dyes with natural dyes, and therefore the research aims to create an integrated and environmentally safe dyeing system by dyeing cotton fabrics with Walnut tree bark extract and improving the dye absorption capacity of cotton by chitosan treatment as well as improving the color fastness properties by simultaneous treatment with environmentally friendly mordants. To achieve these goals several parameters were studied, namely: the dye extraction process, conditions of the chitosan treatment, conditions of the dyeing process, as well as conditions of the fixation process using eco-friendly mordants (citric acid, tannic acid, and ammonium alum). The researcher concluded that the optimal conditions for the dye extraction process, which gives the maximum color value, was the process of soaking the plant powder for two hours at a pH of 5.6 at room temperature, the best concentration of chitosan is 4% (v.w), the curing temperature is 160 ° C for 3 minutes. And that the optimal conditions for the dyeing process are: 80% (v.w) dye extract, pH 6, a temperature of 90 °C, and a dyeing time is 60 minutes. One of the most important recommendations of the researcher was to conduct more research on the application of walnut tree bark extract on different fabrics and use various mordants to develop a wide range of shades as well as study its medicinal properties on natural fabrics.

Structure diametric growth and evolution of the stock of carbon species in the semi-deciduous forest Yoko Forest Reserve: Cas Prioria oxyphylla (Harms) Breteler permanent plot in the northern block (Ubundu, Orientale Province, DRC)

Isetcha, Bourgeoisie P. — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The overall objective of this paper is to know the structures, increases diametric means and the production of biomass and the amount of carbon sequestered four years later, between 2008 and 2012. The inventory was made in a permanent plot of 9 acres located in the northern block of the permanent device Yoko, whithn which all endividuals Prioria oxyphylla to dbh≥10cm were measured at 1.30m from abive the ground and surveying was materialized by two reds ripes painted and positioned by the coordinates x, y in the first season in 2008. And the second campaign made in 2012, was re-measure the same people and the same places. After the analysis, the total basal area was 1.1031m2 / ha (0.1226 ± 0.113 m2 /ha) in 2008 and that of 2012, it is 1.1599m2 /ha (0.1289 ± 0.1354 m2 /ha). The diametric structures and the years 2008 and 2012 are «S stretched». Diametric annual increases are 0.3 ± 0.46 for dominant and 0.16 ± 0.16 for the dominated. The biomass production increased from 19.5300t/ha (0.4246 ± 0.5545t/ha) in 2008 to 20.6724t/ha (0.4494 ± 0.5638t/ha) in 2012, a gain of about 0.2856t/ha/ Year. While the amount of carbon sequestered is increased from 9.7650t/ha (0.21123 ± 0.2726) in 2008 to 10.3362t/ha (0.2247 ± 0.2819t/ha) in 2012, a gain of the order of 0.1428 t/ha/year. Individuals Prioria oxyphylla are randomly distributed and the dominated are independent of the dominant within the permanent plot of the northern block of Yoko.

Analysis of land use dynamics and economic impacts of sustainable land management in the Tillaberi Region of Niger

MAHAMADOU, Ali — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Niger, land degradation affects more than 100,000 hectares of arable land each year in a context where the need for agricultural and forestry products continues to grow. The objectives of this study, conducted in the commune of Kollo, are to evaluate the economic benefits of SLM and to analyze the dynamics of land use. The methodology of the study is based on a double approach, the use of cartography for the analysis of land use/land cover and cost-benefit analysis to calculate the economic benefits. The study took place in the commune of Kollo, precisely in Sakey Koira Tegui, on a silvopastoral site reclaimed in 2005 by the use of the Delfino plow. The main results show a significant regression (-40%) of natural vegetation formations in the commune, an increase (+10%) in degraded land and (+63%) in cultivated land. In terms of the use of ES, 63% of households use biomass from the site, 54% use NTFPs and 27% use wood. For a cost of 54,800 francs for the restoration of one hectare, the Net Present Value is 9,967,634 FCFA over a period of 13 years. Thus, for each franc invested in SLM, the return on investment is 182 francs.

Effect of climate variability on farm income in southwestern Chad: The case of family farms in Moundou

MAHAMADOU, Ali — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Family farms in Moundou are facing the effects of climate variability. Due to increased rainfall variability and rising temperatures marked by an evolving trend, farm household incomes are increasingly affected. The objective of this study is to assess the effects of climate variability on the incomes of farm managers in order to contribute to a better understanding of the effects of climate variability on family farming. The study uses the Ricardian model to analyze the effects of rainfall and temperature variations and socioeconomic determinants on the incomes of farm managers. Data were collected from 105 farm managers distributed according to their wealth level. The results showed that an increase of 1 mm in average rainfall will lead to an increase of 1.2% FCFA/hectare of agricultural income, i.e., a gain of 1633 FCFA/hectare. On the other hand, a 1% increase in temperature will result in a 5.65% decrease in agricultural income, i.e., a loss of 7,692 FCFA/hectare on average. The analysis of the projected effects of climate variability through scenarios of increases in average temperatures of 1°C and 1.5°C and average annual decreases in rainfall of 5% and 8% showed that income losses will be accentuated. Thus, this situation calls for reflection on appropriate adaptation strategies to mitigate the adverse effects on family farming while taking into account the diversification of family farms.

Two onion’s varieties (Allium cepa L.) tolerant to Fusarium basal rot disease in Burkina Faso

DABIRE, Tobdem Gaston — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Onion bulbs production and commercialization is now a powerful tool against poverty in rural areas in Burkina Faso. However, Fusarium basal rot disease caused by a complex of soilborne fungi appears to be a serious threat to growers. The prophylactic methods proposed for its control remain difficult to apply effectively and the most used varieties of onion are susceptible to the disease. In order to work out a palliative solution to this problem, eleven onion varieties marketed in Burkina Faso were screened for their tolerance to fusarium basal rot. The varieties were produced in infested rural area on completely randomized blocs by three producers in three different sites. The harvested bulbs were then tested in the laboratory under artificial inoculation conditions with conidial suspensions of Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani, responsible for the disease. In field, the Noflaye and Gandiol+ varieties were the most tolerant to the disease with respective incidence values of 0 and 1.6% while the Mercedes variety was the most sensitive with an incidence of 16,5%. In the laboratory, all the inoculated varieties developed rot at varying intensities, but the Noflaye and Gandiol+ varieties were still the least rotten. These results recommend the continuation of investigations on these two varieties with a view to their integration into an integrated control program against Fusarium basal rot disease of onion in Burkina Faso.

Agent clocking system by RFID electronic badge at the Lualaba revenue direction

Lukomba, Elam Kyungu — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Currently, the clocking of agents in public companies in the DRC and in particular in the province of Lualaba remains one of the areas that require a lot of attention from managers because the manual clocking that is done to date in Lualaba revenue department, does not allow to maximize the productivity of the company given that the agents who constitute the main workforce, come to the service always in delays sometimes exaggerated for lack of a mechanism of control of the time of arrival of the agents at the service following a clocking in which is done on a sheet where all the agents personally complete the time of arrival at the service and the time of departure, sometimes by filling in the wrong information. Then, exits from the company’s facilities are not controlled, an agent can leave the workplace as many times without a valid reason and for an unacceptable period, which causes several agents to abandon their posts during working hours. because the existing system cannot accurately determine when an agent comes into the office and when an agent leaves the office. The existing system does not know how to manage the cases of absence of agents either, because certain agents can sign the presence on behalf of the other absent agents, which leads the company to pay even the absent ones, which causes a problem of payroll management which takes into account the number of days worked, handicapping the productivity of the organization given that human resources constitute the basic workforce of this department. The use of RFID electronic badge clocking nevertheless remains an effective solution for solving the problems of agent clocking management.

Contribution of NICTs in market gardening in the city of Lubumbashi

Lukomba, Elam Kyungu — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Currently, the DRC wants to be an important place in agriculture, it has set up several support structures for farmers, more particularly in the province of Haut-Katanga. Despite all these efforts, this agriculture is still facing several difficulties related to global warming which has disrupted the usual short rainy season, which forces vegetable gardeners to re-examine the traditional irrigation system taking into account the requirements of each culture. It is in this context that our study will focus on the automation of the irrigation system in the context of market gardening.

Short-term effect of calcined phosphate rock on soil macrofauna diversity and abundance in lixisol in a semi-arid area of Burkina Faso

Traore, Boubacar — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Soil fauna significantly influences soil properties. Organic and inorganic fertilization in agriculture, including the amendment with phosphate rock, may affect its presence in soils. This study evaluated the effect of calcined phosphate rock associated with organic matter on the abundance and diversity of soil macrofauna in semi-arid areas of Burkina Faso. Nine treatments were replicated four times each and applied in a complete randomized block design in sorghum and cowpea fields. These treatments were: absolute control (Control) without fertilizer, control with organic matter only (OM), Burkina Phosphate Rock (BPR) with 23 P ha-1, calcined phosphate rock (CPR with 23 P kg ha-1), Triple super phosphate (TSP), complex fertilizer (NPK), CPR ½ +TSP ½, CPR ¾ +TSP ¼, CPR ¼ +TSP ¾ Urea provided N, and KCl supplied K in the BPR and TSP treatments. P was supplied by Triple Super Phosphate (TSP) in the TSP treatment. K and P were supplied by the complex fertilizer NPK in NPK treatment. Results showed that BPR and CPR did not significantly (P˃0.05) improve soil fauna abundance and diversity after two years. Four orders, Coleoptera, Haplotaxida, Hymenoptera, and Isoptera, were largely dominant (more than 50 %) in all treatments, crops, and years. The population diversity of soil macrofauna rises from 0.98 (2021) to 1.49 (2022) in the sorghum field and from 1.16 (2021) to 1.63 (2022) in the cowpea field. Soil macrofauna numbers rise from 24.64 ind/m2 (2021) to 39.59 Ind/m2 (2022) in the cowpea field. Our findings suggest that cultivated soil fauna can be managed more appropriately with fertilizers from phosphate rock by combining organic matter application and cereal-legume associations.

Influence of residual stresses on the service life of structures under variable amplitude loading

Wel-Doret, Djonglibet — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper focuses on the improvement of the nonlinear fatigue law of B. Tikri from 2011, which was born from the old laws of Chaboche according to the Basquin model. Several parameters can influence the life of structures in service. It is a question in this work to take into account the influence of the residual stress on the damage law proposed in the literature. Two values of stress relaxation coefficients of 0.5 and 1 have been considered to test the proposed model with two different overload ratios in order to evaluate the influence of overload on steels used in the automotive industry. The ratios were 1.4 and 2.3. Two findings were made, the first is that when the relaxation coefficient is 0.5 the residual stress improves the life but it is far from the experimental case contrary to the case of relaxation coefficient equal to the unit. For the second case, the model is much more satisfactory for overloads of ratio 1.4 than for overloads of ratio 2.3 for HE360D materials. For future designs, the consideration of its residual stresses over the life of parts or structures in service is paramount.

Local governance for the sustainable management of water in post-certification in the areas of National Program of Sanitized Schools and Villages (NPSSV) at Tshopo Province in Democratic Republic of the Congo

Eugene, Basandja Longembe — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction : The objective of this study was to analyze the organization and operation of local structures for the management of water structures rehabilitated under the National Program of Sanitized Schools and Villages (NPSSV). Methodology : A descriptive case study was conducted during the period from November 15 to 27, 2022. This is a qualitative study in the form of in-depth interviews with 3 focal points of the Health Zones, 9 Titulaires Nurses of the Health Centers and 18 members of the village committee sanitized. Results : The role of the local village committee and the attributions of the members were less clarified before recruitment, which led to the establishment of village committees unable to meet the expectations of the program and the population. Almost all the water structures are out of use, a consequence of the failure of sustainability mechanisms which were poorly defined, inconsistent and unclear, on the one hand, and the slackening of planning, supervision and monitoring activities by the coordination structures, following the cessation of external financing, on the other hand. Despite the presence of a few local members trained in the preventive maintenance of structures, the unavailability of spare parts on the market and the passivity of the hierarchy in the quest for a solution to the problems of repairing malfunctioning structures were major bottlenecks. All villages have lost certification status. Conclusion : Local governance for the sustainable management of drinking water is deficient in post certification. The failure of support structures has had a negative impact on the establishment and operation of local village committees. A reflection on the methods of setting up village committees and on more sustainable things remains the ideal for successful local governance.

The impact of the management of migratory flows on Euro-Moroccan relations following political changes in the southern Mediterranean

Lamlili, Taoufyq — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The arrival of what’s called the Arab spring, substantially from the morning of 2011 in the countries on the southern reinforcement of the Mediterranean, has upset the European perception of security and stability in the entire region. Thus, the prelaunch of a foursquare and formative dialogue between the European Union and Morocco appears vital. Consideration of Morocco’s new approach to its relations with African countries must be farther integrated into the design of the Euro- Moroccan cooperation. Actually, the operation of operation of migrant overflows is significant in all the processes of rebuilding Euro- Moroccan relations. The dialogue on migration programs is only a reflection of the geostrategic significance that Morocco occupies between Europe and Africa. Accordingly, the strategy of migrant tactfulness, which is followed by Morocco, can only make our country the middleman between European demands and African enterprises. The charge would thus be to make artistic, profitable and demographic differences a source of sustainable and balanced development rather than a question of pressures and misreading.

From Sport Tourism to Geosport

Mirari, Saïd — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Tourism is a socioeconomic and environmental activity aimed at discovering new leisure destinations as well as a broad concept encompassing two aspects; mass tourism and sustainable tourism. In parallel with the growth of sport practices, in recent years, the supply and demand for tourism on the sport of nature as the main reason for travelling has increased, while taking into account the value of the geography of sport as a science of society’s space allows us to learn these sports cultures. Geosport is one of the most recent concepts in the field of tourism. it focuses mainly on the promotion of spaces, sports heritage sites and routes as a tourist attractive means through sustainability and sustainable management measures. As a result, the focus on sport tourism should be primarily on geosport as a socioeconomic driver of rural development. This article presents a correlation between scientific contributions that highlight the close link between sport tourism and heritage resources while emphasizing the broad scope of geosport. These contributions allow us to better understand how geosport has evolved over time and to identify future challenges. Also, it is part of a series of studies surveying theoretical and empirical work in the field of tourism, sport and geography.

Comparative study of heavy metal induced stress on catalase of germinating melon seeds (Citrullus lanatus and Cucumis sativus)

Obodoeze, A.I. — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Different HM (Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, Fe, Hg, Co, Mn, Cr, Ni) of different concentrations (50ppm, 100ppm, 200ppm, 400ppm, 800ppm) was used to investigate the activity of CAT in germinating melon seeds (Citrullus lanatus and Cucumis sativus) in different interval of time 24hours, 48hours and 72hours. The HM which was obtained in form of Chlorides, Sulphates, and acetates was used to prepare solutions of different concentrations which was used to moist the melon seeds for artificial germination. Deionized water was used as the control. The enzyme activity was estimated according to the method of Hara and Irwin (1972). It was observed that CAT activity had a significant increase when compared to the control, except with Pb for 48hours, Fe for 72hours and Cr for 72hours in C. lanatus, and Ni for 72hours in C. sativus. The decrease in the CAT activity coursed the HM (s) at time of exposure when compared to the control indicated inhibition of the enzyme activity. It was also observed that C. sativus had high tolerance of HM induced oxidative stress more than C. lanatus, since only Ni inhibited the activity of CAT in C. sativus.

Incubators in Search of Performance: A Review of Key Performance Models in the Literature

Fakhri, Samia — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Studies on incubators have evolved greatly in recent years. However, it is only recently that researchers have begun to focus their work on the question of the performance of these structures. Various research studies have been carried out to identify indicators of success and to design tools to evaluate and measure the performance of these organizations, but few have examined the background and key success factors of these incubators from a modeling perspective. Therefore, we believe that a synthesis of the factors and models leading to incubator performance remains a priority, allowing for a better understanding of the links and effects of each factor as a whole. This article, therefore, attempts to remedy this lack, and proposes a synthesis of scientific research work dealing with the question of the determinants of performance of incubation support structures. In this work we have tried to present a review of the main models that emerge from the literature in order to explain how incubators can gain in efficiency. Based on a methodology that combines the steps of qualitative systemic literature review and snowball methods of article identification, this work has identified three main models based on two main theories: the real options model, the RBV model and the multidimensional model.

Prevalence of Salmonella in food products of animal origin marketed in Rabat, Morocco

El Hanafi, MOTASSIM — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella in food products of animal origin intended for human consumption, sold in the local market of the prefecture of Rabat. 631 samples were taken between July 2020 and December 2022. The isolation of Salmonella was carried out using the NMISO7965-1 (2017) method. All the Salmonella isolated were confirmed by the Maldi-Tof mass spectrometry method (Biotyper – Sirius IVD System). Of the 631 samples examined, Salmonella was isolated in 3.01% (19/631) of the samples. The prevalence of Salmonella by product is respectively 16.95% in red meat, 12.73% in poultry meat, 1.54% in fish products and 0.51% in dairy products. Salmonella was not isolated from eggs and from ready to eat food. Salmonella can be transmitted to human populations through the consumption of food contaminated with Salmonella, it is a worrying public health problem in Morocco.

Megakaryocytic blast crisis in a chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patient: A Case report

Karouchi, Zineb — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The acute transformation of chronic myeloid leukemia has become a rare event since the introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Less than 3% of patients with CML transform to a megakaryoblastic leukemia. The diagnosis represents a challenge, due to the frequent association with myelofibrosis, thus requiring an osteo-medullar biopsy to confirm the diagnosis. We report the case of a megacaryoblastic blast crisis associated with myelofibrosis in a CML young female patient. A 32-year-old woman previously diagnosed with CML in chronic phase, on Tyrosine kinase inhibitors, presents with a clinical bone marrow failure. Blood counts showed pancytopenia. A peripheral blood smear revealed the presence of 30% blast cells, with a round nuclei, prominent nucleoli, and a very basophilic cytoplasm with cytoplasmic blebs. The diagnosis of a blast crisis in CML was retained. Bone marrow aspiration was practiced twice, and came back poor both times. A bone marrow biopsy practiced later confirming the diagnosis of acute leukemia associated to myelofibrosis. Immunophenotyping by flow cytometry was performed on peripheral bood, and revealed a blast population (76%) positive for CD45 (mild) and expressing the following markers CD33, CD34, CD41 and CD61, confirming the diagnosis of acute megacaryoblastic leukemia. Based on clinical presentation, bone marrow findings and flow cytometry, the diagnosis of CML with megakaryoblastic crisis associated to myelofibrosis at a 32-year-old woman was retained.

The Portfolio: A Tool for the Formative Assessment of Student Teachers

El Mahmouhi, Nezha — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article proposes an experimentation of an evaluation tool, the portfolio, in the formative evaluation of trainee teachers in the college cycle. A grid of criteria will allow, and the follow-up, and the visibility of the evolution of the training of these future teachers of the sciences of the life and the earth to the Regional Center of the Trades of Education and the Training (CRMEF) of Tangier in 2017. Thus, it is clear from the results obtained by using the portfolio as an evaluation instrument that can be adapted to different learning/teaching situations, that the trainees appear to be more involved in the training process. This instrument is able to stimulate their self-evaluation. They are thus made aware of the importance of evaluation and given responsibility for it thanks to the added value that the portfolio offers them. It allows trainees to become aware of their strengths, to value their work and also to measure the progress of their skills by rectifying and correcting their own mistakes.

Profile and skills of documentary information specialists in the digital age: Case of African professionals

Dinza, Tang-Irmi — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are profoundly transforming contemporary archival science. Thus, archives, libraries, documentation services and documentary information science actors come up against several dilemmas/technological obstacles such as the management of the hardware and software infrastructure of the services, obsolescence and the fragility of the supports, the volumetric growth of the supports to name but a few. Faced with these obstacles, the traditional skills of the specialist in documentary information are called into question and his career takes shape in an uncertain way. An updating of the profiles of the skills of actors in the management of documentary information is unprecedented. This leads to the review of university and professional training programs followed by themes in capacity building and knowledge management. Archival sciences, librarianship and documentary engineering are at the heart of the dematerialization carried by several more or less related disciplines, and which are the subject of the additional skills that documentary information specialists are supposed to provide. Our article will reveal this aspect of interdisciplinarity which represents a weapon to defy the digital locks/handcuffs that arise for actors in the archiving, librarianship, and documentation professions. The article conducted by surveys and interviews allows us to constitute an up-to-date profile of the skills necessary for the management of information on several counts. We also look at the key skills and qualities documentary information professionals must possess to succeed in today’s digital environment.

Smoke and fire detection by a convolutional neural network based on a combinatorial model

Fofana, Tidiane — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Work in the field of fire and smoke detection is becoming an increasingly covered subject. Conventional algorithms use exclusively models based on feature vectors. These vectors are difficult to define and depend largely on the type of fire being treated. These traditional methods give results with low detection rates and high false classification rates. The current trend is to take an innovative approach to solving this problem by using an algorithm to automatically determine useful features to classify fire and smoke. In this paper, we propose a convolutional neural network to identify fire and smoke from real-time images. Convolutional neural networks have shown their great performance in the field of object classification. Tested on real image sequences, the proposed approach achieves better classification performance than conventional methods. These results clearly indicate that the use of convolutional neural networks for fire detection is very encouraging.

Nutritional status and intestinal parasites among residents of the rural commune of Niou, Burkina Faso

Savadogo, Boubacar — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Malnutrition and particularly undernutrition and intestinal parasites represent a real public health issue in developing countries. In order to highlight the nutritional and parasitic status of the populations, a cross-sectional study was carried out in the rural commune of Niou. The objective of this study was to determine the different prevalences both in terms of nutritional and parasitic status. A total of 380 people took part in the study, of which 61.84% were women. Overall, 69.2% of the study population had a normal nutritional status, 24.2% suffered from malnutrition due to deficiency and 6.6% suffered from obesity or overweight. At least one in two people in our study population harbored a parasite in their digestive tract, an overall prevalence of 58.95. Among the subjects in a situation of nutritional deficiency, 61.95% were parasitized against 57.79% of parasitized in people with normal nutritional status and 56.0% in subjects in a situation of overweight or obesity. In total, 58.72% of women were carriers of parasites against 59.31% in men. Gender as well as sociodemographic situation are not determining factors for the occurrence of malnutrition and intestinal parasites. It is necessary in the fight against malnutrition and parasites in the population of Niou, to guarantee not only adequate food and hygiene but also to combine it with an effective treatment against intestinal parasites.

Knowledge and observance of partogram completeness by nurses in Kisantu maternity wards in Kongo-central, Democratic Republic of Congo

Kena, K. K. — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: The partograph is the particular tool for monitoring childbirth, maternal and newborn health when used correctly. The misuse of it and/or its absence constitutes a real danger for the parturient and the newborn. Material and Method: Sixty-two (62) nurses in three health facilities in the city of Kisantu in the province of Kongo-central in the DR. Congo were followed in the maternities. The observational survey method in a cross-sectional quantitative approach was used. The results are presented as percentage and mean compliance and partogram completeness. Results: It appears from this study that the population of respondents is made up only of registered nurses (24.2%), basic graduates (37.1%) and graduates (38.7%). Their professional seniority varies from 4 to 26 years; 50% opens the partograph when the parturient arrives; the average knowledge of the partogram is 20.3% and the consideration of the parameters of the partogram is 33%. Conclusion: The observance and completeness of the partogram by nurses in the city of Kisantu is largely low compared to the prescriptions of the WHO and the ICM.

Temporal dynamics of natural infestations of aquatic Heteroptera by Mycobacterium ulcerans in two health districts with different endemicity to Buruli ulcer, in southern Côte d’Ivoire

Bernard, Allali Kouadio — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Buruli ulcer (BU) is a human infection caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans. This disease currently occurs in 33 countries with tropical, subtropical and temperate climates in the Americas, Asia, the Western Pacific and Africa. In Côte d’Ivoire, the endemic foci of BU are distributed in the central, central-western, western, south-western and north-eastern regions. Our study was to examine insects likely to carry Mycobacterium ulcerans. Aquatic Heteroptera were therefore collected from ponds and identified. They were then tested for Mycobacterium ulcerans by real-time PCR using a set of primers and probes targeting the IS2404 gene. Thirty-six (36) species of aquatic insects belonging to nine families and 21 genera have been identified. The Naucoridae family has the largest number of species (nine species) or 25%. Real-time PCR tests carried out on monospecific batches (345 batches) revealed 18 positive batches, i.e. 5.22%. Sokrogbo and Vieil Alkodj localities respectively recorded prevalences of 7.62 (16 positive lots out of 210 lots in total) and 1.48% (2 positive lots out of 135 in total). The improvement of our knowledge on the natural infestation of the Heteroptera studied as well as the human presence in the ponds of Vieil Aklodj and Sokrogbo allow us to better understand the risk of contracting Buruli ulcer.

Adenoid cystic carcinoma of Bartholin’s gland: A case report

Mohammadine, Chaymaa — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Adenoid cystic carcinoma of Bartholin’s gland is a rare tumor. Its management is inspired by the treatment of vulvar cancers. We present here a clinical case of a 28-year-old female patient who presented with a painful swelling of the left labia majora, which was mistaken for simple bartholinitis and treated medically without improvement. A biopsy was then performed, and the histopathological study revealed a cystic adenoid carcinoma of the Bartholin gland. The radiological workup showed a locally advanced left vulvar process, without distant metastasis. Due to the impossibility of surgery, concomitant radiotherapy and chemotherapy were performed, with good improvement. The rarity of this type of vascular cancer makes its diagnosis late, because it is often confused with bartholin gland cyst and bartholinitis. Moreover, its management is still not standardized.

Colloid carcinoma of the breast: A review of three cases

Mohammadine, Chaymaa — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Colloid carcinoma of the breast is a rare histological entity, representing only 1 to 6% of all breast carcinomas. It affects a specific population and is known for its favorable prognosis compared to other breast cancers. Through three clinical cases of colloid carcinoma and a review of the literature, we will try to discuss the main clinical-pathological and evolutionary characteristics of this rare form of breast cancer.

Physicochemical characterization of leachates from two landfills in Brazzaville, Republic of Congo

Martin, Tchoumou — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

One of the biggest problems with landfilling waste is the landfill leachate that is produced when water passes through the waste. The composition of the leachate obviously depends on the nature of the buried waste, the presence of fermentable organic matter and the climatic conditions combined with the mode of operation of the site. The objective of this study is to make a physicochemical characterization of leachate from two public landfills in Brazzaville. To carry out this characterization, we made a series of leachate sampling from December 2021 to February 2022. The potentiometric and colorimetric methods were used for the determination or different parameters. During this period, the physicochemical analyzes carried out on these samples revealed high levels of biodegradable organic matter, with nitrates, chlorides and phosphates levels below the WHO standard. For the metals, we note the total absence of Pb in the two landfills. The Fe, Zn, and Cu contents do not exceed the WHO standard, while the Cd content for tsiémé landfill exceeds the WHO standard. The average value of the ratio (BOD5/COD) is 0.34 for the two sites, which shows that it is the intermediate leachate.

Evaluation in vivo of the antiplasmodial activity of extracts of Artemisia annua L., Alisicarpus ovalifolius (SCHUM. et THONN.) J. LEONARD. and Securidaka longepediculata FRESS. in nmri mice infected with Plasmodium berghei NK 65

Hamissou, Amadou Mounkaila — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This work aims to evaluate the antimalarial biological activities of medicinal plant extracts namely Artemisia annua, Alisicarpus ovalifolius and Securidaka longepediculata. The phytochemical analysis of the extracts of these plants revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, quinones, phenols and terpenes. Toxicity tests according to the method proposed by OECD have made it possible to conclude that the plant extracts are not toxic. The tests were carried out on mice, inoculated intraperitoneally with Plasmodium berghei. These animals were divided into eleven groups of five, nine of which each received a dose of the extract to be tested and the other two, distilled water for the negative control and arthemether for the positive control. The different extracts showed various antimalarial activities using the four-day Peters test on infected mice. Artemisia annua gave the highest parasitaemia reduction percentages with 87.2; 96.8 and 96% respectively at doses of 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg, while Alisicarpus ovalifolius recorded 61.6; 71.20 and 80.8% respectively at the same doses. Securidaka longepediculata extracts gave low percentage reductions in parasitaemia. Statistical analysis reveals that the extracts showed a significant difference compared to the negative control (P<0.05).

Study of the level of parasitism of the larvae and pupae of Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on the sugar complex of Borotou-Koro (Côte d'Ivoire)

Virgile, Kouassi Kouassi — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The stem borer Eldana saccharina infestation level on Borotou-Koro sugar complex is very alarming. However, effective control methods are not yet very developed against this pest. In order to better understand and guide the search for a lasting solution, it is necessary to master the biology and ecology of this insect pest. It is in this context that this study was conducted at Borotou-Koro agricultural integrated unit. It aims to inventory the natural enemies of Eldana saccharina, in this case the parasitoids present on the sugarcane plots. To do this, borer larvae and pupae were collected from the sugarcane plots and reared in the laboratory. The results obtained indicate that three Lepidoptera species of stem borer are present on the Borotou-Koro sugar complex: Eldana saccharina (98.4%), Sesamia calamistis (1.53%) and Sesamia inferens (0.07%). The parasitism rate of E. saccharina larvae and pupae is low (3.29%). Six species of parasitoid auxiliaries of Eldana saccharina have been identified including a larval parasitoid (Sphaephoria sp), a larval-pupae parasitoid (Lycoriela auripila) and four pupae parasitoids (Trichopeza sp, Proctotrupes sp, Proconura nigripes, Psilochalcis sp). Fusarium spp has also been identified as a parasite of Eldana saccharina larvae. These six parasitoid species come from two families which are the Diptera estimated at 3.32% and the Hymenoptera which represents 96.68% of the percentage of parasitoids encountered. Thus, the Borotou-Koro sugar complex is full of several species of Eldana saccharina parasitoids on these sugarcane plots. Eldana saccharina larvae and pupae rate of parasitism is substantially identical for all the varieties of cane encountered. However, the parasitism rate of pupae varies greatly from one sector to another and is higher in rainfed conditions than in irrigated conditions.

Digital communication and practical physical and sports maintenance activities in the city of Ouagadougou

Salfo, ILBOUDO — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The communication strategy to increase the practice of Physical Activities and Sports (PAS) within the population remains topical in public development policies. It is on the strength of this observation that the ministerial department in charge of sports has entered into a partnership with the mobile telephone operator TELECEL Faso for the sending of the «Short Message System» of invitation to practice. The general objective of this article is to analyze the effect of SMS on the regular practice of physical and sports maintenance activities by the population in the city of Ouagadougou. The data was collected using a quantitative approach from 299 practitioners. The results obtained reveal that the SMS of TELECEL Faso do not have an effect on the regularity of the practice of APS in the city of Ouagadougou. All of the actors questioned are part of the perspective of improving the quality and quantity of SMS with diversification of the source of distribution. This study helps inform decision-makers on the strategies to be optimized with a view to generalizing the practice of sport.

Didactic analysis of the first session of a learning situation of three teachers of physical education and sports in Benin

Basile, Agbodjogbe D. — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study of didactic obedience compared the practices of three PE teachers intervening in the first session of the second learning situation in third grade with reference to the official prescriptions in the matter. It took place at CEG Goho and CEG Avogbanan in the center and then at CEG Banikanni in northern Benin. The theoretical grounding is inspired by the anthropological theory of didactics (Paun, 2006; Perrenoud, 1998; Chevallard, 1992), the model of evaluative practices (Grenier and Beaudoin, 2012) and the concepts mobilized by comparatists (Mercier, Schubauer- Leonie, Sensevy, 2002). The study of documents, the audio-visual recording of three sessions, the pre-session interview and the post-session interview are the techniques used with reference to the triangulation of Amade-Escot and Leutenegger (2013), Leutenegger (2009; 2003), Amade-Escot (2003) inspired by Van Der Maren (1996). The analyzed and discussed results make it possible to affirm that elements of genericity and specificity emerge from the implementation or not of the initial situation, the progress of the diagnostic evaluation and the implementation of the six stages planned for the first session of a learning situation. The teachers’ reports to the official prescriptions and to the APS help to explain this situation.

Improvement indices and agromorphological diversity of false sesame (Ceratotheca sesamoides Endl.) in Burkina Faso

Kabore, Dramane — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this work was to evaluate the improvement indices and the agro-morphological diversity of Ceratotheca sesamoides accessions from the Sudan-Sahelian and Sudanian climatic zones of Burkina Faso. For this purpose, a randomized Fisher block design with three replications was set up. Univariate analysis was used to evaluate the level of diversity and the varietal improvement indices. The evaluation of the links between the traits was done by Person’s correlation test. The structuring of the diversity was done by multivariate analyses. The results of this experiment reveal the existence of a high agro-morphological diversity on several traits. This diversity made it possible to divide the accessions collected into four groups. Of these, group I is made up of the best performing accessions. The best performing traits were dry and fresh leaf biomass, plant height and number of primary branches. The genetic parameters recorded that Group I accessions are best suited in a breeding and development program for the creation of varieties that meet the needs of producers. The study assessed the level of diversity, diversity structuring and improvement indices.

Investigation of new cocoa bean fermentation media in the main cocoa production regions (Haut-Sassandra, Nawa and Bas-Sassandra) in Côte d’Ivoire

Ahossi, Konan Kouakou — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Fermentation is a crucial post-harvest step for obtaining the aromatic and sensory characteristics of quality cocoa that meets international requirements. This work has made it possible to list the fermentation media for cocoa beans currently used in the major cocoa production areas in Côte d’Ivoire. To do this, a questionnaire was established and allowed by interviews and direct observations in order to collect information on the new fermentation media in use. In total, nine hundred and nineteen (919) producers were surveyed. This research work has made it possible, through a survey, to show that the main cocoa production areas in Côte d’Ivoire today use new supports for the fermentation of cocoa beans for various reasons. These are five (5) currently used fermentation media in addition to those known but has different proportions depending on the area surveyed and those for several difficulties they face. Our results also made it possible to obtain the fermentation time according to the medium used and whether stirring was allowed during the fermentation. A principal component analysis revealed three groups of producers according to the supports used and their motivation with a strong correlation between the supports and the motivation.

Independent administrative authorities and regulatory power: Justified emergence and conditional delegation

Riad, Jamal — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The object of this study concerns the definition of the independent administrative authorities, its genesis and its evolution in Morocco and within the compared systems. The study also demonstrates that some analyzes try to give a narrow definition to independent administrative authorities and only see those who dwell on administrative decisions as the only one that can be considered an independent administrative authority. While other analyzes give it a broad definition, estimating that the mere fact of issuing opinions, proposals and recommendations is enough to consider it an independent administrative authority. Finally, the study focuses on the delegation of regulatory power to independent administrative authorities as well as their participation in public decision-making.

Soil organic carbon storage potential under three types of perennial crops (Cocoa, hevea and oil palm) in the department of Daloa (Centre-West of Côte d’Ivoire)

Bessimory, Toure — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the department of Daloa, one of the main agricultural areas of Côte d’Ivoire, the change in land use is so enormous that it threatens the ecosystems and, with them, the services provided, in particular the stabilization of the climate via carbon storage in vegetation and soils. Thus, one of the major environmental challenges to be met in this department is to determine, among the crops grown, those that have a significant potential for reducing CO2 emissions into the atmosphere by conserving existing carbon reservoirs in the soil. This is the objective that was targeted in the present study. It consisted in choosing in three different villages, three same crops (cocoa tree, hevea and oil palm) among the most practiced. The physico-chemical properties of the soils were determined from three soil pits located on a useful plot of 10000 m2, by land use. The carbon stocks contained in the first 100 to 120 cm of the soils were calculated. It emerged that soils under cocoa trees store carbon better than soils under hevea. The latter have greater potential than soils under oil palms. However, the stocks measured remain low overall, which shows that the farming practices assessed should be improved.

The role of FDI in reducing migratory flows in Tunisia

Nasri, Leila — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Since the 1970s, Tunisia has made FDI one of the pillars of its economic and social development policy. To do this, it has pursued an increasingly welcoming policy of attractiveness which has made it possible to increase the flow of FDI received by the country. FDI is expected to contribute to the country’s industrial development, technology transfer, increased exports and above all, job creation. Indeed, the country suffers during these last years from a relatively high rate of unemployment which makes the social situation more and more difficult and which pushes the inhabitants to leave the country in a legal or illegal way in order to improve their levels of life. It is precisely in this context that we endeavor to analyze and take stock of the contribution of FDI to job creation and subsequently to the reduction of migratory flows.

From « applied media aesthetics » to a general aesthetics of television news discourse

El Akhdari, Manal — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

News discourse, especially in television, is more relevant than ever in light of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) evolutions. News television channels broadcast almost the same main information across the world. Thus, the challenge is no longer exclusively the content, but also, above all, the form of the content presented on TV screens. The information process depends both on what is said and shown and on what carries this content. In this regard, we should attempt to identify the general aesthetics of news media. To reach this goal, we should answer these questions: which discourse components appeal to the public’s sensitivity? What is the difference between « Applied Media Aesthetics » and general aesthetics of television news discourse? Throughout this article, we tried to answer the above mentioned questions in an attempt to identify the aesthetics of television news discourse.

Determinants based on a setting health mutual in Lubero town (Province of North Kivu in Democratic Republic of the Congo)

Amos, Kakule Sivihwa — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The goal of this study is to identify factors promoting a community mutual health insurance creation in Lubero town. This is a descriptive and cross-sectional study that was conducted among 384 household’s chiefs. To collect data, we used questionnaire technique and group discussion with the key informants of Lubero Town. The results of this study show that: the quality health care offered to the population by the existing health structures, the population awareness of community mutual health insurance guidelines are social factors of its formation in Lubero town. Then, economic development dynamics, real and priority need, household income, joining will, contribution intentions and members’ willingness to fund are economic factors promoting creation of a community mutual health insurance in Lubero town. Finally, democratically elected association managers, regular meetings, administrative documents, proper finances management, layout of health accommodations to receive mutual members are institutional factors that promote its creation in Lubero town.

Didactic strategies of environmental education in DR Congo: Teaching practices at the final level of primary education in the city of Bunia (Province of Ituri)

Pascal, Cwinya’ay Wong’a — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

In D.R. Congo, environmental degradation remains visible even though the primary school curriculum includes Environmental Education (EE) as a subject to be taught to school children. This situation worries the educational actors and shows that primary school teachers do not positively influence their pupils to become national actors of environmental protection. The aim of this study is to explore the didactic strategies that teachers use in teaching Environmental Education in the final grade of primary school. It was conducted in the city of Bunia, in the province of Ituri, a region rich in natural resources. According to the main findings, 68.5% of the teachers still use traditional methods during environmental education lessons, 96.8% of the teachers do not apply the approaches and strategies of Environmental Education and Sustainable Development (EESD Strategies) in their respective lessons, 85.7% of the teachers plan the content of the curriculum to be taught according to the vertical plan, 89.5% of the teachers apply the objective approach while neglecting the competency-based approaches. The seniority of the teachers and the management regime influence their didactic strategies. The constraints noted are pedagogical, material and administrative. In order for teachers to improve their didactic strategies, they will have to undergo continuous training in the didactics of Environmental Education and Sustainable Development in the professional environment.

Study of the Diode Current of a Silicon Solar cell in Dynamic Frequency Regime under Monochromatic Illumination in the Presence of the Magnetic Field and the Irradiation Energy

Ndiaye, El Hadji — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this work, we studied the influence of the irradiation energy and the magnetic field on the diode current of a solar cell in frequency dynamic regime under monochromatic illumination. After solving the minority charge carrier continuity equation in the presence of irradiation energy and magnetic field, we derive new expressions for the minority charge carrier density and the diode current. Starting from these equations, we have represented the profiles of the latter according to some parameters finally to highlight the effect of the irradiation energy and the magnetic field on the diode current.

Strong sustainability as a system for harming future generations and the Congolese environment: Challenges and perspectives of the mining sector

Cyprien, Isaac Kyamusoke — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

All the threats to the environment today are due to economic activities carried out without ecological precautions and this everywhere in the world. To mitigate the effects of these, several legal, judicial and institutional practices are called to awakening. Hence the emergence and validity of good governance in the mining sector. Some laws in the world do not better ensure the protection of the environment. It is who if the future of the environment is not guaranteed, it will cause inconvenience to future generations. Concerning the DR Congo for example where we find in the mining legislation the application of strong sustainability, which is based on the monopoly to exploit everything and reinvest in other sectors. The designer of this system was not wrong; on the other hand, it is incompatible with certain States like the DRC where the management is not well ensured by the rulers.

The Emergence of Corporate Social Responsibility in Africa: State of play and outlook

Cyprien, Isaac Kyamusoke — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Economic recovery being a major concern for several African countries, they are doing everything to attract investors. The question of CSR always goes hand in hand with the life of companies in their operating phase, in order to ensure good governance of the business climate. Thus, in some African countries (in the DRC in particular) the issue of CSR remains calamitous. The whole problem experienced by local Congolese communities is linked to the fact that internal laws do not recognize the right of these communities to initiate legal action alone against the company’s bad promises. The question of the legal personality of Congolese local communities finds merit in the forestry code. This code limits the right of these, in particular the representation of local communities in justice. On the ground, several emerging companies make promises to local communities, the execution of which does not reach 1/3 of the promises made. Thus, in Congolese law, the question of CSR remains in the traditional conception where all the promises made depend on the will of the promising and not a legal obligation with binding measures in the event of non-performance. Recognizing the legal personality of the local community is not enough, on the other hand it must also be recognized the right to sue alone without going through intermediaries who sometimes stifle the claims of local communities.

Land issues and urbanization in Luwowoshi: Process of construction and appropriation of the place

Perry, Balloy Mwanza — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the context of demographic growth of urban populations, problems relating to housing and agricultural productivity activities are more relevant than ever for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Furthermore, the significant growth of unregulated land markets is aggravating inequalities in terms of access to urban resources. In African cities, thousands of people live under the threat of eviction with property titles that can be challenged at any time by the state or private actors. This tenure insecurity manifests itself both in forced «evictions» and other land disputes and in the housing crisis. Our study aims to provide keys and benchmarks to understand how the land issue was historically constructed as an object of public action, like any land policy adapted to a local context, in particular through the recognition of customary rights. It seems urgent in the city of Lubumbashi, and the Luwowoshi district in particular, that access to housing and property constitute an essential element of a decent living environment.

Socio-economic issues and urbanization: Household precariousness, vulnerability of urban groups in the Luwowoshi district

Perry, Balloy Mwanza — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Our study provides an overview of the precarious socio-economic and environmental conditions of the inhabitants of the spontaneous district of Luwowoshi, in the city of Lubumbashi. The results presented in this article highlight the difficulties in which the populations live and the problems they encounter. Thus, households get their water from wells (62%), springs (27%), standpipes (8%) and boreholes (1%), while generally not having, an adequate effluent treatment system. They must indeed resort to expedients such as: spreading on the plots (60%), the use of latrines and unconnected toilets (34%), infiltration via a simple hole (5%). The evacuation of solid waste is done according to various methods likely to contaminate the environment and the potability of water: holes (54%), incineration (26%), pit (9%), manure pit (5%), vacant lots (5%), and public ferry (1%).

Evaluation of the zootechnical performance during the grow-out phase of an improved strain of Oreochromis niloticus reared in ponds in the Ivorian environment

Omer, TRE BI Tré Christian — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

In response to the lack of fast-growing fry, Côte d’Ivoire introduced an improved strain of Oreochromis niloticus from Brazil. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the zootechnical performance of this strain before its dissemination in the farming environment, in comparison with the local strain. To do so, fingerlings with an average weight of 45.45 ± 5.1 g for the « Bouaké » strain and 50.05 ± 0.28 g for the « Brazil » strain were stocked in 175 m2 ponds at a density of 2.2 fry per m2. They were fed three different feeds (Imported Industrial Feed (A2I), Local Industrial Feed (AIL) and Local Feed (AL)) for 150 days. Although there was no significant difference between the strains, the survival rates, which ranged from 97.67 ± 0.80 to 100%, were numerically higher for the Bouaké strain than for the Brazil strain. The daily growth rates of the « Brazil » and « Bouaké » strains were respectively 3.18 and 2.20 g with A2I, 2.24 and 1.89 g with AIL, and 1.67 and 1.15 g with AL. Feed conversion ratio of the «Brazil» and «Bouaké» strains were 2.87 and 3.20 respectively with A2I, 3.57 and 3.88 with AIL, and 4.05 and 4.27 with AL. The yields obtained for the « Brazil » and « Bouaké » strains were 230.38 and 176.21 Kg/a/yr with A2I, 164.07 and 135.72 Kg/a/yr with AIL, and 124.78 and 95.06 Kg/a/yr with AL, respectively. The growth of the « Brazil » strain is higher than that of « Bouaké » by 23 to 45%. The « Brazil » strain showed better growth performance and productivity compared to the « Bouake » strain regardless of the feed used.

The impact of arts employment on creativity and academic achievement in Morocco’s middle schools: A descriptive study

El Blidi, Omar — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This research focuses on the question of whether arts use in education can be shown to increase levels of creativity and affect the academic achievement in middle school of low socioeconomic backgrounds. Multi-method approach was chosen for the present study. The operationalization of creativity was based on its definition as a cognitive skill but took two different perspectives: one of creativity as a product and the other of creativity as a process. The methods used to explore the problematic were quantitative, in the form of standardized creativity testing and grade point averages analyzing, combined with descriptive observation. The use of these different procedures contributes to scientific validity. Results show a positive correlation between the artistic program of research and the improvement of the cognitive skill creativity in the Moroccan middle school. However, quantitative creativity testing results left some questions on validity and reliability, and the grade points analysis has proven almost no relationship between arts use in education and academic achievement. Creativity did demonstrate to be more methodically understood when examined in the context of the creative process, and the quantitative testing could be combined to a qualitative study ensuring the validity of research in this case. Finally, the present research led to numerous discussion points and recommendation for future research.

Modeling a geographical information system for effective management of a medium voltage network using the technique of effectively earthed neutral

Barthelemy, Monkila Nkiwa — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Geographic Information System today plays a fundamental role in the life of organizations given its direct impact on its strategic and operational areas is built thanks to the contribution of materials provided by three main parameters: digital, electricity and geography, prototype tested at the National Electricity Company of the Democratic Republic of Congo. The advantage of this model is that the data is stored in the server so that the users - customers of the electricity network have access to it with a positive impact not only on the technical and commercial management of sales centers but also on the control system of senior management in real time. The data thus collected in the field made it possible to constitute a database for the operators of the electricity network. The aggregation of the above-mentioned elements has made it possible to develop an effective and efficient geographic information system, therefore efficient, and this by hybridization between database management software, vector drawing and image processing, for decision-making at the level of the company’s organizational management system.

Finite element modeling and optimization of the infrared heating step for the heat treatment of PET preforms using the Linear Quadratic (LQR) control: Application to the infrared oven of the FG-8 industrial blower of the factory of VALVITA mineral water production

Epaphrodite, KONGOLO MONGA — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Our study focuses on the modeling of infrared radiation heating and the optimal control of the heating process of preforms used in the manufacturing process of PET bottles. In the manufacture of a bottle by injection blow molding, the heat treatment of the preform plays an essential role. In this work, we have set up an approach which goes from the phenomenological modeling of heat exchanges (conduction, radiation, convection) and which lead to partial differential equations until the numerical integration of these equations. The approach used is that based on finite elements, since the partial differential equations make it difficult to understand the behavior of the physical system. This choice is due to the fact that it allows to solve numerically the systems with complex geometry. The term source of radiation integrated into the heat equation was calculated with a Beer-Lambert law applied to each ray emitted by halogen lamps. The objective is to calculate, under a single digital simulation platform, the complete thermal mapping of the preform as it leaves the oven. It is therefore, using numerical simulation in Matlab, to be able to first predict the longitudinal temperature mapping of the preform, as well as a state representation of the system simulating the temporal temperature profile during of the heating phase. Secondly, it is about the optimal control of the heating process. This optimization consists of limiting the optimization variables included in the interval (90°C

The writing of wandering in « L’aîné des orphelins » by Tierno Monénembo

Gnabana, Pidabi — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article aims to highlight the different manifestations of wandering and their impact on the characters. From an approach based on narratology and sociocriticism, the article has shown that the text gives to read a scriptural wandering which is manifested by spatio-temporal anachronisms and intercalated narratives. This form of wandering is the reflection of the narrator’s physical wandering, which prefigures itself as the manifestation of a consciousness that has lost its bearings and is seeking to define itself. The tumultuous course of the narrator also refers to a mental wandering in a crooked universe marked by the inhuman actions of the genociders who prefigure animality. Through the writing of wandering, the article shows that the novel is an outlet for the suffering and frustration of the characters. Therefore, it promotes what founds the need for a new humanism.

Action research on urban health centers in Goma city (Eastern DRC): Attraction area and patient profile

Mbeva, Jean-Bosco Kahindo — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: Faced with the growing phenomenon of urbanization and the need to adapt health services to the urban context, this article describes the catchment area and the profile of the patient who attended the two urban medical health centers (CSMU) set up, as part of an action research, in the city of Goma, Eastern Democratic Republic of (DRC). Methods: This is a retrospective observational study based on registry and patient record data from April 2019 to December 2021. Data collected on tablets were analyzed using statistical software STATA 14.1. Results: 14.433 patients attended both CSMUs during the period. Both CSMUs experienced attraction beyond the health areas of implantation (26.7%). The profile of the patient is predominantly female (62.3%), educated (70.5% graduated at least in the humanities), adult (44.9% aged 18 to 49), registered with the CSMU in 19.6% of cases. The reason for consultations is dominated by infectious (55.2%) and parasitic (10.6%) diseases, followed by chronic diseases (26.9%) and trauma (2.6%) (p <0.001). In more than 90% of cases, the care involves 3 different skills (medical, nurses and social worker) of the multidisciplinary team. Discussion and Conclusion: The catchment area and patient profile found show the interest of rethinking the way urban health services are organized in order to better meet the expectations of urban populations.

Design and implementation of an innovative composting system, powered by solar energy assisted by a tracking mechanism without batteries

Lahmadi, Mohamed Marouane — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

For the organic waste disposal, rotary use of composters is common and frequently employed. Additionally, the amount of energy adopted to move organic waste is a key factor that should be highly considered when designing and manufacturing a composter machine and picking up the motor engine. Moreover, the power of promoting organic substance can be represented by compost size, operating parameters (sunshine, humidity...) and based on a simplified organic waste mass model generated by regression approximation mechanical equations with satisfactory results and precision. Finally, the reliable efficiency of this model is measured by particular data on an industrial rotary composter system.

Hybridization approach in the inclusion of local actors in top-down peacebuilding initiatives

Ibrahim, Bidu — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Peacebuilding aims to prevent relapse into conflict in countries or communities that are regarded as ‘post conflict’. Peace building initiatives may be structured or described in different ways. A common description based on the vertical implementation of the peacebuilding efforts as well as their level of inclusivity. Hence, peacebuilding efforts may be undertaken in a top-down or bottom-up approach. Top-down approaches have been criticized as elitist and fostering exclusion. This has led to a push for the inclusion of local actors in the top-down peacebuilding interventions in what is sometimes described as multitrack implementation. By examining the strength and drawbacks of both approaches, this article seeks to clarify the areas of tensions and possibilities of accommodation in a hybridization approach. In addition, by categorizing the local actors based on their characteristics and roles in their communities, the article seeks to demystify the concept of the local. This helps in visualizing how they may be incorporated into interventions. Local actors can provide entry points, consultancy and partnerships in research. Collaboration in form of locally led analysis, planning and implementation can be explored. Supporting local businesses and the private sector may mitigate likely sources of instability. External actors can also provide funding to facilitate the peacebuilding processes.

Social innovation in the ecuadorian university and its post-covid challenges: Case study Guayaquil

Vaque, Wendy Azucena Castro — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Social innovation, which is very fashionable these days, is a concept that requires a more exact approach, even more so when it is explored in economic and social terms and its definition is of interest to governments. Innovation in higher education institutions is a component that in some corresponds to a subject and in others it is part of a subject. It has been identified through the scientific reading of other authors, about its importance around the development of social innovation, in addition to using a data collection technique that has been implemented with 300 students from different higher education institutions in the city of Guayaquil. The results of these surveys have made it possible to identify through descriptive research the student problems facing social innovation in their institutions, in addition to new scenarios, after the most difficult days of Covid-19.

Fungicides evaluation to control foliar diseases in barley

García, María Florencia Rodríguez — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Foliar diseases affecting rainfed barley in Mexico are mainly net blotch, spot blotch and leaf scald, which demerit the physical quality of grains. Current varieties are not resistant; thus, chemical control is an option to complement genetic control. This study aimed to determine the biological effectivity of fungicides to control foliar diseases and their effect on grain yield. The locations and crop seasons to conduct the study were in Tlaxcala and Puebla in 2019, respectively. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design in a split-plot arrangement with four reps. The main plot consisted of two varieties (Esmeralda and Doña Josefa), while sub-plots were two fungicides (Azoxistrobin 7.07 % plus Propiconazole 11.79 % and Propiconazole 25.64 %). Field measurements included days to heading and maturity, grain yield, test weight, and final disease severity (a visual score for disease control). The analysis of variance indicated significant differences (p≤0.01) between varieties, grain yield, and final disease severity. Disease control was more effective due to Azoxistrobin 7.07 % plus Propiconazole 11.79 %. Grain yield was more significant with fungicide application, overall Doña Josefa with Propiconazole 25.64 % (5972.38 kg ha-1). Field observations indicated that the application of Azoxistrobin lengthens the cropping season delaying the senescence (stay-green). Results suggested that chemical control of foliar diseases in barley is a suitable option.

The reform of social protection in Morocco following the coronavirus pandemic

Ajjig, El Mehdi — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The COVID-19 pandemic has affirmed the importance of social protection. To combat the effects of the pandemic, countries have taken exceptional measures to preserve health and have introduced or adapted measures to provide income support to people who have lost their sources of income. The pandemic has also highlighted the weaknesses of the social protection system in Morocco, introduced in 1940, which is composed of a contributory system whose financing depends on social security contributions and regulations, and a subsidiary system which takes into covers people who do not have access to contributory basic social insurance. The kick-off for the implementation of the social protection reform in Morocco was given in April 2021 and should be spread over five years. The objective of this reform is to reorganize and improve the operation of the various social protection instruments with a view to greater effectiveness and increased efficiency and also to create new components likely to extend coverage. This large-scale reform initiated by Morocco requires an annual envelope estimated at 51 billion dirhams, which constitutes a major challenge for the country’s public finances, which have been hit by the COVID-19 crisis.

Inventory and population dynamics of insects associated with shea kernel stocks in farming areas

Kambou, Siébou François — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Shea kernels are generally stored by Burkinabè households. A prospective study conducted in Ziro province revealed the damage caused by insects. The objective of this study was to inventory the pests associated with shea kernel stocks. Samples of shea kernels were collected from farmers’ stocks in three localities of the province over a six-month period. At each period, 4 samples were taken from each locality to constitute 12 batches that were brought to the Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Entomology of the Joseph KI-ZERBO University. Each batch was analyzed and kept for insect emergence monitoring for 45 days. Six (06) species of predators were identified, among which Ephestia cautella (Walker) was the most abundant (87.33% of individuals). Four (04) species of the order Coleoptera, were recorded with proportions of individuals lower than 4%. Bracon hebetor (Say), a parasitic Hymenoptera, was recorded with a proportion of 7.26%. The rate of perforation of kernels, which was significant at the beginning of storage (28.87%), increased progressively to reach a maximum of 57.73% after six months of storage. It is important to study the behavior of H. hebetor toward E. cautella in order to clarify its status and possibly consider the implementation of a biological control against this pest.

Territory of Kimvula: An undisputed commercial space (Kongo Central province, in the Democratic Republic of Congo)

Lugangu, Marie Honorine — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Through this article, the authors expose the causes that prevent the marketing of food and manufactured products in the rural world of Kimvula and suggest some possible solutions. This study aims to identify the problems of marketing in this environment where commercial space is undisputed. The results show that the rural territory of Kimvula, in the province of Kongo Central, is experiencing serious marketing problems. This situation is not conductive to its development. To better understand this problem of marketing, the authors explain the organization of markets and also show that the territory of Kimvula is not a disputed commercial space based on field data. This situation in linked to the lack of markets, the poor state of roads and bridges, the lack of traders and vehicles. Our investigation showed that there are no permanent and well- organized markets in the territory of Kimvula where farmers can obtain food supplies other than agricutural ones (horse mackerel, salted fish, milk) from traders.

Mineral, vitamin and antinutritional characterization of three varieties of sun-dried and oven-dried sweet potatoes (Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire)

Traore, Fakana Drissa — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this work is to highlight the nutritional potential of flour from three varieties of sweet potatoes in Daloa. The study focused on the impact of the drying method on the levels of minerals, vitamins and antinutritional factors in flours made from sweet potatoes. The three sweet potato varieties studied were those with white skin, white flesh (BB); those with purple skin, white flesh (VB) and those with yellow skin, yellow flesh) (JO). They were cleaned, cut and then dried in the sun for a week or in an oven at 45°C for two days. Their flours were characterized by conventional methods. The results show that drying in the oven at 45°C best preserves the minerals in the sweet potato. Oven drying at 45°C better preserves the vitamins in sweet potato flour. As for the results related to antinutritional compounds, sun drying decreases the antinutritional compounds the most in sweetpotato flour. From this study, we deduce that the flours of the three varieties from drying in an oven at 45°C have the most interesting mineral, vitamin and antinutritional properties for the food formulation.

Redox reactions errors made by Bunia 2nd form scientific pupils in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Jacob, KAMUHANDA BUGASAKI — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

A questionnaire composed of two chemical equations has been administered to 203 second form scientific pupils from 15 Bunia schools in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in order to point out the errors they make in the equilibration of the redox reactions and identify the frequent errors. The obtained results, after the present study have revealed that the committed errors in the redox oxidation equilibration by these pupils are: the calculation of the stage oxidation, the oxidant identification and the reducer, the writing of redox couples, the half-equation redox writing, the reactionary area identification, the calculation of the least common multiple, the addition of the redox half-equation and the stoichiometric coefficient writing. By submitting these results to the Chi-Squared test, it has been found that the observed difference between the revealed error frequencies is very significant because Χ2cal = 327,40 ˃ Χ2tab 5% = 14,07. Thus, the most frequent errors are the oxidation numbers bad calculation (47, 78%), the confusion between the oxidant and the reducer (16, 26%) and the bad writing of the half-equation reduction oxidations (26, 11%). Teachers should, therefore exploit correctly the school books and the necessary procedures for the equilibrium of a redox reaction, but also find new methods to teach well the equilibration steps of an oxidation reaction and the reducer.

Current status of the avifauna of some classified forests in central Côte d’Ivoire: Species diversity, community structure and threats

ODOUKPE, Kadio Saint Guillaume — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this study is to assess the diversity of bird communities and the threats they face in the classified forests of central Côte d’Ivoire. Birds were inventoried using the point counts method coupled with line transects in the Ahua and Proungbo-Sérébi classified forests as well as in the Soungourou and Mafa complexes. A total of 180 species divided into 16 orders and 61 families were inventoried in all sites. This avifaunal population is composed mainly of resident species whose populations are relatively stable on a global scale. However, some species are on the IUCN red list. The main threats in these classified forests are transhumance, hunting and natural habitats transformation. This study makes it possible to establish a reference situation for the avifauna of the classified forests of Ahua and Proungbo-Serebi as well as the Soungourou and Mafa complexes. This rich and diversified avifauna population is threatened by the many anthropic activities identified. In a context of sustainable management of natural resources and restoration of the national forest cover, the data of this study will make it possible to draw up a development and management plan for the sites surveyed. In addition, they will allow to develop these sites for tourism. In view of the results obtained, it is recommended to diversify the species of reforestation, to reinforce protection measures and to intensify the awareness of communities living near classified forests to biodiversity conservation.

The influence of self-efficacy and self-determination on students’ entrepreneurial intention

Issam, Melhaoui — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of the present work is to examine the influence of the motivational factors of the self-determination theory, as well as the individual characteristics presented in the framework of the self-efficacy theory on the entrepreneurial intention of students. More precisely, the objective is to understand if the different types of motivation (intrinsic and extrinsic) influence entrepreneurial intention differently, and more globally the influence of psychosociological factors in the explanation and formation of entrepreneurial behavior. The theoretical outcome of this work takes the form of a theoretical model that presents this relationship in accordance with social-cognitive theory.

Contrast of the herbaceous vegetation of three land uses in the dune environments of southeastern Niger: The case of the Guidan Kadji village land (Maïné-Soroa)

Moustapha, Aboubacar Moustapha — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Manga located, in the South-East of Niger knows wind erosion. This form of degradation favored the creation of sharp dunes. To remedy this situation, programs to fight against sand dunes are implemented. This study is conducted in Guidan Kadji (Maïné-Soroa). It compares the herbaceous flora of a treated dune that has received manure, a natural course and a living dune in the vicinity of Guidan Kadji. The method of aligned quadrat points was used for the phytosociological study. The treated dune has 24 species, 10 species for the natural course and 3 species for the living dune, the best represented families are the Poaceae with 9 species. Therophytes occupy more than 80% of the gross and weighted spectra. The species. Guineo-Congolese-Sudanese-Zambézian is the dominant phytogeographic type with more than 70% in the gross and weighted spectra. The cover is 4.25%, 71.02% and 95.81% for live dune, treated dune and rangeland respectively. The qualified forage is 1339.65 kg DM/ha or 1.33 T DM/ha for the natural dune versus 703.44 kg DM/ha or 0.70 T DM/ha for the treated dune. It is practically null (2.04 kg DM/ha or 0.002 T DM/ha) on the live dune. Overall, the regularity (>0.60 bits) is high and the Sörensen similarity (>80%) between the treated dune and the natural course is high. This study demonstrated that dune fixation can restore the flora of degraded dune systems, especially if the site is close to residential areas.

Environmental problems in schools in Kinshasa: State of play and guidelines for sustainable management

Munkuomo, Jean Rufin — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Education and Environment should stand together for a better fruitful partnership. Unfortunately, in Kinshasa, these two realities are not reconciled. Indeed, qualitative survey and investigations carried out in Limete commune revealed thad Education and Environment are not moving along side by side. There is both éducation educational and Enivironmental crisis. This situation provokes human vulnerability and educational collapse in Kinshasa city. As remedial strategies, our study suggests various solutions to improve both the quality of the education and the environmental sustainability.

Cinema in the Service of Memory Preservation: Hakim Belabbes’ Cinema as a Case Study

HAKIM, Khalid — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article sets out to study the role that art can play in preserving memory. In this regard, a good example to serve the purpose would be the cinema of the Moroccan director Hakim BELABBES who tries to mobilize his cinematographic works as a ‘weapon’ to preserve the collective memory of his hometown Bejaad. To this end, the Moroccan filmmaker tries to represent several realistic themes that always allow a revisiting of the past and memory. In his cinema, both in its subjective and realistic dimensions, BELABBES tries to capture time through places, rituals, the testimony of the inhabitants, art and trades, etc. It is a great challenge to resist disappearance, oblivion and death. The article also sheds light on the relationship between the subjectivity of the author of cinema and the success of a work on memory.

Mobile deployment of a deep neural network to identify UAC/ISDA’ students in exam rooms

MOÏSE, KAMBALE KASAMBYA — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The main objective of this study was to implement a system capable of recognition and identification of students of the Université de l’Assomption/Institut Supérieur de Développement de l’Assomption (UAC/ISDA) exams’ rooms. The system will serve as a means to fight against fraud during exam periods, i.e. before a student enters the exam room, the system will identify the student by displaying from his/her captured face the full name and the amount of fees already paid by the student whose face appears on video sequences from Smartphone cameras. This study used 2210 images of human faces at a rate of 10 images per class to train the deep CNN model. Each class was labeled with the identifiers of the respective student such as first name, surname name, promotion and the amount of academic fees already paid. After training the neural network, the auteurs obtained an accuracy of 94% and a loss of 0.25 as validation results. The test was performed on 30 images captured in four different locations of which 29 predicted correctly or 96.66%. These results showed the effectiveness of the artificial neural network for the recognition and identification of UAC/ISDA students. This model answers our problem in the sense that it gives the possibility to identify not the object but the person.

Detecting women’s cesarean deliveries using machine learning

Dorcas, MASIKA MUYISA — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this study was to determine, using Machine Learning (ML) algorithms, whether a pregnant woman will give birth by caesarean or not. The study is based on quantitative analysis using secondary data from the obstetric department of the Wanamahika Hospital in the city of Butembo, the Democratic Republic of Congo, over a period of one year and seven months in 2019 and 2020. The used dataset comprises 1501 records. Six ML models, namely: the Decision Tree, the Support Vector Machines, the Artificial Neural Networks, the k-Nearest Neighbors, the Random Forest as well as the Logistic Regression (LR), were built to predict the mode of women deliveries. The evaluation metrics used to evaluate those models were accuracy, f1-score, precision and recall. The authors found that cesarean deliveries represented 33.8% of their study sample while vaginal deliveries represented 66.2%. Of those six ML models created, LR was validated as it performed better with an accuracy reaching 98.85%, a recall, a precision, and a f1-score of 0.99, respectively. At the end of the investigation, the researchers retained LR in order to deploy a Web application that detect the mode of women deliveries in the hospital using Flask. Nineteen features revealed to be predictors of delivering in caesarean mode in the City of Butembo that are Referred by the health center, Age of the mother, Origin of the mother, Age of the pregnancy, HIV test result, Antepartum hemorrhage, Uterine rupture, Eclampsia and pre-eclampsia, Active management of the third period of labor, Indications for cesarean section, Number of previous cesarean sections, Episiotomy, Theobald, Cytotec, Sex of live birth, Obstetric formula, Weight of newborn in grams, Number of days in hospital, Number of days before delivery.

Ensemble model for predicting heart diseases in insecure areas: The case of North-Kivu Province, DR Congo

Corinne, Zawadi Sirisombola — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Heart diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Nowadays, heart diseases are killing more people than ever before. Thus, the authors of this study designed this project to analyze data on heart diseases prediction. The project uses raw data in the form of a.csv file as data set. The authors collected the used dataset from the cardiology department of the Graben University Clinic (Butembo/DR Congo) that included 389 records and 25 variables including age, employment, pulse rate, blood pressure and clinical symptoms. The aim was to compare Machine Learning (ML) ensemble methods such as Boosting type (AdaBoosting, GradientBoosting and XGBoosting) with single ML models (KNN, Stochastic gradient descent (SGD), Decision Tree) to see which of the models predict better heart diseases in unstable and insecure areas. Thus, the results showed that the XGBoost model performed better with accuracy, precision and recall of 85% respectively. In this research the authors concluded that Boosting as ensemble method classifies accurately heart diseases data in an insecure area such as Butembo, in the province of North-Kivu, DR Congo.

Determination of the β-carotene content of three mangoes varieties consumed in Burkina Faso: Kent, Keitt and Springfield

Savadogo, Boubacar — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Vitamin A deficiency is one of the most common and serious nutritional deficiencies in Burkina Faso. However, several ways to prevent and fight against these health risks exist, including the consumption of food provitamins A from a varied diet. The present study aims to assess the β-carotene content of three varieties of mangoes (Kent, Keitt and Springfield) producted and consumed in Burkina Faso. Twelve mangoe samples including four mangoes per sample were collected in twelve mango production fields from high production area in Burkina Faso. Their β-carotene contents were analyzed in triplicate using high performance liquid chromatography. The average contents expressed in micrograms of β-carotenes per hundred grams of mangoes are as follows: Kent (376,4 µg / 100g), Keitt (664,6 µg / 100g) and Springfield (471,9 µg / 100g). Based on the origin of studied mangoes varieties, it should also be noted that the varieties grown in the Banfora area have a higher β-carotene content (Kent (425,5 µg/100g), Keitt (773,5 µg/100g) and Springfield (534,6 µg/100g).) compared to those grown in others areas such as Bobo Dioulasso and Orodara.

Predicting students’ orientation in suitable fields of study using data mining techniques

MYSTERE, KANDUKI KIVUYIRWA — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Several data mining techniques are used to extract hidden knowledge in educational data to help students make a useful decision for their university orientation. Indeed, every year, students are enrolling in universities, the massive arrival of these candidates poses the thorny problem of orientation. The hidden problem behind this orientation is the lack of information concerning the possibilities of orientation; or the lack of support from the close entourage. Having developed the survey questionnaire, the authors collected 712 responses. After analyzing these data, they trained the models and measured their performance with four evaluation measures: accuracy, precision, recall and the F-score. The results of these models showed that the SVM algorithm gave 70% accuracy, the Naïve Bayes 65% Accuracy, the Neural Network 64% and the decision tree gave only 52%. This allowed SVM to be selected as the model that predicted better than the others. Finally, the authors deployed the validated model in web technology using Flask.

Comparative study of nutritious potentialities of maize (Zea mays L.) varieties consumed in Mbujimayi

Sammy, MUYA MULUMBA — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

This work consists in determining the contents of the main nutrients in the maize consumed by the population of Mbujimayi as a staple food, then comparing the nutrients potentialities of the locals varieties with those of the improved varieties, in order to facilitate the consolidation of foot safety in this area-city.With this intention, four locals varieties three improved varieties were weighed in order tout find their respective gravimetric chemical composition, in particular by dessication, incineration and tritimetric dosage of total nitrogen by the KJELDAHL method. The locals and improved maize varieties analyzed respectively showed average water content (12,59 ans 10,62 %), dry matter content (87,46 and 89,36 %), organic matter content (85,73 and 87,56%) and crude protein contents (9,6 and 10,6 %). At the threshold and=5% and degree freedom = 5, the statistical analysis of differents contents gave respective values of F (1,8; 1,8; 5,0; 1,82 and 2,11) lowers than value or tabular F (6,61). The improved varieties of maize do not experience any nutrient superiority in their nutrient contents compared to the locals varieties of this foodstuff.

Effect of dust on the performance characteristics of different modules technologies

Ndiath, Hawa Diatara — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this article, we have studied the variation of the electrical performance characteristics of photovoltaic modules under the effect of dust. We have installed four modules of different technologies on the CERER site (Centre for Study and Research on Renewable Energies) for a year without being cleaned and each month we note their characteristics. The four technologies used are mono crystalline, polycrystalline, amorphous and thin film CdTe. The results showed that dust has more impact on thin film technology with a degradation of 68% of its power and less impact on amorphous which experienced a 29% loss in power.

The environment of Selo Kimbungu village: An endangered ecological capital of the Gombe Matadi sector

Mavinga, Mvumbi Sylvain — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

A « quiet revolution » initiated in the 1990s gradually put ecological rationality at the forefront of environmental and economic policy concerns. Because most environmental problems continue to worsen and, in many countries, there is little reason to be optimistic. Considering the global environment in general, and that of the province of Kongo Central, in particular, we realize that there are many indicators of different forms of disruption of balance linked to several factors. which are interrelated, among which we can cite, savanization, erosion, loss of soil fertility, laterization, increased poverty, habitat destruction, pollution... In addition, the impoverished population of the Selo Kimbungu village with obsolete techniques, without planning or forest management or reforestation, coupled with the improvised construction of housing, have caused very large-scale deforestation, symbolized by « circles of desolation », deforestation radii exceeding more than two kilometres. To this end, the following questions can be asked: in the environment of the Selo Kimbungu village, do the activities practiced by the population jeopardize the ecological capital? What are the key factors that permanently cause the degradation of ecosystems in this geographical area? What are the different facets of ecological capital that threaten people’s lives? These concerns have led us to presuppose that the activities practiced by the population are carried out without environmental standards, especially since the peasant community remains in ecological ignorance which does not allow it to fight against the regressive series of goods and services that the environment puts at his disposal. There is reason to say that the village studied is subservient to a complex set of economic, social and political pressures, on which are grafted problems of environmental management. However, the different facets of ecological capital at risk are multidimensional and interactive.

Epidemiological aspects of low birth weight newborns in the neonatology unit of the HGR-Panzi in Bukavu

Nicolas, Heri Bulambo — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: Low birth weight is defined as a birth weight of less than 2500g. Constitutes a major public health problem in the word due to its magnitude and its strong association with neonatal mortality and mobility. Methods: We conducted a descriptive and analytical prospective study, covering the period from 01/01/2020 to 12/31/2020 from the technical sheets developed by us and validated by the department. Results: 359 cases of low weight were recorded out of 972 babies admitted to the neonatology department, i.e a prevalence of 36.9%. The various risk factors for low birth weight (LBW) were in our series, the young age of the mother (those aged 17 gave birth more LBW), maternal infections (67.4%), less educated mothers (51.5%), primiparous (64.6%) and those who had not done ANC (61%). Conclusion: In our series, mothers under the age of 18, maternal infections, primiparity, less educated mothers and lack of CPN follow-up are the factors associated with LBW.

Impact of anthropogenic factors on the floristic diversity of Kimbrila and Kanhasso classified forests (North-West of Côte d’Ivoire)

Diomandé, IBRAHIMA — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper focuses on the impact of anthropogenic factors on the floristic diversity of Kimbrila and Kanhasso classified forests in the northwest of Côte d’Ivoire. To this end, a botanical study based on a surface and itinerant inventory was carried out in each forest formation. Thus, 25 rectangular plots of 100 m x 50 m were set up in each forest. The inventory enabled 127 and 104 species to be recorded in the Kimbrila and Kanhasso classified forests respectively. The botanical families best represented were Fabaceae and Euphorbiaceae. The classified forests of Kimbrila and Kahansso have 30.70% and 30.77% of pioneer species respectively. The pioneer indices (PI) determined are 78.07 for the Kimbrila classified forest and 79.12 for the Kahansso classified forest. These disturbance indices reflect a lower degree of disturbance in these two forests. These results show that the two forests studied are relatively well conserved.

Strategies for integrating decentralized production based on photovoltaic solar energy into the heavily overloaded low-voltage network: Application to the LV distribution network served by the Bosawa cabin, Kimbanseke-Kinshasa

Charles, Ndumbi Kapuku — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article aims at proposing integration strategies for the photovoltaic solar power plant in a highly overloaded low voltage distribution network in order to ensure a good energy policy in the electricity distribution network of the city of Kinshasa. The application case was taken to the distribution network served by the BOSAWA booth in the MIKONDO / KIMBANSEKE district. After evaluation of the installed capacity resulting from the deficit rising to 457.82kVA; after projection of the parameters of the current network for a duration of 13 years (from 2018 to 2030) the power was estimated at 863,28kVA. The proposed system will ensure that the energy policy of the city of Kinshasa (distribution network served by the MT / BT BOSAWA substation) can encompass the three components of the operational safety, including: reliability, availability and security in supply of electrical energy in the capital of the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Spatio-temporal Approach for the Analysis of Human Behavior from Video Sequences

Mousse, Mikaël A. — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The analysis and exploration of traces of mobility produced by various mobile objects is a research topic that has attracted great interest in recent years. In this article, we present a classification (or clustering) approach adapted to the data of people moving under the constraints of a road network. A similarity measure is proposed to compare the trajectories studied with each other, taking into account the displacement constraints imposed by the network. This measurement is exploited to build a graph translating the different similarity relations maintained by the trajectories between them. We partition this graph using an algorithm using the notion of modularity as a quality criterion in order to discover communities (or clusters) of trajectories which are strongly linked and which exhibit a common behavior. We have implemented and tested the proposed approach on several synthetic datasets through which we show its operation.

Study of the aerial biomass of the equatorial forest in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and CO2 sequestration capacities

Gonzaleze, Jean Rufin Munkuamo — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Trees play a key role ogainst the climate change. Their population density, structure and size help us to determine the aboveground biomass they produce, contributing therefore to the climate improvement. Our study, as a contribution to the REDD+Process (reduction of emissions from the deforestation an degradation, which request reforestation, foretsts conservation and degraded soils restoration is a response to such needs). It aims to identify local fast growing tree species with important aboveground biomass with a 10- cm timber diametre. This will allons us to easily determine their carbon sink capacity, especially in protected areas which are important refuges for plant abd animal species.

Exchange rate and oil price pass-through to consumer prices: Case of Morocco

HEFNAOUI, Ahmed — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article analyzes the transmission mechanism of exchange rate fluctuations and oil to consumer prices in Morocco, known as the «pass-through». This reflection comes in the context of the continued flexibility of the exchange rate regime initiated in January 2018, and following the decompensation of petroleum product prices carried out in January 2015, as part of the gradual liberalization of the prices of subsidized products. Thus, this paper consists in evaluating this Pass-through in Morocco using a cointegration approach through an ARDL model. The results obtained show the existence of a long-term relationship between exchange rate or oil fluctuation and the consumer price, as well as the existence of an error correction mechanism that adjusts prices during short-term instability.

Exchange rate variability and foreign direct investment (FDI) in Morocco

HEFNAOUI, Ahmed — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The exchange rate has always attracted the attention of researchers in an ever-changing economy, especially for its effects on macroeconomic aggregates and on the attractiveness of investments. However, there was no consensus on its impact on foreign direct investment (FDI). In this respect, this Communication aims to understand the impact of exchange rate volatility on FDI in Morocco, using a cointegration approach using an ARDL model to estimate short- and long-term effects. The data used are quarterly, covering the period from the first quarter of 2007 to the fourth quarter of 2021, representing 60 observations. The period chosen represents a period of economic and institutional reforms aimed at improving the business climate in Morocco, it is also marked by changes in exchange and tax policies, which is likely to influence the choice of foreign investors. The empirical results show that in the short and long term, the real effective exchange rate has a negative and highly significant impact. Inflation has a positive effect, which means that higher prices can lead to greater marginal profitability of capital and thus stimulate investment. In addition, it seems that the size of the potential market, the quality of institutions and infrastructures are key factors in attracting foreign capital to Morocco.

Two annual cycles practice of crop Solanum tuberosum L. By horticultural campagn under the natural climatic conditions in Imanan, Niger

SOUMAILA, Mamane Bachir MOUSSA — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The gardening is presented as a credible alternative of crop’s diversification. The potato’s crop (Solanum tuberosum L.) is being done in all the eight regions. On a yearly cycle form October to March. In Agadez region it is producted all over the year. In Tillaberi region particularly at Imanan the practice of two cycles (primary and later) is tested instead of a single yearly cycle as an innovation. The aim of article is to comtribute at the impmrovement of the potato’s crop productivity during a year. The methodology has consisted to lead inquiries and observation of local cultural practices (ground preparation, tuber fragmentation, after pre germination, buttage). From October to December for the primary and from January to March for the later. The plurality of the harvest for the two cyces is of 66 tone against 33 tone of normal cycle. On the other side the selling price of the kg the primary of Decembre and the later of March were respectively 400 and 200 CFA. Whereas the production of February is sold 200 CFA per kg because the offer exceder the demande. It is clearly established that the practice of the two yearly cycles get more products and and incomes.

Characterization, typology of knowledge and socio-economic logic of biopesticide use by garden farmers in the Sudano-Sahelian area

Zongo, Koulibi Fidèle — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

This research aims to characterize and establish a typology of garden farmers according to their knowledge and use of biopesticides. The study was conducted in Louda, a village in the commune of Boussouma in the North Central region of Burkina Faso. A semi-structured socio-economic survey was conducted among 20 garden farmers, equally divided between men and women. The results of the survey showed that 70% of the garden farmers cited caterpillar as the major pest and leaf curl as the major disease. Twenty-five (25) % and 15% of the garden farmers use biopesticides as a phytosanitary treatment against caterpillar and leaf curl respectively. Unregistered industrial synthetic chemical pesticides for other crops are often used by garden farmers. Ignorance or not of the existence of biopesticides and their use against crop pests are the main criteria that establish the typology of garden farmers in Louda. Age, sex, instruction, mode of access to land, family size, number of salaried agricultural workers and average annual income of the garden farmers are the socio-economic parameters that discriminate this typology. This typology is therefore associated with the socio-economic characteristics of garden farmers.

Inventory and nutritional and microbiological quality of food sold in the vicinity of schools: The case of municipality of Tiassalé, Agneby-Tissa region, Ivory Coast

Sylvestre, KAKOU Kouame René — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present study carried out in the town of Tiassalé aimed to contribute to the improvement of the nutritional and microbiological quality of foods sold in order to preserve the health of learnes. Data collection took place from May to June 2021 in four schools. The actors in the school food chain were made up of 26 vendors and 132 students. The results of this study showed that the students consume the various foods which enter into the composition of the seven different food groups. These foods provide essential nutrients to cover needs and to the proper functioning of the organism. Health analysis of the consumption food chain revealed that the actors of the school food chain in general, doses not follow good food hygiene practices. The results of microbiological analysis testify to the presence of some germs (aerobic mesophilic germs, total coliforms and thermo tolérants). The presence of these germs in food reflects the insufficiency or non-compliance with good food hygiene pratices. Thus, hygiene measures and the training of stake holders in good hygiene practices should be undertaken in schools in order to minimize the risk of contamination.

Productivity evaluation according to the hydrodynamic and geo-structural characteristics of the fissure aquifers of the Poro region (North Ivory Coast)

Diabagaté, Adama — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The drinking water supply of rural populations is mainly provided by groundwater contained in the fissured and discontinuous aquifers of the crystalline basement. The objective of this work is to evaluate the productivity of fissure aquifers according to the hydrodynamic and geo-structural characteristics in the Poro region. The data used concern the Thickness of Alterites (EA), the depths of the water inlets (AE), the nature of the crystalline basement, the Total depth drilled (Pt) and the different flow rates obtained during the pumping tests. These data come from. technical data sheets of 263 productive boreholes selected out of a total of 500 boreholes drilled during a vast village water supply campaign. A statistical analysis of the drilling and hydrodynamic parameters was carried out on the basis of the references drawn up by the Inter-African Hydraulics Committee (CIEH). The distribution of hydrogeological parameters in the Poro region reveals an uneven distribution of weathering thicknesses, flow and transmissivity. Regarding the average depth of water inlets, three distinct fringes are identified, namely 37 m, 44 m and 47 m deep. As for the litho stratigraphy; it highlights three distinct horizons and the construction of the transepts revealed the irregularity of the roof of the base with the presence of two major fractures, both in SW-NE direction. The hydrogeological study revealed that the productivity of the aquifers depends on the geology of the land. There is therefore a correlation between productivity and certain hydrodynamic parameters, in particular the thickness of alteration, the geology of the terrain and the depth of the fractured fringe.

Regeneration of Tieghemella heckelii (A. Chev.) Pierre ex Dubard, an endangered tree of West and Central African forests: Seed weight as a criterion for seed selection

Doudjo, OUATTARA Noufou — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study focuses on the effect of seed weight on the germination and growth of Tieghemella heckelii. For this purpose, seeds were collected from a single tree. The seeds were weighed and classified into three categories according to their weight (heavy, medium, light). Five germination and five seedling growth parameters were then measured from 264 selected seeds. The germination parameters are average time of germination (TeGe), the percentage of germination (PoGe), the rate of germination (ViGe), the length of epicotyl (LoEp) and the length of hypocotyl (LoHy). The growth parameters considered are the height of the plants (TaPl), the number of leaves (NoFe), the number of branches (NoRa), the length of the roots (LoRa) and the diameter at the collar of the plant (DiPl). The best germination percentages were observed with the heavy (THL) and medium seeds (61% and 55.12% respectively). The highest germination rate (3.21 seeds/day) was also obtained with medium seeds (THM) as well as the highest growth parameters while the light seeds (THP) showed the lowest values for both germination and growth parameters. These results suggest that seed-weight-based selection is an important criterion for the regeneration of Tieghemella heckelii.

Contribution to the study of water disinfection by photosensitization with 5-methoxypsoralen fixed on polystyrene

SUNDA, Teddy Makuba — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present study has consisted to the disinfection of water by photosensitization with 5-methoxypsoralen fixed on polystyrene (MOP-5-P). The results obtained in this study show the complete inhibition of fecal coliforms after six minutes of irradiation (365 nm). But the system (MOP-5-P) loses its activity after the application because of the formation of 5-MOP photodimers on the surface of polystyrene (2, 2-cycloaddition). Irradiation at a wavelength below 320 nm allows the regeneration activity of MOP-5-P system. This shows that these photodimers formed on the surface of polystyrene are reversible and depend on wavelength irradiation. This reversibility is demonstrated by the regeneration activity of the system after irradiation at 254 nm.

The HR Function in the Digital Age: Some evidence of the Moroccan industrial sector

Rachid, Mhenna — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Digital transformation is at the center of all the development issues of today and tomorrow. In this perspective, organizations are forced to renew their managerial styles, as well as their development strategies, so that they can accommodate the various fluctuations of a socio-economic environment in perpetual change. The human resources (HR) function is ipso facto at the heart of this evolution. Indeed, digital has not only revolutionized work systems, but has also challenged the entire HR function. This article aims to understand the effect of digitalization on HR practices through a comprehensive qualitative study. The results show the impact of digitalization on HR practices is globally positive, despite the complexity of its implementation in the organizations included in the study.

Evaluation of nutritional status and mortality of children aged 0-59 months in the health area of Lwiro, Bukavu, Eastern DR Congo

Pacifique, Nkonzi Karazo — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Malnutrition is a serious Public Health problem; it is the cause of death for approximately 45% of children under the age of 5. Nutrition status assessment is one of a way which can contribute to resolve that issue. This descriptive cross sectional study has been conducted in Lwiro Health Area, in South-Kivu, at the East of DRC from December 2021 to Jun 2022. Its aim was to evaluate the nutritional status and mortality of children aged from 0-59 years. During this study, 366 children aged 0-59 months were admitted. Our data were processed and analyzed using Epi Info.; Epi Nut. Software helped us to standardize the anthropometric data. Z-score allowed us to determine the different forms of malnutrition. The chi-square test was useful to look for an association between the dependent variables and the independent and/or explicatory variables. The results showed that 62, 7% of our respondents were malnourished. The prevalence of global malnutrition was 6, 1%. Undernutrition was significant, particularly for stunting (33, 3%) and underweight (20, 8%). Our results show that 16, 7% of children had history of death under 5 years of age in their household, of which 15,5% were malnourished. Nutritional status influences the occurrence of death in children. A statically significant association was found between malnutrition and death (p=0, 0000001).

Comparative study of the different rectifier in an ammonia-water absorption refrigeration machine

Dione, Fatimata — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

This work deals with the comparative study of different rectification methods on the performance of a 10 kW NH3-H2O absorption refrigeration machine. Three types of rectifiers, namely packed columns, tray columns and partial condensation (single) columns were studied. Numerical simulation of the mathematical model of the absorption machine shows an identical COP profile for the three types of rectifiers. Modification of a 0.43 performance absorption machine previously operating with a single rectifier resulted in 7% and 11% performance improvement for tray column and packed column rectifiers, respectively.

Effects of aeration on zootechnical performance and digestive transit in red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) bred in hapas

ADJANKE, Amakoé — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of aeration on the production parameters of red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.). For this purpose, fry of average weight 5 g were stocked at a density of 30 individuals per hapa in three replicates per concrete tank of 2.5m3 capacity and subjected to four treatments T0 (control), T6, T12 and T24 which are respectively 0, 6, 12, and 24 hours of oxygen supply. The fish were fed three times a day for eight weeks with Raanan feed containing 33% crude protein. After this period, the fish were fasted for two days and then six fish from each batch were dissected to assess the effect of aeration on digestive transit. At the end of the trial, the results obtained show that the survival rate was generally around 97% for all batches. The best zootechnical performances were observed in fish of lots T12 and T24 (Feed conversion rate (FCR) = 2.04 and 1.95; Specific growth rate (SGR) = 3.97 and 4.02%/d). In addition, transit was slower in the digestive tract compartments of fish in these two treatments.

Study of the steel-concrete bond strength to recycled aggregates

Ouinra, Kinet — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study is interested in the connection between steel and concrete with recycled gravel. The work is carried out in the civil engineering laboratory of the Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Travaux Publics ENSTP and then completed in the mechanical engineering laboratory of the Institut National Supérieur des Sciences et Techniques d’Abeché INSTA. Two types of concrete are formulated, one with 100% ordinary crushed gravel and the other with 100% recycled gravel. In terms of compressive strength, the present study with 100% recycled gravel varies from 19 to 32 MPa at 28 days for the different dosages. And the concrete with ordinary crushed gravel offers a strength ranging from 22 to 37 MPa. Regarding steel concrete bonding, several types of reinforced concrete specimens are manufactured by anchoring a steel bar in the concrete. These specimens are subjected to the test of extracting the steel bar from the concrete. The values of the bond stress at rupture are calculated according to the formulas given by the Euro code, the BAEL, and then calculated experimentally. These values vary according to the compressive strength of the concrete.

Computerization of the internal and external mail management system within the DGDA Haut - Katanga

RUBUZ, Elie MWEZ — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

After a long observation and analysis the process of receiving and sending mail, we opted the computerization the system for managing internal and external mail of the public sector company that is the subject of our study, which is the General Directorate of Customs and Excise of Haut Katanga, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. This phase explains the ultimate concern that motivates us to conduct research in a given environment while explaining the rationale for choosing this study to meet the needs of the DGDA/DRC. The major concern that motivated us to approach this study is none other than to see the DGDA properly manage its mail, thanks to a computer tool consisting of a database that it can update daily. This study would be useful to companies with managerial character to hold well their management on the mail in the concern to ensure the perenniality of the data and to fight against the waste of time in the search and the location of the old mail.

Computerization of the management system for the clearance of accounts and monitoring of the payment of academic fees in a higher education and university establishment

ILUNGA, Bazin NSHIMBA — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this work, it was a question of developing a management computer application to manage accounting operations on the clearance of payment of academic expenses. This is how we were led to develop the software based on the operating mode of the organization that interested us. This work also allowed me to assimilate some knowledge in the progress of the agile development process put in place, which, although there were some imponderable aspects generating delays and which we try somewhat to manage the development and management aspect of recipe elements, places the applicant at the center of development in order to best meet their needs. Finally, the architecture and deployment of the computer system made it possible to present the software and hardware architecture of the future system.

Implementation of a computerized transfer management system for primary, secondary and vocational education agents

RUBUZ, Elie MWEZ — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The choice of this study theme is related to the object that attracted our attention as scientific researchers. It all started with an exchange and observation of the functioning of the control and payroll service of the teachers of the province of Haut-Katanga (SECOPE in the acronym), so we were driven by the desire to improve the process to allow good management and the smooth running of the operations related to the transfer of the agents as well as their pay. This study will serve to bring a computerized solution to the Ministry of Education and more precisely to the service of control and pay of the teachers by a management tool based on the functioning of the process of transfer of the agents and to better manage these last ones to maximize the receipts. This work has led to the following results (Know the number of all agents for a given period in relation to their task, Quickly exchange data between different positions involved, Make each agent’s information accessible through a shared database that offers better data storage and access techniques while eliminating the loss of records of all transferred agents).

A computerized system for monitoring the collection of rental income tax based on the operation of the Administrative Revenue Department in the DRC

Lukomba, Elam Kyungu — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The stimulus of our choice in this study, remains the observation made at the time of the declaration of the tax on the rental income by various taxpayers. The present work was beneficial to us taking into account first of all our scientific orientation and the desire to set up a better-computerized solution to palliate the administrative difficulties of the Directorate of the Revenues of Haut-Katanga (DRKAT in the acronym) to provide to the various services the possibility to communicate between them without moving, to carry out operations in the fiscal field of tax collection on rental income by the integration and implementation of a computer tool within the concerned services, which will allow the reduction of the greatest number of risks that this process of tax collection on rental income runs. This implemented system will include computer resources that will allow users to collect, process, save on removable media and share data without running many risks. The development of a computer tool that will allow proper monitoring by the Directorate of Revenue of Haut-Katanga for the collection and payment of rental income tax.

Right purulent otitis revealing Multifocal Tuberculosis

Sediki, Soukaina — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Although Morocco remains an endemic country for tuberculosis; except that auricular tuberculosis remains a rare clinical form. The clinical picture is not specific; it is that of a banal chronic otitis and bacteriological examinations are often negative; which delays diagnosis and early treatment. We report the case of a two-month-old infant; who presented for acute purulent otitis media under antipyogenic antibiotic treatment without improvement and whose bacteriological study of the pus objectified the presence of Koch’s bacilli; with the spread of tuberculosis; the discovery of multifocal tuberculosis (pulmonary; lymph node, etc.). The clinical course under ant bacillary treatment was favorable.

Climate change and agricultural practices: The need for meteorological communication for the Gbêkê food producers’ behavior change

ALLANGBA, Yéboué — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

« Climate change and agricultural practices: the need for meteorological communication for the gbêkê food producers’ behavior change » aims to show that climate change has an impact on the food agriculture of producers in the Gbêkê region in Ivory Coast. The documentary study, the individual interviews and the focus groups have made have permitted, after analyzes and comparisons, to show that since 1970, there has been a climatic rupture in Côte d’Ivoire. Although felt by the food producers of Gbêkê, they have nevertheless kept their ancestral agricultural calendar. On the other hand, there has been a change in the agricultural system and techniques with the use of new agricultural equipment adapted to the new climate and the addition of chemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers. It appears that regular and understandable meteorological communication will allow a change in the behavior of food producers in Gbêkê.

Petrographic and geochimical characters of granitoids and metasediments of Ferkessedougou belt (Northern Côte d’Ivoire)

Yaya, Ouattara Zana — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present study presents the petrographic and geochemical characteristics (major elements) of granitoids and metasediments of the Ferke belt in northern Cote d’Ivoire. The petrographic study reveals a variety of granitoids such as: tonalite, granodiorites and granites and adamellite. Metasediments consists of wacke, shale and Fe Sand. Chemical analysis indicates that these granitoids come from volcanic arc. The geodynamic context is subduction.

Length frequency distribution, length-weight relationship and condition factor of Eucinostomus melanopterus (Bleeker, 1863) in the Saloum estuary (Senegal)

FAYE, Alioune — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study on Eucinostomus melanopterus was conducted from September 2014 to June 2016 in the Saloum estuary. Samples were collected using gillnets (monofilament polyamide) with 28; 30; 32; 36 and 40 mm of mesh size (Knot to knot). The aim of this study was to provide information on length frequency distribution, length-weight relationship and condition factor for E. melanopterus in the Saloum estuary. Analysis of the size frequency distribution was bimodal with modes equal to 13 and 18 cm, respectively. The length-weight relationship showed positive allometric growth with b = 2.966. Values of condition the factor were greater than 1, indicating that individuals of E. melanopterus were in good physiological condition. The highest K value is obtained in the transition period between the hot and cold season (K = 1.327±0.059) and the lowest value in the transition period between the cold and hot season (k = 1.21±0.083).

Comparative study of the growth predicted by the artificial neural networks and the experimental growth of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) in the Daloa region (Côte d’Ivoire)

Gwladys, GNAMIEN Yah — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present study consists to using artificial neural networks to create mathematical models allowing to predict the growth of tomato plants and to compare them to the growth in real time in order to control the productivity of the tomato. Tomato growth was modeled by an empirical model using artificial neural networks as a tool through a program developed in the Matlab R2010b software. Mathematical models were developed to predict the growth of the tomato plant for the number of leaves, leaf length and width, height and circumference of the plant. The experiments were carried out in the regions of High Sassandra (Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire). The coefficients of determination between the experimental measurements and the measurements predicted by artificial neural networks are respectively 0.9722; 0.9925; 0.997; 0.9945 and 0.9926 for plant height; the number of sheets; the circumference of the plant; leaf length and leaf width. These results are satisfactory insofar as all the coefficients of determination (R2) are greater than 0.97. Likewise, the curves representing the predicted values and the experimental values have practically the same appearances or even confused. These results show a good interpolation between the experimental values and those predicted by the mathematical models.

Acute toxicity of two dry glyphosate-based herbicide formulations (Water Dispersible Granules and Solubles Granules) on the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae, KINBERG, 1867 (Oligochaeta, Eudrilidae)

Gains, KPAN Kpan Kouakou — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The dry formulations of agrochemicals reduce the difficulties related to transport and exposure of users. Nevertheless, these products do not exclude drawbacks and their use requires a deeper knowledge of their toxicological and ecotoxicological effects. The purpose of this work was to study the acute toxicity and reproductive toxicity of glyphosate-based RAPID MAX 750 WG and TAKO-KELE 757 SG on the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae, ubiquitous in tropical area. Lethality tests were conducted according to EPS1/RM/43, MA.500-VTL1.0, and OECD guideline 207 Methods. LC50 of RAPID MAX were (1687.56±50.53 mg of glyphosate (a.e.) /kg of soil (DW) for adult earthworms and 1416,99±53,06 mg of glyphosate (a.e.) /kg of soil (DW) for juvenile earthworms. LC50 of TAKO-KELE 757 SG were 2215.66±61.83 mg of glyphosate (a.e.) /kg of soil (DW) and 1658.62±38.72 mg of glyphosate (a.e.) /kg of soil (DW), respectively for adult and juvenile earthworms. Juvenile and adult earthworms were more sensitive to RAPID MAX 750 WG compared with TAKO-KELE 757 SG, as LC50 related to RAPID MAX 750 WG were lower than those of SG TAKO-KELE 757 SG. The acute toxicity (lethality) of both herbicides was more severe on juvenile earthworms.

Investigation of a Cow Urine-Based Power Generation Technology model for a Cost-Effective and Sustainable Energy Source

Hasan, Md Wahidul — 2023-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The energy issue has two aspects: fossil fuels are depleting more quickly than ever before, while energy consumption is rising rapidly. Conventional sources like coal, oil, and natural gas used to satisfy the demand, while solar and wind energy are becoming more and more popular. Energy stored in biomass contributes to the production of renewable electricity and heat. Bio-energy can be a pivotal sustainable renewable energy option that can tackle numerous stumbling blocks in the energy section and contribute to developing rural areas with sustainable solutions. We have studied in case of the rural and undeveloped areas of Bangladesh for this research which can also be implied in the case of rural areas of other underdeveloped countries. Cow urine has been proposed to help meet some energy demand, especially in rural communities. This resource, abundant in rural cow farming, is generally considered waste and could be utilized to generate a substantial amount of electricity. Cow urine is an alkaline solution and serves as a source of electrolytes in the power cell. From urine collection to production, the whole model has been evaluated through Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) process to check the system feasibility. This article describes numerous surveys to find the different aspects and demand ratios of using inexpensive electricity from an end-user point of view. The proposed project works on an elementary basis of chemical reactions and, in turn, generates current flow. The main configuration uses an anode, cathode, alkaline electrolyte (fresh urine), and a connecting wire; the imbalance of the electron makes it possible for the current to start flowing to neutralize the imbalance. In this article, we propose a community-based tri-faceted community currency system with the aim that exchange held within the local economy results in additional economic benefits for that locality and promotes other green projects. Therefore, a hybrid approach of solar power, cow urine-based power, and IoT-based distribution systems are proposed, which will offer a significant advantage in renewable energy research and solve the scarcity of electricity to a greater extent. This proposed system will draw a line to meet the SDG 2030 goals.

Diagnostic study and assessment of post-harvest losses of some market garden products in the key production areas in Niger

Gounga, Mahamadou Elhadji — 2023-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Post-harvest losses refer to food losses that occur between harvest and consumption, i.e. before the product reaches consumers. The objective of this study was to establish a diagnostic and evaluative situation of the three sectors tomato, potato and cabbage, in terms of post-harvest losses (PHL) at the various levels of the value chain in high production areas in Niger. On one hand, 12 groups of around 60 members each were interviewed in focus groups separately, and 120 producers (10 producers per group and by product) were investigated on the other hand. The study identified the different types of PHL, the extent of these losses, the main factors behind these losses, their impact on the producer’s income and their consequences on the food and nutritional security of households. It also made it possible to identify the strategies adopted by producers to cope with these significant losses. The results of this study showed that most of the PHL are caused by physical, microbiological and physiological factors, except for potatoes where the bad faith of wholesalers devaluating an important quantity of the product, remains the main constraint causing enormous qualitative losses to producers (about 35 %). The study filled a gap in the field of post-harvest food losses, particularly in the case of market gardening. The professionalization of actors in pre-harvest techniques and their support with small processing and/or preservation equipment’s remain an alternative.

Technological valorization of the pulp and kernel of Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst. in Niger

Halidou, Moussa Arohalassi — 2023-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Sclerocarya birrea or Marula tree is a multipurpose forest species widespread in Africa and little studied in Niger. This study focused on the processing of its fruits in order to better contribute to its technological valorization. The samples were collected in two regions followed by their processing by extraction juice from pulp and oil from kernel before their physicochemical and biochemical characterization. The results showed that the Brix degree, the pH and the titratable acidity of the juice varied respectively from 8.40 ± 0.36 to 11.80 ± 0.20 °B; 2.55 ± 0.73 to 2.67 ± 0.66 and 7.77 ± 0.25 to 18.92 ± 0.52%. The quality parameters of oil showed that the acidity index varied from 7.4 ± 0.01 to 18.71 ± 0.01 KOH/g; the saponification index from 275.34 ± 0.02 to 298.03 ± 0.01 mgKOH/g; the iodine index from 7.23 ± 0.02 to 22.96 ± 0.01 I2/100g and the peroxide index from 0.16 ± 0.01 to 9.2 ± 0.00 meq O2 /kg. The fatty acid profile showed a richness in saturated, mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids with essential oils 3, 6, 7 and 9. The fruits of S. birrea thus demonstrate a great potential and a very rich and exploitable composition for several purposes and can be an alternative in contributing to the food and nutritional security of rural households.

Consequences of post-harvest losses of market garden products and adaptation strategies of rural producers in Niger

Gounga, Mahamadou Elhadji — 2023-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Food losses occur at different stages of the food system. They are particularly observed during harvesting operations, during packaging and/or storage, transport and preliminary processing operations. This study was intended to make a diagnosis of the three sub-sectors (tomato, potato and cabbage), in terms of post-harvest losses (PHL) in order to assess the impact of these losses on the producer’s income and their impact on household food and nutrition security. Eight hundred and forty actors (producers, transporters, traders, processors) were involved in this study. Individual interviews, focus groups and weighings made it possible to collect the data. The results allowed to categorize the different types of PHL and determine their impact on the resilience of producers in facing household food and nutritional insecurity. The study also made it possible to identify the strategies adopted by producers to cope with these significant losses. These adaptation strategies depend on the stages of the supply chain. From the use of seeds adapted to the use of good cultural practices in the pre-harvest phase, the use of skilled labor for harvesting and good conservation practices, producers adapt with suitable provisions for transport of the goods and the search for a safe outlet. PHLs constitute a real risk for farmers, preventing them of fully benefiting from their work, while remaining an obstacle to the food and nutritional security of farmers and their households.

Soil characterization and potentiality to improve two Bambara groundnut varieties cropping under rock phosphate fertilization at sudano-sahelian climate of Burkina Faso

Zongo, Koulibi Fidèle — 2023-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Bambara groundnut is a food seed legume with enormous agronomic and nutritional potential. However, it remains a neglected crop. In order to improve its productivity in relation to soil and climatic conditions, the present study was conducted in Tenkodogo from July to October 2021. Soil characterization was carried out according to FAO guidelines directives before the setting up of experimental device. Experimental design consisted of the trial following a completely randomized block design with four replications. The effects of applying of 0 (BP0), 30 (BP30), 60 (BP60), 90 (BP90) and 120 (BP120) kg ha-1 of Burkina phosphate (BP) on two varieties KVS246 and KVS 235 of Bambara groundnut were compared. Crop management consisted of a flat plowing, direct application of BP, sowing distances of 0.40 m x 0.20 m and ridging on the 49th day after sowing. Results showed that the soil of experimental site are an iron and manganese sesquioxide’s soils class, specifically to shallow leached ferruginous tropical soil and should corresponding an endo petroplinthic lixisol. This acidic soil is characterized by a sandy surface texture and clay at depth, well drained, with low mineral content. In reference to the research results, the soil and climatic conditions of experimental site are potentially suitable for Bambara groundnut cropping. Treatments not significantly improved Bambara groundnut yields by verities. On this soil, the variety KVS 246 would better interact with applying of 60 and 90 kg ha-1 of BP and the variety KVS 235 with 120 kg ha-1 of BP to improve Bambara groundnut yield parameters compared to the control. Further research is needed over several years to better understand the effects of rock phosphate on Bambara groundnut crop and residual soil fertility.

Origins of Nitrates in the Discontinuous Aquifers of the Damagaram Mounio Basement, Eastern Niger

Hamidou, Abdou — 2023-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The base of Damagaram Mounio, study area, outcrops in the eastern part of the Zinder region. In this zone, discontinuous aquifers are located in fractured, fissured and/or altered horizons of Precambrian granitoid and metamorphic formations and young fissured granites. They are essentially captured by fodder whose very high failure rates can exceed 50%. In addition, the flow rates of positive fodder are less than 2 m3/h for more than 85% of them. Thus, the problem of water resources is acute. In this densely populated area, this lack of water for the population’s food is aggravated by the levels of certain chemical parameters, including nitrates in particular, which greatly exceed the drinking water standards for human consumption, hence the present study. the main objective of which is to determine the origins of nitrates in the groundwater resources of the area. The methodological approach based on the sampling of hydraulic structures capturing the aquifers of the basement, the analysis of the physico-chemical and isotopic parameters of the waters of several boreholes, the determination characteristics of nitrates, led to several interesting results. Thus, the isotopic contents of Nitrogen 15 (15N), obtained in the groundwater of the area, varying from 0 to 7.2, thus showing that these nitrates could come from the nature of the soil (quagmire around the points) and chemical fertilizers, ureas and fertilizers used in the study area. This study has shown that in the basement area of Damagaram Mounio, nitrates have a superficial origin. The nitrate contents of the waters of the Damagaram Mounio basement aquifers vary from 0.22 to 313.3 mg/L, with an average of 72.23 mg/L, and a standard deviation of 62.23. Thus, 32% of the modern structures sampled have nitrate levels above the acceptable limit value for drinking water set at 50 mg/L, according to the standards of the World Health Organization (WHO); these waters are unfit for human consumption. The spatial distribution of nitrate levels in groundwater in the area showed that these are more accentuated between the towns of Damagaram Takaya and Birni Kazoé, which are characterized by values above 100 mg/l. Furthermore, the relationship between nitrate levels and electrical conductivity values of water showed that the mineralization of groundwater in the area is controlled by nitrate ions.

Sizing method of a photovoltaic system as a backup source for the power supply of a computer laboratory : Case of computer laboratory of ISTA Lukula, Boma, DR Congo

Ngembo, Ready Khiekie — 2023-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The satisfaction of the energy needs of a computer laboratory requieres a systematic study of the consumption of the various electrical receivers listed. A compromise must be found between the time of use of these receivers and the number of needed to be connected to the photovoltaic power source in order to minimize, as much as possible, the daily energy consumed by the installation. We note the peak power (P_c), the number of the panels (N_(pa,t)), the power of the inverter (P_Ond) and the current of the regulator (I_rég) are lineary a function of the daily energy (E_cj). The total number of batteries (N_(b,t)) is a linear function of the daily energy (E_cj) and the autonomy of the battery bank (N_Au). In this paper, we propose a simplified and reliable method for sizing, selecting and wiring of the photovoltaic components in order to ensure an effective and secure supply of electrical energy.

System for pneumonia detection in chest X-ray images

Elisée, ILUNGA MBUYAMBA — 2023-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The dark and worrying health picture characterized by the revelations made by international organizations concerning pneumonia challenged us as researchers. It is in this perspective that we decided to make our contribution to this problem by presenting a system for pneumonia detection in chest x-ray images. To achieve this goal, we used an approach based on deep learning to properly identify pathological or non-pathological radiographs by setting up a convolutional neural network called Xception. Two optimization algorithms were selected, namely Adam and SGD. The setting of hyperparameters of our convolutional neural network led us to a promising result compared to the size of our dataset. In conclusion, the obtained results in our experiments showed that the SGD optimization algorithm reached the best result of 92% accuracy on new data with a learning rate of 0.001 for 20 epochs.

The coexistence of formal and informal microfinance institutions in the North of the territory of Kabare, South Kivu in the DRC

Charles, Mutagoma Bizimana — 2023-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article aims at grasping why people living in the North part of Kabare territory continue to use informal financial services in spite of the presence of formal institutions which are more helpful than the former in the area. The presence of formal financial institutions in the North part of Kabare territory should decrease indubitably the fact of recouring on the ways of saving money and asking loans informally. This should be due to the usurious practice that they undergo. Unfortunately, the fact of not being aware of how formal institutions work, their policies as well as the lack of confidence on their behalf, hinder them to use microfinance institutions. To get solution to their financial needs, inhabitants of North Kabare have developed strategies of informal financement which they find useful and more adapted to their needs regardless the highness of the benefit which they pay. It is obvious that most of formal financial institutions are being installed progressively in this part of South Kivu province even though people living there are less interested in that dynamic and consider the informal ones as being sensitive to their financial needs.

The free teaching in primary schools of GOMA in Democratic Republic of Congo: Effects, impacts and perspectives

Charles, Mutagoma Bizimana — 2023-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article attempts to analyze the application of the free teaching in publical primary schools of the educational sub province of Goma especially giving off the effects, impacts and perspectives. In that educational sub province, the free teaching is applied in agreement with the law. This way of doing things has got its advantages for parents on one hands and negative impacts for teachers, schools, state and pupils on the other hands. It causes the increasement of pupils’ number in classes, something which influence negatively the quality of teaching/learning process. Schools undergo much short comings namely, pedagogical, material and financial ones. A number of efforts are still evolved by all partners of education so as to lay well the free teaching.

Evaluation of groundwater mineralization processes in Moundou City (Southwestern Chad)

Kadjangaba, Edith — 2023-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aims to understand hydrogeochemical functioning of groundwater in Moundou city. This city is located in southwest of Chad between 16° 02’ and 16° 12’ East longitude and 8° 51’ and 8° 60’ North latitude. To carry out this study, 15 water points were sampled (8 wells and 7 boreholes,) from November 21 to 26, 2019; and chemical parameters analyzed are HCO3-, Cl-, NO2-, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42-, NO3-. In order to determine origins and processes of mineralization of groundwater hydrochemical and statistical approaches were used. The results show through Chadah diagram, that groundwater presents 2 facies: a bicarbonate calcic and magnesian facies (HCO3-Ca-Mg) and a chloride calcic and magnesian facies (Cl-Ca-Mg). Results also show that main phenomena at origin of mineralization of waters are alteration of silicates, cationic exchanges, evaporation and anthropic activities.

Contribution of multicriteria analysis and GIS in the discrimination of flood risk areas on the Allada plateau in Southern Benin

Nadège, Kpoha Josiane — 2023-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Flood vulnerability mapping and assessment is an important component of flood prevention and mitigation strategies, as it allows the identification of the most vulnerable areas based on the physical characteristics that determine flood propensity. This study aims to identify and map the factors related to flood risk in the Allada Plateau using a multi-criteria approach, in particular the Saaty Hierarchical Analysis Process (HAP) technique and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The methodology used in this study allowed the identification of six (06) criteria considered relevant and conditioning the floods, namely: drainage density, slopes, rainfall intensity, soil type, land use and population density. All these criteria were defined as raster datasets with a resolution. The AHP technique was used to calculate the weights of the criteria and factors. The relative importance of the selected criteria made rainfall intensity the most important criterion with a weight of 56%, followed by slope with 26%, and finally drainage density with a weight of 12%. The hazard map generated from this combination shows that 25% of the Allada plateau is a high-risk area. As for the vulnerability map, the most important criterion is population density with a weight of 88% followed by land use with 12%. The combination of the two maps in a GIS shows that the areas vulnerable to flooding occupy 35.37% of the study area. The flood risk map obtained from the combination of the hazard and vulnerability map shows that flood risk areas cover 28.68% of the area of the Allada plateau.

The spectator: What role and place does he occupy in the theatrical process?

Manal, Chouiba — 2023-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Playing theatre requires several skills but watching a play requires a great effort to succeed as a spectator. The latter occupies a principal place in the theatrical process insofar as it is the receiver and the recipient of the verbal discourse which makes the task quite difficult. The spectator is a key figure who participates in the scenic project during all phases of the performance. This contribution will try to shed light on what is the spectator, his role and his place in a theatrical performance.

Smoking in hospitals: Knowledge of caregivers on the harmful effects of tobacco, actions to promote for a tobacco-free hospital

Diédhiou, Bocar Baïla — 2023-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: Smoking constitutes a serious risk to the health of workers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of caregivers on the harmful effects of tobacco and their perception of the actions to be promoted for a tobacco-free hospital. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study, carried out from April 1 to May 31, 2021 at the hospitals of Kossodo and Boulmiougou in Ouagadougou. Data collection was done using an anonymous, pre-established self-administered questionnaire. Results: A total of 246 caregivers were participated in the study. The average age was 44.8 years and 77.2% had more than 10 years of seniority in the function. The existence of the anti-tobacco law in Burkina Faso in public places was known by 78.9% of caregivers. Most caregivers were aware of tobacco-related harm (93.5%). The most known tobacco-related pathologies were lung cancer (55.3%), throat cancer (13.8%). Posters (88.2%), the ban on smoking in hospitals (93.9%), staff training (80.5%) and monitoring of compliance with the anti-smoking law (46%) were the major means recommended to achieve a tobacco-free hospital. Conclusion: Caregivers should serve as role models in tobacco control. The establishment of an anti-tobacco surveillance committee in health structures and the strengthening of awareness are to be promoted.

In vitro antibacterial activity of two Coleoptera species hemolymph (Oryctes owariensis and Rhynchophorus phoenicis) immunized with bacteria

KAMBOU, Sansan — 2023-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

In insects, the hemolymph is the primary site of antimicrobial effectors produced in response to infection. In this study, the antibacterial activity of hemolymph extract from immunized larvae of Oryctes owariensis and Rhynchophorus phoenicis has been evaluated. The tests were carried out on in vitro growth of six bacterial strains including three clinical isolates (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella spp.) and three strains of food origin (Escherichia coli E1, Staphylococcus aureus S1 and S2 Meti-R). Activity of the different extracts was detected by diffusion method in a gel medium and quantified by macro-dilution technique in a liquid medium. Results showed that the different extracts demonstrate strong antibacterial activity and bactericidal power. Diameters of inhibition zones varied from 19.12±2.88 mm (E. coli ATCC 25922) to 22.58±2.18 mm (S. aureus S1) for the extract from O. owariensis infected larvae. This extract was more active on Gram positive bacteria with a MIC of 12.5 mg/mL and a MBC between 25 and 50 mg/mL. The extract from R. phoenicis infected larvae was very active on all strains with inhibition zone diameters between 26.22±0.69 mm (B. subtilis) and 35.30±2, 4 mm (S. aureus S1). MIC and MBC were respectively developed at the concentrations of 3.12 mg/mL and 6.25 mg/mL on all the bacterial strains. The sensitivity of bacterial strains to these hemolymph extracts reveals the probable presence of produced antimicrobial peptides.

Preliminary Training Needs assessment for Residents in «Temporomandibular Dysfunctions» practicing within the Fixed Prosthodontic Department of CHU IBN ROCHD’s Dental Consultation and Treatment Center

El Mesbahi, Nadia — 2023-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The analysis of residents’ training needs in musculoskeletal disorders of the masticatory system is required in the department, because patients suffering from temporomandibular disorders and referred by general dentists constitute a significant proportion of patients consulting the service. Sufficient skills are thus required to provide appropriate care to these patients. Objective: The aim of our work is to survey residents’ training needs in «Temporomandibular Dysfunction» practicing within the prosthodontics department of the Dental Consultation and Treatment Center of Casablanca. Method: Qualitative descriptive analysis of the initial training requirements in ‘management of temporomandibular dysfunctions« among eleven residents in the department of fixed prosthodontic in Casablanca. Each participant responded to a questionnaire during a brainstorming session and an FGP grid has been done. Results: This work has highlighted a real need for training residents in temporomandibular dysfunction, especially for dysfunction of muscular origin and during the post-occlusal split stabilization period. Conclusion: Knowing the type of dysfunction (muscle or joint) is essential because the effectiveness of the diagnosis is a decisive step in the treatment. Within the context of the analysis of the training requirements for residents of the fixed prosthodontic department Casablanca in temporo-mandibular disorders, our preliminary survey should be regarded as a preliminary study.

Energy recovery of pineapple juice processing waste at Promo fruits Benin: Feasibility study and solution emergence

AKPASSONOU, Romain — 2023-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Pineapple waste at Promo Fruits Benin is bulky and difficult to manage. In addition, the company is dependent on electrical and thermal energy. With the aim of reducing waste and the energy bill, a technical-economic and environmental study was carried out. The methodology used is based on the analysis of energy needs, the study of recovery processes, economic and environmental analysis. The results showed that the company's annual energy consumption in electricity and diesel is 600 MWh and 307,695 liters respectively. The annual waste potential available is 11,607 T while that necessary to meet the company's energy needs is 14,904 T. The study of the choice of process retained biomethanation. The Functional Specifications of the reactor allowing said recovery has been defined and the digester has been sized. The economic study for a period of 25 years revealed that the investment cost is 2,101,196,208 FCFA and that the operating cost is 19,385,128 FCFA per year. In addition, the study made it possible to reduce from 96,434,691.12 FCFA to 0 FCFA the annual bill for electrical energy and from 123,078,750 FCFA to 71,898,186 FCFA for thermal energy of the company. From an environmental point of view, a reduction of 472.76 tonnes CO_2/year is obtained from emissions produced by non-recovered waste.

Tax risk related to merger operations: Case of Morocco

Ajjig, El Mehdi — 2023-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

With the signing of several bilateral and regional free trade agreements, Morocco has moved towards an economy that advocate international openness and market liberalization. It had to develop a strategy to help local businesses, made up mainly of small and medium-sized enterprises, to face international competition. It is in this logic that the Moroccan legislator has introduced measures into the general tax code with the aim of encouraging concentration and restructuring operations of companies in order to enable them to increase their performance and their competitiveness in the face of international competition. Indeed, these concentration and restructuring operations, called mergers, involve tax risks. This article aims to provide a clarification of the concept of tax risk, to present the forms of mergers proposed by Moroccan legislation and to shed light on the tax risk that these operations may entail.

Preliminary inventory of spiders (Arachnida, Cuvier 1812) in the Kasugho region, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo

Jimmy, Kambere Vindu — 2023-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present study is foculazid on the contribution to diversity of spiders in Kasugho region, with the aim of to enumerate spiders find in the kasugho environement according to the habitat.To get data we used the view hunting.The identification was carried out using a monocular magnifying glass and identification key books. To analyse our resultats, we calculated the Shannon diversity indice, the Simpson indice, the Jaccard similarity, the equitability.The ANOVA test was used to compare data of the differents site of harvest.769 specimens of spiders was captured.They are regroup in 30 families and 59 species.The most abundant families are Lycosidae (56,6), follow by Araneidae (16,5%), Ctenidae (0, O4%°) and Tetragnatidae (0,06).The most diversified family is Araneidae (6 genera with 12 species).The fallow abound the largest number of species, (55,9%) but less diversified than the secondary forest, the banana plantation is the least diversified.The species similarity of species harvested in the old fallow and the secondary forest is 12,1%, 13,1% between the old follaw and banana plantation, 13,4% between secondary forest and banana plantation. In view of the above, it was found a very great dissimilarity between the different habitats.

Contribution to the screening of intestinal protozoa cysts: Comparative study between direct staining with LUGOL and the concentration of THEBAUT in the identification of intestinal protozoa (Amoebas)

Dieudonné, Paluku Kanyere — 2023-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Butembo city is undergoing serious disease problems as that of dirty hands. Among these diseases we have that caused by Entamoeba histolytica which is spreading a great deal among pupils although the increasing health structures. Two methods of checking the Enthamoeba are held: - The direct lugol coloration and. - The Thebaut test. Our concern is to detect which one of two mentioned above will offer us a good result. As a sample we examined 50 primary school pupils stool specimen. After a deep study, we got a clear conclusion that the Thebaut test is better than the direct Lugol coloration.

Geological study of the formations located between the Manterne and Luki Villages (Kongo Central Province, DR Congo)

Diemo, Serge — 2023-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The formations of this region are essentially metamorphic Granit-Gneissic of which the term granitic is descended of the granitization-migmatization of Kimezien. Two tectonic periods have been demonstrated by double schistosities noticed to the level of the micas. The geochronology of these formations will be able to bring more precision on the age of these formations and that has the end will confirm or will invalidate the thesis to evoke in this survey.

Mapping study of the Bakwanga 12 kimberlite massif (Eastern Kasai Province, DR Congo)

Diemo, Serge — 2023-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

This cartographic survey has been done from the samples of cores of polls achieved on longitudinal and transverse profiles as well as by the modelling, appropriated precisely in the concession of the mining of Bakwanga on the massif 12. Of these data of polls, we could achieve a cartographic survey and deduct the structure of this massive kimberlitic under survey. Let’s note that most polls on this massif, met the sand, sandstone, the epiclastic kimberlite, the xenokimberlite, the massive kimberlite and the limestone. In a general manner, to part the limestone, the dolomite, sandstone and the sand, three facies kimberlitics has been put in evidence in this publication and it, according to the percentage in kimberlitics elements, it is about of: - The kimberlite very tender epiclastic (0-25% of kimberlitic elements). - The little strengthened xenokimberlite (25-50% of kimberlitic elements). - The massive kimberlite (beyond 75% of kimberlitic elements).

Environmental study of public trash cans: Site repair strategies (Case of Mont-Amba District, City-Province of Kinshasa)

Diemo, Serge — 2023-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the city of Kinshasa, the poor management of waste (plastic bags, packaging, household waste and others) poses enormous problems of insalubrity and degradation of nature, thus causing the development of endermic diseases (malaria, typhoid, etc.). Despite the efforts made by the municipal authorities, this problem of insalubrity in the Congolese capital still remains. Good waste management through public trash cans will generate positive and negative impacts on the Kinshasa environment. On this, we propose in this study some strategies for the distribution of new locations according to the methods adopted. The data obtained in the field and the results of their analysis have made it possible to deduce that the rate of insalubrity has increased over the past six years due to poor waste management. To remedy this persistent problem, we ask the population of the District of Mont-Amba to properly manage their waste by installing garbage cans and to participate in community work. To the authorities, we are asking for strong awareness raising regarding waste management and the installation of public trash cans in appropriate places outside neighborhoods.

Analysis of the affectation of the Ecuadorian State budget by the Covid-19 pandemic during the period January to December 2020

Ronquillo, Lissette Gabriela Salazar Ronquillo — 2023-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The coronavirus crisis implies an unprecedented challenge for the present and future peace of Ecuadorians. The social and macroeconomic effect remains, leaving a strong gap, which aggravates the challenges facing the country, with a view to achieving inclusive and sustainable development. Faced with these situations, it is important to articulate a response to the crisis through ambitious and effective public policies that allow alleviating its effect, both in the initial stage of resistance and in the subsequent stages of reactivation and recovery. In this environment, the capacity to finance public policies is reduced in the country, due to the previous conditions of exhaustion in which the territory was with respect to points such as low productivity, persistent social vulnerability, or institutional weaknesses, and also due to the very effect that the crisis is having on public accounts and on financial conditions in general. This work is organized in 3 sections. First, the financing needs generated by the crisis are shown. Secondly, the different measures and possibilities that continue to be adopted and could be adopted in the immediate environment to finance the response to the crisis and overcome the liquidity pressures that the territory may face are analyzed. Thirdly, several surfaces for meditation and reform are proposed on which a more sustainable development financing model for the future could be based.

Interleukin-17 and the COVID-19 cytokine storm: Cases reports

Bourhanbour, Asmaa Drissi — 2023-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

We report two cases of patients with COVID-19. Clinical and biological features of the two patients confirm severe form of COVID-19 associated with cytokine storm. High levels of IL-6 and IL-17 were found. Unfortunately the patients died because of the multi-organ failure secondary to the cytokine storm. Cytokine storm is a systemic inflammatory syndrome which leads to aberrant release of cytokines. IL-6 is the most frequently reported cytokine to be increased in COVID-19 patients. Naïve T CD4+ cells in the presence of TGF β and IL-6 will differentiate into T helper 17 cells responsible for secreting IL-17A and IL-17F, which target macrophages, dendritic cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts to increase the production of cytokines. IL-6 and IL-17 have been shown to play a role in increasing risk of airway disease. They synergistically promote viral persistence by protecting virus-infected cells from apoptosis. Immune hyperactivation in cytokine storm amplified levels of cytokines that will have systemic effects and cause collateral damage to vital organ systems. Immunotherapy can play a crucial role in COVID-19 managing. Tocilizumab an anti-IL6 receptor antibody was used with clinical improvement. The possibility of inhibiting IL17 as therapy for COVID-19 should be also considered.

New Android application for real-time remote monitoring of the biological parameters of the state of healing of human skin with second-degree burns

Habiba, Habiba — 2023-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper focuses on the design and implementation of a new Android biomedical application. It is usable for remote monitoring on smartphone, and can acquire and remote monitoring at real time a total of 4 biologic state parameters, of the 2nd degree burned skin of patients. The local digital acquisition of these parameters is done by a new custom local biomedical instrument developed and well tested in our previous research works. The proposed Android application is built within App Inventor framework, which is an Android application development tool without high level programming requirements, and offering to developers’ facilities for creating interactive graphical interfaces, as well as intuitive associated edition blocks. The proposed biomedical application offers to users a convivial man user interface, as well as a rich menu system involving the lists of the following biomedical functionalities: doctors, biological parameters, patients and medical prescriptions in distress cases.

Les médias privés à l’épreuve des pouvoirs politiques en Afrique: Cas du Togo (2020-2022)

Magnetine, Assindah — 2023-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The freedom of expression and of the press won in the early 1990s with the return of democratization in Africa is still under threat in some countries on the continent. In Togo, where democracy is under construction, it is going through moments of calm and tension despite the decriminalization of press offenses known in the country since 2004. What are the fundamental reasons for the conflicting relations between political power and the private media in Togo? This is the main question posed by this study. To answer this questioning, the reflections are screened through the documentary inventory and the qualitative method, the aim of which is to explain the causes of the difficult relations between the actors in conflict. In terms of results, it appears that the misunderstandings arising from the application to the media and journalists found guilty of press offenses of the sanctions regime recently introduced into the new legal arsenal justify the frustrations of the media. The study also reveals the lack of professionalism of the media in the treatment of information and the systematic violation of the rules of ethics and deontology of the media as causes of the muzzling of the press in Togo.

Entrepreneurial dynamics of youth in a context of decentralization and local governance in Benin

Oussou, Blaise A. — 2023-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Since 2003, Benin has moved from a centralized state as a single regulatory body to an autonomous local community offering the conditions for all actors to intervene in local economic development. The local approach to economic development claims to be based on entrepreneurial dynamics. Thus, through the creation of enterprises, entrepreneurship is involved in the regeneration of the local economic fabric. The present study, which is based on empirical data, has highlighted the role played by Beninese municipalities in the entrepreneurial dynamics of young people and the constraints that hinder their development. These constraints include lack of funding, the weak role of local authorities, administrative burdens, land tenure, lack of support structures for young people, the weak role of civil society, etc. The study also paved the way for better prospects for promoting youth entrepreneurship at the local level in Benin.

Psychological preparation of INJEPS students for exams: Uses and meaning

AHONNON, Adolphe — 2023-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Africa, students use strategies to succeed in studies. Christians and Muslims take a few minutes to pray to their God in the face of trials or on the eve of exams they organize prayer sessions so that God gives them the intelligence to face trials. As for those of endogenous beliefs, they make libations or sacrifices so that the spirits of the ancestors accompany them during their examinations. They use these practices to reduce stress. This study aims to identify the reasons why students are stressed at exams and the practices used to overcome the stress. This quantitative study allowed us to randomly choose 138 first-year students who were subjected to a series of survey questionnaires in order to identify, on the one hand, the manifestations of stress and, on the other hand, the management methods adopted. Based on our theoretical model, the results obtained show that the stress developed by the students is due to the fear of failure, the fear of wasting the financial means invested by the parents. The management methods adopted by INJEPS students to cope with stress include: perfect knowledge of the courses, preparation several days before the exam; religious beliefs through prayers, offerings and grigris.

Woody plant diversity and conservation status of sacred forests in the Middle Chari and Mandoul In Southern Chad

SARADOUM, Goy — 2023-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study is carried out in 5 relatively better preserved sacred forests and aims to evaluate the diversity and the potential for natural regeneration of the woody stratum. Flower and dendrometric surveys are carried out in 3 plots of 50 m x 50 m installed in each of the sacred forests randomly and according to the homogeneity of the vegetation. The Shannon diversity and Pielou equitability indices, as well as the ANOVA test, are calculated from the PAST 4.10 software, were used to assess floristic diversity; the ecological importance of species and families was assessed from the calculations of the Importance Value Indices (IVI). There are 72 species in 59 genera and 23 families. The values of the diversity indices are from 2.53 to 2.90 bits for the Shannon index; from 0.62 to 0.84 for the Equitability of Pielou. Density ranges from 448.00 to 1046.70 individuals/ha and basal area ranges from 639.16 m2/ha to 759 m2/ha per forest surveyed. The most regular species are Combretum collinum Fresen., Detarium microcarpum Guill. and Perr., Anogeissus leiocarpa (DC) Guill. and Perr., Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn., Prosopis africana (Guill. and Perr.) Taub. The sacred areas of Hori and Koutou are in a better state of conservation. Regeneration is low and woody stands are subject to increased degradation due to anthropogenic pressure due to a loss of authority from traditional chiefs.

Sexual germination of Leptadenia hastata (Pers.) Decne., (Asclepiadaceae) : An edible vine in Niger

Boubacar, Halimatou — 2023-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Leptadenia hastata is a wild edible plant that is highly prized for its culinary and economic value. It is also a medicinal plant very exploited by the Nigerien population. These multiple uses due to harsh climatic conditions put enormous pressure on the species’ stands, which limits its natural regeneration. The present study, conducted in the laboratory of life and earth sciences of the «Ecole Normale Supérieure» of Abdou Moumouni University of Niamey, aims to evaluate the effect of three pretreatments on the germination of two batches of Leptadenia hastata seeds in the laboratory: seeds kept at room temperature in the laboratory for two months (recent seeds) and seeds kept at room temperature in the laboratory for sixteen months (old seeds). In order to assess the latency time, duration, speed and germination rate according to age, the two batches of seeds were subjected to three different pretreatments: seeds soaked in tap water for 12 hours; seeds soaked in tap water for 6 hours; and seeds that did not undergo any pretreatment and were considered as controls. The best latency time and the shortest germination speed are obtained with the recent seeds soaked for 12 hours. But these seeds recorded the lowest germination rate 88.66%. The best germination rate is obtained with the older seeds soaked during 12h (100%), followed by the control old seeds and recent seeds soaked during 6h (98.66% each). The shortest germination time (9 days) was obtained with recent seeds soaked for 6h.

Tectono-sedimentary evolution of the Termit basin (SE Niger)

Hamidou, Leyla Boubacar — 2023-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Multi-channel seismic and well data from Agadem (Termit Basin), a Mesozoic–Cenozoic intra‐continental rift basin located in the West and Central African Rift System (WCARS), has been analyzed. Regional unconformities, including the top of acoustic basement, have been identified from seismic data. The correlation of wells in the Agadem Block, as well as the seismic data interpretation, show that the lateral thickness variations of the layers is linked to the synsedimentary normal activation of the N140° to N150° trending fault system of the Termit Basin. The well logs correlation exhibits a high hydrocarbon potential, in the axial zone of the Agadem Block, which is characterized by a strong subsidence rate. This study shows that the NW-SE-trending graben shaped Termit Basin exhibits a tilted block structuring, controlled by the synsedimentary reactivation of normal faults. Two major periods of structuring characterize the evolution of the Termit Basin: - The first period, which was an extension stage, including the first rifting stage relayed by a thermal subsidence, occurred from early Cretaceous to Upper Cretaceous, during the south Atlantic opening. - During the second period, which prevailed from Paleocene to Oligocene, the Termit basin was also affected by a second rifting event, followed by a thermal tectonic subsidence. The NW-SE trending faults was secondly reactivated during a NE-SW extensional regime.

Characterization of Piliostigma Reticulatum fruit production by types of soil and by types of land use in Yilou, North-Sudanian Zone of Burkina Faso

Bazongo, Jean Paul — 2023-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The management of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) has always been at the heart of rural populations’ concerns. In Burkina Faso, many species are of paramount interest within NTFPs, among them, Piliostigma reticulatum occupies a prominent place thanks to its multiple ecosystem uses. This study aims to estimate and characterize fruit production according to the different types of soil and land use according to a toposequence gradient in Yilou. The collection of fruit samples was spread over two years and was carried out in the plots in the fields and fallows. The analyses revealed that the average fruit production is a function of soil types with 27.5 ± 0.6 kg on hydromorphic soils compared to 4.02 ± 0.9 kg on medium-deep leached tropical ferruginous soils. The analyses revealed that the average fruit. Then, according to the land use types, the studies indicate that the average fruit production in the fields is significantly higher than that of fallow land with respectively 8.7 ± 1.5 kg/tree and 4.4 ±0.4 kg/tree. These results show that average fruit production remains dependent on soil types and land use types.

Farmers' knowledge on Moringa leaves pests control in Burkina Faso

Salifou, Kabré — 2023-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Moringa oleifera leaves production in Burkina Faso is severely affected by insect pests, which considerably reduce the yield. This study aimed to obtain more information on producers’ knowledge of Moringa insect pest management. Data were collected using an interview questionnaire from 120 randomly selected Moringa growers in 16 localities of Burkina Faso, from July to October 2021. Data collected included producers’ socio-demographic characteristics, area of the fields, production objectives, production constraints, foliar insect pests and control methods. The results showed that 61.67% of Moringa producers are men and the leaves are the most produced with 80% of citation rate. According to 72.50% of producers, Insect pests are the primary constraint to Moringa production. To control these insect pests 67.5% of surveyed affirmed that they use bioinsecticides. Azadiractica indica, with a 50.86% citation rate is the plant most commonly used to manage insect pests The chi2 test showed that the methods of control of foliar insect pests were related to the production objectives (chi2 = 21.02, ddl = 8, p <0.01). The biplot of the multiple component analysis showed that leaf production goes hand in hand with using bioinsecticides, and the seed producers use synthetic chemicals and bioinsecticides to control insect pests. To improve yields, integrated pest management methods must be developed to promote sustainable production of Moringa leaves in Burkina Faso.

Pentalogy of Cantrell: About a case report at the General Reference Hospital of Panzi

Mambo, Mwilo — 2023-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Pentalogy of Cantrell is an extremely rare birth defect. It associates 5 malformations including: a supraumbilical hernia of the abdominal wall, a defect of the anterior part of the diaphragm and the diaphragmatic pericardium, an anomaly of the lower part of the sternum and cardiac malformations. We most often find a notion of consanguinity of the parents. The long-term prognosis for children with this anomaly depends mainly on the complexity of the associated heart defect. We report a case of pentalogy of Cantrell in a 2-day-old male newborn with extra thoracic cardiac ectopia.

Use of public health services in Yamoussoukro (Côte d’Ivoire): Analysis of the determinants of the use of care of the infant-juvenile population (0 to 14 years)

Kouassi, Kouamé Armand — 2023-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aims to determine the factors that influence the use of the public offer of care in the city of Yamoussoukro. The experiment is based on the demands of the health services by a population whose age is between 0 and 14 years. The research is motivated by the low use of public offerings at the national level. The data collection comes in the administration of a household questionnaire by quota method. The identification of determinants is based on the chi2 test and logistic regression. The study reveals a level of recourse to public provision of care of 55.40%, determined essentially by geographical accessibility, medical insurance, knowledge of the offer of care, the perceived seriousness of the disease and the quality of care. These factors make it possible to build a model of recourse to care based on three pillars: quality of care, accessibility and perception of needs.

Identification of fracture aquifers in crystallophyllian area: Contribution of the electrical resistivity method (Bouna, North-East Côte d’Ivoire

Pierre, Djroh Simon — 2023-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

This work was carried out in order to fill the drinking water deficit of rural populations in the Department of Bouna, a locality located in the North-East of Côte d’Ivoire. The method used is that of electrical resistivity (electrical profiling and vertical surveys) which is based on the measurement of electrical resistivity contrasts of crystallophyllian formations using a Sycal Pro resistivimeter. The results identified conductive corridors within the crystallophyllian basement rocks, corresponding to fractures that are preferentially oriented N-S, NE-SW and NW-SE. The electrical drillings carried out in the right of these conductors allowed the identification of three terrains made up of a superficial cover, a conductive complex and a basement within which potential aquifers are individualised. These results, coupled with the geological data, made it possible to propose ten hydraulic drilling locations. Five control boreholes were drilled in each village, with an average flow rate of 2.25 m3/h, thus making it possible to overcome the drinking water deficit in the five localities.

Impacts of agricultural activities on household income in the territory of Seke-Banza

Mvumbi, Mavungu Willy Jack — 2023-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the year 2025, 83% of the world’s population, which is projected to reach 8.5 billion, will live in developing countries. However, uncertainty remains as to the ability of available resources and techniques to meet the needs of this growing population for food and other agricultural products. Agriculture will have to meet these challenges, primarily by increasing production on land already in use and avoiding further encroachment on land that is only marginally suitable for cultivation. As for sub-Saharan Africa, it is certain to say that agricultural activities have experienced limited development over a long period. The low productivity resulting from the latter remains an essential factor in the blocking of the economy, especially since food production is almost ensured by households and is based above all on self-consumption needs. Like the country as a whole, the province of Kongo-Central which, apart from its own supply, plays an important role in supplying the cities of Boma, Matadi, Kinshasa and certain neighboring countries with foodstuffs and other products from the Mayumbe forest. This study analyzes the modes of agricultural practices applied by farmers in the area explored, because they are the basis of low yields that affect the socio-economic situation of households. According to field results, men represent 53.33% and 46.66% of women. All have family responsibilities and practice agricultural activities in the Mayumbe forest or the savannah.

Combination of psychomotricity and behavioral approaches especially Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)

Charaf-Eddine, Kawtar — 2023-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

During my studies as well as my work with children with Autism Spectrum Disorder ASD, I have heard a lot about ABA, the behavioral approach several times, especially during my basic psychomotor training. As a result, this thesis work is in line with the psychomotor management of children with ASD through the ABA approach, using ABA procedures. ABA, Applied Behavior Analysis, has for objective: to improve the conditions of life of the person. To achieve this objective, three axes are considered: Increase adapted behaviors, decrease maladaptive behaviors, learn new adapted behaviors. This approach has proven its effectiveness in ASD, geriatrics, sports, business and education... In psychomotricity, it is still very little used, despite the fact that psychomotricity is a profession that uses several tools and mediations. This work presents two cases in which ABA procedures were used to maintain psychomotor skills. The combination of psychomotricity and the ABA approach, through the use of its principles (reinforcement, punishment, extinction, error-free teaching,...) contributed to an improvement of the target behaviors, which shows the interest of using the ABA approach in psychomotor care.

Study of Genetic Variability of 19 Accessions of Bambara Groundnut « Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdcourt » from the Far and Central East of Niger

Ibrahim, Abdou Zakary Yaou — 2023-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea [L.] Verdc.), a crop of the new millennium, is considered one of the main legumes of the tropics, because of it versatile advantages. The main objective of this study is to estimate the variation of local Bambara groundnut accessions by taking into account their 21 quantitative characters, in order to find the best genotype adapted to Niger. The study was carried out according to a completely randomized Fisher block device with four repetitions. Twenty-one (21) characters including four (4) phenological, five (5) morphological and twelve (12) related to yield were evaluated to characterize the accessions. With the 21 characters of the accessions used, the variation of the genetic parameters was determined. The analysis of variance revealed significant variations for all the traits assessed (P≤0.01). The coefficients of variation vary from 0.57% to 32.11%. Six (6) of the twenty-one (21) parameters measured had high coefficients of variation (CV˃20%). Yield showed a strong positive correlation with parameters such as number of leaves (r=0.62), number of pods (r=0.68), number of petioles per plant (r=0.62), 100-seed weight (r=0.79), pod weight (r=0.97) and seed weight (r=0.97). The weight of seeds (GCV=23.40% and PCV=42.54%), the weight of 100 seeds (GCV=25.73% and PCV=25.75%) and the yield in Kg/ha (GCV= 23.40% and PCV=42.54%) revealed high phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation (˃20%). Maturity date (91.28%) and 100-seed weight (96.85%) were highly heritable. Genetic advance was high for 100-seed weight (52.96%), dry biomass weight (34.19%), seed width (20.55%), seed weight (26.52%) and the yield in Kg/ha (26.53%). The 100-seed weight (h2b=96.85% and GA=52.97%) had high broad-sense heritability and expected genetic gain. The constructed dendrogram showed three distinct groups of accessions. Group 1 is made up of promising accessions with the highest average seed weight per plant (13.24g), small plants (20±0.86 cm) and early plants (82±0.86 DAS). Group 2 includes late accessions (83±0.30 DAS) with average height (21±0.35 cm). Group 3 is composed of intermediate accessions for the maturity date (82±0.66 cm) with the highest seedlings (22±0.22 cm). Accessions Di-3 082 (899.73 kg/ha), Di 083 (857.89 kg/ha), Di 085 (566.53 kg/ha), Zi 087 (818.22 kg/ha), Zi 092 (584.27 kg /ha), Zi 094 (720.22kg/ha) and Zi 098 (616.00kg/ha) gave yields higher than the average total yield (560.20 kg/ha).

Comparative study between the topographic method (classical) and photogrammetric method (by drone) for the monitoring and data acquisition of mining works: Case of the SOMAÏR uranium mine (Arlit, North Niger)

Daou, Ibrahim Elhadji — 2023-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The SOMAÏR open-pit uranium mine, commonly known as « Société des Mines de l’Aïr » (Arlit, Northern Niger), has been using the topographic method for several years to monitor and estimate mine production. However, the method has limitations and constraints in the implementation and reliability of the results. The company is considering the use of an innovative, more reliable and economical method. Thus, a pilot project using drones is being implemented. The objective of this work is to carry out a comparative study between the topographic method and the photogrammetric method for monitoring and acquiring data from mining operations. Thus, the data acquired by topometry using a total station, for the so-called classical method and by drone for the photogrammetric method, were analyzed and interpreted. These two (2) methods were used for the follow-up of the M4_Art North ore deposit and the G4_Taossa pit of the SOMAÏR mine. The results of the analysis and processing show that the data acquisition time by drone is relatively low (30 to 40 minutes) compared to that of the topographic surveys (21 to 60 minutes). However, data processing times for the photogrammetric method are relatively higher (50 to 60 minutes) than those for the conventional method (14 to 20 minutes). Nevertheless, this processing time of drone images can be improved with powerful computer equipment. In addition, the use of UAVs offers additional advantages in the monitoring of mining operations, particularly with regard to worker safety, precision in the calculation of dimensions, volumes and tonnages at the mining slice and at the overburden. Immediate analysis of the two methods shows the accuracy of the drone for the front survey and also shows all the details present on the ground, namely: the machines used, the purging products and other products or elements used. So, it would be wise to opt for the drone in downhole activities.

Does performance-based financing really influence the use of frontline health services in rural Africa?

Karemere, Hermès — 2023-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: The performance-based financing approach was deployed in the Health Zone (ZS) of Miti-Murhesa between 2009 and 2014 by the « Agence d’Achat des Performances » (AAP) South Kivu. This study analyzes whether such an approach can really influence the use of health services. Methods: This is a quasi-experimental evaluation («before-after» study), adapted to the program intervention evaluation framework, using a documentary review and individual interviews that targeted 345 people, including 246 users care services and 99 health care workers. Thematic analysis of the data was applied and concerned the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents, their perceptions of the program impact, the use of services before and during the program and the use of therapeutic alternatives before and during the program. Results: The proportion of people declaring use of health services in the Health Zone increased from 59% before the program to 93% at the end of the program (n=246). During the program implementation, the number of people who resorted to self-medication, the prayer room or witch doctors decreased, respectively from 126 (i.e. 51.2%) to 55 (i.e. 21.9%); from 9 (i.e. 3.6%) to 6 (i.e. 2.4%) and from 6 (i.e. 2.4%) to 2 (i.e. 0.8%) while that of people who had recourse to traditional healers increased significantly by 24 (9.7%) to 114 (46.3%). The population recognized the positive effects of the performance-based financing (PBF) program of AAP Sud-Kivu. Concerning the perception of the facilitators of the Health Zone, 94% (n=99) attest that the program has motivated the staff, has favored the improvement of the quality of services and has favored the realization of home visits. The lack of care for certain pathologies, including chronic ones such as tuberculosis, is deplored. Conclusion: Performance-based financing can actually improve the use of frontline care services by reducing care costs and improving the quality of services. However, recourse to traditional healers remains the most competitive therapeutic alternative to the care offered by the integrated health structures of the ZS of Miti-Murhesa. This study recommends a sustainability plan for each performance-based financing program and effective regulation of the practice of traditional healers.

Relative abundance of smoked fishes and the diversity of pests associated with their deterioration during storage

Judicaël, Peyieno Martial — 2023-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Fish is recognized for its high nutritional value and its beneficial effect on the health of consumers. In order to ensure a permanent supply throughout the year, fish is dried or smoked and put in storage. The aim of this study was to determine the biotic constraints related to the deterioration of smoked fishes in three processing basins in the Littoral region of Cameroon. 260 actors were interviewed in the localities of Youpwé, Mouanko and Manoka: 64 fishermen, 89 processors and 107 traders. The inventory of smoked fishes was determined in each locality. During the inspection of the storage tools, Ethmalosa fimbriata and Ilisha africana, apparently healthy were sampled and put in observation at the National Veterinary Laboratory for 60 days. This study revealed that only women are involved in fish processing. The processors and traders of Youpwé were Cameroonian (84.12%), Ghanaian (4.67%) and Nigerian (11.21%). Their level of education is mainly secondary school education (57.01) and an experience year in activity between 11 and 15 years (49.26%). 33 species of fishes are smoked, the main important of which are E. fimbriata and I. africana. 9 pest species are associated with stored smoked fishes. Necrobia rufipes is the main insect pest during storage of E. fimbriata (56.0), I. africana (64.0) with a significant difference (F (120: 29): 4.611*, P ≤ 0.05) and Aspergillus flavus (F (120; 29): 3.045*, P ≤ 0.05) the most detrimental mold. The pest control methods are more diversified in Youpwé: re-smoking (23%), refrigeration (5%), dry red pepper (41%), garlic (23%), dry salting (8%).

Valuation and study of the antifungal and antioxidant activity of extracts of three sustainable woods from the Ivory Coast

Thomas, D. — 2023-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Ivory Coast, the rational management of waste from forestry operations (also known as related waste) is one of the State’s environmental priorities. It must meet the challenges of the circular economy by proposing various ways of recovery, including the recovery of bioactive molecules from species. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the bioactive potential (antioxidant and antifungal activity) of extracts of three sustainable species from Côte d’Ivoire: Milicia excelsa (Iroko), Mansonia altissima (Bete), Nauclea diderrichii (Badi). The antioxidant activity was determined by ABTS tests and the antifungal activity was evaluated against a brown rot, Coniophorora puteana in in vitro condition. The Bete extract showed the highest antifungal activity: the concentration 6 mg/mL led to a total inhibition of the mycelium growth, against 8 mL/mg for Iroko and Badi. Regarding antioxidant activity, Badi extract (66.898%) showed the highest percentage of inhibition, followed by Iroko (55,25%) and Bété (52,12%).

Characterization of traditional processes and appreciation level of the «Tchonron» sauce consumed by Senoufo people of northern Côte d’Ivoire

Tapily, Diallo Djeneba Baba — 2023-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Knowledge of traditional culinary cultures is very important for any identity. This study aims to contribute to a better knowledge of the «Tchonron» sauce. This sauce is a traditional food from Senoufo people (northern Côte d’Ivoire), based on leafy vegetables. A number of 640 people in four Savanna regions (Bagoué, Hambol, Poro and Tchologo) of Côte d’Ivoire were interviewed using questionnaires, from October 2019 to September 2020. Only 8.75% of these people had a secondary school education, 14.84% had a primary school education and 76.40% were uneducated. The study revealed that region, age group, school education and professional status influence the appreciation level of the «Tchonron» sauce. As well as the use of cooking water of leaves, which varies according to region and level of education. The use of cooking water of leaves also varies according to region and school education. As for the consumption frequency of this sauce, it is influenced by region, marital status and number of children. However, the largest consumers were from the Hambol and Poro regions. This study showed that the «Tchonron» sauce is appreciated and consumed frequently by the population. This sauce can be prepared according to 3 different processes, but the one requiring pre-cooking of the leaves before the grinding step and addition of oilseed powder remains the most used. This work represents a first approach to knowledge of the culinary culture of the Senoufo people.

Perceptions of Residents of the Mitendi Quarter on the Role of Trees in the Peri-urban Environment of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

Momangi, Michel Ndengoli — 2023-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aims to analyze the perception of residents of the Mitendi Quarter in the peri-urban commune of Mont-Ngafula in Kinshasa on the role of the tree planted in residential sites. The analysis is based on the concepts of urban and peri-urban forestry as well as on the questionnaire survey. The results show that most of the identified species are fruit trees. The tree planted in residential sites serves mainly to provide shade, fruits, contributes to the beautification of the landscape and pharmacopoeia. The majority of respondents (66%) affirm that the vegetation cover of the Mitendi Quarter has decreased over the past three decades following the cutting of trees. Once felled, part of these are either sold as energy wood to bakeries and restaurants in Kinshasa and another part is consumed by households after carbonization. The cutting of trees in residential plots is mainly done either to clear the space in order to erect buildings, or to prevent damage to humans or homes. The results of this study call out the urgent need to promote urban and peri-urban forestry in Kinshasa. This will have made it possible not only to contribute to improving the quality of life of its population but also to respond in any way to the adverse effects of global warming.

Faced with the phenomenon’s « shillinginisation » of the economy in ITURI, what integration for the Democratic Republic of Congo in a possible free trade zone?

Gilbert, Ngongo Malubungi — 2023-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The purpose of this article is to prove the ineffectiveness of the financial supervision measures of the Democratic Republic of Congo in commercial transactions or exchanges in the eastern part of the ITURI Province. Indeed, the absence of one the symbols of sovereignty in the circulation of Congolese currency (Congolese Franc) in this part of the country, leads to the low percentage of use of its currency by its population. As a result, eighty-seven point five percent use Ugandan currency (shilling) as opposed to eleven percent of the currency of the Democratic Republic of Congo according to the results of the field’s surveys. Consequently, it is imperative that the government of the Democratic Republic of Congo make its population aware of the merits of valuing their currency, which is one of the symbols of a country’s sovereignty. The government will strive to implement control structures for the effective use of its currency. It will undertake to set up production units to better sell these quality products in its currency at affordable prices. Ultimately, the implementation of mechanisms to control and industrialize manufactured products at lower cost could benefit and advantage the Democratic Republic of Congo in the implementation of free trade area.

Formulation and physic-chemical characterization of packaging biofilms with starch matrix reinforced with vegetable fibers

Yandjou, Hermann J. — 2023-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

This research work aims to transform and study the physico-chemical properties of leaf-based agro-materials of Musa sapientum and Tectona grands species. Indeed, the latter are traditionally used as a food packaging medium in West Africa and Benin in particular. The analysis by phytochemical screening of the main chemical groups present at the level of the leaves reveals the presence of molecules of interest, namely: flavonoids; catechol tannins and anthocyanins. The latter are indeed recognized for their pharmacological benefits. In addition, leuco anthocyanins and gallic tannins are only present in Tectona grandma leaves. To produce biofilms based on the leaf species studied, a Box-Doehlert experimental design was carried out. Fifteen (15) formulations were thus made, varying the leaf, starch, and glycerin contents of the mixture. It has been observed that, for low water sensitivity (0.1471) and low thickness (0.0573mm) of bioplastics, 1g of leaves are required; 6g of starch and 4.23mL of glycerin for the leaf of Tectona grandis while for that of Musa sapientum (low thickness: 0.0617mm, low sensitivity to water: 0.3466), it takes: 1.74g of leaf; 6g of starch and 2.5mL of glycerin.

Evaluating the impact of soil management measures on erosion in the upstream part of Nebhana watershed using MEDALUS and RUSLE models

Mosbahi, Manel — 2022-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Water erosion is a serious threat to the environment, sustainability of agriculture and socio-economic development. It is widespread in the Mediterranean regions, particularly in Tunisia. The upstream watershed of the Nebhana dam (855 km2), located in central Tunisia, is among the regions most affected by this global issue. The objective of this study is to estimate and spatially assess water erosion in the basin, produce an erosion risk map and identify priority areas to facilitate the intervention of decision makers and managers in developing appropriate policies for conserving soils and protecting the upstream Nebhana-dam against sedimentation. The adopted methodology uses the Revised Universal Soil Losses Equation (RUSLE) and the MEDALUS approach in a GIS environment. The obtained results showed that RUSLE model was efficient in quantifying the average soil loss in the basin, given that estimated value (10.94 t/ha/year) was very close to the value obtained from bathymetric measurements in the dam reservoir (11.25 t/ha/year). Furthermore, RUSLE estimated that 34% of the total area is suffering from an erosion risk exceeding the soil loss tolerance which is in agreement with results found by MEDALUS approach revealing that 30% of the total area were vulnerable to erosion and were considered as areas with highest priority for land management intervention.

Skills and know-how useful for the professional integration of higher education graduates in the Kara region (Togo)

YAOU, Tamégnon — 2022-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

An effective education system is measured by the employment of the graduates it produces. Education systems in Africa are largely marked by rampant underemployment and unemployment rates. In Togo, these rates were 24.9% and 3.9% respectively in 2015. As the number of young people and their levels of education increase, the question arises as to whether they have the soft skills required to facilitate their integration into the workforce, especially graduates of higher education ? Indeed, after forty-five interviews conducted with managers of placement agencies for graduates, NGO managers and human resources directors of some companies that receive higher education graduates for internships, it appears that employers are asking more and more for socio-emotional (soft) skills than cognitive ones. The soft skills highlighted by these employers include: punctuality, humility, commitment, curiosity, integrity, flexibility and proactivity. From the point of view of know-how, apart from the mastery of English and the computer tool which are transversal knowledge, we must retain the sense of organization, the ability to do personal research and to produce reports within the deadlines.

Review of research main results on the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith in Africa

Laminou, Souleymane — 2022-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith), was first reported in sub-Saharan Africa in January 2016 in Nigeria, Sao Tome, Benin and Togo. Shortly after its introduction, its presence was confirmed in more than thirty countries on the African continent. This rapid spread associated with its polyphagy and voracity confirms its status as a major pest that feeds on the leaves and stems of over eighty (80) plant species. This situation constitutes a serious threat to African agriculture and more precisely to the food and nutritional security of the populations of the affected countries. The major hosts of Spodoptera frugiperda are maize (Zea mays), sugarcane (Saccharium officinarum), and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and rice (Oriza sativa). Studies reveal that damage by this moth is most severe on maize where all parts of the plant are attacked causing yield losses ranging from 15 to 73% when 55 to 100% of the plants were attacked. This review provides an update on research on Spodoptera frugiperda in Africa with particular emphasis on its bioecology, host plants, economic importance and different methods of infestation management. Significant research work has been carried out in Africa since the detection and expansion of CLA in Africa. The analysis of the results of this work attests to a better knowledge of this lepidopter an, which has allowed the design of several management strategies for CLA. Among these strategies, agroecological management, the push-pull approach, the use of pheromone traps and resistant varieties, chemical control with Dimethoate and Deltametrine and biological control with parasitoids, in particular Telenomus sp, Trichogramma sp for ovoparasitoids and Cotesia icipe for larval parasitoids, have been widely tested.

Characterization of cereal consumption in Cotonou, Benin

Moutawakilou, Mouhamed N. El-Hadji Alassane — 2022-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The cereal group occupies a prominent place in the dietary habits of the populations of southern Benin and there are few recent consumption data on cereals. This study aims to assess the consumption, acquisition and supply of cereals to households in Cotonou. A semi-directive survey with KoBoCollect was conducted with 345 households to collect individual cereal food consumption data. The survey data studied by inferential statistics showed that the most consumed cereals are corn (99%, p=1), rice (85%, p=0.936), wheat (35%, p=0.999), sorghum (15%, p=0.659), millet (10%, p=0.971) and fonio at less than 5%. The most common mode of acquisition is buying from secondary market (95%, p=0.987) and street (85%, p=0.999) retailers. The most used preservation techniques are: drying at room temperature (70%, p=0.619) and keeping the product away from light (30%, p=0.806). Households most often dry in areas laid out at home (70%, p=0.984) or at the edge of the road (30%, p=0.939). Storage places are very diverse: the kitchen (45%, p=0.871), the bedroom (40%, 0.998), the living room (25%, p=0.900) and the store (20, 0.931). In addition, the supply costs of cereals increased from 0.009 USD to 0.056 USD between 2020 and 2021. This vertiginous rise in prices is due to the covid19 pandemic. The various data emitted make it possible not only to have fresh data but also to invest them in the assessment of health risks for the achievement of a high level of protection of the health and life of consumers.

Influence of forest attributes on South Sudanese vegetation units carbon stock of in Burkina Faso, West Africa

TIENDREBEOGO, Nebnoma Romaric — 2022-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Changes in forest vegetation composition can lead to changes in carbon stocks. The aim of this study is to identify the relationships between diversity attributes, structural parameters and aboveground carbon stock within vegetation units in the Péni Classified Forest. In total, 3225 individuals belonging to 212 woody species were measured. Our results show a variability of carbon stock between vegetation units ranging from 2.56±2.31 t.ha-1 in shrub savannas to 131.80±75.45 t.ha-1 in gallery forests. Allometric models of structural parameters alone govern the variation of carbon stock between vegetation units. In gallery forests, Gmelina plantations and tree savannas, basal area explained 95%, 95% and 92% of the variation in carbon stock, respectively. In shrub savannas, the model combining mean diameter, basal area and mean height, explained 92% of the variation in carbon stock. The consideration of models combining diversity attributes and structure parameters is therefore necessary for a good estimation of the carbon stock of forest ecosystems.

Ethnopharmacological study of plants used in traditional medicine in the canton of Sédomé, bordering the Togodo-Sud National Park, District of Yoto in Togo

Hafez, Ouro-Djeri — 2022-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The population of the canton of Sédomé, a locality bordering the Togodo-Sud National Park (PNTS) (District of Yoto in Togo), uses a diversity of plant species for which little scientific work has been done. This study is devoted to the inventory of plants and plant recipes with therapeutic potential in Sédomé, with the aim of enhancing the value of these plants. From March to September 2020, an ethnobotanical survey, based on a semi-structured questionnaire, was carried out with 72 practitioners of traditional medicine. 141 species belonging to 60 families have been identified. The most represented families were Fabaceae (12 species), Euphorbiaceae (09 species), Asteraceae and Poaceae (08 species each). The most cited species were: Citrus aurantifolia (Christm. and Panzer) Swingle (7.23%), Newbouldia laevis Seem, (4.22%) and Momordica charantia L. (3.61%). 290 recipes have been inventoried and are used in the treatment of 92 diseases. The decoction (35.86%) and the powder (23.68%) are the main methods of preparation of the recipes which are administered mainly by the oral route (65.34%) and by the cutaneous route (23.93%). The leaves (54.04%) and roots (16.47%) are the most used organs. Most of the organs are collected in riparian vegetation at the PNTS (29.73%), in the gardens (23%) and in the PNTS (20.58%). This study provides a database on plants with therapeutic potential in Sédomé. Future pharmacological studies are possible on these recipes.

Evaluation of the trophic behavior of Aedes aegypti at Dandji, southern Benin

Gildas, HOUNKANRIN — 2022-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The trophic behavior of Aedes aegypti at Dandji, a neighbourhood of Cotonou located in southern Benin was evaluated trough a cross-sectional study where adults of Ae. Aegypti populations were collected from May to July 2022 daily twice a week by Human Landing Catch and BG-Sentinel traps. From the total of 717 Aedes collected by different methods, Ae. Aegypti is more abundant in urban than peri-urban areas (p<0.05). The aggressive density of Ae. aegypti populations was significantly higher in urban areas (102.89 bites per man per hour) than in peri-urban areas (52.85 bites per man per hour) (p<0.05). Also, out of 160 females blood-fed Ae. Aegypti tested by ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay) technique for blood meal identification, 90% took their blood meal on humans compared to 6.5% which took their blood meal on sheeps. These findings showed that the neighbourhood Dandji in southern Benin offered good condition for the development of Ae. aegypti populations. The anthropology and endophagy behavior of Ae. aegypty observed from this study need to be considered as a tool to control this mosquito.

Skill needs and training limited to adult coaching

NSENGIYUMVA, David MANDELA — 2022-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of the current research is to show how adults’ skill needs can be met and to explain different processes, tools and means that can foster limited training to adult coaching. In limited training to adult coaching, it is preferable to teach adults new practical skills; to obtain new information aimed at reaching the new skills; to have a training that satisfies the adults’ personal and professional desires; to improve a skill or an already acquired professional experience. We also presented some of the ways in which training is encouraged, including self-training, continuing education and distance learning.

Effect of microdoses of urea associated with doses of compost on the productivity of celosia (Celosia argentea L.)

Ama-Abina, Tamia Joséphine — 2022-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Poor cultivation practices, attacks by numerous pests and diseases, unavailability of arable land in urban areas, and the excessive and unreasonable use of fertilizers and pesticides are the constraints to celosia cultivation. Faced with all these constraints, a trial was conducted to improve celosia productivity, using a split-plot system with three blocks, at the CNRA Foods Crops Research Station in Bouaké. Six doses of compost combined with six microdoses of urea were tested. The results of the growth parameters showed that the D4T5 treatment, which was a combination of 8 t/ha of compost and 3 g of urea/package, promoted very good vegetative development at 45 days. The D2T3 and D0T5 treatments, which were respectively the combination of 4 t/ha compost + 2 g urea/packet and 0 t/ha compost + 3 g urea/packet, were the most productive with 27.28±4.50 and 27.08±2.88 t/ha respectively. The optimum compost rate was therefore obtained by treatment D2 and the optimum urea rate by treatment T3. Furthermore, of all the treatments applied, treatment D0T1, a combination of 0 t/ha compost + 0.5 g urea/packet, and treatment D0T2, a combination of 0 t/ha compost + 1 g urea/packet, obtained the best agronomic efficiencies with 14.89±12.01 and 12.89±7.75 kg MS/kg respectively. It appears that the combination of urea and compost (D2T3), which seems to produce better yields, could be recommended to farmers.

Analysis of the structure and ecology of Diospyros mespiliformis in the drained area of Western Niger

Ali, Ado — 2022-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The ecology of a species is a fundamental aspect in its sustainable management. The objective is to study the ecological and floristic characteristics of plant formations with D. mespiliformis. The study was conducted in western Niger along the main tributaries of the Niger River crossing two agroecologicals compartments. Abiotic factors and forestry data where collected in 220 plots of 2500 m2. Thus, the species is present in all types of soil in the area near streams. The area is moderately diverse with 41 woody species dominated by D. mespiliformis with 50% of Importance Value Index. The Shannon diversity index was 2.61 in Dargol and 2.19 in Goroubi and the Sorensen similarity index between the two zones was 0.62. The density of D. mespiliformis per hectare is 46.04 in Dargol and 33.19 in Goroubi. The demographic structure of its population of all species shows a dominance of small diameter individuals evolving into sawtooth characterized by anthropogenic pressure. These results constitute a scientific basis for the sustainable management of this food and multi-use species, which is one of the species in decline in the area.

Perception of the young girl-mother on her experience and that of her child after her pregnancy in the Town of Beni, Mulekera Common, Ngongolio District

Jackson, Kahindo Semwavyo — 2022-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The girl-mother phenomenon is nowadays a complex fact in the city of Beni in General and in the Mulekera common, NGONGOLIO district in particular. By undertaking this study, we have the ambition to assess the perception that girl-mothers have of themselves; identify the ideas they think those around them have about them and about their children, test the influence of level of education and socio-economic category on their self-perception and the perception of their offspring. After analysis and interpretation of tables, the results show us that the young girl-mother suffers of the negative perception of herself, her child and is the subject of a strong social indexing. Using the chi-square test; we noticed that the methods of the variable level of study and the socio economic category of girl-mothers do not influence enough on their self-perception and their perception of their children.

3D modelling of the effects of the intensity and the inclination angle of an electromagnetic field on the current and the voltage of a polycrystalline silicon PV cell

Saria, Mamoudou — 2022-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

This work investigated, using a 3-D modelling, the influences of the magnitude and the inclination angle of an electromagnetic field (EMF) carried by AM radio waves on the current and the voltage of a polycrystalline silicon PV cell. The electrons transport equations were solved to find the density of electrons and then to derive the current density and the voltage. Through numerical simulation, the effects of both the magnitude and the inclination angle of the EMF on the density of electrons, the current density and the open circuit voltage were studied. Results of simulation showed that depending on the inclination angle (0 rad; π/2 rad and π rad), the EMF acts differently on the electrical parameters (Jsc and Voc). The analysis also showed that, regardless of the inclination angle of the EMF, there is an open circuit current (Joc) proportional to the magnitude of the EMF (inversely proportional to the distance). This current (Joc) is lost by Joule heating either at the junction (θ = 0 rad) or in the base (θ = π/2 rad and θ = π rad). Finally, the analysis showed that, for θ = π rad (reverse polarization of the PV cell), there is an operating domain (Sf ≤ Sfeq) in which the PV cell is blocked. And another operating domain (Sf > Sfeq) in which the PV cell is a current generator unlike a PN junction diode which remains blocked in reverse bias.

Study of coffee yield and its socio-economic impact in the territory of Idjwi, South Kivu province in DR Congo

Bertin, Nguba Baroki — 2022-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aims to explore the relevance (costs and benefits) of coffee growing in Idjwi based on the activities already implemented by coffee stakeholders in this region. Overall, this research was based on a coffee yield study in the territory of Idjwi. The combination of three methods and three data collection techniques led us in this study to use the verification of our hypotheses. It appears from the analyses made that on average the operating costs are 213,379 FC with maximum loads of 1,880,000 FC and minimum of 315,00 FC, the quantity per season in kg and the average price are respectively 625.66 kg and 588, 62Fc, with relative maximums and minimums of 5099kgs, 45kgs and 600FC, 450FC. The found DW (Durbin Watson) statistic of 1.676 is less than 2, showing that the errors are not correlated or related. The Fisher test being equal to 0.000, lower than the threshold of 0.05 or 5%. We say the model is overall good. By interpreting the significant variables with respect to the threshold of 0.05, we have: - When the loads increase or vary by 1%, the production or the quantity produced per season also increases by 0.001. - When the price increases by 1%, the production or quantity produced per season also increases by 5.354. - When the profitability or yield increases by 1%, the production or the quantity produced per season also increases by 470,551. This leads us to say that if policies are needed to increase the quantity produced in the coffee sector in Idjwi, they must be primarily oriented on the three factors that were significant, in particular the price, the operating costs and the profitability in the business.

Diagnosis of jassid attacks on okra and eggplant plots in the Center and Center-West of Côte d’Ivoire

Kouadio, Houphouet — 2022-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Jassids are polyphage pests that occur on several host plants. These insects were minor pests on okra and eggplant in Côte d’Ivoire. However, during this season, attacks, similar to those observed on cotton for more than a decade, were reported by farmers. Their invasion on these crops has raised concerns among farmers who also grow cotton. A mission was undertaken to identify the jassid populations that had appeared on these crops. It led to the identification of three species: Jacobiasca lybica (Bergevin and Zanon, 1922), Jacobiella facialis (Dworakowska, 1972) and Amrasca biguttula (Shiraki, 1913). The most abundant species were J. lybica (49.4%) and A. biguttula (47.8%). The species J. facialis was identified only on eggplant with a proportion of 2.8 %. At least two of the species cohabit in the same field. The cohabitation of these species reflects the virulent character of the attacks. A strong outbreak was observed during the period from June to July. This study therefore provides important information for decision-making.

Evaluation of groundwater quality of Grand-Lahou department’s (Southwestern Côte d’Ivoire) based on index WQI

Drissa, SORO Tanina — 2022-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aims to assess the quality of groundwater in Grand-Lahou department in southwestern Côte d’Ivoire and to determine the origin of their mineralization. To do this, a sampling campaign conducted in september 2021 focused on twenty boreholes and nine wells. The methodology is based first on the physico-chemical characterization of these waters through elemental statistics and the determination of their chemical facies using the Piper diagram. Then the numerical index WQI method was applied. The results show that the waters are acidic with pH values ranged from 4.6 to 7.8 with an average of 5.75. Apart from iron, the parameters of the groundwater respect the WHO standards and they are fit for consumption. The groundwater has three chemical facies: the calcic and magnesian bicarbonate facies (31.03%), the sodi-potassium bicarbonate facies (17.24%) and the sodi-potassium chloride facies (51.72%). WQI results confirmed those of elementary statistics. They showed that 96.55% of waterworks belong to excellent quality class and one waterwork to good quality class. These results constitute a database for the management of the department’s groundwater resources.

Assessment of the acute toxicity of leaves of Albizia adianthifolia S. and Combretum molle R.

Obed, Mukadi Kanku — 2022-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The use of traditional herbal recipes is increasing increasingly all over the eath. These plants, use in the treatment of various pathologies, are for the most part of source of sometimes tragic and fatal poisoning. The objective of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of the leaves of Albizia adianthifolia S. and Combretum molle R. plants frequently used un traditional medicine in the city of Lubumbashi, respectively for treatment of eye diseases, against diabetes and as an anthelmintic. The assessment of acute toxicity was carried out by observing certain clinical signs of toxicity. The assay of the biochemical parameters namely urea, creatinine, albumin, bilirubin was also carried out. The aqueous extracts of macerated leaves of Albizia adianthifolia S. and Combretum molle R. as plant material were administered orally to male guinea pigs during the experiment at three doses (1000, 2000 and 3000 mg/kg). Renal, hepatic and cardiac toxicity as well as haematologic toxicity were observed by the disturbance of the parameters analyzed, including loss of hair in the abdomen and back, aggressiveness, chills, abnormal breathing, eating disorder, isolation and difficulty in locomotion. In conclusion, the use of Albizia adianthifolia S. at doses greater than 1g/kg would be toxic for guinea pigs although the LD50 is above 3 kg/ kg and with regard to the use of Combretum molle, it can be classified in the categoty of low toxic plants.

Effect of level of feeding on the preweaning growth performance of kids

Abdou, Nourou — 2022-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Red Maradi goats from Caprine Centre of Maradi in South of Niger were used during two subsequent lactations from 2 weeks post kidding to 13 weeks (91 days) to evaluate to determine the effect of previous level of feeding on production performance of dams and their kids. For the first lactation, sixty goats were placed into six groups of 10, and randomly assigned to six treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, and T6) with four levels of feeding (g/kg DM): T1=842, T2=T5=T6=934, T3=1079 and T4=1300 corresponding to 200 g, 400g, 600g and 800g of milk production, respectively. During the subsequent lactation, 35 lactating does and 17 kids were used. All does were given one dietary treatment (T4) to determine the effect of previous levels of feeding on preweaning performance of kids and determine the potential milk production of Red Maradi goat. At the 1st lactation, the linear effect of level of feeding increased (P<0.001) dry matter intake, ME intake and milk yield of dams. During the 2nd lactation the previous levels of feeding did not affect these parameters; however, previous levels of feeding affected (P<0.001) final liveweight and live weight change of dams. During 1st kids’ ME intakes increased (P<0.001) linearly with levels of feeding and kids’ final weight also increased linearly with feeding level of does. During the 2nd lactation, the daily ME intake of dams, and daily milk yield (mean milk yield of 367 g/day) were not affected by previous level of feeding.

Analysis of the risks of rainfall aggressiveness on the soils of the N’zi watershed (Côte d’Ivoire)

Léon, Yao Koffi — 2022-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study is entitled «Analysis of the rainfall aggressiveness on the soils of the N’Zi watershed. The objective is to analyze the importance of precipitation on soil erosion. To achieve the objective, daily, monthly and annual rainfall data on the N’zi watershed were collected over the period 1960 to 2019. The analysis of rainfall risks was possible for the index of erosivity of Arnoldus and Rango-Arnoldus rainfall, to graphical and spatial representations with R software and ArcGIS software. The results of the analysis of the interannual variability of precipitation show that the temporal aggressiveness generally declined during the 1970s. The rainfall aggressiveness indicates on a monthly scale a weak aggressiveness in general and the strongest would be seasonal at the level of the localities of the basin. It highlights three levels of rainfall aggressiveness on an annual scale: very aggressive aggressiveness (32%), less aggressive (48%) and more or less aggressive aggressiveness (20%), at the basin scale. Five (5) classes were distinguished; excess dominance (41%) qualified as high rainfall aggressiveness, dry period (30%) qualified as low rainfall aggressiveness, a minimum period (18%) qualified as very low rainfall aggressiveness, a maximum period (9%) qualified very high rainfall aggressiveness and a normal period (2%) qualified as average rainfall aggressiveness.

Diagnosis of the chemical fertility of the main rice-growing soils of the Sourou Valley in Burkina Faso

Ouedraogo, Jean — 2022-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The diagnosis of fertility is a prerequisite for the formulation of balanced and site-specific fertilizer recommendations. To do this, omission trials were set up on 60 plots in the Sourou Valley. The trials were divided into Hydromorphic tropical eutrophic ferruginous brown soils and Vertic tropical eutrophic ferruginous brown soils. Each trial included 06 treatments: 0N-0P-0K, 0N-30P-40K, 120N-0P-40K, 120N-30P-0K, 120N-30P-40K and 120N-30P-40K + 2.5 t.ha-1 of organic matter. Grain and straw yields, soil chemical characteristics and plant nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium exports were determined. The results showed that Vertic tropical eutrophic ferruginous brown soils are slightly richer in carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus than into Hydromorphic tropical eutrophic ferruginous brown soils. Indeed, the initial nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents calculated from the exports were respectively 71.20 kg.ha-1, 30.02 kg.ha-1 and 187.19 kg.ha-1 for the Vertic tropical eutrophic ferruginous brown soils, against 52.47 kg.ha-1, 19.10 kg.ha-1 and 159.62 kg.ha-1 for the into Hydromorphic tropical eutrophic ferruginous brown soils. Furthermore, the results showed that nitrogen and phosphorus are the two limiting nutrients for rice production on these two soil types. The internal N use efficiency was 80.59 kg grain.kg-1 N on into Hydromorphic tropical eutrophic ferruginous brown soils and 60.09 kg grain.kg-1 N for Vertic tropical eutrophic ferruginous brown soils. The results of this diagnostic will be used as a basis for the formulation of balanced and site-specific fertilizer recommendations.

Effect of bean gaps associated with maize and no-till components around the riparian areas of Lake Kivu

Dadier, Batenchi Bulambaire — 2022-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

South Kivu is heavily influenced by East African supply chains and sources of knowledge, importing inputs and beans and maize is proving essential for clearances especially in the fields of experimentation in the riparian areas of Lake Kivu where even the fish are associated with agriculture for a good yield. In the DRC, intercropping systems are of paramount importance, particularly in the mountainous Kivu region where more than 80% of bean production by small farmers comes from intercropping on small areas. This practice is dictated by socio-economic and physical considerations, the scarcity of arable land, etc.; but also, the concern for the optimal exploitation of the land. But this practice also complicates the practice of weeding while reducing the yield of each associated crop. This is how our work set itself the objective of studying the effects of the spacings of the bean associated with the maize and of the no-till components in the riparian areas of Lake Kivu, in South Kivu, it being assumed that the spacings low weeding requirements would be reduced by improving the cover of the maize rows. To do this, a trial was carried out in and the device used was the split-plot with 3 repetitions and 36 plots. The main factor was made up of bean spacings with the variants 20x10, 20x20 and 20x30 cm and the secondary factor was that of the no-till components having as their objects plowing, mulching after plowing, mulching without plowing and the no-till plot. straw serving as control. The plots had 210 corn plants over 45m2 and the sub-plots 70 corn plants over 15m2. The results obtained attested that the components of no tillage generally influenced the yield in beans and also in maize because they presented the highest yield in maize 1.93 t / ha and in beans 2, 3 t/ha for maize. Combinations including plowing and mulching have the best returns, regardless of bean spacing. The rate of return is highest when no plowing or mulching is done, otherwise when sowing directly on the substrate without disturbing it. Indeed, field work can present costs ranging from $277 to $805 per hectare for average total revenues of $905 per hectare.

Referral System from Health Centers to the General Reference Hospital of Bwamanda DRC from September to November 2021

WALE, Pascal LENGA — 2022-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present study was carried out in the Zone of Health of Bwamanda, in the Provincial Division of the South Ubangi in DRC. The various actors on ground, in particular the male nurses, the patients and the population in general were approximate for better including/understanding their attitude and difficulties compared to the frame of reference. The transport and the costs of care in general like the transport charges, the costs secondary and the tariffs of care probably constitute the most significant barriers compared to the reference. Nevertheless, other barriers could be identified with certainty, more particularly the negative attitude of the male nurses towards the references (because they would decrease their prestige), the deficit of dialogue between the male nurse and his patients, corruption on the level of the hospital and the visits of the culturally obligatory patients for the population. Other cultural barriers are resignation and the recourse to the traditional therapists. This study enabled us to better include/understand the stakes of the frame of reference. It now remains to be seen how the medical services can reinforce the system in order to act on the various determinants favorable to the change.

Determinants of alcohol consumption by pregnant women in the Gemena health zone: From January to June 2022 (DR Congo)

Kelamose, Chérubin Sangi — 2022-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The study we conducted focused on «the determinants of alcohol consumption by pregnant women in the ZSUR of Gemena, whose objective was to identify the explanatory factors of alcohol consumption. alcohol by pregnant women. It starts from the observation of excessive alcohol consumption by pregnant women in the locality of Bozagba for which we asked ourselves this research question: what are the explanatory factors of excessive alcohol consumption by pregnant women? ? In view of this question, we hypothesized that the excessive consumption of alcohol by pregnant women in the locality of Bozagba is due to: Ignorance of the harmful effects of alcohol on pregnancy by pregnant women. To verify the hypotheses, we used the survey method supported by the structured observation technique and the face-to-face interview. After the manual tabulation and analysis of the data collected, we obtained the following results: - 60% of respondents have a low level of knowledge about the harmful effects of alcohol on pregnancy; 33.3% have an average level and 6.7% have a high level. - More than 86.7% consume 4 to 6 glasses of alcohol per day; 10% consume 7 to 10 glasses of alcohol a day; - 50% of respondents consume alcohol to cope with worries without however recognizing their harm to their health; 30% for their prestige and 20% for the pleasant taste; In addition, the study revealed that after being informed of the harmful effects of alcohol on the health of the mother and the fetus, 73% of the respondents have positive attitudes towards alcohol withdrawal while 27% negative attitudes.

Risk factors associated with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in the health zone of Nzanza, PROVINCE of Kongo Central in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Bavenga, C. Bavenga — 2022-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis is still causing a public health crisis. In low-income countries such as the Democratic Republic of Congo, tuberculosis has not been eradicated and the emergence of the multidrug-resistant form is observed in some countries. The objective of this study was to determine the risk factors that contribute to the emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in the Nzanza Health Zone in the city of Matadi. This case-control analytical study was conducted over a period from January to March 2020. It concerned all lung tuberculosis patients with positive microscopy with confirmed resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid, between the period from January to December 2019 and who freely consented to participate in the study. Data were collected based on interviews with study participants using a structured questionnaire and based on data from the Central Office of the Nzanza Health Zone. The data were analyzed using EPI INFO 7 and Excel software. The Chi-2 test was used to compare the observed proportions and the strength of the associations between the variables was assessed using the odds ratios (OR) with the significance threshold (p ˂ 0.05). The results of this research found that two factors significantly put patients at risk of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: lack of knowledge of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis OR (3.636) CI 1,342-9,855) (p= 0.011) and alcohol consumption OR (3.61) (CI [1.29 - 10.07]) (p = 0.012). Our study sufficiently demonstrates that multidrug-resistant tuberculosis still represents a major public health problem in some regions of the world and more particularly in the Nzanza Health Zone in the City of Matadi in the Democratic Republic of Congo. However, the emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis could be prevented by implementing community-based awareness strategies.

Stratified constructions of housing in the Kauka and Yolo-Nord neighborhoods in the municipality of Kalamu: Indices of segregation of the living environment

Mavinga, Mvumbi Sylvain — 2022-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The various types of housing without ekistic standards that are currently being built in the Kauka and Yolo-Nord neighborhoods are different from those that have existed for more than five decades. There are strata of housing in three dimensions: unmodified (old dwellings built before 1960 which have undergone slight transformations), modified (old dwellings built before 1960 and have undergone changes without planning) and improvised (new dwellings built without referring to the land use plan and the development and urban planning master plan). Indeed, the majority of inhabitants are exposed to very deplorable socio-environmental living conditions. In reality, many dwellings are annexed by terraces, shops, hair salons, «malewa» restaurants, infrastructure (for ecclesiastical activities: churches)..., in order to better meet the global imperatives of competitiveness and economic growth. However, the policies and strategies mobilized in this framework affect the living conditions of the inhabitants, it is said that formal construction is therefore confronted with improvised construction. This phenomenon is linked to the spectacular increase in population for more than two decades. Through the systemic analysis of the process of spatial exploitation for residential and commercial purposes, this study shows that improvised constructions are the consequences of the alternatives implemented by low-income or middle-income inhabitants, in order to cope to social, family and urgent problems.

Survey of motivational factors for the consumption of alcoholic beverages by young people aged 18 to 35: Case of the city of Gemena (DRC 2020-2021)

Kelamose, Chérubin Sangi — 2022-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

At the end of this study entitled « Survey of motivational factors for the consumption of alcoholic beverages by young people aged 18 to 35: Case of the city of Gemena » from 2020-2022, the main objective of which was to detect the motives that encourage young people to drink alcohol. We have made assumptions that: 1) Alcohol calms and makes you forget the worry. 2) Alcohol gives pleasure. 3) Alcohol is an appetizer for the meal. 4) Alcohol is a tonic. 5) Alcohol increases sexual desire. In order to collect information from consumers, we used the technique of data collection by the interview guide is that we arrived at 200 consumers as the size of our sample; by the sampling technique; a probabilistic with two degrees in particular: by convenience: which determined the choice of the consumers interviewed in the various districts which cover the city of Gemena; by quota: who distributed the number of consumers by district. After interpreting and discussing our results, the following conclusions are drawn: 1) Alcohol calms and makes you forget the worry: 65% or 130 consumers confirmed our hypothesis. 2) 77.5% or 145 consumers confirmed that alcohol gives pleasure. 3) 60% or 120 say that alcohol is an aperitif for the meal. 4) 56.5% or 177 consumers say that alcohol is a tonic. 5) 94% or 188 consumers said that alcohol increases sexual desire. By all of our results sufficiently proves and confirms our hypotheses.

Prevalence of Schistosomiasis due to Schistosoma Haematobium in patients with Hematuria: Case from the Mabuilu Reference Health Center of Nsioni, Lukula Territory, Kongo Central Province in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Alphonse, Nlandu Khonde — 2022-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Schistosoma haematobium schistosomiasis or urogenital bilharziasis is a chronic parasitosis caused by Schistosoma haematobium. Worldwide, at least 206.5 million people needed treatment in 2016. Preventive treatment, which should be repeated over a number of years, will reduce and prevent morbidity. Transmission of schistosomiasis has been confirmed in 78 countries. However, preventive chemotherapy for schistosomiasis, where people and communities are targeted for large-scale treatment, is only needed in 52 moderately endemic to high transmission countries. In addition, 112 million people are infected with Schistosoma haematobium, including 80 million in its morbid form, causing 150,000 deaths per year. After our study and analysis, we found that out of a total of 50 samples, 8 were positive or 16% and 42 negative or 84%. Thus, the frequency of Schistosoma haematobium eggs was estimated at 16% during our study.

Evaluation of the working conditions of scientific staff within the Higher Institute of Medical Techniques of Gemena in the DRC: From 2020 to 2021

Widobana, Daniel Matili — 2022-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Starting from this study, it should be recalled that our ambition was to know if the working conditions of scientific personnel are favorable for a professional and scientific activity, then to see the reasons and the remedies to be proposed for the improvement of working conditions in this higher and university institution. Faced with all these concerns, we have found that there are many favorable working conditions: among the working conditions of scientific staff, others are far from favorable, particularly those relating to: poor working conditions, institutional bonuses, service bonuses, salary, continuing education, documents and teaching materials. Among all the working conditions, we have found that these are mainly organizational from a social, economic and material point of view at the Higher Institute of Medical Techniques of Gemena. The accomplishment of work (teaching), advancement in grade, the course schedule and communication at work which are very favorable for the scientific staff and which are the basis of the motivation and satisfaction of the scientific staff at the Higher Institute Gemena Medical Techniques. The poor working conditions mentioned above are the causes of the demotivation and dissatisfaction of health professionals. Which led them to say that they are ready to leave their current job in the profile of another if the opportunity arises. In short, we say that the working conditions of scientific personnel are still difficult and unsatisfactory. Several elements that we have just revealed in this study show that the working conditions of scientific personnel are less favourable. These working conditions can have a negative impact not only on the life of staff but also on the quality of teaching at the Higher Institute of Medical Techniques of Gemena.

Hydrogeochemical characterization of the Samba Dia aquifer (Central West Senegal)

Sarr, Amadou — 2022-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the Samba Dia area, located in central western Senegal, the Quaternary aquifer is the only one exploited for the population’s drinking water needs. The main objective of this study is to update and analyze the hydrochemical data of this aquifer. Physicochemical analyses were carried out on 36 water samples to characterize the groundwater in the aquifer and explain the phenomena behind the mineralization of this water. Interpretation of the hydrochemical data was done using the Piper diagram, multivariate analysis (Factor analysis and Hierarchal cluster analysis (HAC)), base exchange index and Na vs Cl, HCO3 vs Ca and (Na-Cl)] vs [(Ca+Mg) - (HC03+S04)] relationships. Water-rock interaction (rock dissolution, base exchange processes) is the dominant mechanism for ion acquisition in the groundwater of this aquifer. The other mechanism is related to water inputs by surface infiltration and intrusion of marine and brackish water. The results of the hydrochemical study show that the chemical species that control water salinization are ions Cl, Na, SO4, Mg, Ca and HCO3.The hydrochemical facies observed for the groundwater samples are Na-Cl (70%), CaCl2 (12.22%) and mixed.

Verification of the serum and urinary Glucose assay method by enzymatic hexokinase method on the Alinity automaton at the biochemistry laboratory-CHU Ibn Rochd in Casablanca, Morocco

Benzekri, D. — 2022-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The verification/validation of a method is a necessary prerequisite before any activity in a medical biology laboratory. Also, it is important to remember the control of the risks associated with any dosing method as well as the impact of pre-analytical conditions on the post-analytical step. The objective of this work is to evaluate the analytical performance of serum and urinary glucose assay using the hexokinase enzymatic method of the manufacturer Abbott on the Alinity automaton of the same manufacturer. The verified parameters are reproducibility and repeatability, through the results of internal quality controls retrieved by creating procedures in the section of validation/verification of methods in our software: Big. The results of the performance evaluation in terms of reproducibility and repeatability demonstrate a perfect compliance of this method of serum and urine glucose determination by the Abbott kit on the Alinity PLC of the same manufacturer.

Selling fish and empowering women in the city of Bouaké

Yaya, Dosso — 2022-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The markets of the city of Bouaké are flooded with fish production from Abidjan, Sassandra, Adiaké and Mali. In this city (Bouaké), the activity of selling fish mobilizes many women and its contribution to their financial autonomy remains unreported despite its dynamism. This article therefore highlights the participation of the sale of fish in the empowerment of women in the city of Bouaké. To achieve this, the study consisted in collecting data from documentary research and field surveys which boil down to observation, interview and questionnaire survey. The questionnaires were sent to 6 wholesalers and 188 retailers chosen using the quota sampling technique. A GPS was used to take geographic coordinates of the markets that house fish vendors. The data collected has undergone different types of processing depending on its nature. This required the use of Arcgis 10.3 software for cartographic production. Also, tables and graphs have helped to illustrate certain facts. It shows that 373 women, or 0.09% of the female population and 0.16% of the working-age population work in the field of fish sales. All claim to have monthly incomes above the Ivorian SMIG (Guaranteed Minimum Interprofessional Salary) (60,000 CFA francs). This income allows them to support themselves, take care of their children, help their husbands, invest in real estate and other business sectors. In addition, these women face difficulties in carrying out their duties. These include the scarcity of fish at times, road hassles, the problem of conservation and the difficulty of access to goods for those who get their supplies from rural production areas.

Transport and development: Contribution of the regional training center for road maintenance (CERFER) to the employability and professional integration of unemployed young people in Togo

Agbamaro, Mayébinasso — 2022-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Transport ensures the mobility of people and goods and also plays an undeniable socio-professional role. They participate through training centers in the employability of young people and their socio-professional integration. In Togo, the Regional Training Center for Road Maintenance (CERFER) was created to supervise young people in transport and public works. This article evaluates the socio-professional impacts of the training and technical reinforcement program for young people who have dropped out of school and have no job, implemented by CERFER in Togo. Documentary research, field surveys and the processing of the data collected constitute the main elements of the methodology adopted. The evaluation method covered 170 individuals out of 803 identified beneficiaries. This method consisted of a comparison of the professional situation before and after the programme. The results reveal that 66% of the beneficiaries have a job more or less related to the field of training. The match between the employment position is perfect for 24% of employed respondents. The variations in professional situations before and after the program show that the number of beneficiaries in employment increased by 12.94% while that of the unemployed is 10.59%.

Trial of the artisanal extraction of groundnut oil (Arachis Hypogea) in the city of Butembo, DR Congo

Espérance, Kavugho Tasi — 2022-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

This work deals with the attempt of artisanal extraction of groundnut oil in Butembo city. To reach the objective, we have used an artisanal method. We have utilised four treatments in our work. The first treatment is semi artisanal and the three last are purely artisanal, which consisted of peeling, selecting or sort, roasting on mild fire. Pelliculing, winnowing, pounding followed by mixture or creaming. We add a small quantity of boiled water after beingwell mixed. We continue with mixture which causes oil to oversuring upon paste and faaming comes after. We add water at last twice. Clarification: water evaporisation and putting in bottle. After the extraction of oil, the first treatment by which we have used the mechanical press, in which one kilogram of product in a quantity of 400 milliliters of oil, 60 milliliters for the second treatment, 150 milliliters for the third treatment and 73,5 milliliters for the fourth treatment. Extrapolated in 1000 kilograms (tonne), T1 has given 400 liters, T2 gives 60 liters, T3 reachs 150 liters and then, T4 has produced 73, 5 liters of groundnut oil. After analysis in laboratory, the third treatment has given good results. The acid index of 0,5 and 0,4, the iodine index of 84,9 and 80,2; the density of 0,116 and 0,117. The saponification index has not realised the norms in all the treatments. This means that our oil cannot participate in the soap production that is why, it is table oil.

Characteristics of the Neoproterozoic triad in the Nigerien part of the Gourma basin, Firgoun region (Western Niger)

Amadou, Diafarou Alzouma — 2022-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

In West Africa, particularly in the Taoudenni, Volta and Beli basins (southeastern border of the Gourma Basin), Neoproterozoic glaciogenic deposits have been assimilated to the Late Cryogenian «Tillites-Carbonates-Silexites» triad. Like those of the Taoudenni, Volta and Beli basins (southeast of the Gourma Basin), the Neoproterozoic formations of the Firgoun region on the southeastern border of the West African Craton exhibit characteristics of the Neoproterozoic triad. This study aims through sedimentological analysis and lithostratigraphic correlations to place the sedimentary sequences of the Firgoun area in their regional context. The Firgoun deposits, resting in fundamental unconformity on the birimian basement of the Niger Liptako, are essentially composed of quartzite sandstones, conglomerates, shales, silexites and more or less metamorphosed dolomitic limestones. The stratigraphic analysis reveals that the Firgoun deposits include 9 lithofacies from the bottom to the top: the lower lithofacies noted Fr1 to Fr3 have been attached to the base formation called «Firgoun Sandstone», and the lithofacies Fr4 to Fr9 related to the «Beli-Garous» formation. The summit lithofacies (Fr6 to Fr8) of this «Beli-Garous» formation, corresponding to a succession of interbedded diamictites associated with carbonate and silexites deposits, have been assimilated to the Neoproterozoic triad.

Cytological diagnosis of overload diseases: Experience of the hematology laboratory of the Ibn Rochd University Hospital of Casablanca

Elfaiz, Rachid — 2022-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The lysosomal overload diseases constitute a heterogeneous group of rare constitutional diseases. In Morocco, these diseases remain very rare and under diagnosed. The diagnosis of certainty rests on enzymatic assay which can be long and difficult, unlike the discovery of a cytological anomaly thus allowing a fast tracking and early care management, hence the importance of the study of these pathologies at pediatric age and the installation of a register of rare pathologies. This present work aims to describe four clinico-biological observations of the overload diseases diagnosed in our laboratory.

Mode of spatial distribution of the three species Ficalhoa laurifolia, Ocotea usambarensis and Piptadeniastrum africanum in the Kalikuku Forest Reserve, North Kivu Province, DR Congo

Gilbert, Paluku Nzenda — 2022-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The mode of spatial distribution of Ficathoa laurifolia and Ocotea usambarensis species has been treated in the game reserve of Kalikuku, Lubero Territory. In order to reach the result, we have delimited a plot for each species and in which we have carried out the sampling of diameter critter at «DHP» of each target tree according to our criterion, and the distances which could separate the individuals as they moved closer to one another, following the method called: Nearest Neighbor Method. That means the method of the neighbor that in very near, of Clark and Evans. The results that we have found are the following. The aggregation clue R has given 0,86 for Ficalhoa laurifolia, 1,5 for Ocotea usambarensis and -3,6 for Piptadeniastrum africanum. After the application of test Z of spatial deviation, Z has given - 4,12; 12,6 and -3,6 respectively for restoring it and aggregate distribution and even Ocotea usambarensis towards unpredictable or aleatory distribution, Piptadeniastrum africanum as an aggregate. The diametric structure of the three species presents a curve in form of bell «Gauss» in the base classes to decline from the beacon classes presenting then a curve in form of reversed j, witness of a natural forest. The very great land surface for Ficalhoa laurifolia has been of 19,8398 m2 in the fourth class of diameter, 4,2398 m2 in the class for Ocotea usambarensis and 26,679 m2 of Piptadeniastrum africanum in the third class.

Analysis of risk factors for stroke in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

Djani, Salakiaku Luntadila — 2022-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Stroke is a major public health problem in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The overall objective of this study is to analyze the risk factors for stroke in the hospital setting of Kinshasa. A descriptive interview survey was conducted among 105 patients hospitalized in Kinshasa who had developed stroke. The results show that the non-modifiable risk factors among the patients surveyed were advanced age (over 55 and 65 years for men and women, respectively), sex (predominantly male), and family history (hypertension and diabetes), whereas the modifiable risk factors were excessive tobacco and alcohol consumption, low consumption of fruits and vegetables, and regular consumption of vegetable oil. Intermediate risk factors included lack of physical activity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and abdominal obesity. The prevalence of stroke was ischemic and hypertension was the most important cardiovascular risk factor, followed by excessive alcohol consumption and smoking. The results obtained demonstrate the need for adequate management of cardiovascular risk factors in patients and prevention of recurrences.

Revitalization of the Lumumba district in the city of Butembo in North Kivu (DR Congo)

Uzimati, Isaac Djurua — 2022-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article was conducted as part of the revitalization of the Lumumba district in downtown Butembo. After field observations accompanied by data processing using Geographic Information Systems, this research reveals that 41.28% of the buildings in the Lumumba district are in poor condition and deserve to be renovated to leave room new buildings and 17.02% of the buildings are in fairly good physical condition. In addition, the results indicate that 37.59% of the buildings are in good condition and deserve to be preserved and 4.11% of the buildings under construction. Regarding roads, this study identified a total of 120 sections over a distance of 26.37 km. Among these roads, 72 sections are in poor condition (i.e. 15.03 km) and require total reconstruction. The analysis also shows that 8 road sections are in good condition, i.e. nearly 3.85 km. In view of these results, it is essential to set up urban revitalization projects in order to improve the living conditions of the inhabitants of the Lumumba district.

Integrating Banana Accounting Software into Commercial and Management Section in the Schools Subdivision of Lubumbashi 1

DEOGRATIAS, KITENGE KALUME — 2022-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aims at assessing the integration level of banana accounting software in the teaching of computer science in the Commercial and Management section in secondary schools in the Lubumbashi 1 sub-division. Survey and questionnaire methods, allowed us to collect the data relating to our investigations. Out of a total number of 131 schools identified organizing the Commercial and Management Section, 39 were selected on the basis of the following criteria: the presence of computer tools, the presence of terminal classes of this option and the presence of teachers with knowledge of the Banana Accounting software. After data collection and analysis of the data, the results recorded showed on the one hand that all the teachers actually have knowledge of the existence of banana accounting software and this, following a mode of learning (seminar or self-training) and on the other hand, 74.4% of these teachers have effectively integrated the teaching of the software under discussion, while the remainder, i.e. 25.6%, teach the use of the software without integrating it into their material predictions. In addition, 66.7% of teachers mentioned difficulties in teaching this software particularly due to the insufficiency of the computer tools available allowing a good transmission of the concepts related to this software, to the non-existence of manuals containing the appropriate concepts. Banana accounting software and the instability of the electric current. Despite all these difficulties, only 5.1% of students fail to master the concepts related to this software. Regarding the schools management mode that met the criteria, the results show that the majority of the schools selected (76.9%) operate under the approved private system, while 23.1%; have a public management system (official and contracted) and as regards gender, the majority of the selected schools teachers (92.3%), who teach computer science in the Lubumbashi 1 sub-division, are male against a minority women (7.7%).

Improvement of the mechanical characteristics of compressed bricks by adding wood ash

Kouassi, K. A. — 2022-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The purpose of this study is to design compressed earth bricks and evaluate the mechanical characteristics in the dry and wet state. To achieve this, bricks were made by adding ash and cement to clay sand. Different materials were elaborated in dry and wet state. The formulation of the materials is as follows: 05% of cement for 25% of ash for the first material, 05% of cement and 05% of ash for the second type and 03% of cement for 03% of ash for the last. All the bricks were tested in compression, at 14 days for some and 14 days plus 3 days of immersion in water for others. The different results obtained at the end of the different laboratory performance tests give compressive strengths of 3.28 MPa for the first type of formulation; 2.18 MPa for the second type and 2.06 MPa for the third type of formulation at 14 days in a dry state. In the wet state, the compressive strength is 2.05 MPa for the first type of mix; 1.09 MPa for the second type and 1.40 MPa for the third type of mix at 14 days and three days of immersion with the same cement and ash dosages. The optimum strength is obtained for dosages of 05% cement for 25% wood ash.

State of the art of fish farming around the riparian perimeter of Virunga National Park (PNVi), in the territory of Rutshuru, DR Congo

Makinda, Bendera Wanzire — 2022-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study on the state of play of fish farming around the riparian perimeter of Virunga PNVi National Park was carried out from September in November 2021 using a questionnaire administered to 50 fish farmers targeted in 5 groups of the chiefdom of Bwisha in the territory of Rutshuru. The results obtained show that fish farming in Rutshuru is of the artisanal type and that it plays an important socio-economic role. This activity is mainly practiced by fish farmers aged between 40 and 55 years (76%). The structures encountered are of two types: diversion ponds (90%), and dam ponds (10%). The bulk of fish species reared consist of Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758 (86%), Clarias gariepinus (6%), and Haplochromis spp occupy (8%). (95%) of fish farmers produce less than 500kg of fish, against (5%) who produce between 500kg to 2000kg of fish per year. (84%) of fish farmers feed their fish with agricultural by-products from processing units, against (6%) who use imported feed. They find it difficult to feed fish properly. They do not benefit from funding, nor supervision and training.

The imperative to rethink the economy and its resilience in the light of the current crises: Case of Morocco

Kobiyh, Miloudi — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Covid-19 pandemic crisis and the various shocks that are shaking the global economy, increasing uncertainty and testing the resilience of the dominant economic model. The succession of crises imposes the imperative to rethink the economy and requires adapted practices likely to accelerate the emergence of a new and more resilient production structure. According to this perspective, this work aims first to explain how recent crises show the inability of the resilience of the dominant model, then it examines ways likely to catalyze a resilient economic model. It is a question of looking for the tools that can catalyze the transition of the economy towards a model that plays a key role in overcoming crises. This model represents for Morocco an opportunity for its economy to opt for a development path that aims for sustainability, resilience and wealth creation. In this context, the objective is to examine the different transitions likely to jointly promote sustainability and resilience in the Moroccan economic and social context.

Studies of the factors influencing the dynamics of the landscape in the department of Ouallam (Niger)

Abdou, Ousseini Moussa — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Niger in general and particularly in the department of Ouallam located in the Northern part of the area of Tillabéri, the natural resources undergo since decades a thinning down without precedent under the influence of several factors. The aim had by this work is to characterize the factors responsible for this environmental pollution on a local scale. To this end, an investigation of perception coupled to observations into the ground was carried out into the aspects relating to the causes of the degradation of the grounds. The analysis of the causes of landscape degradation was categorized in climatic, physical and anthropic factors. The results raise that with a standardized index of pluviometry (ISP) varying from -2,54 to 2,24, precipitations constitute the principal climatic factor influencing environmental dynamics. In the physical plan, the units of the relief evolve in basins slopes where the degradation of the plates is reflected on the other components. The factors anthropic causing the dynamics of the local ecosystems are: extension and the overexploitation of the grounds, cut of wood, the clearing, overgrazing, exploitation of the fodder and the residues of the cultures. The surveyed people affirmed the regression of the vegetation and the progression of the naked grounds, respectively to 94,91 % and 38,43 % of the guarantors. According to the population, the progressive degradation of the environment is caused mainly by the anthropic exploitation and bad pluviometry, respectively 93,38 % and 66,91 % of the appreciations made by the guarantors.

Implementation and deployment on the web of a GIS for the management of land and cadastral data of the city province of Kinshasa: Case of the BATETELA district, in the land district of Gombe

Abdallah, Mohamed Abdallah — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

We started from visual observations in the field, while combining them with data from the cadastral service, which moreover were supplemented by satellite imagery approaches to produce a GIS relating to the management of land and cadastral data. In order to remain objective, we conducted these various studies in the land district of Gombe, more precisely in the Batetela district. Our scientific approach led us to set up a web application via the GeoServer cartographic server based on GIS data, characterized in the management of land and cadastral information. The idea around this scientific approach is to make available to everyone (the cadastre, researchers, investors, etc.), reliable information concerning the different land properties of the geographical entity represented here by the Batetela district.

Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of some honeys from Bukavu and its surroundings

Pierre, Muka Fataki — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Honey is a very complex biological compound of great diversity, giving it a multitude of properties, both nutritionally and therapeutically. The objective of this study was to determine the phytochemical composition and the biochemicals properties of some honeys produced in Bukavu and its surroundings. To do this,12 different honey samples have been collected from a few territories of the province of South Kivu. The quantitative determination of polyphenols by Folin Ciocalteu method revealed concentrations that ranged from 43.62 ± 0.47 to 123.59 ± 1.16 mg EAG / 100g and that of flavonoids by the aluminum trichloride method revealed concentrations ranging from 2.38 ± 0.27 to 24.52 ± 0.60 mg EQ / 100g. The values, of the antioxidant activity by the ferric ion reducing power method varied between 20.89 ± 0.88 and 61.38 ± 2.91 mg EAG / 100g, evidence of an interesting antioxidant activity. The color of the samples was ranged from Transparent White to Amber.

Melissopalynological analysis of honeys from Bukavu and its surroundings

Espoir, Kikanda Kitoko — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Aim: This study aims to determine the floral origin of four samples of honey from Bukavu and its surroundings and to identify the different forms of pollen apertures. Materials and methods: Four honey samples were collected from four production sites in Bukavu and the surrounding rural areas and were kept in the fridge at 4 ° C. The reference pollens were prepared from the anthers of plants surrounding the hive sites. The pollens from the anthers were degreased in ether and stored on slides with Kaizer gelatin-glycerin. The acetolysis method has been applied to the four samples and the identification of pollens has been done on the microscope to the 40 objective. Results: The four honey samples are all of multi-floral origin. The Tithonia diversifolia species of the Asteraceae family is most prominent in the four honey samples with accompanying pollen. The pollens with tricolpate and tricolporate aperture are predominant. Conclusion: The four samples of honey from Bukavu and its surroundings are all of multi-floral botanical origin, the tricolpate and tricolporate apertures are the most represented.

Morphological evolution and sedimentary dynamics of the Potou lagoon bottom (Littoral zone of Côte d’Ivoire) between 2008 and 2018

Privat, Togba Alain — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

This morphological and hydrosedimentological study was carried out with the aim of understanding the evolution of the bottom and the sedimentary dynamics of the Potou lagoon in Côte d'Ivoire from the superposition of two bathymetric maps spaced ten years apart. With an average depth of 2.11 m, the Potou lagoon has undergone morphological changes from 2008 to 2018. This is marked by a reworking of the sediments on the entire lagoon bottom. There is a fattening phenomenon whose volume is estimated at + 66.8 hm³ of sediment deposited in the lagoon. The estimated sedimentation rate is estimated at around 2.65 cm/year. These deposits are marked by a preponderance of shoals over the entire lagoon. As for erosion, it is estimated at a volume of - 8.5 hm³ of sediment. This results in a sedimentary budget of + 58.3 hm³ corresponding to a surface of 12.45 km2 or 54.6% of the total surface of the lagoon during these ten years. The bathymetric map and the sedimentary budget of the Potou lagoon are necessary tools for the use of the body of water by users. Thus, the risk areas determined on the bathymetric map, such as shoals and whirlpool points generated by depressions, will be easily avoided.

Causes and consequences of the girl-mother phenomenon in non-agreement secondary schools in the urban sub-division of Gbadolite in 2020

Bosso, Bertin Bembi — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Among the problems that affect families in several developing countries such as the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) there is poverty due to the drop in income and the difficult general economic situation hampered by the Corona virus pandemic which constrains the inhabitants of this country, especially the city dwellers, to resort to multiple survival strategies. This situation weakens most families to exercise their functions, in particular that of a body for the socialization and protection of its members. According to the Ministry of Health, among adolescent girls aged 16 to 21, who represent 41% of the female population of the survey. Getting pregnant comes from the fact that adolescent girls are not informed about how their bodies work, they often do not know the fertile periods, they also ignore the use of condoms as a contraceptive method, as well as the false information that adolescents exchange about sexuality to convince their female partners. (DHS 2014). Indeed, in the city of Gbadolite and, most families with single mothers are prey to conflicts often find their outcome in violence, hatred, defamation or even divorce of the parents, the extent of which cannot be allow different social analysis that is the demographer hence the interest in circumscribing the motivations that contribute to their occurrence and in suggesting possible solutions so that works of youth prepared for their family responsibilities and social.

NUTRITIONAL AND DIETETIC POTENTIALITY OF ANTS AND WINGED ANTS ON SALE AT THE MARKET OF LUBUMBASHI (DRC)

Kanga-Kanga, M.R. — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present research, entitled « Nutritional and dietetic potentiality of ants and winged ants on sale at the market of Lubumbashi/DRC »; aims at making available scientific information related to insects sold in the city of Lubumbashi: Case of ants and winged ants (Makalo and Inswa respectively in a local language). The analysis of these sample reveals: - 4,95 % fats (Ants) and 39,8 % (winged-ants); - 40,2 % and 35,6 % proteins respectively for ants and winged-ants. Winged ants are richer in mineral elements than ants in decreasing order Mn, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe. Edible insects thus show some potentialities: - They contain highly digestible proteins; - They are tender and without collagens; - Toxicity risks and fermentation could be discarded. - They may contain a good proportion of polysaturated fat acids. From what precedes, edible insects are particularly useful in dietetic therapy for food dietary of pathologies which need elimination or reduction of the consumption of meat, proteins and/or that of saturated fat.

Superposition of Kasai craton tectonics and Bushimay formations in the Lukelenge sector

Mayiba, Télesphore — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The geological formations of P425 consist largely of sedimentary rocks represented by carbonate and sandstone formations as well as metamorphic ones by shales as well as magmatic intrusions represented by dolerites and covered by some recent alluvium. The regional tectonics that have affected this sector to promote the deformations of these rocks by giving brittle, linear and planar microstructures that attest to the compressive phases that this terrain has experienced, confirmed even in the study of the stresses by WIN TENSOR. The preferred orientation of the stratification planes is NW-ESE (N100°-110°E) and those of the planar elements NW-SE (N120°-140°E) and NW-SSE (N140°-160°E) would justify the existence of a vast contemporary regional folding due to the intrusion of magmatic formations in the region. For linear elements; the statistical study made from the measurements taken showed a single preferential direction NW-ESE (N100°-110°E). The structural analysis of the conjugated fractures encountered in our field of study shows that these joints are largely the result of a compression resulting from the stresses σ2 whose value of the direction is N29 ° E / 8 ° SE.

Geochemical characterization of the carbonate formations in the east of the city of Mbujimayi (Lukelenge Sector): Usefulness in civil engineering works

Musambayi, Crispin — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article is a contribution to the geochemical characterization of carbonate rocks of the bushimay supergroup in the Lukelenge area. The samples were analyzed by the atomic absorption spectroscopy method and the results are presented in the form of curves and tables. The interpretation makes it possible to specify the usefulness of these rocks in civil engineering works. We present the results of a study that first addresses the cartographic aspect of the geological formations in this sector as well as new geochemical analysis data concerning the major elements. The geological map of the study area will also be presented. The cartographic study of the Lukelenge sector has made it possible to identify three lithological facies which are limestone, dolomitic limestones, dolerite and arkosic sandstones. The geochemical study based on major elements revealed the following average contents: CaO: 46.42%, MgO: 2.51%; Al2O3: 2.20%; SiO2: 8.85% and Fe2O3: 1.05%. This shows qualitatively the importance of the use of these rocks in cement but also in civil engineering works.

Sedimentology and paleoenvironment of carbonates from the Bena Kabongo quarries of Mbuji-Mayi (Eastern Kasaï Province, D.R. Congo)

Mukonkole, Patrick Mukonkole — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

This work consists of a sedimentological and paleoenvironment study of the carbonate rocks of the Mbuji-Mayi Supergroup dated to the Neoproterozoic of the Bena Kabongo quarries. Macroscopically, two lithofacies have been determined, namely: limestone and dolomite. Field observations show us that the base of the sequence is dominated by dark fine-grained limestones. The summit part is represented by fine-grained gray limestones that alternate with brownish dolomite. Based on seven thin sections, a microscopic observation was carried out and allowed us to detect three microfacies, namely: intrasparites, intramicrites and intraclastics, all representing a standard sequence of the sedimentary series. This sequence shows the evolution of the deposit going from a subtidal zone to an intertidal zone. Analysis of the microfacies of the sequence shows that the strata were accumulated on an internal ramp in the shallower and more oxidizing conditions with stromatolitic flora.

Quality of obstetrical care offered to parturients in the maternity ward of the Kokolo central military hospital in Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Muamba, D.K. — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The quality of obstetrical care in maternity hospitals in most developing countries is a problem in improving the health of mothers and newborns. The maternity hospital at the Kokolo central military hospital in Kinshasa is no exception to this reality. A prospective survey on participatory observation among the midwives of the said maternity during the follow-up of labor of delivery of 50 parturients. The results of this study underwent statistical analysis with the 5% F-Snédecor test. Our results show that no midwifery intervention won 100% in its execution (physical preparation, physical examination, follow-up of labor and immediate postpartum). Statistically the difference is significant from the point of view of physical examination, and not significant from the point of view of physical preparation and obstetrical parameters (dilation, uterine revision obliteration and others).

Coparative analysis of the performance of the professional practice of learners trained according to the competency-based approach and the objective-based approach in basic nursing schools

Nsimba, N. J. — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The application in the Démocratic Republic of Congo (DRC) of to approaches (competency-based approach: ABA and objective-based approach OBA in the teaching of health sciences requires stadardization for the effectiveness of professional practice. The purpose of this study is to compare professional practice during hospital wound care. The medical technical institue of Kisantu and that of Kintandu in central Kongo served as a framework for this study. Thirty fourth-year learners respectively fifteenper school were followed during the internship. The parametric analysis based on the calculation of the mean reveals numerically superior results among learners in ABA compared to those in OBA. The difference in the highest averages among learners from two schools on different stages of the technique is 14.3 percent (ABA) against 13.6 percent (OBA). In view of this result, there is a need to generalize the competency-based approach in all nursing schools of the effectiveness of professional practice.

Supervision of students during the practical lessons of the higher Institute of Medical Techniques of Gemena in DRC: From 2019 to 2021

Widobana, Daniel Matili — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

It is important for us to present a Abstract of this research. We started from an observation of the decline in productivity in the supervision of students; insufficient training of course teachers in terms of planning - monitoring - supervision - supervision and evaluation of courses; insufficient supervision both by field supervisors and by teachers of theoretical courses; the low level of involvement of the Sections in the process of planning and carrying out the courses; the plethoric number of students in institutions which makes supervision difficult. This study aimed to evaluate the practical teaching of students on the quality of internship supervision at ISTM-Gemena. We used the survey method, supported by the technique of self-administered questionnaire for the socio-professional characteristics of the respondents, based on the supervision of the students during the practical lessons, to collect data on the variables of the study, namely: pedagogical training, supervision methodology, tools or modules, teaching materials, preparation, supervision, monitoring and evaluation and supervision. Through this study, it turned out that the degree of application of teachers during supervision and practical lessons would be low firstly because of the level of pedagogical training, the preparation of the subjects to be taught which are improvised, poor supervision methodology, no follow-up and supervision of students in the field by ISTM-Gemena supervisors, absence of some didactic supervision materials, demotivation of teachers. Indeed, the results of the present study do not reveal any statistically significant difference between the different distributions according to the socio-professional characteristics observed and the supervision of the students during the practical lessons shown by the survey subjects during the practical lessons. Of all the above, we say that all hypotheses are confirmed.

Contribution of market gardening to household income in N'djili valley in Kinshasa

René, Nduengisa Mumpasi — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article analyzes the contribution of market gardening to household income in the N'djili valley in Kinshasa. The Probit and Tobit models were estimated to take into account respectively: (1) the decision to participate in market gardening activities, (2) and the decision to depend on these activities. The results of the estimates showed that the decision to participate in market gardening activities is significantly affected by the variable age, level of study and the place of sale of market gardening products. Household dependence on market gardening is positively affected by gender, age and level of education and simultaneously negatively influenced by household size, experience in market gardening and sales locations. In addition, statistical analyzes indicated that a typical household earns on average an income of 222,000 Congolese francs for a combined crop cycle of at least two crops.

Preventive measures used by health professionals against the Coronavirus pandemic: Morocco's experience

Karima, El-Mouhdi — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Coronavirus 2019 is considered the disease of the century. It has caused worldwide panic. The practices of health professionals have been a challenge to cope with this disease and stop the spread of the pandemic. Objectives: The present study aims to describe the preventive measures applied by health professionals and their experience in dealing with COVID-19. Methods: This study was conducted in April and May 2020 in central Morocco, at the «Sidi Said» hospital in Meknes, which is reserved for the care of people affected by COVID-19. An exploratory survey was conducted among all the caregivers working in this hospital. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data, which were processed and statically analysed by Epi-info. Results: A total of 104 (73.5%) participants took part in the study. Most of them (70%) were women. More than half were nurses (59%). The majority (84%) received the COVID-19 vaccine. We found that the majority of caregivers had good knowledge about COVID-19 and about 43% of them received clinical simulation coaching. The most commonly used preventive measures to combat the pandemic were wearing masks (100%), hand washing and disinfection (96%), wearing gloves (81%) and face shields (64%). Conclusions: Health professionals have a good knowledge of Covid19, the correct use of protective equipment, hand hygiene and maintenance of the premises where the approach adopted by health care workers to control Covid19. However, raising awareness among citizens remains a key strategy for eliminating this pandemic.

The digital enterprise on the agrarian cultural land of agricultural SMEs in Africa: Strengths, limits and prospects on the experience of the Esoko platform

Aubin, Agnissan Assi — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The rapid development of digital in Africa is at the heart of a plural issue: economic, human and cultural. Having become a reality for the agrarian sectors (agriculture, livestock) until then spared by the digital wave, mobile telephony is anchored in the daily life of the African rural world. It offers peasants and farmers enormous possibilities beyond cultural borders and geographical distances. Thanks to such a territorial anchoring of the digital economy, the farmer can, from his mobile phone, receive information on microfinance or marketing consultancy offers (Drumnet / Kenya), the weather and market needs (price, quantity) in order to better produce and better sell its productions (Esoko / Ivory Coast). For example, Kilimo Salama (Kenya) offers farmers an innovative dematerialized insurance service. During the season, if the drought or the rains exceed a level pre-defined by weather radars, the farmer receives financial compensation via « M-Pesa ». Even if digital offers the rural world unimaginable opportunities, its integration into the organization or business cannot be improvised. The challenges of digital transformation are certainly technical, but also human and cultural. In rural societies with a strong oral tradition, where face to face was the dominant mode of interaction, digitalized and anonymous interpersonal communication transforms social bonds. Therefore, any digital irrigation of the African rural environment requires anthropological support in terms of socio-educational strategies of cultural appropriation without which the expected digital anchoring would lack sociological foundation. How the social sciences can accompany the development of in the rural agricultural sector, in terms of support, prevention of risks or human costs. This anticipatory reading of the strengths and limitations of agricultural startups will be based on the Esoko platform experience developed in Kenya, then in Côte d'Ivoire.

Decentralization and fiscal incivility in the urban communes of Togo

Eralakaza, OURO BITASSE — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The development of decentralized local authorities in Togo passes through the contribution of citizens to the tax base through the payment of taxes and levies. However, the municipalities, like the whole country, are confronted with fiscal incivility. Thus, this research wanted to understand the explanatory factors of taxpayers' resistance to paying taxes. To do this, she combined the method of documentary analysis and the realization of 34 in-depth individual interviews with resource persons in three communes of Togo, namely, the commune Tchaoudjo 1, the commune of Assoli 1 and the commune of Kozah1. The research highlights the socio-historical, political, social and communication factors, which explain the tax incivility of Togolese taxpayers. In addition, citizens' crisis of confidence in tax collection and management services is another major obstacle to tax compliance. These challenges need to be taken up through sustained education in social accountability for better appropriation from below of democratic values that should make it possible to initiate sustainable local development.

Communication networks influence agricultural technologies’ diffusion: Evidence from improved maize (Zea mays) seeds varieties diffusion in the North of Benin, West Africa

Claude-Gervais, Assogba S. — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The adoption of innovations to improve yields and reduce poverty has become an important issue for the agricultural sector. However, in spite of all efforts implemented, the adoption of these technologies remains below the expected levels. This article aims to analyze the effects of communication networks on the adoption and diffusion of improved maize varieties promoted in the North of Benin in order to increase its productivity. Data were collected among maize producers identified with the snowball method in Nikki town. Logistic regression was carried out to analyze the influence of socio-relational, socio-economic and demographic factors on the adoption and diffusion of improved maize varieties. Software R version 3.4 was used for statistical data analysis. The Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was used to choose the best model for predicting adoption and diffusion. Results show that rich men with a high degree of authority and power tend to have a high eigenvector centrality while men with a high degree of centrality and betweenness centrality tend to have a high level of education, a high area and a high degree of authority and power. In addition, a combination of socio-relational socio-economic and demographic variables predict better the probability of adoption (AIC=52.929) while socio-relational variables predict better the probability of diffusion (AIC=15.819). The study suggests that the diffusion of improved maize varieties at a large scale must involve persons who are rich, with a large agricultural land a good education level, and powers in their locality.

Characterization of low resistivity oil/gas reservoirs in Dibeilla prospect, Termit basin, Niger: Implication of diagenesis for precise reservoir prediction

Moussa, Hamma Ada — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Most of Niger's oil exploration and production activities take place in the Termit Basin. The Paleogene Sokor1 Formation, an important exploration target in the Termit Basin, is a typical sandstone hydrocarbon reservoir. The research presented in this paper used core, water samples and wireline logs, collected in the Dibeilla prospect to determine factors impacting the occurrence of low resistivity oil/gas reservoirs during their diagenetic processes to avoid exploration extra-cost and to recover the total reserves. Cores were analyzed based on thin sections, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and capillary pressure test. Wireline logs were analyzed using the Combined Log Pattern technique. The distributions of all potential influencing factors on porosity and permeability were quantified, making it possible to assess the influence of all potential controls on resistivity logs reading regarding to the fluid type. Diagenetic processes in the Sokor1 oil/gas reservoirs with low resistivity include cementation and dissolution, apart from mechanical compaction. Authigenic clay minerals, pyrite and siderite that account for resistivity controlling factors, occur as pore-filling and pore-lining cements, increase the reservoir conductivity. Sedimentary facies with fine lithological features resulted from relatively weak hydrodynamic deposition conditions induced by irreducible water and dual pore-structure system are the primary causes related to resistivity reduction in oil/gas saturated reservoirs. The low resistivity oil/gas reservoirs identified are the result of mix factors. Results demonstrate the robust application of combining diagenesis and Combined Log Pattern in predicting favorable reservoirs, useful in reducing exploration risk in undrilled areas and oilfields with similar geologic settings.

Motivation factors of scientific staff at the Higher Institute of Medical Techniques of Gemena in the DRC: From 2019 to 2021

Bosco, Yoatile Benago Jean — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

We do not claim to have exhausted everything in this area. We could write everything but we have limited ourselves to what you have in your hands so that you too can continue with research in this matter. Our ambition was to unseal the main motivating factors of the academic and scientific staff of ISTM-Gemena. To carry out this study, we used quantitative descriptive methods and documentary and interview techniques which led us to this result. The reality of the Democratic Republic of Congo has always shown that the staff is not well paid and motivated, hence the teachers of higher institutes and universities always seek to accumulate in order to live well. To the men of science, after reading this work, you would be able to carry out investigations in this field to bring to light all that is hidden in State Societies, your systematic search also proves to be essential for the future of our scientific environment. Thus, the result of our research confirmed the initial hypothesis that academic and scientific staff are motivated. The motivating factors of the Staff are more of social orders whereas the motivation of economic orders does not turn out to be necessary for an academic and scientific staff. This is why all the academic and scientific staff are cumulative. We encourage what ISTM-Gemena is doing but we ask them to improve and add other ingredients and condiments to make the sauce even better, because the man is an eternal dissatisfied. On the whole, all the factors analyzed in the results interpretation table are not all motivational like economic factors. However, it should be noted that those that are more motivational are the work of the teachers themselves, advancement in grade, performance bonuses, responsibility and freedom granted to work, interpersonal relations, communication with colleagues, management. participant, the assignments of the courses, the recognition of the efforts made and of the merit insofar as these factors are global and not specific.

Comparative study of three control techniques against linear canker in Cinchona (Cinchona Legderiana) at Platalmu in Kagheri in Lubero territory

Léon, Paluku Kolongo — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Linear canker is one of the diseases that attack cinchona plants a lot in the Territory of Lubero / North Kivu / DR Congo. It significantly reduces the productivity of its bark. In the fight against this attack, some farmers sterilize the soil with hot water, others warm it in a barrel. There are some who use Ridomil to treat the soil (earth). The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of these three techniques in the fight against Phytophthora cinnamoni in the Kagheri region, and to deduce the procedure that responds best in the fight against this attack. A treatment device for four repetitions was adopted. 16 plots arranged over 40.96m2 were set up. Data analyzes show that the attack rate at disease onset was 45% for T0, 17.5% for T2, and 6% and 1.2% for T1 and T3, respectively. The linear chancre rapidly progressed to T0 the first month of attack, then to 85% the third month, finally to 100% in the fourth; all the plants were attacked following climatic conditions characterized by heavy rains (humidity). While sterilization with ridomil was disappointing with a result of 17.5% the first month and 41% the last month. However, T1 and T3 were effective, with successively 6% and 1.2% of the onset of the disease at the beginning as well as at the end of the observations. The analysis of variance demonstrates that there is a significant difference between the blocks either Fcal a > Ftab with 4.61 > 3.86 at the 5% threshold, but without significant difference between the treatments at the same threshold either Fcal (b) < Ftab; 1.97 < 3.86 and between the other parameters with H0 accepted. It is appropriate to use the techniques of sterilization of the soil in the barrel and by hot water in order to increase the bark yield of cinchona.

Estimation of the lucre of the care administered to goats in the veterinary clinics of the city of Butembo

Réginald, Kasereka Mukanyaka — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Butembo veterinary schools produce many veterinary technicians every year. Some of them create veterinary clinics so that they relieve and save the life of animals in order of having their own jobs. After that, they expect a profit, after returning this work to the breeders. This is how we looked at how much money a clinician earns after treating a goat. We conducted a survey of 400 goats treated in 20 veterinary clinics in Butembo City. Our results revealed that for these 400 goats, these clinics invested an amount of 231956 FC for the purchase of veterinary products; in turn they issued an invoice of 950000 FC. As a result, there is a gay 718044FC. At the end, it is true that care given to goats is profitable for clinicians in BUTEMBO City. On average, a veterinary clinic invests 11597.8 FC to treat 20 goats to issue an invoice of 47500 FC. It shows an average gain of 35902.2 FC.

Study on the consumption of garlic (Allium Sativum) in households in Mususa commune in Butembo city, DR Congo

Alex, Makombani — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The study of the garlic consumption in Mususa commune of Butembo from March to October 2021, is the issue of this work, to ensure the rate and frequency of this crop consumption. The inquiries in different households show that the garlic is consumed by so many persons in Mususa Commune. Thus, 83% of persons consume it in fresh state, 9% in powder form and 8% in oil form. About the frequency, 39% of inquired persons consume the garlic six times per week, 26% seven times per week, 17% four times per week; those who consume it once and five times per week are represented in value which is inferior to 10%. In terms of consumption, 61% of inquired persons speak of medical aspects and 39% consume it as condiment. According to the garlic supply chain, the great number of consumers get it from: market, store, garden, and other receive it as a present from their friends or relatives. In details, a piece of garlic is bought at 100 Fc and 200 Fc (two hundred Congoles francs). One kilogramme costs 5000 Fc and 6000 Fc, about the price of a garlic heap, it varies from 500 Fc to 1200 Fc. The great part of our inquired persons have declared that they consume a quantity which varies between OO,5 and 2 Kg a month. However, the fluctuations are noticed in a year. A part from the garlic, a great deal of Mususa commune inhabitants consume the leeks and the onions. For the consumption frequency of other condiments, the inquired persons eat them four times and seven times a week a week. About the supply chain: Masereka, Kipese, Magheria, Luotu and some markets of Butembo city are cited. However, the consumers complain about the garlic scarcity and ignorance of people towards its virtues.

Contribution à l'identification des arbres et arbustes fourragers en ville de Butembo

Mayani, Janvier Kambere — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this research was to contribute to identification of forage trees and shrubs available in Butembo city. The inventory has revealed 30 forage lignous species usefull for local livestock, distributed between 19 botanical families, whose 18 shrubs (60%) and 12 trees (40%). The more identified family is Fabaceae represented by 8 species or 26,6% of samples (Acacia mollisima, Caesalpinia sp, Cajanus cajan, Calliandra calothyrsus, Erythrina abyssinica, Indigofera sp, Jacaranda mimosaefolia and Sesbania sesban), followed by Rosaceae with 3 species or 10% (Mespilus germanica, Rosa hybrida and Rubus idocus), then Myrtaceae with 2 species or 6,6% (Eucalyptus sp and Psidium guayava) and Solanaceae with 2 species or 6,6% (Datura deltel et Datura stramonium), finally 15 other families each one represented by 1 species or 3,3%: Agavaceae (Dracaena arborea), Anacardiaceae (Mangifera indica), Bignoniaceae (Markhamia lutea), Caprifoliaceae (Sambucus nigra), Combretaceae (Terminalia manthaly), Cupressaceae (Cupressus lusitanica), Euphorbiaceae (Manihot esculenta), Lauraceae (Persea americana), Malvaceae (Hibiscus sabdarifa), Meliaceae (Azadirichta indica), Moraceae (Morus nigra), Poaceae (Arundinaria alpina), Proteaceae (Grevillea robusta), Tiliaceae (Triumfeta cordifolia) and Verbenaceae (Lantana camara). The leaf is, among these shrubby specices edible organs, the more ingested organ by livestock (62% of species).

Seed sowing time effect on germination and growth of rubber seedlings

Wang, Ruxue — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Rubber seeds are recalcitrant seeds and cannot withstand intensive desiccation. The time from seed falling off rubber tree to seed sowing is crucial for germination and seedling growth. The present study compared the sowing time effect of GT1 and Reyan73397 seeds after harvest on germination and seedling growth. The results showed that GT1 seeds after harvest should be sown during 3 days and Reyan 73397 seeds should be sown during one day, seed germination was negatively correlated with seed width and seed weight, seedling plant height and leaf SPAD value was negatively correlated with seed length. Taken together, seed sowing time affects seed germination and the growth of rubber seedlings, and understanding seed sowing time effects helps to collect and transport seeds timely so as to sow and obtain high-quality rootstock seedlings.

Development and performance evaluation of a centrifugal honey extractor

Djoukeng, Henri Grisseur — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

With a view to contributing to the improvement of the quantitative and qualitative production of honey, a human-powered centrifugal extractor was designed, manufactured and tested at the Agricultural Engineering laboratory of the University of Dschang. The design was based on standard frame sizes for modern hive supers, mechanical design standards and honey quality standards. The tests were carried out with frames of Langstroth hive supers from an apiary in the town of Bafoussam I. Apart from the gear system constructed from cast iron, the other components of the puller were constructed from galvanized and stainless steel. The components of this machine are as follows: (a) a tank with a diameter of 650 mm, a height of 800 mm and a thickness of 1 mm; (b) a rotating basket with a diameter of 600 mm, a height of 550 mm and a thickness of 6 mm; (c) a transmission system consisting of a bevel gear, transmission ratio 1: 4, module 1.5 mm with a driving wheel and a pinion; (d) two 20 mm internal diameter ball bearings; (e) a 20 mm diameter transmission shaft; (f) a centering and clamping plate made of length 650 mm, width 80 mm and thickness 5 mm. The machine stand has a diameter of 651 mm, a height of 1000 mm and a diameter of 21 mm. Three extraction tests were carried out. The results obtained were as follows: average extraction rate: 78.36%; average hourly capacity: 35.35 kg/h, average mass of solid particles: 0.098 g/100 g of honey. The fabricated extractor will allow beekeepers to make several harvests over the year because the bee cells are not destroyed during the extraction. This preservation of aveoles will lead to the sowing of other hives after extraction. This machine is simple to operate and maintain; you just need to clean it and lubricate the gear system and the bearings regularly.

The Democratic Republic of Congo and the administrative reforms’ issue

MICHAEL, KAYA NYEMBO — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this present work, we want to do an autopsy of the various administrative divisions or reforms operated in the DRC since its accession to independence and its results on the ground and take a critical look at what was in its administrative organization before its independence.

SRIM simulation of the interaction of heavy ions 36Ar, 78Kr, 136Xe and 238U with silicon material

Gaye, Idrissa — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper presents the SRIM simulation investigation of energetic particles (electrons, protons, heavy ions…) irradiation. Heavy Ions used are: 36Ar, 78Kr, 136Xe and 238U. The electronic and nuclear energy losses of the incident ions and their course in the target material of silicon was calculated. We studied the stopping power or LET (Linear Energy Transfer), it makes possible to evaluate the actual path and the penetration profiles of the incident ion in the silicon target.

Mode of consumption and food waste: Determinants and challenges for Tunisian consumers

Bouras, Hela — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Food losses play a very important role in efforts to fight hunger, increase incomes and improve food security in the poorest countries. They have an impact on food security for the poorest populations, on food quality and food safety, on economic development and on the environment. The purpose of the survey is to analyze food consumption habits. The variables used are regional disparity and socio-economic category (age group, monthly food consumption expenditure, consumer preferences for supermarkets, density of meal preparation, preparation for purchases in view of compliance with the needs (rationality). Our sample consists of 2004 households over 20 years old; our sample was broken down into 4 age groups, by sex, by 7 regions, by number of families, by number of working families, and by education. thanks to our sample, we detecteddetect the following factors or determinants of food waste; a highest percentage claim that they buy too much in quantities greater than needed, a lower percentage believe that they cook large quantities of meals, a smaller number of consumers claim that they buy food products in a random manner. 74.8% argue that it is the default of poor food preservation. 58% of consumers explain this waste by the fact that food products become non-edible before the expiration date. Tunisian consumers are aware that there is a lot of waste (70% of Tunisian families consider that there is a lot of waste). Unfortunately, only 3.9% of the remaining food is recycled, which represents a very low percentage compared to that spilled in the trash (24%). Nevertheless, 45% of the remaining food is supplied to domestic animals, which explains a lower level of wastage in the north and south than in Greater Tunis (the presence of the activity of raising sheep, chickens and rabbits…). This component is a factor promoting the circular economy.

Lithogeochemical characterization of artisanal gold mining in Toulépleu, Western Côte d'Ivoire: Implications for the dynamism of metals

Ouattara, Zié — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The expansion of artisanal gold mining is observed throughout the territory of Côte d'Ivoire. This is the case of the city of Toulépleu, in the west of the country. These artisanal activities, by opening quarries and wells, help at the way to describe lithologies and to understand the distribution of metals. It is the main objective of this study in Toulépleu which proceeds first by the description of the sites of artisanal mining activities, then by the study of the excavated material and horizons exposed finally the analysis of the samples on the X-ray Spectrometer. It appears that the associated gold mineralization is alluvial. The mineralized horizon is gravelly associated with quartz pebbles and rock fragments. These derived from the schists and granitoids of the Toulépleu-Ity furrow constituting the hills whose weathering products pile up successively in the valleys, concentrating gold by the same process. The brechic forms with subrounded of the pebbles and fragments of rocks indicate the result of a low hydrodynamics. The lihostratigraphic correlation shows, from the bottom to the surface, a succession of three horizons: clay, amalgam (gravelly) and clay-sandy. The mineralized horizon is thus preserved by the two clay horizons that frame it. Silicification decreases with depth especially in the mineralized zone which is also associated with zinc, silver, zirconium, sulfur and arsenic. Iron, calcium and manganese oxides evolve in contrast to silicification. Other metals like lead, vanadium, nickel, copper are distributed according to the sites and the depth of the wells.

Circuit of marketing and consumption of bananas in the city of Butembo (North Kivu, DR Congo): Case of plantains and cooking bananas

Moïse, Kambale Kataliko — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Bananas are one of the main foodstuffs in the city of Butembo. In order to understand the marketing circuit as well as the consumption of bananas at the household level, a study was carried out in the city of Butembo. Its objectives were to understand how the marketing system for cooking bananas and plantains is organized and structured, to identify the problems or difficulties that hinder the marketing of cooking bananas and plantains and to compare the consumption of plantains to that of cooking bananas in households. To achieve these objectives, a survey was conducted among 96 plantain and cooking banana sellers and 100 households were used for the consumption study. At the end of these surveys, the results reveal that the banana marketing circuit is characterized by a multitude of actors playing different functions and having divergent market logics. The majority of these players are retailers (69.07 %) and wholesalers in the consumer market (50.52 %). Processors and wholesalers at the place of production are less represented. The main constraints in the marketing of plantains and cooking bananas are related to losses due to the perishability of bananas, transport problems induced by the advanced state of disrepair of the roads in the supply areas, the lack of customers, the lack of banana conservation structure, price instability and lack of knowledge of the transformation of bananas into other products. This study shows that 100 % of surveyed households consume plantains (Ndizi) against 98 % of households that consume cooking bananas (Bisamunyu). Regarding the consumption of bananas within a household, the study shows that a household with an average household size can consume between 1 and 10 kg of cooking bananas per day and per meal with an average of 3.15±1.78 kg. The interpretation of the third quartile indicates that 75 % of the households surveyed consume a daily quantity of cooking bananas of less than 4 kg per meal. Regarding the consumption of plantains, in a household with an average household size, the daily quantity varies from 1 to 8 kg with an average of 2.39 ± 1.23 kg per meal. Indeed, 75% of surveyed households consume less than 3 kg of plantains per day and per meal.

Analysis of the microbiological quality of cooked yams and ripe bananas sold in the markets of the city of Butembo

Richard, Mumbere Kirereka — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study, conducted in the city of Butembo from January 6, 2019 to August 24, 2021, consisted in assessing the microbiological quality of two foodstuffs delivered for human consumption: cooked yellow yams (Dioscorea cayensis) and ripe bananas (Musa accuminata balbisiana) as well as to determine the frequencies of microbial pollution in these two foodstuffs in order to inquire about the danger to consumers who are exposed to it. The microbiological analysis of 80 samples of yellow yams taken from the four markets of the city of Butembo revealed an overall pollution of 95%, with 37.5% of simple microbial pollution dominated by Streptococcus spp (17.5%), followed by Enterobacter sakazaki and Staphylococcus other than aureus which each have 7.5%, finally Enterabacter agglomerans1 and Staphylococcus aureus which each have 2.5%. The statistical analysis of these results showed that the frequencies of simple and mixed microbial pollution are significantly different (P<0.05) in the four markets of the city of Butembo (X2c=respectively 14.38 and 12.14; dll =3). In addition, the microbiological analysis of 80 samples of ripe bananas taken from the four markets of the town of Butembo revealed an overall contamination rate of 65% dominated by Hafnia sp (25%), followed by Pseudomonas fluorescens (15%), Aeromonas spp and Klebsiella pneumoniae which each have (10%), finally Alcaligene dispar (5%). These frequencies of bacterial pollution in the ripe bananas examined are significantly different (P<9.89) in the four markets of the city of Butembo (X2c=9.8; ddl=3).

Impact of market gardening activities on the socio-economic life of populations in the rural commune of Luotu (North-Kivu, DR Congo)

Eloge, Kambale Muhesi — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the rural commune of Luotu, market gardening is a significant supplement to food and is a source of substantial income that allows some local populations to live decently. It is in this context that this study was carried out with the aim of evaluating the impact of market gardening activities on food security in the rural commune of Luotu, province of North Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo. The surveys were carried out in two villages (Valya and Lukole) due to 60 market gardeners per village. The results show that market gardening is booming in the study area; the most popular are leeks, cabbage, beans, corn, peas, potatoes, onions, carrots, garlic, amaranths, etc. The choice of one of the vegetable crops is more dictated by food and cultural habits as well as its financial profitability. It was found that men are more involved in this activity and generate more income (127.2 ± 184.9 USD) than women (112.2 ± 169.5 USD). Although this activity is lucrative, it is faced with problems (lack of market gardeners inputs, land tenure insecurity, lack of financing, climate disturbance), does not cover domestic needs for 42.9% of market gardeners surveyed but also of products remains a constraint for distant marketing center sites. These market gardeners, especially the majority (68.3%) have never benefited from technical supervision from agronomists working in local development organizations or associations. In addition, analyzes show that market garden products are sold more in village markets (67.5%) than in city markets (13.3%), along roads (5%) and in the field (14, 2%). The leafy vegetables consumed by market gardeners in the rural town of Luotu are sombe (15.4%), amaranth (18.1%), bitter nightshade (14.5%), headed cabbage (21.2%) %), cauliflower (11.8%), squash leaves (8.1%), bean leaves (8.1%), taro and colocases leaves (2.8%). However, the frequency of daily meal intake is twice a day for 53% of market garden households. Those who eat once and three times a day represent 23 and 23% respectively. Market gardeners in the rural commune of Luotu allocate an average of 6,276.86 ± 2,810.66 Congolese francs to daily consumption in their households.

Rehabilitation of agricultural feeder roads for the sustainable development of the Democratic Republic of Congo: Case of Tshela territory

Hugo, Mavambu Makanzu — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The rehabilitation of agricultural feeder roads for the sustainable development of the Democratic Republic of Congo, the case of Tshela Territory, is the overall objective pursued in this study. The agricultural service roads to be rehabilitated were estimated at 635 km, divided into sections (axis) in the 8 sectors of Tshela Territory. In 2008 out of 100.857 km rehabilitated, the Kimbenza – Seke Banza section covered a distance of 45 km or 44.6%. On the other hand, the least rehabilitated is that of Tshela in Maduda with 25.857 km or 25.6%. In 2017, the Tsanga North to Ndalu axis With 39.358 km or 27.6% out of a total of 142.115 km, was the longest distance. While, that of Loango in Dizi North with 20.21 km or 14.2% of a total rehabilitated distance. The problem of rehabilitating agricultural feeder roads still persists due to poor road maintenance, which negatively impacts the economy of Tshela Territory.

Evaluation of the microbiological quality of agri-food products sold on the markets of Kinshasa: Case of fresh meat and fresh fish sold at the liberté market and Ngaba roundabout (Democratic Republic of Congo)

Zephirin, Matafwari Luwawa — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Fresh meat and fresh fish badly affected, constitute an excellent medium of culture, a ground favorable to the propagation and the multiplication of a multitude of microbial contaminations. They are considered as vehicles of many diseases in humans. Our study aimed to assess the microbiological quality of fresh meat and fresh fish placed on the KINSHASA markets, during the period from July 9, 2019 to December 2020, i.e. eighteen months. After prospective investigation and bacteriological analysis, the results showed that the fresh meat and fresh fish sold in our markets were really contaminated. The presumptive test revealed 56.6% positive samples out of the hundred percent of samples, including 43.3% total coliforms and 13.3% faecal coliforms. After culture, the results obtained indicate the presence of germs indicating hygienic quality, Pseudomonas (9.80%), Proteus vulgaris (13.7%), Streptococci (15.7%), and toxigenic germs (33, 3%). Which, Staphylococcus aureus (7.8%), salmonella (11.8%) and Escherichia coli (13.7%). Among the microbial germs found in fresh meat and fresh fish,. the most soiled in microorganisms is fresh fish (21.1%), followed by pork (20%), and the least contaminated, beef (15.5%). The NGABA roundabout market awoke more contaminated products (32.2%), compared to the freedom market 24.4%. In terms of the relationship between microbial germs and sales environments, we found a statistically significant relationship of coliforms (p=0.007) and sales next to garbage (waste), wooden tables (p=0.042), for however, no statistically significant relationship was found between germs and exposure of meat and fish to unwashed knives (p=0.313), sellers' clothes (p=0.884), dust and flies (p=0.097) at the same market. On the other hand, a statistically significant relationship was observed between microbial germs (coliforms) (p=0.003) and sale in the presence of flies (p=0.044), but no statistically significant relationship was found between germs and sale alongside garbage (p=0.683), unwashed knives (p=1.000), wooden tables (p=0.695), clothes sold (p=1.000) and dust (p=0.945).

Psychosocial risk assessment among midwives and maieuticians of the Yadalgo Ouedraogo University Hospital Center (Burkina Faso)

Diédhiou, Bocar Baïla — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Objectives: It consisted in evaluating psychosocial risk factors among midwives/ maieuticians of Yalgado Ouédrago University Hospital Center of Ouagadougou. Methodology: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional and analytical study, carried out using an anonymous self-questionnaire. The Karasek scale was used to identify risk situations. Data were entered and analyzed using Epi info version 7.0 software. The significance level chosen was p < 5% to assess the link between socio-professional variables and stress. Result: A total of 42 midwives/maieuticians were participated in the study. The average age was 38 years old. Women predominated (71.4%). The average weekly working hours was 45 hours. The average number of monthly guards was 6. The average seniority in the profession was 10.5 years. The prevalence of psychosocial risks was 88.1% for psychological demand, 57.1% for low decision latitude and 64.3% for low social support. Value conflicts (71.4%), job and work insecurity (52.4%) and emotional demands (21.4%) were collected. The prevalence of job train was 52.4% and that of isostrain was 26.2%. The correlation between socio-professional variables and stress was not statistically significant (p˃0.05). Conclusion: Psychosocial risks are omnipresent among midwives/maieuticians. It is urgent to promote the creation of occupational health services in care settings in order to improve the psychosocial environment and to detect the suffering of caregivers early.

Malaria transmission in the district of Karimama in North-East of Benin

Yadouleton, Anges — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Background: In order to know the level of malaria transmission in the city of Karimama in the north East of Benin, an entomological study was carried out in this city from January to December 2020. Method : Firstly, the study was based on sampling adults mosquitoes by Human Landing Catches (HLC) in two villages performed monthly over two consecutive nights (8:00 PM to 6:00 AM) in 4 randomly selected compounds. These populations of mosquitoes were completed by Indoor Pyrethrum Spray Catches (PSC) in 10 other selected compounds; the same compounds in each sampling method being consistently used throughout the study. The head-thoraces of these females from the human landing catches were tested for the presence of CircumSporozoite Protein (CSP). Finally, Knocked down mosquitoes falling on white bed sheets were preserved for identification of species and characterization of molecular forms within the An. gambiae complex were performed using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Results: i)-During the year of study, 9.019 female mosquitoes were caught by PSC against 21.474 by HLC among which, 26% were Anopheles species from HLC; ii)- In this city surveyed, the main malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum was transmitted by Anopheles gambiae s.s where transmission was high from June to October during the rainy season and declined during the dry season (December-May); iii) - The Entomological Inoculation Rates (EIRs) were significantly higher (138 infection bites/person/night) during the rainy season than those obtained during the dry season (138 infection bites/person/night) (P<0.05). Conclusion: The present study showed that malaria transmission is unimodal in the city of Karimama and the main malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum was transmitted by Anopheles gambiae s.s. These findings will be very useful for National Malaria Control Program authorities in the choice of the method to fight against malaria in this city.

Tree mortality factors in the Yangambi biosphere reserve: ISEKELENDE site (Tshopo Province, DR Congo)

Mbala, O. — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The knowledge of the functioning of our forest ecosystems protected is an issue of the maintenance of the planetary balance as regards its biodiversity and its climate. Its floristic dynamic apprehended by the mortality of trees, has formed the base of this study in the site of Isekelende at the biosphere reserve of Yangambi (Tshopo, D.R. Congo). Collected in a device of 6 ha, the results arising from this study have shown that the rate of tree mortality is more than 4 times higher than the tropical average. The causes differ according to the type of mortality. For the mortality on foot, the aging and the Fungal pathologies are the causes mainly observed while for the Chablis, we cannot say with statistical certainty that the frequencies and the wind speeds which are the main causes. A spatial distribution of dead trees identified highlights a relief of specific gaps. This mosaic is positively correlated to the direction of the prevailing wind of Yangambi.

Associated factors to a high rate of caesareans at Centre Hospital of Kavumu (DR Congo) for the period of 2016 to 2020

Zihindula, R.V. — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this work was to contribute to the study of the factors associated to the practice of caesarean at the Centre Hospital of Kavumu, health zone of Miti-Murhesa, during the period of 2016 to 2020 either five years. Monthly reports of activities and registers of maternity service produced during the period of 2016 to 2020 had been denuded based on the type of childbearing, age, parity and for caesarean cases, the causes of this type of childbearing. The rate of childbearing (by parturition or ceasarean) had been calculated and statistical analysis had been done by comparison of means using the Student t test, the ANOVA 1 F test and the Chi-square test. After data analysis, the following results had been obtained: the mean rates of parturition and caesarean childbearing were respectively of 89,7 % et 10,3 %; the furthering causes of high rate of caesareans at the CH Kavumu during the period of 2016 to 2020, in all ages slices confused were FSA, macrosomy, bad position, FDP, bursting and before bursting, maternal depletion and stationary work and the others causes interfere with a less incidence. Fanally, the associated factors to the practice of caesarean at the CH Kavumu are age, parity and caesarean cases. Studies carrying about analysis of size and weight of bearer women as associated factors to the practice of caesarean are indispensable.

Traditional birthing techniques: Factors contributing to maternal mortality among pygmies in the health zone of Miti-Murhesa, DR Congo

RUKENGWA, ZIHINDULA — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Since long; there have been several community health projects that are attempting to solve problems linked to maternal and infantile morbimortalities. These kinds of projects remain unfulfilled to pygmies and other people from black Africa. This descriptive transversal study about the techniques of traditional birth, as factors which promote the motherly and infantile mortality was carried out in MitiMurhesa health zone during a period from September 2018 to October 2019 in 4 sites (Buyungule, Cibuga, Cirharhangwa and Muyange) where Pygmies live. Traditional childbearing techniques which are applied by midwives pygmies would expose pygmies women giving birth and the new born to factors which can bring them to the death. The principal objective of this study is to contribute to the reduction of maternal and infantile mortality and morbidity of native people in MitiMurhesa health zone. An inquiry questionnaire and focus groups were used to collect data during our field descent. We recorded several techniques and inhuman practices that are applied to pygmies’ women giving birth because they have no means to access to health services and yet these pygmies’ women rarely access to prenatal consultation because they are negligent and loafers.

Health care supply about the health needs of deaf people in Abidjan

Ymba, Maïmouna — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The availability of quality health care facilities is essential to care for disabled populations such as Deaf people. Indeed, these populations are much more vulnerable to chronic diseases. The city of Abidjan abounds in dense and diverse health care offers but is unevenly distributed in the city. The goal of this paper is to make an exploratory study on the adequacy between the health care offer and the healthcare needs of deaf people. In other words, it will be a question of analyzing the aptitude of the care structures to take care of the deaf people concerning their needs in health care. From socio-demographic and sanitary data coming from the general census of the population and the habitat of the National Institute of Statistics and the database of the direction in charge of the Deaf people; a descriptive and cartographic statistical analysis was realized. Our results show that in the care structures, there is no health policy for medical care for deaf people. The staff is not trained in sign language. Only 1% of the staff can communicate with deaf patients. However, their need for care is effective with, for example, more than 62.2% of the deaf people surveyed having requests for care in general medicine. We, therefore, deduce a mismatch between the supply of care and the health care needs of deaf people.

Dynamics of the sandy spits of the Rivières du Sud, from lower Casamance (Senegal) to Rio Gêba (Guinea Bissau): Approach by remote sensing

Tine, Dome — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The sedimentary dynamics of the littorals studied is governed by the northern swell which induces a north-south littoral drift and the continental sedimentary contributions transported essentially by the rivers. The aim of this study is to analyse the evolution of sandy spits in the northern part of the Rivières du Sud. The methodology adopted is based on diachronic mapping using Landsat satellite images acquired in 1973, 1986, 2003 and 2018. The results show that the morphological evolution of the Sankoye Spit and the Bird Peninsula is marked by the extension of their spatial coverage. The statistics for the Bird Peninsula show an extension of 116.89 ha between 1973 and 1986, a gain of 220 ha between 1986 and 2003 and a regression of 70.53 ha between 2003 and 2018. The Sankoye spit shows an elongation of its distal end in the direction of the dominant longshore sediment transport, thus dragging the mouth of Kalissaye progressively southwards. Its spatial and temporal evolution is marked by a spatial extension which goes from 603.32 ha in 1973 to 716.25 ha in 2018. For the tip of Cap Roxo, the statistics indicate an extension of 38.19 ha between 1973 and 1986, a regression of 7.75 ha between 1986 and 2003 and 2.02 ha between 2003 and 2018.

Design of an automatic detection and localization system for oil leaks in a mill

Nsinga, Orville Nkunga — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

This publication is a brief abstract of an engineering work that addresses the problem of locating oil leaks in the lubrication circuit of a semi-autogenic mill called CASCAD MILL CINQ (CM5). A solution is proposed using a fundamental law of fluid mechanics that is «the law of flow conservation». Thanks to the latter, the model of an automatic and computer system was designed, also taking into account the instrumentation and other aspects of the solution related to the problem.

Variability of morphological and biochemical characters of Adansonia digitata L. fruits from different agroclimatic zones in Côte d'Ivoire

Françoise, Kodjo Noelle — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Adansonia digitata L. (baobab) is a multipurpose species in Africa, found in several phytogeographic zones in Côte d'Ivoire. The objective of this study is to contribute to a better knowledge of the morphological and biochemical diversity of the species, according to its distribution area. The study focused on the characterization of morphological descriptors of the fruit and biochemical parameters of 100 baobab fruits from four agroclimatic zones distributed throughout its range. The results obtained revealed a significant difference between the agroclimatic zones for the majority of morphological and biochemical descriptors. At the morphological level, the Niakara zone recorded, in general, the highest average values for the following descriptors: volume (4675.98 ± 2160.51 cm3); whole fruit mass (776.80 ± 286.25 g); pulp mass (222.28 ± 88.62 g) and seed mass (185.00 ± 80.12 g). The biochemical data indicated good overall levels for the parameters studied. The Niakara zone recorded high values for dry matter (88.89 ± 0.13%) and fiber (9.98 ± 0.06%). For total polyphenols, vitamin C and magnesium, the Tiébissou area recorded the highest average values. The high calcium content of the fruits (454.80 ± 3.42 mg/100g) is observed in Kouto. In the whole of the results obtained for the study, it is noted a true morphological and biochemical diversity which could be profitable for the consumers and the breeders.

The empirical mode decomposition (EMD) application for the monitoring of the cutting tools wear

Ilunga, Jean Claude Mukaz — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this work, it is a question of the cutting tool wear monitoring in mechanical turning. We did this monitoring in three phases which correspond to the life of our tool. To achieve this objective of improving monitoring, we have used a processing method (EMD) that breaks down a large signal into small signals (IMFs). The cut up or processed signals are yet applied in the temporal (RMS) and frequency (Spectrum) indicators in order to monitor the evolution of the tool in relation to its degradation and to check the reliability of the indicators. The obtained results will be optimized in an on-line monitoring system and incorporated into a microcontroller dealing with its three phases, in order to make the comparison of informations each time they are generated by the machine.

Effects of chicken droppings on the production of local eggplant cultivars (Solanum spp) on the tertiary sand of Brazzaville (Congo)

MPIKA, Joseph — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Eggplant is a vegetable fruit plant mostly consumed in Congolese daily menus. The low yield observed is due to the low content in mineral element in the soil. The chemical fertilizers used by producers are expensive and harmful to the environment. This study aims to improve the productivity of local eggplant cultivars by supplying chicken manure. Plantlet from Solanum eathiopicum, Solanum eathiopicum gilo, Solanum eathiopicum gilo-anguivi and Solanum macrocarpon are fertilized with 100, 200 and 300g of chicken manure, thus constituting the doses D1, D2 and D3. These treatments are compared to unfertilized one (D0). The experimental design was randomized complete block in three replicates. A block has 45 subplots and 4 plants per subplots were observed in relation to the plant height, neck diameter, the number of leaves per plant and the number of branches. They also relate to the number of fruits per plant, the fruit length and diameter, the average fruit weight. The addition of 200g of chicken manure per pocket significantly improves the vegetative growth of 4 local eggplant cultivars. At this dose, it is noted an early emission of flowers and buds, a high number of blooming flowers and 1176 fruits/plants. The C3 cultivar, S. eathiopicum gilo-anguivi, is more productive than three others. The dose of 300g per pocket was harmful to vegetative growth, it causes flower drop and reduced yield. Chicken manures are an asset to increase eggplant productivity in the tertiary sand of Brazzaville.

Management of rice hulling residues in Côte d'Ivoire: Case of the Lôh-Djiboua region

Messou, Aman — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Rice husking residues constitute real bioresources which the development could contribute to improving the living conditions of populations and reducing pressure on forest resources. This study examined the management of rice husking residues in the Lôh-Djiboua region. The survey and field observation carried out showed that the Lôh Djiboua region produces an average of 21,262.4 tonnes of rice per year, including 8,711.9 tonnes in Divo, 9,625.5 tonnes in Lakota and 2,925 tonnes in Guitry. The main residues from husking rice are husks and bran. The average annual bale quantities recorded are 2744.3 ± 446.2 tonnes at Divo, 3032.1 ± 1550.7 tonnes at Lakota and 921.4 ± 249.6 tonnes at Guitry. The average annual bran masses are 304.9 ± 49.6 tonnes, 336.89 ± 172.3 tonnes and between 102.4 ± 27.7 tonnes respectively at Divo, Lakota and Guitry. Rice husking residues produced in the mills are collected by households (0 to 18.9%), pig farmers (8.1 to 27.8%), poultry farmers (45.9 to 55.5%), farmers (16.7 to 28.1%) and fish farmers (2.7 to 3.1%). These use them as fuel in households, as feed and bedding in poultry and pig farming, as feed in fish farming and as fertilizer after calcination in agriculture. There is a low rate of use of rice husking residues as fuel in households in the studied areas (1 to 4%).

Depositional environments of the maastrichtian and paleogene Formations of the Garadaoua and Garadoumé area in the Iullemmeden basin (Tahoua region, south-central Niger)

Maâzou, Aminou A. — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present study concerns the south-centre of the Nigerien part of the Iullemmeden intracratonic Basin. A multidisciplinary approach involving sedimentological analysis of facies and determination of fossils has been implemented for the characterization and determination of the Maastrichtian to Paleogene paleoenvironments in the Garadaoua and Garadoumé areas. The stratigraphic series of the study area includes, from the bottom to top, the Formations of: Farin Doutchi, In Wagar, Garadaoua and Ader Doutchi (Ct1 or Ar). The Maastrichtian Formations of Farin Doutchi and In Wagar, as well as the Paleocene Formation of Garadaoua are fossiliferous. Indeed, the base of the Farin Doutchi Formation contains bivalves, foraminifera and sea urchins, while, In Wagar contains remains of vertebrates and casts of gastropods. In the Garadaoua Formation, presence of the benthic foraminifer Ranikothalia bermudezi species made it possible to assign to it an Upper Paleocene age. Moreover, the presence in the Garadaoua Formation of the sea urchin Linthia sudanensis species implies, during this periode, the pre-existence of an epicontinental sea in the Iullemmeden basin. Besides, in the Ader Doutchi Formation, the demonstration of α and γ oolites, as well as proto-oolites, testifies an agitated environment with at least two oolithization phases.

Gender, socialization and teenage pregnancies in urban schools: Between fatality and determinism

Essodinamodom, Kaba — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article focuses on the systemic logics underlying the resurgence of the phenomenon of teenage pregnancy in urban areas despite the approaches deployed so far. The aim is to identify the structural causes of teenage pregnancies through an in-depth analysis of the socio-cultural system. More specifically, the socialization system of girls and boys is questioned to highlight the influence on the persistence of unplanned pregnancies in adolescence. The qualitative survey conducted in the cities of Sokodé, Kara and Dapaong, together with individual interviews and group discussions, confirms the hypothesis that the persistence of teenage pregnancies in schools is partly linked to the gendered education of girls and boys within the families of the communities studied. The results highlight that by enrolling the girl early in her role as a future mother and the boy in that of future father, the socio-educational system predisposes her to accept her destiny. As such, pregnancy is a preferred route, which is not always involuntary. Therefore, the fight against the resurgence of early pregnancies must take into account the reform of basic education as a whole to hope to significantly reduce the phenomenon.

Error analysis in the essays of engineering students: A comparative taxonomy

Rubio, Antonio Daniel Juan — 2022-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

If nowadays there is a clear tendency to consider the errors made by learners in their process of language learning not as a negative aspect but as a natural step in the development of their language skills, in the past teachers pondered the errors committed by students as something unfavourable, something to prevent from occurring. However, in recent decades, researchers have come to consider errors as the evidence for a creative process in language learning. Therefore, the main objective of this paper will be to characterise and classify the errors made by undergraduate engineering students in a public Spanish Polytechnic University over the last two academic courses. We will try to categorise those errors taking into account their source but following one of the distinctive taxonomies proposed by Dulay, Burt, and Krashen in “Language Two” (1982): the comparative taxonomy. The comparative taxonomy of errors, upon which we will be basing ourselves on the present research, arranges errors into the following four categories: interlingual errors, developmental errors, ambiguous errors, and other errors. Consequently, what we shall be demonstrating along this article is that, contrary to the opinion of previous studies and researchers, the most frequent category of errors, at least for these technical students, is the interlingual category of errors. And in order to be able to lead this research, a corpus of a total of 72 essays was examined, comprising their written productions in the task assigned throughout these last two years that these students had to take on.

Analysis of the products offered by financial institutions for the economic development of businesses in the province of Guayas year 2021

Ronquillo, Lissette Gabriela Salazar Ronquillo — 2022-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this work is to analyze the influence of the financial products offered by the Ecuadorian financial institutions that help the economic development of the enterprises in the province of Guayas during the year 2022, due to the fact that there is a high degree of ignorance about the products and services offered by the Ecuadorian bank for the economic development of legally constituted businesses. With these precedents, a quantitative approach methodology is developed under a non-experimental design with a descriptive and documentary character; The literary resources offered by various authors are examined, which allows an approach to the object of study. Additionally, the unit of analysis in which the scientific article is oriented focuses on formal enterprises and businesses in the province of Guayas. Finally, the results obtained revealed that the incidence of financial services offered by the Ecuadorian bank in the economic development of enterprises in the province is significantly high; therefore, businesses can enhance their economic activities in order to obtain better results over time.

Occupational risk factors assessment in the artisanal dyeing Bamako

Diatta, Armandine Eusebia Roseline — 2022-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Objectives: To identify occupational risks factors in the artisanal dyeing factories of Bamako and to propose appropriate preventive measures. Equipment and methods: This is a prospective and descriptive study conducted over a period of 6 months, from April to September 2014, among dyers in Bamako. The study instrument was a 24-item questionnaire on socio-professional characteristics and data analysis was performed by the Epi Info software, version 6.4. Results: Our study population was 100 dyers with a sex ratio of 5.67 in favour of women (17 women for 3 men). The average age was 31.9 years with extremes of 15 and 70 years. Married people were in the majority with 70% and 38% of the dyers had between 1 and 3 children. The dyers were enrolled in school in 44% of cases, 30% of which were in Arabic. Soakers were more numerous with 43%, followed by rinsers 28% and blenders 15%. The majority had no professional qualification, i.e. 94%, and 48% had more than 5 years of experience in the profession. The main risks were repetitive movements and manual handling 100%, noise 98%, lack of lighting 96%, chemical risks 94%, dermatological risks 93%, falls on the same level 74%, puncture wounds 66%, lack of PPE 38% and musculoskeletal disorders 76%. Conclusion: Our study shows the diversity of occupational risks present in the craft sector, hence the urgent need to regulate this sector and implement an effective prevention policy.

Quantification of soil loss by using the RUSLE model in a GIS: Case of the Affon-Donga watershed

Gbadamassi, Fousséni — 2022-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The upstream side of the large watersheds of Benin is undergoing accelerated degradation phenomena, due to human pressure. The objective of this study is to quantify the loss of cultivable soil in the Affon-Donga watershed. The methodological approach adopted was to use the RUSLE model to quantify soil loss. Raster data such as SoilGrids images from ISRIC, elevation images from ASTER GDEM, Landsat OLI images, WoldClim data as well as terrain data were used to prepare the five factors of the model. The results obtained show that the soil loss varies between 0 and 21,598.63 t / ha / year in the Affon-Donga watershed. The loss values of between 10 and 500 t / ha / year occupy 40.54% of the basin. The colossal losses which exceed 500 t / ha / year and go up to 21,598.62 t / ha / year are dispersed over 3.95% of the basin. The average soil loss is 1443.81 t / ha / year and the rate of erosion or the amount of soil moved generally from upstream to downstream is 633,562,753.72 t / year. As the long-term result of such an ecosystem dynamic, cultivable spaces will become scarce while the processes of filling and meandering of downstream rivers will be amplified.

Eligibility and Barriers to Promotion: A Perspective

H. Dohal, Gassim — 2022-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Promotion represents an important factor for the employee regardless of his/her position, especially the academic. It is noticeable in our daily life that there are obstacles that limit promotion, and these obstacles are established and organized for in at least some cases by those who are related and have something to do with it. These obstacles are placed in order to avoid the financial burdens or social positions that the person in question may obtain. In some cases, the reason may be personal, caused by competition, gender, status, etc. Indeed, the procedure of promotion happens according to protocol frameworks that make the helpless employee accept the fait accompli. When an employee signs and agrees to work, s/he should accept and consent to all frameworks and regulations enacted by employers, whether they are individuals or institutions. There could be unfairness in those regulations that the employee must accept for the sake of having a job. During my search for articles discussing the subject of promotion, especially academics, I found very few, and all of them are about promotion in North America, and they depend on information and statistics that I have nothing alike. Due to the lack of references and statistics, I will rely on my experience in most of the presentation of this topic. This paper addresses the need for explicit expectations and transparent requirements within the academy.

Deployment of an R1 multiplex of high-definition TNT (DVB-T2/TNT-HD) according to DVB-S2/T2 norm

Hylaire, Mibweyele Madeko — 2022-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Digital is more than a breath of fresh air, it's a new wind blowing through our economy and our society. In DTT, a Multiplex designates a group of several channels broadcast on the same hertzian frequency by digital television transmitters (TNT) requiring less bandwidth with several television channels transmitted either in SD (Standard definition) or in HD (high definition). This article focuses on the deployment of the R1 TNT multiplex in high definition HD mode on the Kinshasa and Matadi axis which must be installed according to the DVB-T2/S2 (TNT-HD) standards instead of the DVB-T standard (experimental) adopted by the DRC, following its robustness in its modulation, its compression compared to other standards. R1 will consist of 12 TV channels, namely RTNC1, France 24, and Bosolo TV, RTG@, Antenne A, RTCE, Mercure TV, RTNC3, TOP Congo, RFI, BBC and GPB to offer viewers of these entities digital programs of good quality with the integration of other services in particular: the Internet, telephony, teleshopping, etc. The final result of the measurement of the bit error rate in relative value obtained after the implementation of the R1 DTT multiplex (DVB- T2/HD) is the improvement of the quality of images and sound. This value is between 10-5 and 10-8 for the 55 dBuV level for CBER and VBER.

Compensation method for the reactive energy of an industrial installation: Application to the CONGO OIL company in the city of Boma, DR Congo

Ngembo, Ready Khiekie — 2022-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The electrical energy supplied to industrial consists of an active (userful) part used to transform electrical energy into another form of energy (mechanical, thermal, …) and a reactive part necessary for magnetic and capacitve uses. The main concern here is to produce reactive energy in the industrial plant of Congo-Oil company in order to minimize the power passed through the pipes and the load rate of the electrical power supply (transformer). This article proposes a reliable mathematical method to be used to compensate reactive electrical energy in an industrial enterprise with bad power factor. We find that the demand power (S) and the load ratio (Tx) àf the transformer are inversely proportional to the power factor. Also, the reactive energy (Qc) to be produced tends towards zero when the power factor progressively tens towards the unit. This method compensation allowed us to reduce the apparent power and the transformer load rate by approximately thirteen percent. (≈13%).

Physico-chemical quality assessment of the waters and sediments of the M’Badon bay in the south of Côte d’Ivoire

Kouassi, Amenan Evelyne — 2022-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The bay of M’Badon is the receptacle of wastewater of various origins, leaching water from plantations and leachate from the Akouédo landfill. All these inputs are likely to pollute this aquatic environment, which is used by the population for fishing and market gardening. The objective of this study is to determine the quality of the water and surface sediments in the bay. To achieve this, a sampling campaign allowed the collection of a total of sixty-six samples, twelve of leachate, twenty-seven of bay water and twenty-seven of surface sediments. Parameters such as COD, BOD5, NO3-, NO2-, NH4+, SO4-, PO43-, Na+, K+ and Ca2+ were measured by the methods of the French Agency of Standardization and trace metal elements (Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr) were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. The average values of COD (1306.25 mg O2L-1), BOD5 (575.85 mgO2L-1), NO3- (92.92 mgL-1) and PO43- (128.74 mgL-1) of the Akouédo landfill leachates are well above Ivorian standards. The waters of the bay are turbid, with an average TSS concentration of 65.13 mgL-1. They have a high load of organic and mineral oxidizable matter, with average COD and BOD5 values of 160.70 mgO2L-1 and 64.04 mgO2L-1 respectively. Their mineralization is due to the combination of two processes, one natural and the other anthropogenic. The average NH4+ concentration (0.22 mgL-1) is higher than the French guide value. The sediments of stations B1, B4 and B5 are polluted by Zn and Cu, and the sediments of all stations are polluted by Mo. M'Badon Bay is polluted by anthropogenic activities.

Home treatment, a chalange for children aged 0-59 months with malaria: Case of the Hospital Centre of Lwiro (Bukavu, Est Congo)

Pacifique, Nkonzi Karazo — 2022-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Today, home care is an essential response in the city, where the biomedical offer is strongnand in the countyside. In order to contribute to the improvement of survival of children aged 0-59 mois in the Lwiro region, we conducted a desciptive cross-sectorial stady from January 1 to December 32, 2020, on 198 cases of children aged 0-59 months with a diagnosis of maleria at admission.The explanatory variables were sex, age, reasons for consultation, nature and characteristics of the treatment at home, general condition of the patient, decision of the management. We used Epi Info software version 7.2.0.1.for data processing and analysis. The chi-square test with a significance level of 5% was performed to study the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. The age group of 12 to 23 months (32,3%) of cases was the most affected by malaria. The sex ratio was 1. The majority of cases were treated at home (91%). The first recourse of parents before the consultation was the of herbs, paracetamol, throat scraping and the section of the eyeglass. Home treatment remains an underlying cause of all cases of complicaions attributed to ma malaria in our surveys. It constitutes a real obstacle for the early management of malaria and its complications.

Climate change and food availability among the Adjoukrou in the department of Dabou (Côte d'Ivoire)

Jacob, Ahouyao — 2022-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aims to analyze the impact of climate change (CC) on food availability among the Adjoukrou people of Dabou department, through agricultural production and related activities. It is based on a mixed-method approach combining quantitative and qualitative methods, combining direct observations in the field, a questionnaire survey and individual semi-directive interviews. Among the Adjoukrou, speaking of CC means referring to rain, temperature and wind. The CC in Dabou is manifested by an increase in temperature, an increase in heat, a decrease in rainfall, a lengthening of the dry season, and violent winds that destroy crops. This impacts the agricultural calendar (shift), biodiversity (decrease in reproduction and disappearance of animal species), agricultural and related activities. In terms of agriculture, CC has led to a considerable decrease in food crop yields (cassava, plantain, yams, vegetables, etc.). In related agricultural activities, CC has led to a decline in yields of attiéké, palm oil, fishing (fish) and hunting (game), resulting in higher food prices. Most foodstuffs are imported (plantain, yams, vegetables, etc.), making them more expensive. In sum, the CC has reduced food availability and made food expensive in Dabou, forcing the Adjoukrou people to seek supplies in other regions of the country.

Outline of the causes of massive failures in the state exams in the pedagogical section in the chiefdom of Watalinga

Vérité, Mwanan’ese Lumande — 2022-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Education being the key to the development of a region, we were interested in the result of the state examination in the chiefdom of Watalinga to see the evolution of this one in this field. We have undertaken a study entitled: «Outline of the causes of massive failures in the state exams in the pedagogical section in the chiefdom of Watalinga». This study focused on several points including the number of qualified and under-qualified teachers, the graduates produced since 2016 until 2021, the causes of massive failures and the related consequences. In relation to the under-qualified teachers and the results of the state examinations (2016-2021) in the chiefdom of Watalinga, we have listed 198 teachers with state diplomas, 7 graduates, and 1 bachelor in applied pedagogy. Out of 448 finalist students, only 122 or 27.2% obtained their state diplomas and 324 or 72.8% had failed. We found that these results are due to the under-qualification of teachers, the lack of control of teaching by inspectors and the absence of an institution of higher pedagogical education to raise the level of education in this region.

Seasonal quantification and management scenarios for household solid waste in the city of Grand-Bassam, Ivory Coast

Basile, Téya Koffi — 2022-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The management of household waste in Grand-Bassam (Côte d'Ivoire) is one of the concerns of the municipal authorities. Thus, the objective of this study is to quantify this waste according to the seasons in the city. To this end, eight campaigns of quantification are conducted in 2021, two of which are per climatic season. The results show that an inhabitant produces on average 0.80 +/- 0.03 kg/day during the long dry season and 0.85 +/- 0.02 kg/day during the long rainy season. In the short dry season, an average person produces 0.821+/- 0.04 kg/day, compared to 0.8 +/- 0.02 kg/day in the short rainy season. Households living in residential settlements, which include the majority of tourists, produce more waste with an average annual production of 1.3 +/- 0.06 kg/day/capita. The average annual composition of solid waste is dominated by organic matter with a total production of 155.13 kg/year/capita. The population of Bassam produces on average 26172 t/year of solid waste, that is to say an average production of 71704 kg/day. Waste production in households in Grand-Bassam varies significantly (ANOVA, p < 0.05), from one habitat to another but not from one season to another (p ˃ 0.05). Within all habitats (residential, evolving, and precarious), household waste generation did not vary significantly (p ˃ 0.05) across seasons. An efficient management of this waste must combine « prevention », « recovery » and « storage » actions with a maximum of pre-collection.

Explanatory factors of early marriage among adolescent girls in the Balaw Health Area in the Budjala Health Zone in the DRC

Ngandio, Marie Jose Damose — 2022-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study is conducted in the health zone of BUDJALA in the health area of BALAW on the explanatory factors of early marriages of adolescent girls. To achieve the objective we have set, we asked the following research questions: what are the explanatory factors of early marriage among adolescents in the Budjala health zone, specifically those in the BALAW health area? Our study is of the transversal descriptive type, we used the method of investigation supported by the technique of interior on the basis of a pre-established questionnaire as an instrument of data collection, the size of our sample is 320 adolescent girls living in the aforementioned health area. In view of all the above we say that, Health interventions adapted to adolescents and young people are not taken into account, the particularities of physiological and emotional mutations of adolescents and young people, the prejudices that surround this age group, as well as that the need for their involvement in solving their problems remains a problem in the ZS of BUDJALA in particular and the DRC in general. The promotion of behaviors favorable to the sexual and reproductive health of adolescents and young people in order to contribute to the reduction of morbidity and mortality in this age group remains a battle horse for achieving the Millenium Objectives for development.

Evaluation of the quality of antenatal consultations at the Salongo 1 health center in the Gemena health zone in the DRC

Ngandio, Marie Jose Damose — 2022-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

This our research carried out in the health zone of Gemena precisely in AS SALONGO1, the aim of which was to assess the quality of prenatal consultation, check the practice of prenatal consultation by providers, survey the opinion of pregnant women on the quality of the CPN and in order to detect the deficits and propose possible solutions, The survey method supported by the interview technique on the basis of pre-established questionnaires as an instrument for collecting data and observation has enabled us to judged the actions taken by the service providers, the documentary review allowed us to verify the data of some prenatal consultation sheets that were within our reach. We opted for exhaustive non-probability sampling. The size of our sample is 55 pregnant women from AS SALONGO1 and all CS SALONGO1 providers. During the study, we were able to analyze the quality of the health structure, the quality of the services of the Prenatal Consultation offered and we observed the services of the staff and finally the opinion of the pregnant women on the quality of the care received.

Diversity of culicidofauna and potential risks of diseases in Loango national park in Gabon

Makanga, Boris Kevin — 2022-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

In order to contribute to the knowledge of the culicidofauna of Loango national park, Gabon, an exploratory entomological survey was conducted in this area. Adult mosquitoes were captured in the vicinity of the Yatouga camp using CDC-light traps. These captures took place from February 20 to 27, 2020, from 5: 00 p.m. to 7: 00 a.m. and the captured mosquitoes were identified under binocular magnifying glass using morphological criteria. A total of 380 mosquitoes were collected. Morphological identifications of the captured specimens underlined the presence of 16 mosquito species especially Aedes circumluteolus (0.5%), Anopheles marshallii (15.5%), Anopheles obscurus (0.5%), Anopheles paludis (3.4%), Anopheles tenebrosus (0.5%), Coquilletidia aurites (0. 3%), Culex cinereus (1. 6%), Culex rubinotus (0. 5%), Culex decens (0. 5%), Ficalbia malfeyti (0. 5%), Mansonia africana (50. 5%), Uranotenia bilineata (1. 1%), Uranotenia cavernicola (13. 2%), Uranotenia caliginosa (0. 5%), Uranotenia mashonaensis (2. 1%), and Uranotenia nigromaculata (8. 7%). The genera Mansonia (50.5%), Uranotenia (25.6%) and Anopheles (20%) were the most abundant, while the genera Aedes, Coquilletidia, Ficalbia and Culex were very poorly represented with less than 3.9%. Most of the mosquitoes collected are known in other parts of Gabon and Africa for their vector role in the transmission of pathogens to humans and wildlife. There is an urgent need for a longitudinal study of the culicidofauna of this protected area, an habituation zone of ecotourism and great ape.

Determinants of nurses' stress: Case of the Mbaya General Reference Hospital in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

BENAGO, Jean Bosco YOATILE — 2022-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The purpose of this study was to study and determine the stress factors among nurses at the HGR Mbaya and the choice of this subject has the advantage of allowing the managers of this institution to manage stress well and this for the proper functioning of this public institution. To conduct this study, we used the statistical method and the survey technique by presenting the results on tables with interpretations and discussion of the results. In our various analyzes and interpretations of the results of this study showed that the main factors of stress among nurses as presented at the point of our discussion of the results because out of five groups of factors, four determine stress in a negative way, namely the group factors related to the task or to the context of the same work with pressures in the execution of daily tasks. The group of factors related to the organization of work with the promotion that is slow to come, the group of factors related to the physical and technical environment not favoring a workflow and in order the group of factors related to the socio -economic with bonuses and salaries that do not allow personal and family needs to be met.

Cultural Heritage in Imghranes Massif (Drâa-Tafilalet Region, Morocco): An Optimist’s Contribution and opportunity for the local people and Sustainable Tourism

Aichi, Asmae — 2022-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

A real outdoor museum, the Imghranes Massif (Drâa-Tafilalet Region, Morocco) has a rich geological, archaeological and cultural heritage, diversified and deeply rooted in the past, as evidenced by the density and originality of its material and immaterial aspects. In an underdeveloped region with strong cultural and natural potential such as Drâa-Tafilalet Region, the Imghranes Massif should represent an opportunity to develop its regional significance and an alternative for regional development. The rise of geotourism, geoeducation, and cultural tourism may be a major asset to this region. Institutions of these disciplines may enhance the local economy and be a good moderator of social behavior, in addition to being beneficial to cultural systems. This research may constitute a base that focuses on the methods of valorization and protection of the cultural heritage in Imghranes Massif to be put in place, in particular geotourism and geoeducation. Indeed, these activities can be a promising means of cumulative scientific popularization and economic profitability, the aim being sustainable development respectful of the local identity and the regional context.

Effect of the extraction method on the biochemical and sensory parameters of musa paradisiaca plantain banana juice (Corne variety)

Yeo, Mohamed Anderson — 2022-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present research work is situated within the framework of the valorization of the plantain through the development of an effective process of extraction, prevention of browning, microbial stabilization, characterization of the pulp juice of ripe plantain at stage 8 and the valorization of the residues resulting from the extraction. Three juice extraction processes were evaluated. The first two processes are based on the use of hot and cold water; the third was carried out with pectinase. The latter process improves the yield (65.4%) while the other hot and cold water extraction processes give respective yields of 60.55 and 61.06%. The reducing sugar contents were 8.65 ± 0.03 mg/100ml for the juice extracted with pectinase, 3.00 ± 0.06 mg/100ml for the juice extracted with hot and cold water. The total sugar contents correspond to the following values: 51.33 ± 0.19 mg/ml for the juice extracted with hot water 54.20 ± 0.08 mg/100ml for the juice extracted with cold water and 55.57 ± 0.92 mg/100ml for that extracted with pectinase. The juice extracted with pectinase is the most energetic with 227.27 Kcal/100mL, followed by the juice extracted by maceration and that extracted by infusion, with 226.47 and 208.48 Kcal/100mL respectively. With an antioxidant activity of 5.89±0.00 (µmol eq. Trolox), the ripe plantain pulp juice has a total polyphenol content of 6.57±0.00 g/L eq. Acid. Gallic acid and total flavonoids of 0.227±0.00 g/L eq. Querc. For the overall assessment of the juices by the panel, the juice extracted with pectinase is preferred to the others.

Participatory selection of varieties for resistance to cassava brown streak in South Kivu Province, Democratic Republic of Congo

Henry, Ugentho Ukany — 2022-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Cassava is considered the most important crop in the tropics in terms of its high yield, its potential to produce large amounts of calories in food and income to producers. In Central and East Africa, from 2000 to 2010, the African mosaic no longer constituted a major constraint to culture for research because researchers from national and international institutions mobilized to fight the pandemic by developing no varieties resistant to this cassava virus. Unfortunately, the period following the year 2010, the culture experienced a qualitative and quantitative depreciation of the tuberous roots in most producing regions. All the varieties selected for mosaic resistance are ravaged by the brown streak disease which extends from East to Central Africa without sparing the East of the Democratic Republic of Congo with its varieties selected and distributed by the Centers INERA research centers such as Liyayi (MM 96/0287), Mayombe (MM 96/7752), Sawasawa (MM 96/3920), Obama 1 (TME 419). As part of the fight against the disease, the presence of which has been confirmed in the East since 2012, we have set up a participatory variety selection trial in two sites, in particular in the Mulungu Research Station and in the Ruzizi plain, where disease pressure is greatest. The objective of the trial was to identify at least one material tolerant or resistant to brown streak after evaluation of a few clones having passed the stage of the uniform yield trial. Three repetitions are installed in the two sites with 5 materials and 2 improved controls, one of which is tolerant and the other sensitive to the disease. Cuttings taken from apparently healthy plants are planted at 1mx1m spacing. After 12 months of vegetation, the trial is harvested and several materials have proven to be efficient to different degrees. Only clone MLG 2011/092 showed no brown streak symptoms on leaves and roots. Its average yield of 36.661 t/ha is far above the average yield of the trial (34.830 t/ha) on the one hand; and that of the improved control Nabana (32.708 t/ha) which is currently the most cultivated variety for its tolerance to the disease in the most affected area. The MLG 2010/180 clone also seems interesting because of its highest yield of all the others (52.598 t/ha), the low average severity of attack on the leaves (2.8) and in the roots (2.55); the average incidence of the disease in the roots is also less than 25%.

Morphological characterization of the « Folou » or « Flado » varietal group of yams belonging to the species D. alata in Burkina Faso

Sory, Siédou — 2022-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study focuses on four yam cultivars belonging to the Folou or Flado farmer’s group in the Gourounsi and Lobiri national languages grown in Burkina Faso. Its objective is to describe the different yam cultivars belonging to this group. To this end, 27 qualitative variables, including ten (10) for the stems, nine (9) for the leaves, five (5) for the tubers and three (3) for the flowers, were selected to characterize the varietal group. The trial was conducted in a Fisher block design with three replications. The work was conducted during the 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 rainy seasons in the village of Onliassan, Sissili province. The study revealed that the Folou or Flado varietal group can be attached to the D. alata species and would consist of five (05) cultivars instead of three (03) previously described by farmers.

Safety and Health Risk Assessment of Traditional Market

Gusti, Aria — 2022-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The activities of traders and visitors in the market have potential hazards that pose safety and health risks. Most market visitors have low awareness and often ignore potential hazards due to a lack of knowledge. This study aims to identify hazards, analyze safety and health risks, and design risk control efforts that market managers can apply. This research is qualitative research with an observational approach. The informants were selected purposively, namely the head of the Siteba Market Technical Implementation Unit, security officers, traders, and visitors at the Siteba Market. The instruments used are checklists and interview guides. Risks are analyzed manually based on the AS/NZS 4360 standard matrix. The research results using the elicitation method identified ten potential safety and health hazards in Siteba Market. The safety and health risks for traders and visitors to Siteba Market consist of seven high risks and three medium risks. Potential high risks are accidents, pickpockets, fatigue, slipping, falling, and jostling during emergencies and fires. Meanwhile, the potential risks consist of traffic jams, indigestion, and scattered merchandise. These Traders and visitors are potentially exposed to safety and health. Community organizing efforts through the Occupational Health Business Post need to be activated by the health center to carry out preventive and promotive efforts for safety and health in the market can be carried out sustainably.

Effects of cultural practices on floristic diversity and Coffea canephora L. (Coffe tree) production in Kéibla locality (Daloa, Central-West, Côte d'Ivoire)

VOUI BI, Bianuvrin Noël Boué — 2022-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Côte d'Ivoire, since 1980, coffee cultivation has experienced a decline in production due to drought, deforestation and the aging of the orchard. In order to revive this production, practices of replanting and regeneration by coppicing are adopted. The objective is to sustainably improve the production of coffee trees in order to generate added value. Specifically, it is a question of researching the effect of peasant practices on floristic diversity and determining coffee production according to these practices. A study on the effect of cultural practices on floristic diversity and coffee yield was carried out in Kéibla. The practices are: T0 (farmer practice), T1 (replanting + good agricultural practices without fertilization), T2 (replanting + good agricultural practices + fertilization) and T3 (replanting + good agricultural practices + fertilization). Following surface and itinerant surveys, the floristic diversity was determined. Quantitative dendrometric measurements allowed the structural-agronomic characterization. The results showed that the flora is rich with 66 species, 58 genera and 32 families. The analyzes showed that the T1 treatment recorded the best results with a density of 1259 plants/ha, a yield reaching 1041.07 kg/ha, a low mortality rate (23%) and a basal area of 33.70 m2. /Ha. In the T1 treatment, the species are diversified and better distributed. Taking peasant farming practices into account makes it possible to improve the production of coffee orchards.

Economic performance determinants of farms in the context of health and climate change in rural district of kourthèye in Niger

Mahamadou, Idrissa Saidou — 2022-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

It’s in a context of climate change and health that this research aims to identify the determinants of the economic performance of farms in the rural municipality of Kourthèye (Niger) on a sample of 250 producers. By adopting a parametric approach, the levels of economic efficiency were estimated and decomposed into allocative and technical efficiency from a stochastic production frontier (Cobb-Douglas-type); and the correlation test to study the link between economic performance indicators and those of health. The farm was broken down into irrigated and dry crops. Empirical results show that there’s an efficiency differential between them. For irrigated crops, the average allocative efficiency indices are 0.35 and 0.26 for dry crops. With regard to the economic efficiency, it’s 0.17 and 0.10 respectively, reflecting the weak economic performance of farms. The examination of the economic performance determinants shows that Household size, Off-farm income, Experience in agriculture, Access to informal credit, training of farmers, and Climate information play a positive and significant role in achieving of production frontier. However, all the health indicators taken into account have a negative and significant effect at 1% on the economic performance of these farms. Thus, a policy of the state, donors and NGOs, improving health status, other significant determinants, adoption of new modern technologies could certainly improve the overall level of economic performance of farms.

Effect of sand depth filter in nitrogen the removal from domestic wastewater in an intermittent sand filter

Ama-Cauphys, Béatrice Assamoi — 2022-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

A series of sand filters in the shape of a “U” are an inexpensive option to to the treatment of nitrogen pollution. This filter system was contained three compartments. Each compartment was contained two columns, a filter column and a settling one. The size of filter media decreased successively in the direction of water flow. This disposition of layering increases solids absorption et adsorption. However, the filter sand depth and media grain size can impact their treatment efficiency. Thus, the effect of sand filter depth and media grain size upon treatment kinetic was studied. To do this, three (3) sand depth (60, 70 et 90 cm) was studied. The results show that the filter bed depth of 90 cm was the most efficient for nitrogen removal. However, the coarse shales provide a good reduction of ammonium and Total Kjeldahl nitrogen in the filtrates compared to the other media grain size. Shale medium and lagoon sand are efficient in the nitrate removal and chemical oxygen demand. The results obtained show that the filter of 90 cm of mean shale and with lagoon sand is an efficient technology for treating nitrogen urban wastewater.

Potential of tree-ring analysis: A case study on 09 commercial tree species in Central Africa

Ndi, Y. A. Amougou — 2022-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The presence of growth rings on tropical tree species is proven. In addition, the data on tree growth rhythms are fragmentary for many commercial tree species in the Congo Basin, and several studies question the dendrometric parameter values provided by the forest administration, parameters generally from permanent sample plots. In this study, we have evaluated the potential of tree-rings analysis in the semi-deciduous rainforest in Central Africa. For this, we examined the anatomy of wood of nine tree species to determine the visibility of tree rings and, on the subset of four species whose tree rings are visible, the potential of cross-dating has been evaluated as well as the annual character of formation by tree- rings analysis on stem discs. The age of trees is obtained for each of these tree species: E. cylindricum; M. Altissima; M. Excelsa and T. scleroxylon respectively (137, 126, 87 and 67). And the respective annual diametrical increases of (0.68 ± 0.42; 0, 71 ± 0.31; 0.64 ± 0.29 and 1.02 ± 0.19 cm.an). The comparison of these values to that of the Cameroonian forest administration shows that the latter is higher: 0.5 cm. an E. cylindricum, M. Altissima, M. Excelsa and 0.9 cm.an for T. scleroxylon. This method can be applied to other distinct and annual commercial tree species with distinct and annual tree rings to provide new data and fill the knowledge deficit on the growth rates of tropical trees.

Study of factors associated with the occurrence of viral hepatitis B in regular blood donors in the cities of Bangui and Bimbo in the Central African Republic

Pamatika, Christian Maucler — 2022-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Objective: The objective of this study is to identify, in addition to the factors already known, other risk factors for hepatitis B in the Central African context and more particularly in donors. Methods: This is a case-control study carried out among regular blood donors in the city of Bangui, capital of the Central African Republic and Bimbo, a neighboring town. The study population consisted of regular donors who tested positive for hepatitis B or cases and donors who tested negative or controls. Three witnesses were chosen for a case. The sample resulting from an empirical survey consisted of 245 cases and 735 controls. The selected witness was from the same district and had the same sex and an age close to that of the case. The data collected by interview were entered and analyzed with Epi Info 7. Risk ratio (RR), adjusted RR and Khi2 test significant for p ˂5% served as a statistical test. Results: A total of 980 regular blood donors aged 18 to 53 years were interviewed, of whom 960 (97.95%) were male. Unprotected sex (RRa=10.5), multi-partner sexual (RRa=2.79), reuse of hairdressing equipment (RRa=6), touching (RRa=5), flute (RRa=4.36), storytelling (RRa=3.75), single status and low level of education were significantly associated with the occurrence of hepatitis B (p˂0.05). The non-exchange of purging material (RRa=0.97) and cigarette material (RRa=0.92) ensured a significant protective effect against hepatitis B. Conclusion: This study confirms the risk factors already known and has made it possible to identify other risk factors of the in the Central African context such as touching, flutes, reuse of hairdressing equipment and the notion of storytelling.

Birth of political parties and behavior of militants: A look at the UDPS and the PPRD

Denis, Pungu Mukumbi — 2022-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this study, it has been shown that the contexts and conditions in which political parties are born and evolve have an influence on the behavior of militants. At the end of the constitution of February 18, 2006 of the Democratic Republic of Congo, the political parties have the mission to ensure the strengthening of national consciousness and civic education. However, within Congolese political parties in general, and in the UDPS and PPRD in particular, this notion is almost systematically absent. These two parties which were in coalition although all advocating social democracy as an ideology, are, beyond their typological divergence, that is to say one radical and the other conservative, born in different contexts. The UDPS, born in 1982 as an opposition party to counterbalance the Mobutu regime, despite being already in power, the legacy of opponents is still present in the heads of its activists who sometimes misunderstand what is this a rule of law. At the headquarters of kasumbalesa in Haut-Katanga when the UDPS flag went up everyone was forced to stop! It is therefore a partitocratic regime in the making, the young people of the UDPS are gradually assimilating to the imbonerakure of the CNDD-FDD in BURUNDI. With regard to the PPRD, born in 2002 as a ruling party and which ruled the country for more than a decade, characterized by mismanagement, corruption, embezzlement, embezzlement of public funds, muzzling of the political opposition, the cult of personality, … considered itself during this coalition, rightly or wrongly, as the presidential party. Sometimes threatening the end of the coalition, "If the coalition partner no longer wants it, as far as we are concerned, we will draw the necessary constitutional consequences, that is to say go straight ahead and without hesitation to cohabitation,” said PPRD permanent secretary Emmanuel Ramazani Shadary one day. On Wednesday July 8, 2020 a violent clash took place in Lubumbashi between the militants of the UDPS and the PPRD. These two political parties in coalition, with regard to the behaviors that characterize them, due to the conditions in which they were born and evolved, are more tigers than lambs.

Use of solar energy to supply a load by means of a direct current motor-generator

Jeannot, BATASSOU GUILZIA — 2022-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper describes a technique to produce electrical energy by a DC motor-generator set. For the realization of our project, we first optimized the photovoltaic energy by using the MPPT control by fuzzy logic, on a DC/DC converter of Boost type. This photovoltaic energy has an electrical power of 14 kW and will feed the DC motor. The DC motor will drive an alternator up to its nominal speed and will produce an electrical power of 14 kW. The simulation results obtained and presented show the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed technology.

Impact of jobs description of a computer center in the companies of the City of Lubumbashi: Case of MMG in Lubumbashi

Jacques, MULENDA KINGWEZYA — 2022-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of job description of a computer center in a company. The impact of a job description in the computer centers of companies in the City of Lubumbashi can be seen in respect of the fields of action of the agents, which we even observed at the MMG Company which was our research entity. We know very well that a computer center has the role of ensuring the coherent development of IT resources, networks, telecommunications and ensuring the availability of hardware and software resources. The job description determines the fields of action of any person working in an entity, and this job description has an impact in the IT department it has a positive impact and a negative impact therefore we have been able to cite some positive and negative examples in our work, and an IT department is composed of several people who are managed by a responsible director, each person in this department has a field of action to respect in its scope of this IT department.

State-parties and the issue of the effectiveness of decentralization in the RD Congo

Dauda, Shabani Morisho — 2022-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present reflection had as a focus, the unearthing of the factors that overshadow the effective implementation of decentralization in the Congolese political system. These factors come in particular in the form of the imperatives of the party-state and the legal imbroglio. That is to say, the national life of the DR Congolese is almost systematically dominated by political parties and groups that hold republican institutions hostage to such an extent that, to access a position of responsibility, it is necessary in most cases be a member of a political party in power. So, having sung and danced a lot is a sure job application and curriculum vitae (CV) to get hired. This is what we call party-states. In this perspective, political parties become structures that serve as springboards for getting a job in public services or being appointed mayor, mayor, etc. In this perspective, the effective implementation of decentralization becomes hypothetical because the criteria are not respected by the political actors who appoint the heads of decentralized territorial entities, while decentralization presupposes the election of local authorities by local populations. This organizational inadequacy is also explained by the various related laws, sometimes pursuing, and this in a paradoxical way, an antipodal order of extravagance.

Changes in hepatitis B incidence in regular blood donors and residual risk of post-transfusion transmission in Bangui and Bimbo in Central Africa

Pamatika, Christian Maucler — 2022-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Background: Incidence, one of the most commonly used indicators of morbidity in epidemiology, measures the number of new cases of a disease over a period of time. Previous studies of hepatitis B in the Central African Republic are much more concerned with prevalence. Also, the residual risk of transmission of the disease by transfusion is not yet known. The aim of this study was to study the evolution of hepatitis B incidence among regular blood donors in the cities of Bangui and Bimbo in Central Africa and to estimate the residual risk of viral transmission during blood donations. Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted at the National Blood Transfusion Centre in Bangui, covering data from 2015 to 2019. The sample consisted of regular DBS (two or more blood donations) living in the cities of Bangui and Bimbo. The Monolisa immuno-enzymatic test was used for the search for the HBs antigen. The data collected was captured and analyzed with Epi Info 7. The average incidence rate was achieved by dividing the total annual rates by five. The exact Khi2 or Fisher test at the 5% threshold compared the proportions. Search authorization No 574/MSP/DIR. CAB/DR/SGRHF/ 2017 enabled the study to be carried out. Results: From 2015 to 2019, 19762 regular volunteer donors were monitored. These donors were between the ages of 18 and 64 (average age of 28 years) with a male predominance (n -95%). The number of donations ranges from 2 to 105. The incidence rate of hepatitis B was 47.87 degrees (240/5013) in 2015, 63.06 degrees (253/4012) in 2016, 75.33 (307/4075) in 2017, 100.56 (320/3182) in 2018 and 108.04 (376/3480) in 2019. The average incidence rate was 78.97 degrees. The incidence rate was significantly higher among donors aged 25 to 34, men, donors who made less donation (2 to 19 donations) and In Bangui. The estimated average residual risk of viral transmission was 6.02 per 1000 blood donations. Conclusion: The incidence of hepatitis among regular volunteer donors has increased steadily from year to year. Younger age, males, regular donors who made less donations and the city of Bangui were more affected. The presence of co-infection with HIV and syphilis suggests sexual transmission of hepatitis B. Advocacy for free vaccination of regular donors and the introduction of genomic testing will reduce the residual risk.

Anti-ecological production of charcoal on the outskirts of Kinseki and Ntampa localities: A need to use UML modeling language for the fight against deforestation

Mavinga, Sylvain — 2022-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Kinseki and Ntampa, the traditional oven (earth millstone) is the only technique used which is used in the process of the anti-ecological production of charcoal « makala ». Its qualitative and quantitative yield depends on the good handling of experienced and conscientious charcoal burners. Nevertheless, it leads to the destruction of biotopes, reduces forest or savannah biological diversity, degrades the soil, modifies the proper functioning of the biogeochemical and climatic cycles of the surrounding environment. Indeed, the majority of the peasant community remains in ecological ignorance which does not allow it to fight against the regressive series which characterizes the forest or the savannah, therefore the major concern of the charcoal burners is to have a large quantity of plant species in as little time as possible, without making a physical environmental accounting of the phytomass. This way of behaving transforms the primitive woody landscape into an anthropogenic grassy landscape and particularly accelerates deforestation. How to model with UML, the anti-ecological production system of charcoal, in order to fight against deforestation? What are the plant species most exploited by charcoal burners for the production of charcoal? With regard to these two questions, it is considered that the design of activity diagrams based on environmental and computer knowledge seems to be adequate to fight against deforestation; the most exploited species are those found in the savannas. The results obtained in the field show that the anti-ecological production of charcoal is practiced either in the forest (opinion of 88% of the subjects surveyed), or in the savannah (opinion of 12% of the subjects surveyed); no coal maker applies ecological principles (opinion of 100% of subjects surveyed); 91% of surveyed households are composed of more than 5 people against 9% who have only less than 5 people; 91% of the subjects surveyed have a low monthly income (i.e. less than $199); 100% of the subjects surveyed do not replace cut trees in the forest or savannah with others.

Genetic diversity, importance and production potential of rice (Oryza spp.) under different water management modes in a context of climatic variability in Burkina Faso

Nikiéma, Dominique — 2022-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Burkina Faso, rice is of great importance in terms of consumption and cultivated area. It is the fourth most important cereal crop in terms of area, production and annual per capita consumption. Despite persistently low and almost static yields, demand for rice continues to grow due to high population growth and changing dietary habits. The basic system of local rice production is monoculture in a single annual season for rainfed and lowland rice and in a double annual season for irrigated rice. Irrigated rice is the most efficient rice production method with total control of water supply. However, rice production in Burkina Faso is faced with multiple abiotic and biotic constraints that cause significant yield reductions. Indeed, climatic variability remains one of the most important factors. Like the rest of the Sudano-Sahelian zone, Burkina Faso is subject to climatic hazards, of which the decline and poor spatial-temporal distribution of rainfall has become the main obstacle to rice production. Thus, in a context where the effects of climate change are increasingly perceptible, it is becoming imperative to adopt more efficient varieties and cultivation practices that ensure good water nutrition for the plants. To cope with this situation, an efficient irrigation system is needed to secure and stabilize crops. This situation calls for a careful use of water in agriculture. This review highlights the genetic diversity of rice, its importance, constraints and different rice production systems as well as innovative methods to boost local rice production in the future.

Lithological reconstruction of the deposits of the Ivorian Continental Terminal by gamma ray: Case of cuttings from the P1 borehole at Bingerville

Christian, Ble N’Tayé — 2022-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Knowledge of the Continental Terminal in the locality of Bingerville was based on 147 cuttings. Theses cuttings were the subject of sedimentological and diagraphic studies in order to establish complete lithostratigraphy in this locality which rests on the Precambrian basement. The results highlight four lithologies: sands, mud, gravelly sands and sandy gravels. The mineralogy of the sediments consists mainly of quartz with the exception of mud. These sediments are made up of variety color. The GR values of sandy and gravelly sediments are usually less than 20 API. They vary between 20 and 40 API for sediments containing kaolin pebbles. The mud are rather clayey siltstones which are of two types: variegated kaolin and grey-dark clayey siltstones. The mean GR values of these argillaceous siltstone are 60 API with sometimes extreme values (100 API

Impact of the 5G mobile network compared to the third and fourth generation

Edouard, Umba Mombo — 2022-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Telecommunications networks have been with us for a long time, and every year new technologies emerge that make our day-to-day life easier. With the arrival of the third generation, we obtained an improvement in the internet service in the sense that we could obtain higher speeds. This gave way to a very wide path to continue with the networks. Thus comes the fourth generation network with the intention of being compatible, interoperable and convergent for all telecommunications services, also, with a high internet speed, greater capacity, improvements in its antennas and signal quality. One of its problems remains the unpredictability of its service as it is not entirely stable in its speed because it depends on the region and the users connected to the network. This article helps to know the characteristics of the third and fourth generation mobile networks, their evolution over time and talks about the changes and innovations that will bring the fifth generation mobile network (5G).

Doctors Appointment Reservation Management System

Fayadh, Sabah Mohammed — 2022-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

With the major success in applications of electronic healthcare and tremendous technologies in the telecommunications fields that are exceedingly used in the healthcare sector. And because of the massive technological and computing boom, rapid advance of information systems, technology and procedures, the government's decision to reduce overall healthcare expenses, alliances made in the healthcare industry, and the massive emergence of the Internet, most vital areas of daily life seek to computerize their environments to achieve performance and reliability better and lower costs. A dependable web-based doctor’s appointment reservation management system (DARMS) is presented in this research. It will be design and implement to replace manual work. It is a consolidated database that contains patient information, and it contains the names of the doctors that the nurse adds. DARMS will enable the patients' ability to use the system and input their information to schedule an appointment with the specialist physician and show their reservation information so that a doctor can diagnose their condition and prescribe the appropriate medication. The proposed system will serve patients, and their physicians, and save time and cost-effective health care.

Resilience of health centers in the management of malaria: Case of Katana Health Zone in the RD Congo

Karemere, Hermès — 2022-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: The Katana Rural Health Zone has experienced several events including looting of health centers, the cessation of funding or the instability of nursing staff, which could have hindered the functioning of its health structures. These structures have continued to operate in this unfavorable context, thus showing themselves to be resilient. This study aims to identify the adaptive mechanisms put in place by the Katana health zone in the face of adverse events. Methodology: The study is a mixed cross-sectional study covering the period from 2014 to 2018. It is based on the identification of events that occurred in the Katana Health Zone, the analysis of the evolution of cases and deaths linked to malaria and the perceptions of key players on the nature of the events, their link with the number of cases. The study used a documentary review and individual interviews targeting 8 key players. Results: The main destabilizing events identified are related to the management of human resources, the use of health services, the breakdown of funding, the availability of curative or preventive inputs, community participation and security and safety issues. Infrastructure. The trend of the evolution of new cases with malaria is similar for all age categories. On the other hand, the evolution of deaths is different. Health services continued to provide care thanks to the coping mechanisms developed. Conclusions: The study demonstrates the precariousness of a health system heavily dependent on humanitarian aid, the interruption of which can generate dysfunction with effects on mortality, including infant mortality; the weak involvement of the government in supporting structures facing the misdeeds of disasters such as the earthquake and looting; the poverty of the population making it inaccessible to health care despite the reduction in prices and the resilience of health centers following the establishment of endogenous adaptation mechanisms..

Writing a scientific article in engineering and applied sciences

Narcisse, Meni Babakidi — 2022-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

To publicize the results of research carried out in the fields of engineering and applied sciences, and in any other specialty, it is necessary to write a scientific article. This has a specific format called IMRAD method, which includes introduction, methods, results and discussion. In it, graphs, tables, figures and own designs of the methods used in the study can be included. A set of tools and general recommendations are offered to students and researchers in engineering and applied sciences in order to improve their preparation for the challenge of communicating science to their peers, the general public and decision makers. Suggestions for the typical preparation of a manuscript, recommendations for good practice in writing scientific articles and links to resources available on the web are included in the article.

Implementation of a remote surveillance network by IP camera via fiber optics within the freedom market in the town of Masina (City of Kinshasa)

Hylaire, Mibweyele Madeko — 2022-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Remote surveillance is a security weapon all over the world. The freedom market also called «M’zee Laurent Désiré Kabila» is one of the largest markets in Kinshasa, located in the Commune of Masina in the DRC. Thus, the security of sellers and their goods is essential. The objective of this article is to set up a remote surveillance network by IP camera via fiber optics. The daytime IP cameras and alarms are installed in different access points of the said market. The images captured by the IP cameras in this environment are transmitted to the WIN APPLICATION server (Database) installed in the control room, also called monitoring (server) for their processing (reading, storage, visualization, and printing). The results obtained show the feasibility of the optimal video surveillance project on the detection of suspicious elements. Surveillance cameras do not protect against burglaries but allow burglars to be unmasked.

Use of genetic algorithm in optimal fit of quadrics

Narcisse, Meni Babakidi — 2022-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this article the analysis of implementation of the technique of genetic algorithms for the adjustment of the optimum of the quadrics is carried out. A set of sample points of the quadric, which may possibly contain noise and therefore may represent in the fitting, a different geometric figure from the one from which they come, are defined and will be used to fit the quadric which best represents these points. The purpose of this work is the application of GA (Genetic Algorithms) for an optimization problem, in which this technique has been very appropriate in solving the different problems. We seek to obtain a greater knowledge of GA, as well as a better understanding of what an implementation of this technique entails in any problem.

Prevalence of viral hepatitis B and HIV/AIDS among presumed blood donors in the laboratory of the General Reference Hospital of Zongo, DRC

MOSIBA, Daniel MADEMOGO — 2022-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

This monograph is conducted at the Laboratory of the Reference General Hospital of Zongo in the DRC. AIDS is a name given to the fatal clinical consequences of a long-term infection caused by HIV, a virus promotes the development of other so-called opportunistic diseases, which otherwise would be fought by the body. By mid-2017, 20.9 million people were receiving anti-retroviral (ARV) treatment in low- and middle-income countries, representing 53% of the 36.7 million people living with HIV in these countries. Apart from HIV/AIDS, which is known all over the world, there is another virus of the hepatic type which attacks humans and makes it another pandemic, it is viral hepatitis. Viral hepatitis killed 1.34 million people in 2015. In the DRC, HIV and the hepatitis B virus are a public health problem. Hence the town of Zongo is also experiencing a problem of an increase in PVV and hepatitis B following migratory movements imposed by society; proximity to the border and trade. We wanted to finally clarify to explore these issues within this study; address the frequency of Viral Hepatitis B and the immuno-dependent AIDS virus in présuméd donors at the laboratory of the Zongo General Reference Hospital. The general objective of this work is to verify the serological status of voluntary or family donors at the HGR of Zongo; but to achieve this general objective, the specific objectives are: - Identify PLHIV/AIDS; - Identify those who are healthy carriers of viral hepatitis B; - Analyze and interpret; - Classify according to the type of virus; - Propose possible solutions. In view of the importance in public health of these viruses due to viral Hepatitis B and HIV / AIDS in the world, in Africa and in the Democratic Republic of Congo in particular.

Medico-social support for the elderly in the city of Gemena: From January to June 2020

Dawili, David Dole — 2022-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study focuses on medico-social support for the elderly in the town of Gemena, particularly in the SUKIA district. It all started with a bitter observation and a sad reality about the abandonment of old people in our circles. In the streets of Gemena, it is not uncommon to find elderly people either begging or carrying heavy loads on their heads to go and sell. So, they had to give themselves a deserved rest. The objective that we have set for ourselves is to identify the socio-economic and health conditions in which the elderly in our community live. But also, identify the obstacles to their support. We used a descriptive, transversal estimate in the quantitative approach. The sampling type was of the probability cluster type, with a sample size of 200 people. The question we asked ourselves was how to provide medico-social support for the elderly in the town of Gemena. We started from the hypothesis according to which medico-social support for the elderly is almost non-existent in the city of Gemena because of: poverty; the abandonment of children and the lack of support from the Congolese state. At the end of our study, we came to the conclusion that medico-social support for the elderly is provided largely through the support of children, while support from the Congolese state is nil.

Impact of the life education course on high school knowledge, attitudes and practices on the prevention of HIV, AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections In Gemena from January 01 to June 30, 2020 in the DRC

Kongbo, Philémon Dole — 2022-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Youth is in crisis, all over the world we deplore several problems linked to youth or adolescence: drugs, premature sexuality with its share of consequences, alcohol, delinquency, dropping out of studies, illegal abortions, STDs. After the analyzes carrying out the verification of the hypotheses, we arrived at the following results: The study shows in relation to the knowledge that, 68% of our respondents have a very sufficient level of knowledge, 26.0% whose level is sufficient and 6.0% with an insufficient level of knowledge. This allows us to reject our first hypothesis according to which, the pupils of the terminal degree of Gemena observe a low level of knowledge on sexuality, prevention of HIV / AIDS and STIs; and, this low level of knowledge is due to low life skills education. This, in light of our acceptability criterion of 60% or more. Age (X2: 66.762a; dof: 3; p = 0.000) and sex (X2: 177.344a; dof: 1; p = 0.000) have an impact on knowledge, attitudes and practices in matters of sexuality. And prevention of STIs, HIV / AIDS, because all calculated values are greater than tabular values. The fact of having studied the course of the EDAV has a positive impact on the acquisition of knowledge (X2: 84.017a; dof: 2; p = 0.000), favorable attitudes (X2: 147.890a; dof: 1; p = 0.000) and good practices for the prevention of STIs and HIV / AIDS (X2: 21.782a; dof: 1; p = 0.000); because all calculated values are much greater than tabular ones. We allow ourselves to confirm our second hypothesis according to which there are relationships between the level of knowledge, attitudes and practices of students in terms of HIV / AIDS and STI prevention and the impact (the fact of having studied the course) from life skills education.

Study of a hybrid system with a renewable energy source from software in a rural locality in the Abengourou region in Côte d’Ivoire

Brou, Gilles Armel — 2022-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study shows a simulation with the HOMER software of a hybrid system composed exclusively of renewable energy sources including a solar photovoltaic generator of 50 kW, a 50 kW wind generator and a 50 kW biogas generator linked to a 50 kW converter in Blekoum (rural area of the Abengourou region) fed to date by a 42 kVA diesel generator with a 5000 liters tank. After having modelled the load to satisfy and integrated the wind potential, the sunshine and the biomass residue potential, we carried out the calculation with HOMER. From the three scenarios of hybrid systems after optimization by HOMER, it is appear that, with regard to energy production, the hybrid system produces an average value of 277.364 kWh/year while the 42 kVA generator produces 105.108 kWh/year. The average price per kWh per year one is 481 172.453 FCFA for the hybrid system and 401 491.799 FCFA for the diesel generator. The emissions of gaseous pollutants are very high with the diesel generator where the values of CO2 are raised to 142.933kg/year; CO at 353 kg/year and SO2 at 287 kg/year while the hybrid system allows to preserve our climate by lowering these values respectively CO2 to 33.533 kg/year; CO to 1.261 kg/year and SO2 to 0 kg/year.

Thermal eco-insulation of a horizontal unleaded premium fuel tank buried in hot areas: Case of the city of Korhogo in Côte d’Ivoire

Bagui, Emmanuel — 2022-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

This prospective study aimed to mitigate the emission of hydrocarbon gases and economic or energy losses. It consisted in designing a storage system for this volatile fluid, based on local materials, capable of ensuring thermal comfort, under natural conditions of terrestrial heating. In view of their respective theoretical availability, accessibility and thermal conductivity, cotton, sand and shea cake have been identified as potential insulators. For this purpose, identical samples of the fuel were buried, each with a specific material. They were respectively subjected to a fraction of solar energy, transmitted according to the thermal properties of the material crossed. The monitoring of the evolution of the different evaporation rates per sample made it possible to classify the insulation tested in order of performance in non-evaporation rate: 1st) shea cake with 90.81%; 2nd) cotton, 89.29%; 3rd) sand, 85.05% and 4th) air, 80.68%. In the light of a multi-criteria analysis by Thomas Saaty, based on more restrictive ecological and economic constraints, shea cake and sand were preferentially chosen. They made it possible to build a fuel storage matrix, called “Eco1-stoc”, which recorded an experimental non-evaporation rate of 91.53%. Therefore, the Eco1-stoc can be one of the solutions to be advised in operating conditions similar to those of Korhogo.

Dadier, Batenchi Bulambaire — 2022-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Agricultural underproduction in our country is largely linked to a lack of adequate structural organization of peasant farmers of food crops. This insufficiency plunges our especially rural environments into an almost chronic undernourishment. This study deals with the cassava sector in the Groupings of Irhambi-Katana and Bugorhe, in the territory of Kabare, Province of South Kivu in DR Congo. These two Groups produce a lot of cassava grown and consumed by almost all households but which is sold at a low price and only traders and processors derive a good profit from it in our communities to the detriment of producers. The data for this study were collected using the techniques of simple and participatory observation, the questionnaire, survey, documentation, and the chi-square test. The methods used are: the statistical method, the analytical, the descriptive and the synthetic method. This work responds to the questions and research objectives formulated in advance. We used Microsoft Word and Excel to enter the texts and process the data. Our hypotheses were tested by the statistical results of Chi-square. The study identifies and analyzes the main difficulties of cassava related to production, marketing and its by-products. These difficulties handicap the socio-financial profitability of this product, which penalizes their poorly or unorganized producers. To make it profitable, it is necessary to organize their producers in a promising sector so that they are able to improve farming techniques and transform this cassava into high quality flour. The success of this strategy is possible if our development partners adheres and and that they strongly support the organization and proper functioning of promising agricultural sectors.

Epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of post-clearing throat sepsis in children under 5 years of age in Kailo Health Zone: From January 1st, 2019 to December 31, 2021

Mubwana, Jean-Bosco Ramazani — 2022-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Our study focused on the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspect of post throat clearing sepsis in children aged 0 to 5 years in the Kailo Health Zone within the General Referral Hospital. Thus we set ourselves the three objectives namely: To determine the incidence of cases of sepsis post clearing of the throat; Identify the risks that children run after this practice; and Offer advice to our population. The target population of our study consists of all children under 5 years of age who have developed sepsis after throat clearing at home. Our sample consists of 787 children who underwent the practice of scraping at home and who came to the hospital in a table of complication of sepsis. For data collection, taking into account our objectives, we used the documentary analysis technique; this allowed us to search for the data that are related to our subject of study. These include: Entry register of patients hospitalized in the pediatric ward; Exit register of cured or improved patients which allowed us to know the outcome of our patients and; SNIS reports from the General Reference Hospital. To process the data, we used tables to calculate the different proportions of our desired indicators. At the end of our study we found the following results: - Compared to the incidence of cases: 787 children were victims of sepsis due to throat clearing at home out of a total of 4174 children admitted during the period of our study, i.e. a proportion of 18.8%. - Compared to the epidemiological aspect: The most affected age group is 4 to 5 years with a proportion of 64%, the sex most affected is female with a proportion of 62% and in the end most of children come from the outskirts of Kailo with a proportion of 65%; 95% of children had fever, 99.7% complained of throat pain; 87% had conjunctival pallor; 57.5% were vomiting. - Compared to biological elements: The sedimentation rate was greatly increased to 94.7%; Culture was 95% positive; A hyperleukocytosis of 94.7%; and We report here that the CRP was not done for lack of reagent. - Compared to the therapeutic aspects and evolution: 100% of children underwent scraping before arriving at the hospital and all these children received antibiotics and antipyretics, and 72% received anti-inflammatories not steroids. - Compared to the evolution of the patients: 23.1% died, and 76.9% were cured.

Prevalence of HIV/TB co-infection in pulmonary tuberculosis patients aged 14 and over in the rural health zone of Lubutu: Specific case of HGR Lubutu (From January 1st to December 31, 2017)

Mubwana, Jean-Bosco Ramazani — 2022-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: The co-infection VIH / TBC is still a reality in LUBUTU and remains a major public health problem, its frequency is 34.3%. The objective of this work is to study the prevalence of HIV / CBT co-infection in pulmonary tuberculosis patients aged 14 years and over with smear-positive in HGR / LUBUTU. Methods: Our study is retrospective; Based on the prevalence of HIV / TB co-infection in the LUBUTU General Reference Hospital for a one-year period from 1 January to 31 December 2017. Our study population consisted of all patients In whom the microscopy was performed and was positive (TPM +) in this hospital and the sample consisted of patients with HIV-TB co-infection. Results: The prevalence of co-infectionVIH / TB was 34.3%. The male sex was the most represented with 65.7% of patients with a sex ratio of 1.9. The age group 35-54 Was the most represented, ie 51.5%. The out-of-school population represented 45.7%. Mineral diggers are much affected by TBC, which is 40%. Married couples are more affected by HIV / TB ie 54.3%. HIV prevalence among TB patients was 34.3% (12/35). Slimming was found in 100% of patients.66.7% of TB patients with HIV positive were in stage 4 according to the WHO. The TBC Pulmonary represents 31/35 cases or 88.6%. The smear was positive in 100% of the cases. The 2RHZE / 4RH regimen was the most established with 94.3%. The TDF+3TC (ou FTC) +EFV regimen was the most used with 66.7% of the patients who received ARV treatment. 58.3% of cases with HIV / TB co-infection improved after they adhered to TB and ARV treatment and 25% died despite treatment and 16.7% were lost from sight. Conclusion: The co-infectionVIH / TB is a morbid association which is the basis of several deaths in the community and more precisely within the HGR / LUBUTU that following the non-information of the population as regards prevention Of TBC and HIV.

Chemical-mechanical characterizations of lateritic nodules for the implementation of hydraulic concrete

Djimonnan, Paulin — 2022-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The control of the mechanical performance of concretes of lateritic nodules requires a perfect knowledge of the physicochemical and mechanical properties of the nodules. Several researchers have approached the characterization of concretes of lateritic nodules and, by ricochet, of lateritic nodules used as coarse aggregates. The specification of this study is not only the varieties of chemical-mechanical results obtained, but also the water saturation time of the various lateritic nodules. Among the objectives of this study are: i) the determination of the dominant oxides, ii) the study of physical properties and the time zone of water saturation curves, iii) the control of the mixing water of the lateritic nodules; v) the determination of the hardness range of ten samples. Chemical analysis shows that the dominant oxides in the laterites are SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO is very low in the lateritic nodules. The content of these oxides varies from sample to sample. The granularity of the materials studied is of the spread type. The apparent and absolute densities of the nodules vary from 1.43 to 1.51 and from 2.61 to 2.81 respectively. The degree of absorption and porosity vary from 0.81 to 5.81 and from 2.11 to 16.03. The water saturation time of lateritic nodules is between 18 hours and 24 hours. The hardness of the nodules, following the fragmentation test, varies from 43 to 55 and some exceeds the required value.

The problems of a landlocked rural area: Geographical study of Kimvula territory, in the province of Kongo Central, in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Lugangu, Marie Honorine — 2022-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study on the rural environment has been carried out in the province of Kongo Central, precisely in the territory of Kimvula (South eastern part of Kongo Central province). Its overall objective is to identify the elements that make wi Kimvula a landlocked territory, to highlight the consequences of this crisis situation. Therefore, faced with this reality, socio-economic perspectives have been proposed to ensure its integral development. Observation and systemic methods using Arc-View and Arc-Gis Software were used for data processing and the development of geographical maps. The results show that the rural territory of Kimvula is experiencing serious communication problems with the major centers: Mbanza-Ngungu, Inkisi and Kinshasa. This situation is unfavorable to its development and its ecological, economic and social development. Added to this is the poor state of roads and bridges. As a result, young farmers leave rural areas for Kinshasa, Inkisi, Mbanza-Ngungu or Matadibecause of the geographical isolation. All those difficulties have led to the isolation of this territory compared to the other territories of the former Lukaya district.

Management of the twelfth Ebola virus disease outbreak: Actor’s perceptions in North Kivu province, Democratic Republic of Congo

Mbeva, Jean-Bosco Kahindo — 2022-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: This study aims to describe the perceptions of stakeholders involved in the management of the twelfth Ebola virus disease outbreak in North Kivu; in order to identify the contributing factors of its containment and management in less than 3 months. Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study used interviews guided by comprehensive questionnaire among all the stakeholders involved in the management of the twelfth Ebola virus disease, including health managers, healthcare providers, community leaders, heath partners and any other actors involved in the emergency response to outbreaks. Data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS version 23.0 for both coding and statistical analyses of collected data. Results: Based on the perceptions of different stakeholders who compared the tenth and twelfth outbreaks, the management of the latter was characterized by fewer funding and training of staff; a better understanding of local socio-cultural variations and needs (97.2%, versus 9.1%; p<0,001), a clear tracking and follow-up of contacted and/or suspected cases (91.5% versus 66.7%; p<0,001), a greater community involvement and application of standard operating measures implemented by the emergency team (80.3% versus 66.7%; p<0,001); and a proper management of cases of Ebola virus disease (both confirmed, suspected or contacted) (94.1% versus 66.7%; p<0,001). Conclusions: Our findings reveal that the integrative approach response into the local health system, which strengthened community engagement and trust in the emergency response ‘teams, enabled the rapid containment of the twelfth Ebola virus disease outbreak in North Kivu, in Democratic Republic of Congo. This approach is part of a new paradigm compatible with the health system resilience.

Territorial governance and the local development corporation: Case of the city of Fez

Marouane, Khayati — 2022-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the face of the multiform restructuring that territories are undergoing, the governance of urban mobility is becoming urgent and is a challenge for all actors whether public or private. It plays a key role in addressing interregional inequalities. Territorial governance remains an indispensable condition for achieving an acceptable level of local development. It is based on various theoretical foundations, including game theory, stakeholder theory and convention theory. In this sense, this contribution aims at analyzing the implementation of a new urban mobility policy and the contribution of territorial governance within the city center of Fez. The underlying problematic is to know how a kind of territorial governance linked to this project can account for the quality of public management, such a territorial governance can be questioned at different levels by privileging the methodological triangulation, as a methodological approach. In this direction, we carried out the interview with the persons in charge of the project of local development company, then, we analyzed the questionnaires, which we elaborated with the citizens by the method of the Multiple Correspondence Analysis. Our research has shown that participation, trust between actors, digitalization and digital governance are essential elements to develop an effective governance between local actors.

The economic impact on the Bank of Guayaquil on the financial relief measures adopted against Covid-19 during the period 2019 vs 2020

Pizarro, Mabel Elizabeth Barriga — 2022-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article seeks to analyze the impact that the economic sector had, especially the banking sector in Guayaquil as a result of the health crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. Therefore, the National Bank has had a significant impact on the credit granted to it, because the supervision of financial entities chooses to implement mechanisms to protect customers and protect the savings of depositors, branches and pensioners. Refinancing is an intervention, clients of many financial institutions attend this transaction to extend the payment of the card or credit they handle, it should be noted that each entity defines the interest rate according to the type of credit granted. These measures are expressed as restructuring, refinancing and deferred amortization of their existing debts, so they come into force 60 days after the end of the state of exception so that users could cancel their accounts. These guidelines remain valid until the country's economic recovery improves. The research was declared non-exploratory since we do not have control of the variables, therefore it has a descriptive and correlational scope, since we describe our variables and relate them to obtain a quantitative approach since we work with numerical and statistical data. The evolution of the credit portfolio has been analyzed in order to verify the economic impact suffered by the bank, to know the aforementioned data, the net profit accounts were also analyzed and, in turn, the payment of income tax since it is It is important to know the impact that this had on the treasury.

Supply Chain 4.0: The Digital Era of Supply Chain

Kaushik, Yash — 2022-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Supply chain 4.0 is the future of the industry. To deal with the varying demand and supply, it is important to digitize the various levels of supply chain. Supply chain 4.0 is an efficient, flexible and faster mechanism that empowers organizations to handle the requirements of the clients and also the challenges on the supply side. Major challenge in implementing supply chain 4.0 is the requirement of huge amount of technical advancement but the benefits of supply chain 4.0 over powers the cost involve.

Green Talent Management and Sustainability: A Study on Power Sector in Bangladesh

Siddikee, Md. Jahangir Alam — 2022-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Talent management is one of the most important concerns for leaders all over the world. In the power sector, talent management plays an important role for both local and multinational companies. This study focuses on talent management with the help of green human resource management in Bangladeshi power sector. From the literature review and twenty-six expert’s opinions, twelve important barriers were identified. These barriers are insufficient talent supply, unsecured career growth, scarcity of manpower, shortage of training programs, lack of advanced technical and technological knowledge, absence of mechanism in action, lack of infrastructure development, workforce adjustment, system loss, lack of supply, high demand, and inadequate financial incentive. Their mutual interrelationships were discussed using the Total Interpretive Structural Modeling Technique (TISM). After that, Matrice d'Impacts Croisés, Multiplication Appliquée à un Classement is known as MICMAC analysis, helps to identify the indirect relationship between barriers having high driving intensity. is known as MICMAC analysis, helps to identify the indirect relationship between barriers having high driving intensity. Finally, the DEMATEL approach was developed to establish the cause-effect relationship model between the barriers. Its purpose is to provide HR managers with an understanding of the relationship between the barriers and indicate the most critical ones that attach talent management with green human resource management for sustainability of an organization in the power sector of Bangladesh.

Quantification of Total Phenolics, Flavonoids, Tannins, Anthocyannins and Antioxidant Activities of Cola urceolata K. Schum

Worowounga, Xavier — 2022-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: Cola urceolata K. Schum is a plant of the Sterculiaceae family of the genus Cola. It is a species widely used in traditional medicine for its therapeutic properties and in food as a nutrient. Objectives: As part of the valuation of medicinal plants from the Central African Republic, the interest of this study is focused on ethnobotanical surveys, phytochemical analyzes and the antioxidant activity (DPPH) of Cola urceolata K. Schum. Methods: For the extraction, four solvents of different polarities (Cyclohexane: CYHA; Dichloromethane: DCM; Ethyl Acetate: EtOAc; Methanol: MeOH) were performed. Phytochemical tests were based on color reactions and chromatographic analyzes. The 96-well plate reader was used for quantitative analyzes of polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids and anthocyanins. Results: The results of the extraction showed that the methanol extract has the best yield of 8.21% followed by the cyclohexane extract 3.88%. The polyphenol content was better than the other quantified compounds. It varies between 8.90 ± 1.06 and 15.09 ± 1.58mg of gallic acid equivalent (EqAG). Qualitative screening showed the presence of alkaloids, anthocyanins, sterols and triterpenes. The inhibition of DPPH by the different extracts gave mean values which varied between 4.65±2.85 and 15.17±4.60%. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) carried out using the «FactoMineR» and «factoextra» packages of the R software circle of correlation of variables. Conclusion: The phytochemical screening confirms the presence of certain molecules which can confer on Cola urceolata K. Schum its therapeutic virtues.

Traditional practices and valorization of dates by local products: The case of date syrup in the oases of southern Morocco

Houssni, Mhammad — 2022-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

An important part of the production of dates is unmarketable or has a low commercial value. The valorization of this unmarketed production is done by the transformation. Among the old transformations anchored in the local traditional knowledge, there is the date syrup. It is a local product with great heritage value. Currently, there is a modernization of the production of date syrup, which leads to a regression of the traditional craft production of the product. This study aims to make a significant contribution to the knowledge and analysis of local know-how associated with this craft production. To this end, surveys were conducted in the oases of two regions of the pre-Saharan zones of Morocco, Alnif and Tata. The results of the survey provided information on the different aspects of the traditional manufacturing processes, from the choice of varieties used to the packaging and storage of the product.

Study on the behavior of young people in the care of the environment in Ziguinchor (Senegal)

Ba, Ousmane — 2022-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article tries to focus on the real behavior of young people in the management and protection of the environment in the Ziguinchor region. Indeed, the article was made possible thanks to a documentary analysis and a methodology based on a purely qualitative analysis. Thus, the results obtained show that the behavior of young people in dealing with the issue of the environment is relatively weak.

VAT Role in the Development of Bangladesh: Any Association with GDP Growth Rate, Government Revenues, and Annual Budget

Uddin, Mohammad Main — 2022-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper represents an outline of the contribution of Value Added Tax (VAT) in Bangladesh in association with the GDP growth rate, the annual budget amount, and total government revenues from the beginning of vat introduction in Bangladesh. We constructed a correlation matrix using the Pearson and Spearman correlation methods, which was then visualized using a Heatmap to visualize the relationship between the variables. To evaluate the association among the variables, three hypotheses have been set and tested using ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and Spearman correlation. The data set have been developed from secondary sources combing the data of VAT revenues, GDP growth rate, the annual budget amount, and total government revenues from the very beginning of VAT's introduction in Bangladesh (1991-2020) to complete the study and test statistical models. According to our findings, VAT makes a significant contribution to government income generation, resulting in the coverage of budgeted revenues and contributing to consistent GDP growth. VAT, as an indirect tax, is now seen as a powerful fiscal weapon to meet the government's ever-increasing demand for revenues to support all development programs for countries transitioning from least developed to developing. VAT has a strong significant correlation with the annual budget amount, but no positive association with GDP growth rate or total governmental revenues, according to Pearson, Spearman, and ANOVA model findings. VAT can play a vital role in sustaining government internal revenue sources by bordering the basic tax base.

Optimal choice of equipment for the implementation of an electrical network using one of the metaheuristic methods: Genetic algorithm

Ngasop, Ndjiya — 2022-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

With the increasing demand for electrical energy, the design of electrical networks is becoming more and more complex to operate according to standards. The choice of devices for the installation of an electrical network would lead to many consequences such as loss of power, deterioration of the line due to overvoltages, etc. As a result, there are several methods of solving difficult problems, including metaheuristic methods. These methods, which appeared in the 1980s, are inspired by natural systems such as the particle swarm (PSO), the ant colony (ACO) and the genetic algorithm method (AG). The latter is a global research and optimization technique that is based on the mechanisms of natural selection and genetics, which can simultaneouly search for several possible solutions. In this work, it is a question of proposing a progam based on a metaheuristic method which will make it possible to optimally choose the elements of an electrical network. To do this, we first used the parameters of the Cameroonian North Interconnected Network (RIN) the proposed a program based on a genetic algorithm that we simulated with the characteristics of the latter using the MATLAB software in order to choose the best devices (conductors, insulators, pylons) for its implementation.

Impacts of dielectric losses due to the aging of the paper/oil insulation contained in the transformers on the energy efficiency of the power grid in Côte d'Ivoire

Bogui, Gnoléba Célestin — 2022-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Electricity is missing or even unavailable in many localities in our country; while we have many power plants with large capacities (powers).This is partly due to energy losses in the networks. The transformers that are the essential components in the transmission and distribution of electrical energy have an aging population. The degradation of their paper/oil insulation system in the active part is the main cause. The dielectric losses in transformers due to this degradation (aging) are not taken into account in determining the efficiency of transformers. This paper shows that the dielectric losses in oil-impregnated paper-insulated transformers are becoming more and more important and are not to be neglected in the calculation of the efficiency of transformers due to their large number in electrical networks. With the help of DIRANA (Dielectric Analyzer), we made direct measurements of the dissipation factor and the capacity of the paper/oil insulation on real transformers in service in the electrical network in Côte d'Ivoire. In the following we calculated the dielectric power losses.

Effects of agroecological practices on macrofauna in ferric lixisols in the Sudano-Sahelian area of Burkina Faso

Somda, Bègnileyaon Béatrice — 2022-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Due to its multiple functions, soil macrofauna plays a major role in the functioning of agroecosystems. However, its abundance and diversity can be influenced by various human activities such as agricultural practices. This study, initiated on ferric lixisols in the Sudano-Sahelian zone of Burkina Faso, aims to evaluate the effects of four agroecological practices on soil macrofauna. So, forty farmers' plots were sampled, based on a typology of cropping practices, associating water and soil conservation techniques (stone barriers) with generalized or localized (zaï) application of organic matter. Generalized input of organic matter is combined with mineral fertilization by microdose or not and localized input is combined with crop rotation or not. Macrofauna was collected, sixty days after sowing, using the monolith method. Three (3) monoliths were collected per plot. Manually sorted macrofauna was identified in the laboratory. The results allowed that thirty-six (36) families were identified whom the best abundant are: Termitidae (35 %), Formicidae (18 %) and Iulidae (7.7 %). Functionally, saprophages constitute 61.4 % of the population against 16.6 % of phytophagous, 13.9% of predators and 7.6 % of geophagous. Agroecological practices with uniform application of organic manure yielded the highest number of invertebrates (62.2 %) compared to localized application (37.8 %). The use of organic manure as an agroecological practice allows for better colonization of the soil by living organisms, provided that it is evenly distributed throughout the plot.

Innovation and flexibility - Key to productivity and competitiveness: Empirical study of Moroccan companies

Bendarkawi, Anass — 2022-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Morocco has undertaken a number of reforms that affect different aspects of its economy, but despite the substantial progress achieved by the country, the results in this area remain largely insufficient. Its productivity appears to be lower than that of other emerging countries. The private sector has not progressed, and firms suffer from weak productivity and economic growth, the productivity being one of the main drivers of both social and economic progress, it is essential to increase it by all possible means. In this sense, Moroccan companies must invest in research and innovation and must be a high level of flexibility to conserve and develop their productivity and competitiveness. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the impact of innovation and flexibility on productivity by conducting an empirical study with a sample of 150 Moroccan companies.

Effectiveness of free education in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Teddy, Samukano Kaveta — 2022-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The purpose of this article is in line with the logic of analyzing the effectiveness of free education in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Free education is a law passed by the National Assembly of the Democratic Republic of Congo which stipulates that the government must take charge of the education of primary school children by relieving parents of the payment of school fees. In this article we will highlight the effectiveness of the said free education after an analysis of the survey results and propose some recommendations for the success of free education in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Socio-économique impact of border trade in the south-east plateau of Benin

Hack, Seidou Abdel — 2022-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The cross-border spaces of the districts of the Plateau are structured by complex activities, territories that are difficult to define but places that contain significant potential and opportunities for development between neighboring States. The objective was to assess the contribution of cross-border exchanges to the local development of the five communes of the Plateau. The quantitative data used concern, among other things, the collection rates of taxes issued in the Plateau department from 2015 to 2019 as well as the monthly income of cross-border trade actors. A total of 390 households were surveyed and 51 resource persons were interviewed during the study. The results obtained reveal that more than half of the players in the trade in manufactured products (55.90%) make a daily profit of at least 50,000 FCFA; (65.13%) of the traders in petroleum products surveyed earn more than 50,000 FCFA; among foreign exchange traders, 80.77% of them derive at least a profit of 5,000 FCFA from the daily execution of their foreign exchange activity. On the social side, 20.51% of the players surveyed said that this activity allows them to meet their basic needs. These points of expenditure are followed by other destinations of benefits such as schooling (15.38%), the purchase of means of transport (13.08%), the construction of housing on a rental or individual basis (12. 31%), ceremonies (11.54%) and savings in banks and/or micro-finance institutions (7.44%). It also contributes to the revenue of the local community through the taxes paid by the actors.

Technical efficacity of rainy market gardening in the municipalities of Imanan and Tagazar in Niger

Djibril, Idrissa Guisso Maïga — 2022-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

In sahelian contries like Niger, the market garden is a sustainable response to improve agriculture yet dominated by dry crops. This work is produced to analyze the technical efficacity and to identify socioeconomics and technical factors which explain this techncal efficacity. The approach used is the Stochastic Fronter Analysis and Cobb-Douglass is applicated as function of production. In order to identify the determiants of this efficacity, the Fractionnal Regression Model is used. It results that the efficacity scores averages are 44,51% for tomato, 51,81% for piment and 64,09% for cabbage. Between the farmer who is near the fronter and the farmer who is fare the fronter, we have a high contrast. The results show that being alphabete, access to vulgarisation, the farmer’s object and being near of exploitation improve the technical efficacity. However, selling in the exploitation, being in farmers’organisation and the contractualization with traders reduce the technical efficacity. This paper purpose to government and their partners to include rainy market gaderning in agricultural policy.

Nutritional qualification of breads produced in the communes from Abidjan

Firmin, N’Guessan Yao — 2022-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Bread may be made entirely with wheat or may contain other ingredients. A survey was therefore conducted in the ten municipalities to identify the type of bread provided in bakeries. This survey was followed by the analysis of nutritional quality. It appears that: four types of bread, namely bread made from 100% wheat flour and three other composite breads made respectively from 15% corn flour, also 15% bran flour and 20% flour of soy. The bakeries all produce 100% wheat bread. Only 30% of bakeries in Cocody offer 100% wheat bread, corn bread, bra n bread and soy bread. The water content therefore varies from 33.08% for soy bread to 37.22% for corn bread, whereas it is 32. 36% for 100% wheat bread. Corn and bran breads contain 62.78% and 63.58% dry matter respectively. it is soy bread that contains more protein with 6.13% followed by corn bread with 5.52%. As for the fiber levels, they vary from 7.39 (soya bread) to 14.31% (100% wheat bread). The carbohydrate content of soy bread is 48.56%. The energy values range from 293.64 kcal (soya) to 241.50 kcal (bran). The nutrient content in soy bread approaches that of standard bread. Its consumption can therefore be promoted.

Effect of fertilization and sowing method on the agronomic performance of a cotton variety (Gossypium hirsutum L.) grown in the BERE region of northwestern Côte d’Ivoire

Alain, N’guessan N’guessan — 2022-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of the present study is to optimize seed cotton production by using ox dung in the BERE region of northwestern Côte d’Ivoire. The effect of ox dung was tested at a dose of 3000 kg/ha against 200 kg/ha of a mineral NPK fertilizer on cotton production. Two seeding methods regularly used by farmers were used in this study: flat seeding and seeding on ridges. The spacing of 80 cm x 30 cm with 2 plants per stake corresponding to the density of 83500 plants/ha were adopted. The experimental set-up consisted of completely randomized blocks with three replications. Observations were made on six agronomic parameters. Oxen dung increased the mass and yield of seed cotton by 19% compared to NPK, increasing their respective values from 3253.72 kg/ha for NPK and 3879.64 kg/ha for oxen dung. However, it induced low vegetative parameters of the cotton plants. The yield obtained with ridge seeding was higher than with flat seeding. The dung can therefore replace NPK fertilizer under the same growing conditions.

Evaluation of the modulus of untreated lateritic gravel from the stress-strain curves of the CBR test

Ndiaye, Massamba — 2022-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Natural lateritic gravels are the most frequent materials in French-speaking subtropical Africa and the most used for the construction of road infrastructures. However, some difficulties are often noted in practice, in the dimensioning phase, on the choice of the modulus of these materials which is often done using the empirical relation E = 5 * ICBR of CEBTP. The results obtained within the framework of the present study suggest that this relation gives modulus values higher than those obtained by exploiting the linear parts of the curves stress-strain CBR. This would lead to undersizing the pavement by applying this relationship.

The effectiveness of the vaccine monitoring and follow up of community health workers on the uptake vaccine measles vaccine coverage among children under 5 years: A quasi-experimental study led in Goma and Karisimbi health zone in Goma city North Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo

Omer, Kakule Muhindo — 2022-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Nowadays, public health interventions remain the driving force in promoting population health, especially in developing countries where communicable diseases still present a very worrying frequency. Despite the establishment of structured outreach teams, follow-up and monitoring are essential activities to ensure correction and catalyze effective delivery of immunization services. During this study, we conducted regular monitoring of AVM vaccination and motivated community health workers on sensitization, rumor management, and minimizing resistance to AVM vaccination in order to improve the AVM coverage rate and increase measles case reporting. Methods: A Quasi-Experimental Study and action research, led in the Karisimbi as an experimental Zone and Goma Health zone as a control Zone. Supervision of Community Health Workers was done by the team consisting of researchers at the health areas and the district-level health staff conducted supportive supervision of community health workers. During these supervisory visits, the team ensured knowledge of signal definitions and checked that community health workers correctly identified the measles cases, and the unvaccinated children and managed messages correctly. A structured interview was conducted for data collection and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were organized in the health areas for qualitative data to collect the opinions of community health workers on non-participation in measles social mobilization activities. A questionnaire grid and a focused discussion guide were used as data collection tools. The data collection was done in Kobo collection while the analysis and processing were SPSS 18 software. To estimate the degree of significance between the effectiveness of community health workers' training and the AVM vaccine administration, the study used the Odds Ratio test at a Confidence interval of 5%. Findings: The frequency of cases increased progressively over the months following the different techniques used for intervention. More than 4346 CHILDREN cases were vaccinated in routine activities and 4346 unvaccinated children at the VAR were recovered and 152 measles cases were identified. Resistance and rumors were circumvented by using model lessons from the presidents of the community relays through vaccination of relatives. Conclusion: The results showed that monitoring and follow-up had an important influence on the motivation of workers.

Efficacy of a biopesticide based on Cymbopogon winteranus (lemon grass) extract in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivation in central Côte d'Ivoire

Gabaze, Gadji Alahou André — 2022-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the biopesticide Prolaly on the improvement of productivity and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). The study was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three (03) repetitions. Treatments were carried out once a fortnight, using a sprayer, 21 days after transplanting (DAT). Vegetative growth parameters, statistically identical for all treatments at 32 DAT, were statistically different at 75 DAT. Phenological stages did not vary between treatments. The entomological data obtained revealed that the TB biological treatment was more effective in controlling whiteflies but less effective against Helicoverpa armigera. Furthermore, two diseases were observed in the experimental plot. They are a virus related to the spoon leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and a fungal disease related to collar rot. The incidences of virus disease on tomato plants were 80, 80 and 100% for TC, TB and T0 treatments respectively. Regarding fungal disease, the incidences were 20, 30 and 50% for TC, TB and T0 treatments, respectively. However, the highest healthy fruit rate (56.34%) was obtained with the TB treatment with a net yield (6.15 t/ha) statistically identical (p = 0.0230262) to that of the TC treatment (6.31 t/ha). Plant extract formulations would be an alternative in the biological management of diseases and insect pests of vegetable crops.

Classroom management in the context of the COVID-19: What are Benin secondary schools sciences teachers’ perceptions ?

Kelani, Raphael Razacki — 2022-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused the loss of several human lives and the global transformation of education systems throughout the world. It resulted to the fast transition of face-to-face teaching to distance education, especially in the developed countries, to prevent the dissemination of the pandemic among the students. However, because of the requirements and challenges of the online classes, the face-to-face courses had been restored with several restrictions. The objective of this research is to explore the perceptions of secondary school science teachers regarding the classroom management after the period of the confinement. The qualitative data have been received through individual and focus group interviews with six professors certified (mathematics, physics, chemistry and technology and life and earth sciences) and three of their pedagogical counselors. Regarding the barrier measures and other imposed restrictions, the results have pointed up the difficulties of the classroom management relating to the factors such as: classroom climate, communication, cooperation, physical organization of the class, conduct of practical work, management of behaviors and discipline and reduction of the feeling personal and professional efficacy. Concerning the convenient pedagogical practices that can help them to teach better, participants requested the implementation of professional development programs, related to the differentiated pedagogy and offered suggestions toward secondary school decision makers.

Effect of ownership structure and board of directors on the performance of Moroccan listed companies

Haji, Aboubakere — 2022-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

This work studies the association between certain internal governance mechanisms and the financial performance of companies. We focused on the characteristics of two mechanisms in particular, namely the ownership structure and the board of directors. Studying a corporate sample of 58 non-financial firms, multiple linear regression shows that with the exception of managerial and institutional ownership, the other traits of ownership structure and board of directors show an unexpected negative effect.

Modelling ARDL and causality between public sports expenditure and economic growth in Côte d’Ivoire from 1970 to 2010

Ayekoe, Serge A. — 2022-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study uses the Granger cointegration and causality test procedure developed as part of an ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) model to determine the effect of public sports spending on economic growth in Côte d'Ivoire. The results indicate that in the short term, consumer sports spending has a positive effect on economic growth, which is consistent with the Granger Causality Test estimates that reveal, two-way causality between operating sports expenditures and economic growth.

Seasonal variation in the fishery production of fishing gear in the Potou lagoon (Côte d’Ivoire)

Théophile, Bedia Aké — 2022-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The control of fishing parameters holds a prominent place in the strategy put in place by the managers of this sector in Ivorian waters. This work focuses on the description of seasonal variations in fish production parameters in the Potou lagoon. The data was collected from January 2020 to December 2021 in the Vitré station from surveys and analysis of fishermen's catches. The values of fishing effort, Catch per Unit of Effort and total production vary from season to season and from gear to gear. The total fishing effort is 9368 trips. It is higher (6576 trips) during the long dry season and lower (0 trips) in the short rainy season. Regarding the PUE values, they are higher (43.62 kg/trip) in the long dry season and lower (0 kg/trip) in the short rainy season. The highest catches are obtained in the long dry season with 274958.71 kg. Beach seines (231,524 kg or 35.90%) and gillnets (136,556 kg or 21.17% of total production) are the most efficient gears. The results of this work constitute a basic element for decision-making in the quest for a strategy for the sustainable management of fisheries resources in Côte d'Ivoire.

Mapping of potential groundwater recharge areas in Collines department

Eudes, Okoundé K. J. — 2022-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Benin's renewable water resource potential is no less important. In the basement regions such as the Collines department, the hydrogeological characteristics made of crystalline rocks condition the recharge of the aquifers and therefore the durability of the boreholes drilled. The objective of this study is to determine the potential groundwater recharge zones at the scale of collines aquifer systems. Thus from planimetric data made of geological, pedological, hydrographic, slope, land use maps; satellite images and technical data from 50 boreholes, piezometric level mapping methods associated with multi-criteria analysis methods were applied. It appears from the results obtained that the aquifer system of the Hills located in a hydrogeologically difficult zone is made of a strong potential of recharge. The piezometric levels vary between around 40 m and 320 m. The highest are located in the north (recharge zone) of the department and gradually decrease towards the south to minimum values of 40 m. The general trend of the flow is from North to South with domes and depressions. The main domes are in the north in the municipalities of Bantè and Ouessè. Depressions are observed south of the communes of Savalou and Dassa-Zoumè. The domes constitute the groundwater recharge zones while the depressions are the discharge zones. Recharge areas require protective measures to avoid pollution in the aquifer system.

Identification of the start and end dates of the rainy seasons in agroecological zone 5 of Benin (West Africa)

Hippolyte, E. Gbaguidi — 2022-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

In agroecological zone 5 of Benin, agriculture is mainly rainfed and is closely linked to the evolution of the characteristics of the rainy season. This is intended to be a scientific contribution to the determination of the annual agricultural period linked to the rainy season at the scale of agroecological zone 5 of Benin. A reliable prediction of the start and end date of the rainy season would effectively help the preparation of fields, the mobilization of seeds, labor and equipment and also reduce the risk of sow too early or too late. The model of the cumulative percentage of average rainfall and the hydrological criterion, methods based on the analysis of rainfall at the scale of the study area, made it possible to identify the periods determining the rainy season in the study area. We observe greater instabilities at the start of the seasons than at the end. This trend differs according to climatic regimes.

State potability of drinking water in the city of Mao, Kanem province in Chad: Observations and Outlook

Adjeffa, Epolyste — 2022-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Investigations on the state of potability of the city of Mao water consumption in the Kanem province in Chad were carried out in 2000. Three pieces of information (i) the physico-chemical analysis (ii) the bacteriological analysis and (iii) the piezometric measurements of the water points were crossed. The results show that 25% of the sampled water points have abnormal concentrations of nitrates of iron and ammonium total respectively 55mg / ml, 1.85mg / ml and 0.65mg / ml values that are beyond the limit of the national standard. These abnormal concentrations of chemical elements could have origins linked to human activities. Bacteriological analysis detects fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, fecal enterococci and total aerobic flora in 35% of the structures sampled and analyzed. Finally, the piezometric measurements show an overall low piezometric level in the city and highlight two piezometric domes in the center of the city which orient the direction of groundwater flow in all directions, converging towards the outskirts of the city.

The retailers’ marketing-mix during the era of the Covid-19 crisis in Morocco

HAJRAOUI, Kenza — 2022-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Due to the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic, retailers in Morocco have been obliged to adapt their practices to this unprecedented context. The sanitary measures including the population lockdown led the retailers to propose alternative solutions in order to save their business but also in order to respect the measures put in place by the government. In this context, they have quickly started to adapt both strategic and operational marketing by offering new distribution channels that would allow consumers to buy from them on the one hand while reducing the time spent in the store and on the other hand to glean new market shares from competitors. To do this, they have relied on digital technology in order to face the imperatives of the pandemic but also to seize the opportunities that the situation could offer.

Children domestic accidents during the era of the COVID-19

Tadmori, Ilham — 2022-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this work is the epidemiological, clinical and evolutionary aspects of the cases of domestic accidents recorded during the Covid-19 pandemic, and to evaluate the repercussions on their profile in terms of frequency, type and gravity. This is a descriptive and comparative study of cases of domestic accidents, admitted and managed in the pediatric emergency services of the Hassan II University Hospital of Fez, during the two periods before and during the Covid-19 pandemic, from July to December of the year 2020 and over the same period of the previous year 2019. There was an increase of 63.41% in domestic accident cases during the Covid-19 period. The average age of patients was high during the pandemic period (4.11 years vs 2.5 years) with a male predominance in the same periods. The analysis of the types of domestic accidents was marked by an increase in tracheobronchial foreign body inhalations in the Covid-19 era, from 7.31% to 16.41%, and intoxications, which rose from 2.40% to 25.37%. The symptomatology was dominated by digestive signs present in 42.53% followed by respiratory signs in 31.91% and neurological signs in 25.75% of cases. The evolution was, in general, favourable and remained similar in both periods, except for the death that occurred in one case in 2020 against none in 2019. The pandemic has changed the profile of domestic accidents in children and has had serious consequences for children's lifestyles.

Socio-environmental assessment on the installation of telecommunication relay antennas located in different places in the city of Mbandaka, and their effects on human health (DRC)

Mandele, Matthieu Sekalo — 2022-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

A socio-environmental assessment on the installation of relay antennas in the city of Mbandaka, and their toxic effects on human health, was carried out in the districts of Mbandaka and its surroundings, in the province of Equateur, in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In these districts, the installation of relay antennas is done without respecting the standards in terms of communication. The field study revealed that the proliferation of relay antennas in the city of Mbandaka and its surroundings did not respect environmental standards, and this caused most cardiovascular diseases in the surrounding population. The results obtained show that: - No environmental impact study was carried out before the installation of these relay antennas. - 75% of the population uses mobile phones which makes this device the first advanced communication tool to be used. - 85% of relay antennas are installed less than 20 meters from residential houses. - 95% of respondents are ignorant of the danger of relay antennas. - The Environmental Impact Study did not take place before the installation of these relay antennas. - Most of the illnesses observed in the surrounding health structures are due to non-compliance with established standards for the installation of relay antennas. - 96% of GSM antenna sites located in Mbandakan did not comply with standards.

Pleural effusions in children treated in pediatric emergencies

Tadmori, Ilham — 2022-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this work is to describe the epidemiological, clinical, biological, etiological profile and the management of pleural effusions in the pediatric setting. In this retrospective study over a period of two years, we collected 30 cases of pleural effusion in the pediatric emergencies of CHU Hassan II Fez, with an incidence of 0.51% and a male predominance of 56% of cases with a sex ratio of 1.3. The average age was 7.3 years. The incidence of cases was dominated by the autumn period with a peak in October. The average consultation time was 16 days, and 40% of patients received prior antibiotic therapy. Fever was observed in 92% of cases, cough in 68%, dyspnoea in 23.3%, chest pain in 46.6%. A fluid effusion syndrome was found in 83.3% of cases. On chest X-ray, pleurisy was very large in 50% and unilateral in 84%. Pleural puncture for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes was performed in 83.3%. The etiologies were dominated by pleurisy of infectious origin (60%), followed by tuberculosis (27%) and tumour causes (6.6%). Complications were pachypleuritis in 10% and reactionary pneumothorax in 6.6%.

The environmental health risk effect and the possible renewable energy potential of the solid waste dump site in Riverton City, Kingston, Jamaica

JARJU, Aruna M. — 2022-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Air is one of the most indispensable components that are crucial to the sustainability of life. Air pollution threatens the health of humans and other living beings on our planet. Choudhary et al., (2013). Managing air pollution has become a difficult challenge because air pollutants have become a universal concern Adams and Kanaroglou (2016). When high levels of air contaminants such as nitrogen, lead, carbon monoxide, and sulfur oxides are present in an environment, humans’ health is compromised. There are numerous countries today that are processing waste from consumers and converting it to renewable energy. The chief executive officer of Harvest Power - Chris Kasper conveyed that “Waste is a problem that can’t be ignored”. He believes that it is significant to recycle waste and make societies naturally healthy. This study will focus primarily on Riverton City and surrounding areas in Kingston, Jamaica. The primary purpose of this study is to determine the environmental health risk effect and the possible renewable energy potential of the solid waste dump site in Riverton City, Kingston, Jamaica.

The Influence of Fintech on Regional Financial Risk and Its Spatial Spillover Effect

Peng, Haoxuan — 2022-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper uses data from 30 provinces in China from 2011 to 2018 as samples to analyze the impact of fintech on regional financial risks and its spatial spillover effects using spatial Dubin model. The analysis shows that fintech can restrain the accumulation of regional financial risks, but will accelerate the spillover of financial risks to neighboring regions. Therefore, the following suggestions are put forward: construct the fintech infrastructure system; perfect the construction of financial system and optimize the financial environment; attach importance to financial regulation.

The development of linguistic competences in the teaching of the English Language in higher education in the face of Covid-19

García, Danny Santiago Córdova — 2022-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The English language is one of the languages with the greatest impact, its learning in this globalized world is imperative. The unknown that is marked in this region and much more in Ecuador, is why the learning of the English language is not improved. Knowing the linguistic development of this language is important, even when they are small specific groups, much more so in the context of higher education. The present work has carried out a descriptive methodology with 150 students from a higher institution to analyze their development in the face of linguistic competences and how this has been shown to students within the framework of the Covid-19 pandemic. The selected students study the same level of English and their ages range from 18 to 25 years. Finally, the work shows through that there are important skills that teachers have promoted through this new educational scenario such as virtuality.

Seroprevalence of antinuclear antibodies in patients previously exposed to hepatitis B virus

Mohamed, Fassih — 2022-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Objective: To evaluate the correlation between total anti-Hbc antibody seropositivity and anti-nuclear antibody seropositivity, in order to prove an association between hepatitis B virus infection and the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Material and methods: Retrospective case-control study, conducted in the immunology department of CHU Ibn Rochd of Casablanca from January 2017 to January 2022, evaluating the results of the analyses of 1099 patients, in whom a search for antinuclear antibodies was simultaneously carried out with the search for Hbs antigen and total anti-Hbc antibodies. The patients were divided into two groups. A control group with 937 Hbs antigen and Hbct antibody negative patients and a case group with 162 patients positive for total anti-Hbc antibody. Testing for antinuclear antibodies was performed by indirect immunofluorescence on slides sensitised with Hep-2 cells. Hbs antigen and total anti-Hbc antibodies were tested by automated immunochemiluminescence. Results: We obtained a seroprevalence of anti-nuclear antibodies of 40.75% in the case group and 22% in the control group (P <0.0001). No statistically significant difference between the two groups in the frequency distribution of fluorescence patterns in antinuclear antibodies positive patients was observed (P = 0.617). Conclusion: Our study, in correlation with various literature data, affirms an established association between hepatitis B virus and various autoimmune diseases.

Evaluation of the entrepreneurial motivations of entrepreneurs in the city of Kinshasa

Mwenzi, Jonathan Enguta — 2022-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this study was to assess the entrepreneurial motivations of entrepreneurs in the city of Kinshasa. To this end, a motivational scale was administered to a sample of 380 entrepreneurs in four communes of the city of Kinshasa. The results obtained revealed that psychological needs, the desire to contribute to the resolution of community problems, know-how and expected profitability are factors that motivated the subjects of the study to go into business. Expected profitability was the most important factor that motivated the study subjects to start their small and medium-sized businesses.

Strategic Natural Resources and Sustainable Development in DR Congo: Perspectives on Interests and Confrontation between Actors

Kalombo, Arnold Musao — 2022-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

In order to support its economic growth, China has turned to Africa, particularly to the DR Congo, the pre-square of the Western powers. Its breakthrough in the DR Congo has, in recent years, made this country a terrain of geopolitical, geostrategic and even geo-economic confrontation or rivalry between China and the DR Congo's Western partners including USA.This article examines the impact of these rivalries on the sustainable development of the DR Congo. At the end of the analysis, the author estimated that in order to avoid or reduce conflicts between actors and enable the DR Congo to benefit from its strategic resources, the Congolese state must use strategic diplomacy, which consists of encouraging the « concerted and balanced exploitation » of strategic natural resources by the various actors in confrontation. This will enable the Congolese state to adopt a centrist position and banish any idea of a bloc and to involve all actors in the development of the DR Congo.

Perception of human resources management practices by employees of Congolese companies and its impact on the productivity of organizations

Yossa, Michel Remo — 2022-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this article was to relate the assessment of resource management practices to the perceived productivity of some Congolese companies (DR Congo). To do this, a questionnaire for evaluating the perception of human resource management practices and a scale of perceived productivity were administered to a convenience sample of 396 employees of five companies in the Congolese government portfolio (Direction Générale des Impôts, Société Nationale d'Electricité, Caisse Nationale de Sécurité Sociale, Office Congolais de Contrôle and Office des Voiries et Drainage). The results obtained attest that human resource management practices are well appreciated by the subjects of the study. These subjects also approve of the productivity of their organizations. Finally, positive and significant correlations were established between the way human resource management practices are implemented and the perceived productivity of the organizations.

Use of cannabis and psychic suffering among schizophrenic patients: Exploratory study of clinical reasoning of 61 patients hospitalized at Arrazi Psychiatric Hospital, Morocco

Essfioui, Laila — 2022-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The links between cannabis and psychotic disorders are old. Indeed, several studies have shown a strong association between cannabis and schizophrenia.Objective - Our research aims to focus on the function of cannabis consumption which may express polymorphic psychic suffering among schizophrenic patients.Method - A qualitative and quantitative study was conducted among 61 schizophrenic patients. And the clinical study.Results - Static analysis and study case have showen that cannabis is the principal consumed substance after tobacco. In our population, 82% are cannabis users, 58% consume it regularly and 80% also consume other psychoactive substances (alcohol, psychotropics).It appears that schizophrenic is characterized by a set of parameters such as: the early start of consumption from adolescence, in particular the early age of first contact with cannabis, the vulnerable personality, the anxiety, dysfunctional environment. The use of the questionnaire showed that 58% of cannabis consumers say they smoke cannabis to alleviate psychological suffering.Conclusion - Subjects suffering froms chizophrenia hospitalized in the Arrazi psychiatric hospital are particularly vulnerable to cannabis consumption. It is not only used according to a more or less manifest need of the subject, but also as an attempt to defend anesthesia and to avoid psychic suffering in a form of self-medication.

Need for a new approach for the revitalization of development actions in the decentralized territorial entities of the city of Kinshasa

Kakodi, Clément Kilutu — 2022-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

This reflection proposes a new approach for the development of the Communes of the City of Kinshasa. This is enshrined in a four-pole model called the « RDPE model », i.e. a model based on Retrospective, Diagnosis, Project and Evaluation.

Servant leadership: A managerial strategy for Congolese women in sustainable development

Salama, Nelly Kasoma — 2022-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

This reflection on female servant leadership and sustainable development dealt, firstly, with the notions of servant leadership where we exploited leadership in the service of others, the characteristics and qualities of the servant leader, the alternative model of management of people, the conceptual foundation and the origin of the paradigm and the principles that the servant leader must respect. Secondly, we alluded to the operational axes of female servant leadership. Here, we have addressed servant leadership and the economy by highlighting Congolese women and the informal economy and by proposing a solution to formalize the informal; female servant leadership and the environment where we have dealt with the Congolese woman and the improved stove, the environmental benefit, without forgetting the woman and the water, the economic benefit and the social benefit; female servant leadership and social issues where we have emphasized Congolese women and poverty, possible solutions to get women out of poverty, women and maternal health, women and HIV/AIDS, Congolese woman and the employment sector. The last point was dedicated to managerial strategies for the success of female servant leadership: the creation of gender machines, education, appropriation of the fight for sustainable development and the application of legal texts.

Management of human resources at the Higher Institute of Medical Techniques of Kinshasa: A look at recruitment, training and the end of career

Kuzasa, Carine Kanga — 2022-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Through this reflection, we intend to analyze the operationality of human resources management at the Higher Institute of Medical Techniques (ISTM/Kinshasa), while focusing on recruitment, training and the end of careers.

Influence of shade on the morphometric parameters of cocoa (Theobrama cacao L.) in the locality of Buyinga in Lubero territory (North Kivu, DR Congo)

Eloge, Kambale Muhesi — 2022-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The cocoa tree (Theobroma cacao L.) is an economically, nutritionally and socially important crop. Currently, this culture is at the center of scientific debate because it is indexed to play a significant role in the phenomenon of deforestation observed in humid tropical regions. In order to contribute to its expansion while minimizing forest losses and protecting the environment, agroforestry systems integrating herbaceous or woody flora species have emerged as a better alternative. In this perspective, this study constitutes a contribution to the valuation of shade trees in the cultivation of cocoa while maintaining intact its productivity in the territory of Lubero. The objective of the study is to study the influence of shade trees on the morphometric parameters of pods in the ecological environment of Buyinga. To achieve this objective, observations were made at nine cocoa plantations chosen according to their degree of shade. With the exception of the number of pods per stem, the results show that there is a very highly significant difference in the means of the length of the pods, the circumference of the pods and the number of beans per pod in the plantations according to the degree of shading (p-value<0.05). Indeed, the average lengths of the pods are 24.83 ± 4.11 cm in moderately shaded plantations, 22.61 ± 4.38 cm in heavily shaded plantations and 19.20 ± 2.69 cm for plantations without shade (in broad daylight). The average circumferences of the pods are respectively equal to 27.99 ± 3.41 cm for plantations with medium shade, 26.47 ± 2.5 cm for plantations without shade and 26.46 ± 3.49 for plantations with strong shady. The average number of beans per pod is 38.95 in plantations with medium shade against 38.53 beans per pod for plantations without shade and 26.5 beans for plantations with strong shade. Despite the absence of significant difference in the number of pods per stem according to the degree of shade, cocoa plantations growing under medium shade induced a high number of pods per stem compared to other plantations. The average number of pods per stem is around 25.8 ± 7.25 for plantations with medium shade, 23.89 ± 6.03 for plantations with strong shade and 21.51 ± 7.44 for plantings without shade.

Influence of cropping systems on the incidence and severity of African Cassava Mosaic in the locality of Kivira (North-Kivu, DR Congo)

Moïse, Musubao Kapiri — 2022-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

At present, vegetatively propagated crops are susceptible to virus infection, and cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is no exception to this generalization. It is in this context that the major concern in Africa has turned to the virus that induces African mosaic. Indeed, African Cassava Mosaic is a major constraint to cassava production due to its implications in dramatically increasing yield losses. In the perspective of setting up strategies to fight against this pandemic, the objective of this research is to study the influence of cropping systems on the degree of susceptibility of Cassava to African Mosaic (MAM) in the locality of Kivira. To achieve this objective, 90 fields were chosen randomly and this because of 30 monoculture fields based on cassava, 30 fields based on cropping associations and 30 fields where cassava is integrated with trees of species forests. The incidence, severity and Symptom Severity Index (SGI) of African Cassava Mosaic were observed in each field. In total, 7820 cassava plants (Manihot esculenta Crantz) were evaluated on all the fields studied. At the end of this study, the results show a very highly significant difference in the number of diseased plants, the incidence and the severity of MAM depending on the cropping systems and cultivars (p-value < 0.05). In the monoculture, we observe a high number of diseased plants with an average of 7.8 plants against 3.9 plants for the association and 2 for the agroforests. The average incidence of African cassava mosaic is 39.52% in monoculture, 22.36% in crop associations and 12.10% in agroforestry systems. The severity values are respectively 20.79% for monoculture, 10.4% for association and 5.73% for agroforestry systems. In view of the results of this study, the extension as well as the adoption by farmers of approaches based on agroforestry can constitute an important pillar for the diversification of production while reducing the effects of African mosaic on cassava cultivation in tropical Africa.

Incidence and severity of the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E Smith) on maize cultivation (Zea mays L.) in locality of Kivira (North-Kivu, DR Congo)

Moïse, Musubao Kapiri — 2022-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this paper is to determine the incidence and severity of the FAW (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E Smith) and to study the influence of the cropping system on the degree of infestation of FAW in the cultivated corn fields in Kivira locality. To achieve these objectives, 60 corn fields including 20 fields at the 4 leaf stage, 20 fields at the 8 leaf stage and 20 fields at the flowering stage were visited. At the end of the analysis, the results show that the number of diseased plants was significantly higher for the 8 leaf stage with an average of 7.44 plants compared to the other two stages of corn development. Likewise, in corn fields at the 8 leaf stage, the number of FAW larvae in an area of 25 m2 is much higher with an average of 9.79 larvae. As with the number of diseased plants and larvae, the study shows that the number of lesions per leaf at the 8-leaf stage is greater than the number of lesions per leaf at the other phenological stages. The incidence of Fall Armyworm varies significantly with the phenological stages and crop types associated with corn. The average incidence of FAW in fields at the 8 leaf stage is higher than in other phenological stages. The averages are 35.72%, 9.88% and 6.96% for the 8 leaf stage, the flowering stage and the 4 leaf stage respectively. The average severity index for the Fall Armyworm is 7.24%. The maximum value obtained is 22.53%. At the 8-leaf stage, the average severity of FAW is 17.57% compared to 2.32% for the flowering stage and 1.83% for the 4-leaf stage.

Perceptions of farmers on the cultivation of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) in the city of Butembo: Trial application of the logistic regression model

Moïse, Musubao Kapiri — 2022-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Faced with the current trend of rising food insecurity and chronic diseases in urban areas, the adoption by farmers of plants with nutritional and medicinal properties in urban agriculture becomes one of the solutions to this challenge. Currently, chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is one of the crops attracting attention because of its nutritional, medicinal and cosmetic properties. Thus, this study pursues a double objective, namely to study the perceptions of farmers in City of Butembo on this crop and to evaluate the effectiveness of the application of logistic regression. Binary and multinomial logistic regression models were constructed based on data collected from a simple random sample of 120 farmers. This study shows that for a farmer, the knowledge of the chia plant, the consumption of the seeds, the knowledge of the nutritional and medicinal virtues of its seeds, the opinion to undertake this culture, the perception on the evolution of the demand at the market level and the adoption of this crop in urban agriculture vary according to socio-demographic characteristics. The study also shows that logistic regression provides better overall precision, acceptable error rates and moderate Cohen's Kappa coefficients.

Evaluation of the ELISA technique compared to Immunodot in the screening of extractable nuclear antigens antibodies Sm, SSA and SSB

Khadiry, Boutayna — 2022-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Autoimmune diseases are marked by the presence of more or less specific autoantibodies for each of them. The detection and identification of these autoantibodies seem to be the pillars of the diagnosis. The aim of our study is to evaluate the ELISA technique compared to the immunodot, for the detection of extractable nuclear antigens antibodies Sm, SSA and SSB. This is a retrospective, comparative study of biological diagnostic techniques carried out over 6 months. 86 sera from patients tested by the immunodot for the detection of extractable nuclear antigens antibodies were analyzed by an ELISA test (AESKULISA) for the detection of anti-Sm, anti-SSA and anti-SSB antibodies. Sensitivities, specificities, PPVs, NPVs and the correlation index were calculated respectively for each of the three kits AESKULISA Sm (57.14%, 97.46%, 66.6%, 97.46%, 94%), AESKULISA SSA (53.84 %, 97.87%, 95.45%, 71.87%, 77.90%) and AESKULISA SSB (16.66%, 100%, 100%, 81.92%, 82.55%). Our study found low levels of sensitivity of the ELISA technique compared to the immunodot, which could be explained by the nature of the antigenic substrates, the coating procedures and the cut-off levels used by kits manufacturers. The immunodot appears to be more sensitive and more specific for the detection of anti-SSB antibodies and more sensitive for the detection of anti-SSA 52kDa antibodies. Indeed, a combination of two or more methods is to be recommended in order to optimize the relevance of the diagnostic test for the screening of anti-ENA antibodies.

The determinants of company performance: A theorical and empirical literature review

Habibi, Zineb — 2022-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Companies occupy a huge place in the economic fabric of each country. This is why preserving its durability and performance is vital and important. So, companies’ performance is a crucial subject for the company itself and for the country. Indeed, many research works have been interested in this question. We are interested to study the determinant factors of performance. This article is part of the literature reviews listing the theorical and empirical work related to the performance of the company. It come from a literature review of several article published between 1977 and 2018 in the main international journals in management science. During the analysis, we noticed the existence of a richness of theories and previous studies and approaches to performance. So, we will explain the concept of performance and we will push further to list and clarify each types of performance, namely: commercial performance, strategic performance, human resources performance, financial performance and societal performance. We will also incline measurement indicators of company performance and detail its theorical framework. Furthermore, we will study theorical point of view the determinants of each type of performance mentioned above. Finally, we will present empirical studies who define the determinant of the different types of performance.

Bacteriological profile of surgical site infections at the University Hospital of Marrakesh

Babokh, Fatima — 2022-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: The objective of this work is to analyze the bacteriological aspects of surgical site infection at the University Hospital of Marrakech by evaluating the antibiotic resistance profile of the different bacterial strains incriminated over the last three years. It is a descriptive study over a period of 3 years (2018-2020), at the level of the microbiology laboratory of the University Hospital of Marrakech, including all surgical site infections documented over this period in patients operated and hospitalized for at least 72 hours at the level of the different services of the University Hospital of Marrakech and presenting clinically an infection of the surgical site. Results: The prevalence of surgical site infection was 79% out of a total of 332 documented infections. The bacteriological profile was dominated by Gram-negative bacilli with 47.2% of Enterobacteriaceae (n=157) and 15.6% of non-fermentative Gram-negative bacilli (n=50). Escherichia coli dominated this profile with 15.9% (n=53) followed by Klebsiella pneumonia 12.3% (n 41), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 10.8% (n=36). Antibiotic susceptibility analysis identified 25% of multidrug resistant strains. 40% of E.coli strains were resistant to C3G, 60% were resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, 35% were resistant to gentamycin, 40% were resistant to ciprofloxacin and 55% of strains were resistant to cotrimoxazole. Strains with decreased susceptibility to carbapenems accounted for 10.5% of all enterobacterial isolates. Conclusion: Surgical site infections are common in our setting, represented mainly by gram-negative bacilli, mainly enterobacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Over the last three years, these hospital germs have increasingly developed a multi-resistance to the antibiotics prescribed in first intention. The implementation of a preventive hospital strategy and the rigorous use of antibiotics are urgent and indispensable.

Local impacts of climate change in the coastal area of Muanda in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)

Kitoko, Ruffin Nsielolo — 2022-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study is carried out with the aim of collating the local impacts of climate change in the coastal area of Muanda in the DRC. Three pilot villages are selected because of their accessibility and ease of communication. Resource persons are sorted on the basis of level of study. For each village, 25 people are chosen, making a total of 75 for the three villages. Interviews and plenary sessions supplemented information on the local perception of climate change, as well as the vulnerability assessment.To assess the impacts of climate change, climate scenarios at the local (Muanda area) and regional (Africa) scales were evaluated using the Magicc/Scengen 5.3 software over a period of one hundred years, at the beginning of the century, in the middle of the century and towards the end of the century. Only the temperature variable is taken into account. The results revealed that the neighbouring inhabitants locally perceives and interprets the impacts of climate change through sea level rise, coastal erosion, the decline in fish and agricultural products, and drought. The projections also show that the temperature will only increase over time.

Floristic inventory study of a natural forest island in Kinshasa: Case of University of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

Kitoko, Ruffin Nsielolo — 2022-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study is carried in Kinshasa, provincial city in Democratic Republic of Congo, with the aim of inventorying the floristic richness of certain protected sites in order to preserve nature. The transect method with a double advantage, that of saving time and considerable cost, made it possible to collect data by direct observation (visual contact with the tree) and to determine the plant species inventoried. The plant species were identified using the combination of various determination keys. The results obtained were then supplemented by information concerning the ecological types, which enabled us to identify 80 genera and 89 plant species divided into 48 families according to the APG IV classification. The most represented families in number of species are those of Rubiaceae and Fabaceae visibly with 8 species or 9% against 7 species or 8%. The most represented species in number of individuals are Markhamia tomentosa (40 feet) or 8.6%, Strychnos variabilis (33 feet) or 6.4%, Oncoba welwitchii (30 feet) or 5.8%, Rhabdophyllum arnoldianum (25 feet) or 4.9%, Allophylus africanus (25 feet) or 4.9%, Hymenocardia ulmoides (21 feet) or 4.1% and Pentaclethra eetveldeana (17 feet) or 3.3%.

Effect of cashew apple powder in feed on the economic and zootechnical performances of finished broiler

Eugène, Kouadio Kouakou — 2022-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

A study was carried out to evaluate the effect of cashew apple in feed on the zootechnical performance of broiler chickens in the finished phase. It involved 180 broiler chicks, of the « HUBBAR » strain, distributed in 12 experimental units according to a completely randomized device comprising 4 treatments and 3 replicates each. It is a control feed (PC0) containing maize as the main source of energy and three experimental feeds containing respectively 15 % (PC15), 30 % (PC30) and 45 % (PC45) respectively of cashew apple. At the end of the finishing phase, it was observed that the growth performances of the animals fed with the feeds PC0, PC15 and PC30 are superior to the weights of those fed with feed PC45 (p <0.05). The feed consumption and feed conversion index are identical for the PC0, PC15 and PC30 treatments. However, they increase with 45 % inclusion. The feeds PC15 and PC30 had the lowest production costs per kilogram of live weight. Concerning the characteristics of the chickens’ carcass, cashew apple powder had no effect on the carcass yields of animals fed the different types of feed (p> 0.05). In the finishing growth phase, a 30 % inclusion rate of the cashew apple powder in the feed produces chicks with comparable zootechnical performance to a ration containing exclusively maize as the main energy source.

Agro-morphological characterization of 30 accessions of Bambara groundnut [Vigna subterranea (L.) verdc] cultivated in the Sudanian zone of Niger

Diagara, Saley Moussa — 2022-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Voandzou [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc], is generally cultivated in sub-Saharan Africa, where its production ranks third in seed legumes. The valorization of this crop is therefore one of the best alternatives to ensure the food security of the population in the face of declining production of food crops such as millet and sorghum in a country like Niger. Indeed, the control of the diversity of the voandzou will undoubtedly allow it to be taken into account in the varietal selection programs. The objective of this study is the agro-morphological characterization of thirty (30) accessions from the Nigerian Voandzou collection in the Sudanese agro-climatic zone. The data used are collected through an agronomic test set up on a Fisher device in complete random blocks, with three (3) repetitions. Sixteen (16) characters, including four phenological, six (6) morphological, and six (6) traits related to yield components were evaluated for characterization of accessions. The descriptive statistics analysis showed that the coefficients of variation ranged from 4.16% (maturity date) to 72.51% (shell weight). Significantly high values (CV> 20%) were observed for 12 characters out of 16 analyzed. Characterization revealed very highly significant differences between 11 parameters of the accessions studied. It was found that accessions Di-017, Ma-045, Ta-095 and Ta-096 are early (86 JAS) and give more pods per plant. The Zi-007 accession is the most efficient in performance components. Strong correlations were observed between the dates of the first flowering and that of fifty percent r = 0.840. Correlations of the same order were obtained between the diameter of the plants and the height r = 0.714 and between the weight of the pods and seeds r = 0.954. In order to specify the different groups Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Ascending Hierarchical Classification (AMP) were performed. The group G3 consists of 7 accessions, are late, more productive in biomass, give better yields, but fewer pods per plant. The G2 group consists of a single accession Zi-007, which is early, more productive in biomass, yield and gives more pods per plant. Then the group G1 consists of 22 accessions that are intermediate to those of the other two groups.

Comparative zootechnic characteristics of Maradi Red goat and her Black variant in Niger

Gadjimi, Adam Kade Malam — 2022-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

A zootechnical follow-up was conducted in Gounaka (Tassaoua department, Maradi region) in Niger on 48 goats aged less than one year to 4 years including 36 Redheads (75%) and 12 Blacks (25%), all followed by 76 kids including 37 females and 39 males of Red dress (58 individuals) and Black (18 individuals) belonging to 45 breeders. Analyzes have shown that frequency of single litter in Red goats (45.71%) was lower than that of Black (50%). On other hand, double litters were more frequent in Red goat (54.28%) than Black (50%). Differences in 2 cases of litters were not statistically significant (p> 0.05). There was a statistical difference (p <0.05) between milk production average of two types of goats. Red goat had regularly higher than Black at all rows of lactation. Average of durations of intervals between 1st-2nd, 2nd-3rd, 3rd-4th, 4th-5th and 5th-6th parturitions in Red and Black goats in all dresses were respectively 8.36 ± 1.56; 8.67 ± 1.49; 8.66 ± 1.34; 10.00 ± 0.82 and 9.50 ± 0.71 months without statistical difference. At birth, Black kids weighed more than their Red counterparts with 1.67 ± 0.20 and 1.61 ± 3.55 kg respectively, but difference was not significant. As for mean of decadal scrotal circumference (perimeter), it increased from first (D1) to tenth (D10) decade respectively from 5.13 ± 0.89 to 10.71 ± 1.61 cm for Red kids and 4.70 ± 0.80 to 9.51 ± 2.14 cm for black kids significantly (p <0.05).

Study of the microbiological quality of 4th range salads sold in supermarkets in the city of Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire) during the domestic conservation period after opening the packaging

N’Zi, N’Goran Parfait — 2022-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The consumption of salads of the fourth range (4th range) has become increasingly worrying in Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire). This work was undertaken to determine the microbiological status of these foods during the period of domestic conservation (7°C) after opening the packaging in order to prevent the risk of intoxication from bacterial pathogens. The material and methods used for the microbiological analyses refer to the techniques of classical microbiology followed by statistical tests through R4.1.2 and excel software. The results obtained showed that the 4th range salads sold in the hypermarkets of the city of Abidjan were highly contaminated by bacterial pathogens such as S. aureus with a prevalence of 24%, E. coli O157: H7 with 16% and Salmonella spp. with 18%. On opening the packages (D0), 63.43% of the salads were unfit for consumption, 5% had an acceptable load and 31.57% were of satisfactory microbiological quality. On the third day (D3), the rate of salads unfit for consumption increased (68.43%). On the seventh day (D7), the microbiological quality was the same as on the third day. However, the Salads of the Green Oaks (SChV) and the Meli melo salads (SMe), with perforated packaging were more conducive to the growth of the pathogens studied. Domestic refrigeration does not guarantee the safety of 4th range salads after opening the packages.

Perception of unsanitary market and exposure to disease among food vendors in the city of Kabinda, Lomami Province (DRC)

Matala, M. JM. — 2022-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The lack of hygiene in public markets in rural areas is often linked to poor management of the waste produced there. This waste makes the environment unhealthy and pollutes the various consumer products sold, hence the source of illnesses. This study is carried out in the city of Kabinda province of Lomami in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The Yakasongo market west of Kabinda was the center of investigation. Eighty-four (84) vendors were questioned. Data analysis was done using SPSS 22 software. The Chi-square test was used to verify the relationship between vendor perceptions of hygiene and the occurrence of diseases. The epidemiological odds ratio index to determine the degree of exposure to diseases. The results show that there is a statistically significant relationship between the perception of market hygiene and exposure to diseases. This exposure varies between 2 and 9.75 plus or minus 10 times more when the perception of hygiene is negative.

Development of a gaussian filter for noise reduction in medical images

Narcisse, Meni Babakidi — 2022-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

In image processing, it is often essential to remove the noise from the image since this noise is an anomaly which degrades its quality, while making its visual interpretation difficult. The purpose of filtering is to eliminate the effect of these disturbances by trying not to touch the essential information of the image (contours, dynamics, and textures). This article describes the development of a Gaussian filter for noise reduction in medical images, the ggfilter function is designed for the calculation of the filter matrix and the convolution process, the tests on different parameters show the advantage of use 7x7 windows and σ= 0.5.

Evaluation of the diffusion coefficient and the activation energy of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) during artificial drying in a continuous regime

Daouda, Karidioula — 2022-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aimed to describe the behavior of ginger, and to predict its water content, during artificial drying under four temperatures (60 oC, 80 oC, 100 oC, 120 oC). Experiments were carried out on ginger using a DRY-Line type oven. The obtained data was fitted using 4 semi-empirical thin layer drying models. Among the semi-empirical models considered, the diffusion approach model was chosen as the most appropriate model to describe the behavior of ginger. For the different temperatures, he presented respectively the coefficients (r) of 0.9970; 0.9974; 0.9949 and 0.9942; the coefficients Chi-square (χ²) of 4.0306 X 10-6, 3.7015 X 10-7; 1.6387 X 10-7 and 1.3637 X 10-6 and Root Mean Square Errors (RMSE) of 3.5851 X 10-4; 1.1415 X 10-4; 9.2226 X 10-5 and 2.6604 X 10-4 for the four temperatures. The diffusion coefficient varies from 9.585 X 10-9 to 3.466 X 10-8 m2/s and strongly depends on the drying temperature. The activation energy is estimated at 24.188 kJ/mol.

Assisted Natural Regeneration (RNA): An efficient practice for soil fertility management of cultivated tropical ferruginous soils in Niger

Nomaou, Dan Lamso — 2022-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Assisted Natural Regeneration (RNA) is one of practices that small farmers adopted to restore vegetation cover and improve land productivity in cultivated areas in Niger. The present study, conducted in the main cultivation areas in Niger, aims to assess the effects of RNA trees on soil physicochemical characteristics of cultivated tropical ferruginous soil in order to assess their fertility. Composite soil samples were collected at 0-20 cm deep under and outside trees crowns of Piliostigma reticulatum, Combretum glutinosum and Sclerocarya birrea respectvily to determine physicochemical characteristics i.e soil particle size composition, pH, CEC, organic matter contents, assimilable phosphorus. The results showed that trees have no influence on particle size composition because there are no significant differences between area under crown and area outside crown on granulometric composition under all species. However, the presence of these trees (Piliostigma reticulatum, Combretum glutinosum and Sclerocarya birrea) significantly improves chemical soil fertility. Indeed, organic matter content was 26, 3.8 and 4.2 times higher respectively under crown of P. reticulatum, C. glutinosum and S. birrea than that outside crown of these species. Moreover, available phosphorus content, often very low in cultivated tropical ferruginous soils in Niger, was 2.5, 1.2 and 2.1 times higher in soil under crown than soil outside without crown of P. reticulatum, C. glutinosum and S. birrea respectively. Thus, RNA practice improves soil chemical fertility of cultivated tropical ferriginous soils through input organic matter and nutrients by biomass plant. However, further studies can be performed to determine effects of RNA ligneous plants on soil hydrostructural properties.

Growth sustainability and development model in Morocco

Kobiyh, Miloudi — 2022-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The concept of sustainable growth is a major issue for any economy. It ensures the continuity of environmental resources and services. The objective of this work is to address the imperative of sustainable growth, which must be a priority of Morocco’s economic strategy and the cornerstone of its development model. This is to discuss how to seek to combine economic policy and development research to achieve an economic model meeting the challenge of sustainability and confirming the priority of a strategic vision of development that gives rise to a sustainable approach of growth. The main contributions of this article consist on the one hand, in presenting a reflection on how to deal with the shortcomings of growth in Morocco; and on the other hand, to discuss the importance of economic sustainability, as well as the factors that allow the new development model to fully play its role in sustainable growth.

Teachers’ Representations of the Jewish Component in the Curriculum and History Textbooks of the Middle and Secondary Stages in the Moroccan Kingdom

Jaddari, Safae — 2022-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The research aimed to identify the scale of teachers’ representations of the presence of the Jewish component in the curriculum and textbooks of history in the middle and secondary stages, using the descriptive survey method. To obtain the data, a questionnaire of two axes (representations of the presence of the Jewish component in the curriculum, and representations of the presence of the Jewish component in textbooks) was prepared. After verifying its validity and reliability, it was applied on 152 history and geography teachers in the two stages. The findings were as follows: The teachers’ representations of the presence of Moroccan Jewish component in the history curriculum and textbooks of the middle and secondary stages were overall low. At the level of the sub-themes, the representations of the presence of the Jewish component and cultural diversity in the history subject in the secondary school were low, with being very low within the textbook. There are statistically significant differences at the 0.05 level in the teachers' representations about the Jewish component in the curriculum and textbooks of history in the secondary school attributed to the variables of gender, years of seniority, academic qualification, and training before service, while there are no differences in representations according to the variables of specialization and level of teacher.

Phenological study of native species in the forest reserve of Kalikuku, Lubero, North Kivu, DRC

Mayani, Janvier Kambere — 2022-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Following the phenological observations of the species of the Forest Reserve of Kalikuku in the face of seasonal variations in the climate, data on 30 taxa divided into 25 botanical families were collected. Fabaceae have more species than other families (16.6%).Defoliation (from May to August) is noticeable in 50% in Parinari holisti and Trema orientalis, in 70% in Carapa grandifolia and Ocotea usambarensis and in 100% in Bridelia micranthalj, Albizia gummifera and Piptadeniastrum africanum.Whereas, for the entire massif, flowering (November-mid-February) and its peak (December-January), fruiting (January-April), sheath dissemination (March-June), then regeneration (August-December) synchronously with the foliage influenced, at the same time, by precipitation from August to December, are the events summarized in the phenogram. As for the local use of wood, the surveys revealed 8 species involved in crafts, 12 in herbal medicine and 10 in mushroom production.

Multi-local evaluations of agromorphological performances of Cleome gynandra L. in Burkina Faso

Boureima, Sakande — 2022-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Cleome gynandra L., known as kenebdo in Burkina Faso is an important traditional leafy vegetable for nutritional supplement meant to populations in Burkina Faso where many people, especially children, are suffering from chronic malnutrition. Indeed, due to its high nutritional value, it is a good food supplement in providing nutritional and medicinal needs. This study aims at identifying varieties of interest according to climatic zones of Burkina Faso for varietal improvement of species through multi-local evaluations of a collection of C. gynandra. 36 accessions were basically collected in 12 provinces of Burkina Faso and used as plant material. Experiments were conducted in three sites located in the three climatic zones of Burkina Faso. They were conducted during rainy season using a Fischer block design with three replications. Measurements and observations were made on 16 variables, such as 4 qualitative and 12 quantitative variables. The study revealed great agromorphological variability within the accessions with significant different performances according to the three climatic zones. It also showed significant interaction between accessions and experimental sites for most of the variables. In general, the best agronomic performances were observed in Bobo Dioulasso followed by Ouagadougou while the low performances were recorded in Dori. For each climatic zone, a set of 10 accessions were identified as genotypes of interest that could be used for varietal improvement of C. gynandra in Burkina Faso.

Study thermal and electrical behavior in frequency modulation of a pavement structure based on crushed plastic bag waste and sugar cane residue in bituminous mixture for better road performance

DIENE, Alassane — 2022-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this work, we present a study of heat transfer through the different layers of a frequency modulated pavement structure. Solving the heat equation for the different layers obtained the temperature and the heat flux density of each layer (from the wearing course to the base layer) of the structure. The expression of the equivalent thermal impedance of the wearing course in crushed plastic bag waste and sugar cane residue, found by thermal electrical analogy, allowed to study the diagrams of Bode, its phase and his portrayal of Nyquist. These studies are carried out in the illumination zone and in the shaded zone.

Nutritional characterization of seeds and liquid fat of Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth. and Tieghemella heckelii from Côte d’Ivoire

Kone, Kodanhatia Djénéba — 2022-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aims to contribute to the valuation of unconventional wild oilseeds, by characterizing certain nutritional parameters of the seeds and liquid fat contents of P. macrophylla and T. heckelii, from the flora biodiversity of Côte d'Ivoire.P. macrophylla seeds have a moisture content of 11.9% with 2% ash and 2% dietary fibre while T. heckelii contains 7.5% moisture, 3.33% ash and 3.2% dietary fibre. The mineral analysis of the seeds reveals the strong predominance of minerals potassium (K) and phosphorus (P). The seeds of P. macrophylla contain 1295 mg/100g DM (dry matter) of K and 1141mg/100g DM of P. The respective contents of these two macroelements in T. heckelii are 554.6 and 450.7 mg/100g DM. Analysis revealed that P. macrophylla seeds are richer in trace elements (8.37 mg/100g DM of Fe, 5.18 mg/100g DM of Zn and 2.64 mg/100g DM of Mn) compared to T. heckelii (4.38 mg/100g DM of Fe; 1.45 mg/100g DM of Zn and 1.35 mg/100g DM of Mn). The liquid fat content was 57.7% and 64.7% respectively for P. macrophylla and T. heckelii. P. macrophylla oils have a density of 0.86, a refractive index of 1.51 and a viscosity of 0.55 mPas. As for T. heckelii, it was found a density of 0.84, a refractive index of 1.46 and a viscosity of 0.61 m2/S.

How can the Institutional Work of artisanal processing units lead to Innovation with Respect to Food? A Senegalese Case Study

Gobi, Chabi Benoît Kpassi — 2022-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The research aims at highlighting the most relevant levers for more accurate actions for innovation in the food industry by artisanal units. In particular, we target to identify through the reciprocal interactions of the various actors, the processes likely to lead the artisanal processing units to adopt innovations of product, process, and marketing to ensure the competitiveness of the products.Therefore, we focused on the following: how do the institutional processes lead to the innovation of the artisanal processing units? More specifically: what are the institutional logics that support the artisanal units’ processes of innovation? Is the institutional work leading to the adoption of new or improved methods of processing and marketing by these units?.For this purpose, we adopted a qualitative approach by focusing on the case of a federation of women, so-called FEPRODES, in the District of Saint-Louis. Through in-depth interviews and documentary analysis, we focused on the changes and innovations led by the FEPRODES. The discourse analysis is used to grasp the organizational field of the artisanal processing units of local rice.Results showed that the institutional work allowed women to change the social structure in the rice sector, to be endowed with several strategic resources, and thus, to lead the innovation processes in the rice industry.

Assessment of molecular diversity of some F1 NJM x GVT hybrid progenies of coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L) in Côte d'Ivoire using SSR markers

Zadjéhi, Koffi Eric-Blanchard — 2022-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study was conducted to assess the molecular diversity of eight NJM x GVT coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L) hybrid progenies and a BP121+ hybrid control using 15 microsatellite loci. The NJM x GVT hybrids are tolerant to the Lethal yellowing coconut disease when the control is very susceptible to the disease. As a result of this work, 86 alleles were identified at the 15 microsatellite loci with a variation of 2 to 11 alleles per locus. The intra-progeny diversity (HS = 0.50) is higher than the inter-progeny diversity (DST = 0.04). The allelic richness of the progeny ranges from 2.07 to 3.13. The NJM x GVT progenies are molecularly different from the control PB121+. In sum, 63.95% of the alleles present in the NJM x GVT progenies are absent in the BP121+ control. Furthermore, 8.14% of the alleles present in the control are absent in the NJM x GVT hybrids. Collecting samples for further work such as QTLs identification could take these results into account. Thus, it would be wise and advantageous to sample a high number of trees per progeny than to choose several families of progenies. The allelic richness of the progenies could guide the choice of progenies. The markers comprising the private alleles detected between the PB121+ and NJM x GVT progenies can be used in the varietal purity tests.

Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among hospital staff in North Kivu province, Democratic Republic of Congo

Prudence, Mitangala Ndeba — 2022-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

A multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted, between May and July 2021 before any anti-Covid-19 vaccination program implementation, among 720 staff working in six hospitals in the province of North Kivu in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo.The aim of the study was to determine the seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.Individual data on socio-demographic and professional parameters and wearing mask were collected on the basis of a standard form. A blood sample was taken for qualitative determination of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using immuno-chromatographic “Panbio COVID-19 IgG/IgM Device (25T)” kits.The overall IgG/IgM sero-prevalence was 32.9% (n = 720). This seroprevalence among hospital staff was not significantly associated with their age, gender, professional category, department to which they were assigned in the hospital, or location in a rural or urban setting of their hospitals, nor to the systematic wearing of masks.Among hospital staff who reported contact with a Covid-19 patient, seroprevalence was twice as high at service on the workplace 32.6% (n = 282) [(PR (95% CI)], [2.30 (1.46 – 2.95)] (p = 0.001).In conclusion, the anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies seropositivity level among service providers in hospitals in North Kivu province in Eastern DRC is high and that contamination seems more than half as frequent in a professional hospital environment as at the level of the family unit.

Linear Programming - Optimization programming in Python by the Simplex Method : Case of production at the Simba Brewery in Lubumbashi

Stephane, Mbuyi Wa Mbuyi — 2022-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The purpose of this article is part of the logic of establishing a production plan in order to maximize turnover. In general, the resolution of mathematical programming problems (the production problem case of the BRASIMBA of Lubumbashi), aims to determine the best possible combination of limited resources (storage capacity for example), to achieve a certain objective. These allocations must maximize a so-called objective function, which can be a cost or a profit. To achieve our goal, we used the Python object-oriented programming language to computerize the so-called Simplex method, which starts from a basic feasible solution or acceptable basic solution that is not improved step by step. This method stems from linear programming, which is nothing more than a particularity of mathematical programming.

Programming in Python of the calculation of the probability of the life annuity applied to the CNSS/Haut-Katanga

Stephane, Mbuyi Wa Mbuyi — 2022-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The object of this article is part of the logic of computerization of mathematical calculations. The countless mathematical calculations prove to be tedious and complicated, even impossible to perform manually and the considerable time required to process them. This is particularly with regard to the calculations of the probability of the life annuity to allow the National Social Security Fund (CNSS) in acronym of the province of Haut-Katanga to determine the result in a few seconds, to ward off errors and remove fatigue. A life annuity is a sum of money, called arrears, that a person (the annuitant or the insurer) undertakes to pay periodically to another person (the insured or the annuitant) until the death of that person. this. Hence the name "life". Since life insurance operations are linked to the length of human life, their implementation absolutely requires the calculation of the probabilities of death or survival from mortality statistics.

Comparative study between Windows and Linux operating system

Cedric, DIBWE KITENGE — 2022-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The object of this present work falls under the optics of the comparison of two operating systems.Doing a comparative study between the Windows and Linux system will make it possible to identify the strengths and weaknesses of each system in order to choose which is the most efficient compared to the other.An operating system can be defined as a system program that controls the execution of application programs. It is responsible for loading and running application programs. He must ensure the availability of the required hardware and software configurations before executing the application program.It is responsible for loading and running application programs. He must ensure the availability of the required hardware and software configurations before executing the application program.

The marketing of tomato products and by-products from the groups of Bugorhe and Irhambi-Katana, Kabare, South Kivu in the DRC

Emmanuel, Kizungu Mulangane — 2022-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study is carried out in Bugorhe and Irhambi-Katana Grouping in 2019, Kabare Sud-Kivu, DRC. The difficulties linked to the marketing identified therein and its by-product are: Poor associative organization, the products are not preserved because the conservation techniques are not known by almost all tomato growers, Lack of knowledge of the markets and prices, existence of competitors on the same markets, absence of marketing coordination structures.The proposed solutions are: Better organization and training of producers. Better study the markets, control prices, learn about and participate in price variations, improve and adapt the quality of products and by-products, install and operate processing units as coordination structures for tomato-related activities in this place.Our hypotheses are tested on a chi-square basis: those related to the difficulties are confirmed and those related to the solutions to these difficulties are partially invalidated. Dynamic and operational marketing is essential here.

The transformation-conservation of the tomato produced in the groups of Bugorhe and Irhambi-Katana, Kabare, Bukavu, South Kivu, DRC

Emmanuel, Kizungu Mulangane — 2022-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study is carried out in the Bugorhe and Irhambi-Katana Kabare South Kivu group in the DRC. Our sample is determined using the Lunch Formulation. Data collection is done by observing the survey questionnaire and the group interview.The difficulties with the transformation identified are ignorance of the transformation techniques, the under-information of farmers, neglect to transform.The solutions to these difficulties are: training-information of beneficiaries in processing technique, targeting more motivated actors, capacity building and current practice of this processing-conservation. The identified forms of processing are: freezing, drying and bagging of drying pulp simple, tomato juice fresh tomato pulp, tomato puree; drying and bagging of severed seeds.

Environmental and ecological consequences of slash and burn agriculture in the vicinity of Lukula Territory

Mavinga, Mvumbi Sylvain — 2022-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the Lukula Territory, slash-and-burn agriculture remains the most significant occupation, but with negative effects on the vegetation cover. It is dominated by the presence of natives who exploit it anytime, anywhere, anyhow, in the mayumbe forest as well as in the savannas, according to three types of crops, namely: fruit, market gardening and food. This regular and irrational exploitation of the aforementioned ecosystems causes different forms of interrelated equilibrium disruptions, and this leads to low agricultural yields. What are the environmental and ecological consequences linked to slash-and-burn agriculture as practiced around the Lukula Territory? This concern has led us to presuppose that the environmental and ecological consequences are varied and interactive, mainly affecting the ecological, economic and socio-cultural functions that forest and savannah ecosystems fulfill. Hence, the constant installation of environmental, ecological, economic and social vulnerabilities.The results obtained from this study confirm that the agricultural practice area is located either in the Mayumbe forest (opinion of 71% of subjects surveyed), or in the savannas (opinion of 29% of subjects surveyed).

The effectiveness of social mobilization of households by community health workers on uptake measles vaccine coverage and measles notification among children under five in the Karisimbi and Goma health zone: A Quasi-Experimental Study Led in the Karisimbi and Goma Health zone

Omer, Kakule Muhindo — 2022-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The involvement of health workers is an approach that has contributed greatly to the promotion of the health status of populations, especially in low-income countries. However, this involvement would only be effective if these health workers are adequately trained, regularly monitored and supervised, and linked to health facilities to allow for rapid referral of identified problems in the community. This study is conducted to ensure that health workers are trained to provide better services during vaccination action of children against measles. This is a quasi-experimental study conducted in two urban health zones in the city of Goma. The study population was made up of health workers occasionally taken in the health areas of these two zones. Data were collected and processed using SPSS and Excel. Logistic regression and odd-ratio tests were performed to determine the effect of training the health workers on the vaccination of children against measles. During the intervention, 35 children per month were covered. Routine AVM vaccination estimated at 2065 children before the interventions rose to 5463 AVM vaccinated with an estimated coverage of 80.7% after the interventions, while the health centers notified a total of 128 cases. The training of Community Health Works on social mobilization for vaccination appears to be an important tool in the promotion of the vaccination system. It reminds the mother and allows for recovery of dropout’s loss lost to follow-up, especially for the latest vaccines such as the AVM.

The basins of the Mokali and Tshuenge rivers in Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of Congo as public garbage cans and socio-environmental impacts

N’KI-ADI, Zénon Freddy FALANGA — 2022-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Mokali and Tshuenge rivers are located in the North-East and 20 km from the center of Kinshasa. In order to better understand the nature of the socio-environmental impacts of the activities practiced in their watersheds area, analyses of these activities were carried out. This study was made on the basis of direct field observations and surveys of the resident populations of these catchment areas. The assessment of the magnitude of these activities showed that the five environmental components are strongly affected and that appropriate measures should be taken to protect them.

Phenological and morphological characterization of 18 accessions of hot pepper (Capsicum spp.) collected in the Haut-Sassandra region in Côte d’Ivoire

Akaza, Joseph Moroh — 2022-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The exploitation of peppers is oriented by their characteristics, namely and first the pheno-morphological ones. Those of peppers from the Haut-Sassandra region (Côte d’Ivoire) are poorly described. In order to establish them, 18 accessions were characterized from eight quantitative parameters in a five-repeat incomplete random block trial. The analyses revealed accessions with opposite and similar characteristics. Thus, the accession Bec d’oiseau collected in Zoukougbeu, with a long germination period (9 days), good growth and good vegetative development, the largest leaf area (26.61 cm2), is it the most different accession of the 17 others. Also the accession Inconnu collected in Daloa stood out with the shortest time to germination (5 days), good growth and vegetative development, the second highest plant height (23.02 cm), but low lateral growth and leaf area. Likewise, the accession Bec d’oiseau from Issia stood out with the longest time to germination (10 days), average growth and development. The other 15 accessions formed a cluster, with a relatively short to relatively long time to germination (6-8 days), relatively slow growth and vegetative development. This study showed the existence of an important pheno-morphological diversity within the 18 accessions of peppers studied. Time to germination, plant height and leaf area were particularly discriminant of these accessions. The characteristics of these peppers can be exploited in breeding.

Composition and structure of agroecosystem vegetation under assisted regeneration in southwestern Burkina Faso

Zoma, Vincent — 2022-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Faced with the degradation of natural resources linked mainly to the phenomenon of climate variability in Africa, the Assisted Natural Regeneration (ANR) strategy is more and more recommended to certain farmers in West Africa. This article therefore aims to assess the impact of Assisted Natural Regeneration on flora in agro-ecosystems in the southern Sudanian agro-climatic zone of Burkina Faso. The research took place on the outskirts of the Classified Forest and Partial Wildlife Reserve of Comoé Léraba located in the southwestern part of Burkina Faso. The field work on the identification of the floristic composition and the structure in the fields under ANR shows that the composition of the flora in the parcel of land under ANR contains 93.5% of the total of the species listed. This reveals the will of the producers to diversify the species in the fields under ANR. This study allowed the determination of the phytoecological characteristics of agricultural areas under ANR and encourages the popularization of ANR in the southern Sudanian zone, as a strategy for anticipating the degradation of natural resources which compromises agroforestry production.

Biodiversity of entomofauna and the dynamics of leaf insect pests of the woody forage plant, Maerua crassifolia Forssk. (Capparidaceae) in the Niamey region (Niger)

Amadou, HAMIDOU ABDOULAYE — 2022-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Maerua crassifolia Forssk. is an evergreen fodder tree whose fruits, flowers and especially the leaves constitute an important resource in the feeding of the herds on the rangelands in Niger. This study is part of the identification of insect dynamics in the foliage of Maerua crassifolia Forssk. (Capparidaceae) in the Niamey region (Niger).The study was carried out in two stands of Maerua crassifolia at Abdou Moumouni University in Niamey. Entomological observations were made on randomly selected forage trees representing at least 10% of each of the two stands. The entomological fauna associated with Maerua crassifolia as well as the main defoliating insects belonging to four orders (Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Isoptera) were determined. The entomofauna inventory revealed the presence of 24 species; these species belong to 11 orders of insects from 22 families. Caterpillars of the genus Belenois (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) were collected and identified as the main pests of Maerua crassifolia’s leaves.

Modelling the Influence of Low Energy Electrons Emitted from Pm-147 on the Performance of a Silicon PV Cell

Tchouadep, G. S. — 2022-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper investigated, using 1-D analysis, the effect of low energy electrons emitted from Promethium – 147 (Pm-147) on the performance of a silicon PV cell. The Pm-147 source is chosen due to the penetration depth of beta particles with the average kinetic energy of 62.5 KeV emitted from Pm-147, because at this depth the are able to generate charge carriers right down to the base. The continuity equation of excess minority carrier is solved respectively in the emitter for excess holes and in the base for excess electrons. The analytical expression of the density of electrons and holes for each part of the solar cell is derived and, in turn, the electrical parameters (Jsc, Voc, FF, η) of the PV cell are found. The influence of radiation flux on short-circuit current density (Jsc), Open circuit voltage (Voc), fill factor (FF) and conversion efficiency (η) are discussed. if we vary the flux of incident particles up to the value of 3.1010 cm-2, we achieve a relative increase in the PV Cell conversion efficiency of the order of 0.2743 %.

Study of the physico-chemical and metallic characteristics of urban wastewater discharged without treatment into the Ouladine lagoon in Grand-Bassam, Ivory Coast

Keumean, Keiba Noel — 2022-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The city of Grand-Bassam in the south-east of Côte d'Ivoire is faced with a sanitation problem, the direct consequence of which is the untreated discharge of wastewater into the Ouladine lagoon. This work aims to determine the physico-chemical and metallic quality of urban wastewater discharged into the Ouladine lagoon without treatment. The samples were taken respectively during the dry season (March 2021) and the rainy season (June 2021) on seven (07) outlets of the pipes. The pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (O2) were measured in situ using a multi-parameter HANNA HI 9829. Parameters such as Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) were measured in the field with a portable multi-parameter spectrophotometer Pastel UV - Secomam. The various physico-chemical and metallic parameters were analysed in the laboratory according to the analysis methods recommended by the French normalisation association (Association Française de Normalisation). The results obtained show that the parameters studied (T, pH, DO, COD, TSS, TKN, Pt, As, Cd and Pb) have variable contents from one site to another. Most of the parameters exceeded the limit values recommended by Ivorian regulations for wastewater, except for the levels of metals, which remained low at all sampling points. According to the results of this study, a municipal wastewater treatment system must be set up to discharge a liquid effluent that complies with Ivorian regulatory requirements.

Financial impact study of pumping fresh water from the Oubangi River in DR Congo to Lake Chad in the 400 kV Inga-Moanda-Cabinda-Pointe-Noire power line investment project

Liévin, Yaba Moke Ngeme — 2022-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aims to calculate the financial loss related to the abstration of fresh water from the Oubangi river in DR Congo, its impact on the investment project for the 400 kV Inga-Pointe-Noire power line, compared to the lost power of 140.1 MW, quantity of water with the planned withdrawal of 100 billion cubic meter is a flow of more or less 3,150 cubic meter per second, which is equivalent to 8 % of the flow volume of the Congo river and the kWh selling price of $ 0.01. Our study produced the results giving the elements of the financial loss of this water pumping, which is a major contribution in the fields of the electrical network and the invironment.

Study of the economic viability of the investment project for the 400 kV Inga-Moanda-Cabinda-Pointe-Noire power line

Liévin, Yaba Moke Ngeme — 2022-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The electrification project is mainly linked to the financial results, rather than to its technical aspect. As part of our research subjed, we considered the subscribed power, the annual energy requested, the annual revenue after 15 years, the cost of the loan, the repayment period of 15 years, the annual interest rate at 10 %, the kWh price of 0.01 USD and operating load in 15 years. Our study produced the results giving the elements of analysis of the economic viability of an electrification project, which is a major contribution in the field of the electric network.

Impact study of energy saving in the Medium-Voltage/Low-Voltage distribution network of the Camps LUKA district, in the commune of Ngaliema, city province of Kinshasa in DR Congo

Liévin, Yaba Moke Ngeme — 2022-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aims to show the financial and technical impact of energy saving by the use of LEDs to replace incandescent lamps and fluorescent tubes in the lighting circuits of consumers, of the MV/LV electrical distribution network of the LUKA camps district in the city of Kinshasa province in DR Congo. Our study produced the results giving the elements of the financial and technical analysis, which is a major contribution in the fields of energy saving in electric network.

Study of the financial viability of the project to deploy the Medium Voltage/Low Voltage electrical distribution network in the MPASA 1 district, Nsele commune, city-province of Kinshasa in DR Congo

Liévin, Yaba Moke Ngeme — 2022-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The plan to deploy a distribution network is mainly linked to financial results, rather than to its technical aspect. As part of our research subject, we condidered the installed power, the annual energy requested, the annual revenue after 5 years, the cost of the loan, the repayment period of 5 years, the annual interest rate at 10 %, value added tax 16 %, kWh price of 0.01 USD and operating charge in 5 years. Our study produced the results providing the elements for the analysis of the financial viability of the distribution network deployment project, which is a major contribution in the field of the electricity network.

Political vicissitudes of the parliament’s right of controlling the government in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Mavungu, Moise Bomana — 2022-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

In principle, the parliament’s control over the executive power is grounded on a simple idea. Having received a mandate from the people, the legislative chambers should have the possibility to check how the State manages public affairs. This will help the State continue going on the right way, which most corresponds to the desires of the national community.However, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, political actors who take part in this process (control) have totally distorted or denatured it for unveiled reasons. We consider this distortion or denaturation of the parliament members’ role as political « vicissitudes ». This article is meant to display the various ways in which the parliament’s role is denatured in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It has the merit to reveal to the large public the new and hidden side of the members of parliament mission as they control the government’s actions. Instead of ensuring transparency and efficiency in the State management, this parliamentary prerogative is surprisingly turned into a mean means for getting more wealth and hold on power.

Types and sites of injuries in work-injured workers affiliated to the national social security fund in the province of Haut-Katanga from 2010 to 2017

Cléophas, Kalumba Ilunga — 2022-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Accidents at work as a result of deplorable conditions of safety and health at work in particular, the lack of wearing protective equipment are responsible for great suffering, significant losses for employees and their families, employers and social security funds. In addition to the knowledge of the factors explaining occupational risks and the requirements for wearing protective equipment, the world of work will enable the world of work to achieve decent work. The general objective is to improve the prevalence of injuries and their location among injured workers in the formal sector of Haut-Katanga in order to promote the health and well-being of the population of the Democratic Republic of Congo in general and that of Haut-Katanga in particular. Methods: This is a multicenter historical cohort study including all workers in the formal sector in the province of Haut-Katanga victims of accidents at work registered at the National Social Security Fund and in a mining company in the city of Lubumbashi in the province of Haut-Katanga. Results: During this first phase (2010 to 2017), 510 occupational accident files were recorded. The highest accident rate was recorded in 2012. Males account for 93.10%. The bride and groom were the most injured, accounting for nearly 91.72%. The seniority bracket ranging from 1 to 10 years was the most rugged bracket with 63.12%. The primary sector is the most rugged sector with 70.8% of which miners represent 51.5%. Workers with a primary education level are the most injured with 83%. The multivariate analysis shows that workers in the primary sector are the most injured as well as those with a seniority of less than 7 years. Subjects who had head injuries had a better cure rate. During the second phase, the study conducted in a mining company showed that out of a total of 338 workers, 14 cases of occupational accidents were recorded. 95.1% of the victims had a primary education. During this study, wounds account for a significant proportion (37.08%). Among the various injuries recorded (20.12%), those of the chest are the basis of deaths. Involvement of the limbs (lower left limb 22.09%, lower right limb 19.53%, right upper limb with 16.77%, left upper limb with 11.64%), head with 18.15% and trunk with 11.24%. As for the nature of the lesions, wounds account for a significant proportion (37.08%).

Occupational risks, exploration of three dimensions of work and evaluation of psychosocial factors: Case of a mining company in Haut-Katanga in the Democratic Republic of Congo from February 01, 2016 to February 01, 2017

Cléophas, Kalumba Ilunga — 2022-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: Occupational risks resulting from deplorable safety and health conditions at work are responsible for major consequences recorded in the families of the injured, for employees as well as for social security funds. Knowledge of the psychosocial factors that may give rise to occupational risks will enable the world of work to develop a coherent occupational safety and health program and to give concrete expression to the concept of decent work.The objective of this research is to study the impact of psychosocial factors in the occurrence of occupational risks in a mining company in the formal sector in the province of Haut-Katanga.Methodology: Our exploratory descriptive study was in a mining company in Haut-Katanga Province in the Democratic Republic of Congo.-The reference population is made up of the workers of this same mining company in Haut-Katanga. These workers were divided into three sectors: mining, mineral processing and administration (support sector).-A stratified random sampling of 338 workers was carried out. The Karasek questionnaire was used for data collection.Results: Our study conducted in a mining company showed that out of a total of 338 workers.During this study, karasek’s questionnaire administered to the 338 workers showed that 258 workers were classified and 80 were not. The addition of addictive behaviors such as alcohol and tobacco consumption showed « low social support » in 83% of those classified, 84.6% had a seniority of at least 5 years and 83.1% were assigned to mining operations.A « low decision-making latitude » was perceived by 91.8% of the classified. Of this group, 89.9% had a seniority of at least 5 years and 97.3% worked in the mining operations sector. A strong psychological demand is reported by 84.8% of classified workers. Of this group, 84% had a seniority of at least 5 years and 86.8% were assigned to the mining operations sectors. The perception of low decision-making latitude was influenced by professional status and industry. Classified workers reported low latitude 2.5 times more than their unclassified counterparts.Conclusion: Psychosocial factors are a reality in our professional environment and therefore responsible for occupational risks.The control and evaluation of psychosocial factors make it possible to prevent the occurrence of occupational risks likely to cause bodily injury and socio-economic harm at different levels.

Occupational stress and blood pressure profile of teachers in the primary and secondary sector of the city of Lubumbashi in the Democratic Republic of Congo: From January 10, 2021 to January 10, 2022

Cléophas, Kalumba Ilunga — 2022-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: The teaching profession in general is among the professions that impose many mental, physical, psychological and social constraints. Therefore, his environment is supposed to offer him a serene environment in order to allow him to control his health and avoid situations likely to lead to certain circumstances of many dysfunctions whose consequences deteriorate the working conditions of teachers and moreover his health. Nowadays, education is a major asset of essential societal development and as a result, the teaching profession is considered to be a job at high risk of stress, psychological risks following direct and constant contact with learners or even potentially a source of disrespectful behavior and verbal aggression, physiques etc. able to develop strong feelings of inferiority and personal failure if teachers are continually confronted with these types of stress and conflict situations that challenge their professional status, feeling attacked in their work and professional identity, and also a source of burnout. It is counted among the jobs with a significant level of social interactions such as health and social services. Objective: To determine the generating and moderating factors of occupational stress in teachers as well as the profile of blood pressure in this population. Methodology: This was a nested case-control study, conducted in the city-province of Kinshasa from October 2018 to June 2019, in six schools in the primary and secondary sectors. Two hundred and one (201) teachers participated in the study, with the M/F ratio being 2: 1. We administered the Karasek-Siegrist Occupational Stress and Effort/Reward Questionnaire as a first step. Then, after initial measurement of blood pressure by ourselves, we subjected the participants to a self-measurement of their blood pressure, after training according to the recommendations of the French Society of High Blood Pressure. We analyzed by Chi-carré de Kruss-Wallis on the IBPM-SPSS version 20 software, the results by comparing stressed teachers (cases) and controls (relaxed, active and passive subjects).Results: We found 40% of the stressed subjects that we compared to the control groups consisting of 12% of relaxed subjects, 25% of active subjects and 23% of passive subjects. Out of a total of 201 teachers, 20% had an increase in the initial BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg according to the reference values of the classification of the WHO and the European Society of Hypertension.

Political actors and application of agreements in DRC

Dauda, Shabani Morisho — 2022-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this study, political actors and application of agreements in the DRC, it has been shown how the New Year's Eve agreement was only a result of the non-respect of the constitution by the Kabila regime. This means that non-compliance with regulatory provisions pushes social actors to sign political agreements which, in most cases, are not respected after they have been signed, and whose elements are the basis of their violations by the players involved are political, economic, social and cultural, which can be grouped into two. On the one hand, the elements linked to political actors (selfishness, greed, individualism, the various advantages that the power they hold gives them, etc.), and on the other hand, the elements linked to the internal and external environment. So for the political actors to respect their commitments, we have suggested the active participation of citizens and the national conscience of the rulers.

Identification of land suitability for cultivation by multi-criteria analysis and GIS at the scale of the collines Department (Benin, West Africa)

Lucie, Koudérin A. — 2022-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Growing population is a challenge for developing countries. They must resort to quality agriculture in order to meet the nutritional needs of this population. In Benin, agriculture occupies a prominent place in the socio-economic life of the population. The objective of this study is to identify from a multi-criteria approach combined with GIS, the specific areas for the cultivation of various cereals, tubers and other food crops and market gardening in order to contribute to the improvement of yields in Hills. The methodology used is based on GIS techniques coupled with multi-criteria analysis methods from data on the physico-chemical components of the soil, agricultural statistics and socio-economic data obtained in the field. The results obtained show that the hills department has a good aptitude for soybean crops and market gardening but moderately suitable in the communes of Dassa-Zoumè and Savè. In general, the department of Collines is suitable for most crops practiced in Benin. This is partly due to the knowledge that producers have of the quality of their soil, often assessed through the level of yield of the previous one.

Influence of physico-chemical parameters on the distribution of aquatic molluscs in Daloa’s rice and fish ponds (Central West, Ivory Coast)

Jean-Renaud, Allouko — 2022-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Demographic densification and agricultural activities have led to strong anthropization of the watersheds of the Daloa’s urban aquatic environments, which could modify their physico-chemical characteristics. The present study was carried out to highlight the influence of physico-chemical parameters on the distribution of molluscs in Daloa’s rice and fish ponds. It took place between July and September 2020, in eight (08) sampling sites located in rice and fish ponds. The aquatic mollusks sampling was carried out using a turbid net (1 m2 of sampled area) and a Van Veen bucket (0.15 m2 of sediment per sample). The result showed that Dissolved oxygen, conductivity, pH, transparency, temperature and depth did not vary significantly between sampling sites in the rice and fish ponds. The inventory revealed 26 species of mollusks in 10 families and 5 orders. The order Basommatophores (13 species) was the most diversified. The rice ponds with 25 species was more diversified than the fish ponds with 17 species. The presence of Aplexa marmorata and Melanoides tuberculata in all the Daloa’s rice and fish farming systems was due to the basicity of these waters.

Water quality of small dams in the north and center of Côte d'Ivoire from aquatic macroinvertebrates

Stevens, Aime Louis — 2022-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The purpose of this study, is to determine the quality of small dams of the North and Center of Côte d’Ivoire base on the analysis of the aquatic macroinvertebrate community. Sampling took place from june 2016 to june 2018 in 08 stations with three in the Center and five in the North. In the Center, five classes (Achaetes, Bivalves, Oligochaetes, Gastropods and Insects), 10 oders and 35 families have been identified while in the North 3 classes (Achaetes, Gastropods, Insects), 11 oders and 36 families were recorded. The average score per taxon showned that water quality of North stations is good and the quality of water in the Center is average. Besides, taxa EPT percent signified that thes stations are influenced by anthropical activities.

Contribution of serum protein electrophoresis in the diagnosis of Gaucher disease: Study of 8 cases diagnosed at Abderrahim Elharouchi Children's Hospital, CHU Ibn Rochd Casablanca

Morjan, Asmaa — 2022-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Gaucher disease is an autosomal recessive genetic metabolic disorder due to an inherited disorder of metabolism, resulting from glucocerebrosidase deficiency, resulting in the deposition of glucocerebroside and its components. The clinical symptoms are different depending on the type of the disease, but it is usually hepatosplenomegaly or damage to the central nervous system.Laboratory diagnosis can use routine analyzes such as ferritin, HDL, vitamin b12, folate, serum iron, but also specialized ones such as serum protein electrophoresis as well as immunofixation for the typing of immunoglobulins.Through this work, we will shed light on the interest of serum protein electrophoresis in the biological orientation of the biology diagnosis of Gaucher disease, and this through case illustrations.Confirmatory laboratory diagnosis is based on DNA analysis and / or enzymatic analysis of white blood cells, and by demonstrating a decrease in β-glucosidase activity...

Mitochondrial diseases

Chahid, I. — 2022-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Mitochondrial diseases, are the most frequent hereditary diseases of metabolism. They are characterized by a dysfunction of the respiratory chain, which results in an energy deficit.These are very heterogeneous diseases, with a very variable clinical presentation and often difficult diagnosis. They are due to the alteration of very diverse genes located either on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or on the nuclear genome. Recent technological advances with exon sequencing have led to the discovery of many genes involved and to better understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of these diseases, which are essential for the development of specific treatments.The diagnostic approach consists in recognizing the disease in front of the clinical presentation, For clinical practice, the diagnostic approach of mitochondrial cytopathies would be more easy if the practitioner keeps in mind the most evocative clinical pictures and if he provides proof of the mitochondrial anomaly by biochemical, radiological and histopathological explorations. Only the highlighting of the causative gene makes it possible to affirm the diagnosis of mitochondrial disease. Genetic diagnosis allows genetic counseling, in order to support the prognosis, particularly pejorative for early-onset forms.

Attitude of the local population towards community conservation: Case of the Kalikuku forest reserve, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo

Richard, Mumbere Kirereka — 2022-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this survey was to appreciate attitudes and to determine ignorance factors of Kalikuku riparian population on forest’s importance. The results have shown that this population ignores human devastating actions on forest (search for firewood, building materials and arable lands), the consequences of these actions on forest biodiversity as well as forest ecological role. This population’s information, sensitization and environmental education around forest should so be considererd as palliative solutions.

Energy recovery of solid household waste in the city of Thies: Characterization and production of methane from food residues

El Hacen, Ahmed Ahmedou — 2022-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this study is to characterize the solid household waste of the city of Thiès and to propose ways of valorization. In order to carry out this study, a physical characterization campaign was carried out using the household waste characterization method (MODECOM) modified and adapted to the national context. The results of this campaign revealed that the fines represent more than 50% of the flow emitted by the medium and low standing. For the high standings, this fraction represents only 40%. Putrescibles (between 5% and 20% depending on the standing), plastics, cardboard, composites and paper are the most produced by the population. Similarly, the granulometry is dominated by the fraction of fines followed by the average diameters. The daily ratio is 0.528 kg/capita/day.The main characteristics determined during the physicochemical characterization are the carbon-nitrogen ratio (27), the chemical oxygen demand (263.8 mg/g), the biodegradability (3) and the methanogenic potential (312.69). The methanization of this waste produced a biogas with a maximum methane content of 41%. This methanization was controlled by monitoring two main parameters which are temperature and pH.

Impact of the recession experienced by the Center for Integral Development Bwamanda on its areas of social intervention with the population of Sud-Ubangi, DRC

Kwando, Roger Nzapakembi — 2022-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Bwamanda Integral Development Center (CDI-Bwamanda), Asbl-Ongd has experienced recessions which have had direct or indirect repercussions on the development of the rural population of this region (North Ecuador).This study will highlight the actions of CDI-Bwamanda since its creation until 2010 and the current reality experienced by the population which shows the decline in living standards and poverty since 2011, when the recession began.The results of this study allow the politico-administrative authorities, both national and provincial, Full Members and Administrators of CDI-Bwamanda to tackle this problem head-on and to provide substantial support to the unique development institution of this region.

State-parties and political governance in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Dauda, Shabani Morisho — 2022-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article aims to demonstrate in order to propose possible solutions, the governance of public affairs by political parties. In other words, it examines the role played by political parties and/or political groupings in the management of public affairs at a time of consensual management of the country, while emphasizing the posture of Congolese politicians who are more at listening to the watchwords of the parties and consequently relegating to the background the institutional collaboration as provided for by the constitution. Indeed, good governance is at the heart of the development policies advocated by international institutions. However, in fragile states like the DRC, its implementation comes up against strong resistance. The rule of law that the DRC wants to be is one in which the Constitution imposes on everyone, that is to say, on the State itself, on its agents and on the rulers, respect for the rules of law. Unfortunately, the management of resources in the DRC is far from approaching the principles of good governance to which the Democratic Republic of Congo claims through its constitution of February 18, 2006. It is observed that the actors involved in the management of public affairs act not, on behalf of the higher interest of the Nation but on the contrary, by conforming to the dictate of their political parties or political regrouping, which led us to qualify suddenly, the DRC of a State-parties.

Community participation in the Healthy Schools and Villages program in the Bunyakiri Health Zone in South Kivu in the Democratic Repubic of Congo: Ownership issues and perspectives

Hombanyi, Doris Bengibabuya — 2022-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Background: The National Healthy Schools and Villages Program aims to provide and maintain water, hygiene and sanitation facilities in rural and peri-urban villages and schools in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). In South Kivu, at least 75% of projects fail when the involvement of the population is not taken into account. This is the case of the Bunyakiri Health Zone where a weak appropriation of the achievements of the Healthy Schools and Villages Program in the post-certification phase is observed, resulting in the loosening of the community. The aim of the study was to determine the factors associated with low ownership of the post-certification phase of Healthy Schools and Villages Program. Methodology: The study was descriptive cross-section using a semi-structured questionnaire. It involved 383 households located in healthy villages and 69 certified schools. Data processing and analysis was done using Stata v14 software. We used the Chi-square test to compare categorical variables at the level of statistical significance set at p <0.05. Results: The level of ownership of the Heathy Schools and Villages Program in the post-certification phase is low and associated with the negative perceptions of the community towards the Healthy Schools and Villages Program (p = 0.0294); insufficient and / or lack of financial resources (p = 0.0327); the absence / non-existence of community-based committees in some villages and schools (p = 0.0000); the lack of motivation of the members of the existing committees and the effectiveness of these committees (p = 0.0134); the insufficiency / absence of supervision of permanent monitoring of activities by the BCZ and the technical and financial partners (p = 0.0024 and 0.0286) and the low or not community mobilization in the village (p = 0.0000).Discussion and Conclusion: The low ownership of Healthy Schools and Villages Program remains a major problem in communities and the involvement of all stakeholders in the process is of great importance. Intervention projects should set up dynamic committees and motivate them, a monitoring plan and financial support while building community support in order to sustain interventions.

Feasibility study of hydro-agricultural development by the semi-Californian system: Case of the rice-growing perimeter of Toweta 1 in the municipality of Lalo

Mathieu, Hounsou B. — 2022-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Hydro-agricultural management, being a tool for controlling water, is also a means implemented to carry out the irrigation operation. The general objective of this study, initiated on the rice-growing area of Towéta 1, is to carry out a feasibility study of the hydro-agricultural management of a perimeter by a semi-Californian system with a view to increasing the agricultural yield of producers. To attain our goals, we used data collection techniques such as documentary research, semi-structured interviews and direct observation. At the end of the research, it appears that the management of the site by the Californian system will allow producers to, not only increase rice yields but also produce off-season market garden crops. With a surface area of 15 ha, the technical study revealed a silty-clay soil with a longitudinal slope of 1.6% and an average transverse slope of 0.8%. Regarding the development, it was proposed a development scheme with total control of water on the area with an equipment flow of 4.17l/s/ha and a water hand taken equal to 8l/s.

A report on incidence of Covid-19 infection in Campania (Region of Southern Italy)

Pellino, Stefania — 2022-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

In December 2019 an outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 was first observed in Wuhan, China. The virus has spread rapidly throughout the world creating a pandemic scenario. The incidence of Covid-19 infection is influenced by several factors such as: lockdown, restriction measures, social distancing, use of face masks, environmental temperature and viral load, vaccinations. This study describes the evolution of the incidence of Covid-19 infection in Campania (Region of Southern Italy) from September 2020 to August 2021.

Valorization of margines in the region of Fes

Touahar, Abdelkhalek — 2022-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Margine, effluents from olive oil extraction, pose serious pollution problems due to their high concentration of organic matter and Polyphenols, often discharged into river waters and thus represent a significant pollution load, consider as a source of concern for the region.In our study, we were interested in looking for treatment techniques to reduce the harmful effect of vegetable water, and the different areas that can benefit from the recovery of these effluents. The use of the two-phase system or that of improving the three-phase system by installing a pretreatment system (physicochemical and biological) in the oil mills, remain among the most suitable solutions to be applied in our region, the exploitation of our recommendations remains a little limited unfortunately, and this is mainly due to economic constraints.

Environmental impacts of the systems of production of the Yam in the township of Ouaké

ABDOULAYE, Abdoul-Ramane — 2022-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Agriculture stays the main activity of the populations of the Township of Ouaké. The yam, Dioscorea alata, a rustic plant to spilled vegetative multiplication of by the diversity of its cultivated shapes in the world, is the main culture of this township. This survey aims to analyze the systems of production of the yam in the township of Ouake. To reach this objective, the methodological gait supported on the documentary research, the interviews, the investigations by questionnaires, the treatment of the data and the analysis of the results. The sample is constituted of 189 chosen individuals of way reasoned and is distributed on 06 precincts of the township. The SWOT tool has been used for the analysis of the results.Of the results of the present survey, it comes out again among others, that the yam doesn't cultivate itself in a successive way on a same parcel and stand always at the head of rotation. This rotation of yam culture in the township of Ouake follows itself on two to three years the insufficiency of the arable earths. The production of the yam is always superior to the other speculations of 2006 to 2017. The season (2010 - 2011) recorded the strongest output (1285kg/ha) on a surface cultivated of 4749 ha. The different cultivated varieties are: the precocious varieties (Aloupa, Ankploman, Ekpètilè, HèAbalo, Walassi, Wotanam, Abota, Lalboko, Gbèm, Katala) and the belated varieties (Alasola, Ewotolo, Kokopo, Kpassa, Wolouchahabim, Toufou, Yelian, Loli, Djadjabiou, Adè, Agbantao, Adjanfa). The techniques of cultures remain always traditional. These techniques had negative impacts on the environment. Some measures have been proposed in this survey in order to improve the systems of production and the merchandising.

Effects of biological fertilizers on the yields of onion (Allium Cepa L.) and on soil physico-chemical, microbiological properties in the Centre-weste of Burkina Faso

Sawadogo, Jacques — 2022-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Burkina Faso, vegetable production is a very important asset for the socio-economic development. However, many constraints negatively affect its potential. The use of biological fertilization has been proved to be a satisfactory alternative to these issues. Therefore, this experiment uses some composts based on local substrates (Bokashi compost and compost enriched with Trichoderma harzianum) to study their agro-economic benefit on onion and their effects on soil chemical properties. The study was carried out in the Central-West region of Burkina Faso, using a completely randomized Fisher block design with six treatments in three replications. The applied treatments were: T0 (control); T1 (Trichoderma harzianum enriched compost + 175 kg ha-1 of NPK (14-23-14) + 50 kg ha-1 of urea (46%)); T2 (compost enriched with Trichoderma harzianum); T3 (350 kg ha-1 of NPK (14-23-14) + 100 kg ha-1 of urea (46%)); T4 (Bokashi compost + 175 kg ha-1 NPK (14-23-14) + 50 kg ha-1 urea (46%)); T5 (Bokashi compost). The results showed that the use of biological fertilizers enhanced onion yield compared to that of the control plot. In addition, the combination of compost enriched with Trichoderma harzianum and mineral fertilizer led to better yield increase of more than 200% compared to the control plot. Moreover, these biological fertilizers were able to stabilize soil pH neutrality and significantly increased soil organic matter content and its mineral properties (N, P, K, Mg, Ca). Then, for a sustainable and efficient agriculture, it would be necessary to disseminate these two composts in particular that enriched with Trichoderma harzianum having better agro-economic benefit and increasing soil fertility.

Acute toxicity study of an ethanolic extract of Massularia acuminata (Rubiaceae) stem in Wistar rat

Moussa, Gbogbo — 2022-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Medicinal plants are widely used in Africa, especially in rural areas, to meet primary health care needs. Among them Massularia acuminata (Rubiaceae) is mainly used for its aphrodisiac properties.In order to verify its acute toxicity, a single dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight (bw) of the ethanolic extract of the stems of this plant was administered to a group of 10 female rats. The control group, also consisting of 10 female rats, received only distilled water. During the 14 days observation, all clinical signs and deaths were reported. At the end of the study, the LD50, blood hematological and biochemical parameters, and hepatic and renal histological examination were performed.The results showed that the administration of the ethanolic extract of the stems of Massularia acuminata did not modify the behavior of the rats and the estimated LD50 was higher than 5000 mg/kg bw. The evaluation of hematological and biochemical parameters revealed a significant decrease (p <0.05) in the level of white blood cells and platelets, and a significant increase (p <0.05) in creatinine and total cholesterol. As for the histological study, apart from some hepatic apoptosis, the result did not show any hepatic and renal lesions.This study showed that the ethanolic extract of the stems of Massularia acuminata could exhibit hematotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity when higher doses were used.

Building height estimation from high resolution satellite images

Rajji, Abdelatif — 2022-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper presents a new automated method for the detection and determination of building heights using their cast shadows. The approach consists in applying image processing using PCA and segmentation for the detection and recognition of buildings and their shadows. The height of the buildings is deduced by knowing the length of their shadow projected on the ground, the position (azimuth and zenith) of the sun and the sensor at the time of acquisition. These shadow analyses were carried out on a free satellite image from Google Earth. The results of the height calculations are used for the three-dimensional modelling of the buildings.The 3D models produced can be used for strategic decisions in the professional field and for urban monitoring and surveillance, as well as for various research studies on the relationship between building heights and natural and man-made phenomena: energy consumption and land subsidence. Our method, which requires a good precision of the geometric characteristics of the proposed remotely sensed data, has outperformed the majority of existing research as an automated approach to exploiting the shadows of several buildings in a single satellite image and their 3D reconstruction.

Contribution of Markov chains and the Intensity Analysis method to the detection and prediction of land cover changes around the Taabo dam (Côte d’Ivoire)

Hermann, N’guessan Bi Vami — 2022-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Population growth and human activities have negatively affected the vegetation cover in Côte d'Ivoire. The objective of this study is to analyse the land cover dynamics around the Taabo Dam from 1988 to 2017 and from 2017 to 2050. Landsat satellite data from 1988, 2002 and 2017 were used. Supervised maximum likelihood classification and Pontius intensity analysis were applied. It was found that global change was most rapid from 2017 to 2050. Losses and gains of water and bare soil are dormant while those of the other classes are active during the first-time interval. During the second time interval, the gain of crop and fallow and bare soil will be active but their loss will be dormant. Water will have dormant gains and losses while grassy savannah and shrubland will have active gains and losses. The gain from crops and fallows targets bare soil and habitats, shrub and grass savannah but avoids water. However, the gain in bare soil and habitats targeted crop and fallow land and grassy savannah, but avoided water and shrub savannah in both intervals.

Significant storm swells heights and recurrence periods characteristics in the Gulf of Guinea

Salomon, Yao Kouadio — 2022-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The statistical analysis of 58 years of observation of waves data from the ERA-40 and ERA-Interim programs, covering the period 1958-2015, were used to understand significant storm swells heights and recurrence periods charasteristics in the Gulf of Guinea. Results show that the storm swells recorded in the Gulf of Guinea have significant heights between 2.10 and 3.10 m, while their periods are between 7 and 16 s. As for the main directions of origin, they are South and South-South-West on the West African coasts; South-South-West and South-West on the Cameroon coast in Central Africa. the application of Gumbel's theory reveals that the recurrence periods of storm swells are between 2 and 5 years, 5 and 10 years, 10 and 20 years, 20 and 40 years then between 40 and 60 years. These recurrence periods change from coast to coast. as do the estimated significant heights for different recurrence periods. in the last case, these heights also vary over time. the estimated significant storm swells heights of 100 years are of the order of 2.78 m in Côte d'Ivoire, 3.13 m in Ghana, 3.25 m in Togo, 3.22 m in Benin, 3.08 m in Nigeria and 2.91m in Cameroon.

Influence of ecological factors on the distribution of juveniles under seedlings and ecological model of recruitment of Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C. C. Berg in a semi-deciduous forest in northeastern DR Congo

Dieu-donné, N'tambwe Nghonda — 2022-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

A study on Iroko’s regeneration was done under four seed-trees (two in a young fallow and two in a secondary forest). The aim was to know ecological factors what are influencing his spatial distribution and ecological recruitment pattern of juveniles under its seed-trees. Under each seeder, eight directions were selected according to the wind rose on 1 ha. The light, slope, and litter thickness were measured over the eight directions divided into 5m x 3m plots. For each found juvenile, its high and distance to the seeder were measured. Seventy-three juveniles were found, 47 in the young fallow and 16 in the secondary forest. More juveniles were found in young fallow under seeder 2 (28 juveniles) and few juveniles under seeder 3 in the secondary forest (5 individuals). Means of 23.5 ± 4.5 and 8 ± 3 juveniles were found in young fallow and secondary forest respectively. The overall average of juveniles per seeder was 15.75 ± 7.75 juveniles.

The language of teaching in Morocco between society and politics: Study of the language policy of teaching science in the Moroccan school

Elmehdi, Salk — 2022-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Language is an essential tool to raise the quality of education, as it is a vital symbol of the national identity, and an essential pillar to reduce some of the problems that hinder the educational process in the Morrocan school, which examined the study, sought a major pillar of this process, which is the language of instruction in the Morrocan school, based an several topics that were the most important: - Diagnosing the linguistic situation in Morocco, explaining the most important variables and aspects affecting it, and highlighting the effects of multilingualism in light of the struggle of values and references and the question of identity. - A review of the most important goals and principles an which the teaching language approach within its original environment. - Explain the relationship between the arabic language and the teaching of science, and how to use it to raise the level of learning, especially related to scientific subjects. - The article's opennes to new horizons for the development and deepening of research, in order to raise the quality of language related learning in the Morrocan school.

Tax trap: The case of the Ivorian economy

Oyibo, Paul Vivien — 2022-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this article, we have verified the hypothesis of the tax trap or the existence of a negative relationship between the structural tax rate and growth when the public debt ratio experiences an increase in the very special context. from a developing country, such as Côte d'Ivoire. Therefore, we estimated the quadratic model. The results of the estimate, covering the period 1985 to 2019, relate to two parts. In the first part, the results support that the Laffer curve is verified and the Ivory Coast is positioned on the left side of the fiscal optimum. In a second part, it emerges that the Ivorian economy escapes this trap.

Application test of the socio-economic managerial approach: An organizational autopsy of the Higher Institute of Commerce (ISC) of Beni, DR Congo (2010-2019)

Bernard, Kambere Muhiwa Kamuha — 2022-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

This is a study of the organization of a higher education institution. This institution is named « Institut Supérieur de Commerce de Beni (ISC/Beni) ». This research is undertaken thanks to the « socio – economic » management approach. The research question identifies the lack of performance factors of the ISC/Beni, at the organic, academic, administrative and financial levels. At the end of the investigation, it is noted a rapprochement of reality to this approach. Several contradictions are noted in the functioning of the institution. The actual functioning is partially different from the expected functioning, enshrined in the texts of the Ministry of Higher and University Education. The diagnosis can be a valuable guide to help improve dysfunctional subsystems.

The Schisto-limestone and Mpioka subgroups in the Pan-African West-Congo chain: Witnesses of post-Cryogenic paleoclimatic evolution, Kongo Central Province, D.R. Congo

Tuema, L. O. — 2022-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Above the upper Diamictite of West Congolian Group, carbonate rocks of the Schisto-Calcaire Subgroup are superimposed, topped by the Bangu-Niari conglomerates and the Mpioka formations. Just as lithology varies from low to high, climates change regularly during sedimentation. By the presence of evaporites and bioherms of Collenia and Cryptozoon in the Kwilu and Lukunga formations, the Schisto-Calcaire Subgroup is characterized by a hot and arid climate developed in the Ediacaran after the glaciation of the Marinoen (635 Ma). The coarser-filled hollows than the grains of the substratum, the clast- to matrix-supported structures and the nature of its moderately misclassified clasts in large volumes of clays and silt indicate that the Bangu-Niari conglomerate has developed in a periglacial environment during the Terneuvien. The granular and repeated bedding of shales from the Lower and Upper Mpioka formations of Cambro-Ordovician age is reminiscent of the varval rhythms of periglacial lakes. These various previous elements show that after the non-longitudinal Marine Snowball, the Congo-Sao Francisco megacraton successively underwent a dry tropical climate and a temperate climate of proglacial regions.

The Mpioka Sub-group: Witnesses to the reactivation of post-Schisto-limestone faults in the Lower Sangha ditch

Cibambula, C. M. E. — 2022-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the Lower Sangha through, apart from the glacial deposit of lower and upper Diamictites, detrital sedimentation is represented by the shales and sandstones of Sansikwa and Petite Bembezi formations as well as by conglomerates, shales and sandstones of the Mpioka Subgroup related respectively to the Tonian, the Cryogenian and the Cambro-Ordovician. The carbonate precipitation of Sekelolo and Schisto-Calcaire in the saline waters from the Adamastor paleo-ocean in the Araçuai basin in Brazil are responsible for the interruption of this detrital sedimentation in the entire West Congo basin. In the latter, the erosion of the stepped limestone plateaus, vector of the clasts of the Bangu-Niari conglomerate at the base of the Mpioka Subgroup, sufficiently proves that the releases from the faults of the substratum reactivated in the underlying limestones before the pan-African orogenic thrust had caused the total withdrawal of the sea in the Mayumbe North, Mayumbe South and Lower Sangha throughs. In this aulacogen of the Lower Sangha, the weak accommodation of the Mpioka lake submerging the collapsed median compartment, hardly exceeding the rejection of the border faults, justifies the restriction of the Mpioka deposit only to the Bangu plateau, a collapsed compartment at the both normal and reverse conjugate faults.

Distance education in the Moroccan rural school environment: Means and obstacles - State of the Direction of Sidi Kacem

Touahar, Abdelkhalek — 2022-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aims to evaluate the process of distance education in secondary schools in rural areas through the model of the Regional Directorate Sidi Kacem, as an alternative or complementary option for attendance education under the Corona pandemic, monitoring the realities of the experience and its future prospects, based on the descriptive analytical program. The study combined quantitative and qualitative approaches (questionnaires, individual interviews, focus groups) in order to analyse the overall elements of the educational phenomenon and make perceptions.The study revealed that despite the role of distance education in the educational process in the rural community at the time of the pandemic, it faces various constraints, reflected on the educational level of the learner, some of these constraints are related to the social and economic conditions and educational level of the families, and others are related to the national learning policies, which requires concerted efforts to create a suitable educational environment for the rural environment.

Configuration of a Raspberry Pi as a Server and Co-Simulation with a Socket Client for Optimal Teleoperability of a Dynamic Servo Process by Linear Quadratic Control with Tracking

Fabrice, Manga Betene Ignace — 2022-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this paper, we present a system for controlling the angular velocities of the motors of a 2WD mobile robot using an optimal Linear Quadratic Regulator with Tracking (LQRT), thanks to a Co-simulation between two Raspberry Pi modules and the MATLAB R2018a software. Indeed, we have a system made up of a certain number of elements, notably a web interface for communication with users, a Raspberry Pi 4 Model B module that we have configured as a server and a Raspberry Pi 3 Model B module that plays the role of a socket client who’s physical GPIOs are represented in an identical logical manner on Simulink in order to facilitate interaction with the process modelled in MATLAB R2018a. This system has been realized thanks to a combination of various software technologies such as the python flash framework for the development of the web application, the HTML and CSS programming languages for the client side of our user application, the library written in C language SQLite for the relational database engine accessible by the SQL language, the JavaScript library Socket. IO library for real-time bidirectional communication between clients and servers, the Python Threading library to facilitate the execution of parallel processes and the python RPI library to control the GPIO ports of the Raspberry Pi 3. The speed control simulation results on a 2WD mobile robot in both normal and Co-simulation modes show almost identical performance indices.

Identification of consumer choice criteria for «mashanza» cheese in the cities of Bukavu and Goma, in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo

Mwamini, Birali — 2022-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study analyzes the factors underlying the consumption of «mashanza » in the cities of Bukavu and Goma, east of the DR. Congo. A survey was conducted on 300 households in poor, middle and high-income neighborhoods. The results reveal that the quantity of «mashanza » most consumed per week per household is 1 kg for households with an average of 7.6 ± 3.6 members. The markets, the itinerant and fixed resellers provide most of the supply of the «mashanza ». Factors that explain more demand in two cities are: income, cultural benchmarks, quality, availability, point-of-sale proximity, affordable product price. When purchasing, the criteria are taste, appearance, provenance, trust in the seller, hygiene, affordability, shelf life or combination of several criteria at the same time. Thus, regardless of the socio-professional category, income level and tribal affiliation, the «mashanza » has a high demand in both cities, but still faces various constraints, notably the price, income, availability and quality. The results of this study show the importance of this product and make it possible to identify the consumer choice criteria and their constraints. This is enough to guide researchers and producers towards the constant search for improvement, the possibilities of its promotion and the intensification of production.

Investigating precipitation extremes over West Africa using two regional climate models from 1981 to 2010

Diba, Ibrahima — 2022-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aims to analyze and compare the performance of two regional climate models (RegCM4.5 and WRF3.5) in simulating extreme rainfall over West Africa. We performed two simulations respectively at a spatial resolution of 50 km with the RegCM4.5 model at a spatial resolution of 12 km with the WRF3.5 model. These runs cover the period 1981-2010 and the driving fields (lateral boundary conditions) are from the Era-Interim reanalysis. The RegCM4.5 model simulates dry (wet) biases over the Sahel (Guinea Coast) while the WRF3.5 model simulates an opposite bias. This could be explained partly by the fact that the RegCM4.5 (WRF3.5) model underestimates (overestimates) the relative humidity and the monsoon flow over the Guinea Coast compared to the ERA-Interim reanalysis. Results also show that the spatial distribution and the annual cycle of rainfall over West Africa are well simulated by the two regional climate models despite the presence of some biases. The number of rainy days decreases from the southern to the northern Sahel for CHIRPS data and both regional climate models. All datasets show the highest rainfall intensities and the strongest values of the intense rainfall events over the Fouta Jallon highlands, Jos Plateau and Cameroun Mountains. The maxima of the mean 95th percentile of daily rainfall is located over the Guinea zone for CHIRPS datasets and both regional climate models. All datasets show a spatial distribution of the consecutive wet days similar to the number of rainy days with strong values over the orographic regions. When considering the consecutive dry days, all datasets exhibit strong values of this parameter north of 17.5°N (northern Sahel). The shorter consecutive dry days are observed over the area of the maximum precipitation (over the southern Sahel and the orographic regions). In terms of model biases, this study shows substantial differences between the two regional climate models used in this study suggesting the necessity to perform models intercomparison during the present-day before any choice for future projections.

POLYMORPHISM OF BLOOD SYSTEMS ABO AND RH (D) IN A BLOOD DONORS POPULATION OF THE KORHOGO NATIONAL BLOOD TRANSFUSION CENTRE

Etienne, Loukou N’Goran — 2022-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

A study was carried out on 632 consenting donors at the National Blood Transfusion Centre (CNTS) of the Regional Hospital of Korhogo Northern in Côte d'Ivoire to contribute to a better supply of human blood to health facilities through knowledge of the genetic frequencies of the ABO and Rhesus systems. Individual donor interviews were used to collect socio-cultural data, and the Beth-Vincent blood test and the Simonin serum test were used to perform manual blood grouping. The research showed that there are more men (92.25 %) than women (7.57 %), with approximately 1 woman for every 12 men. The average age of the donors was 33 years. The Gour ethnic group was the most common (61.06 %), followed by the Mandé (26.36 %). The phenotypic frequencies [O], [B], [A], and [AB] of the ABO system were observed in proportions of 46.52 %, 28.80 %, 19.62 %, and 5.06 %, respectively. The Rh (D) factor was 92.72 % for [Rh (D) +] and 07.28 % for [Rh (D) -] respectively. Sociological factors had no effect on the distribution of blood groups. The O allele is the most common (0.682) in this population, followed by the B and A alleles, which have frequencies of 0.186 and 0.132, respectively. The Rh (D) + allele predominated, with a frequency of 0.74 compared to 0.26 for the Rh (d) allele. According to the Hardy-Weinberg law, these various genetic structures are in panmictic equilibrium.

Impact of TIKTOK And snackvideo Apps on Social, Psychological, Educational State And on Moral and Ethical Values Among Teenagers and Youth in Pakistan

Qureshi, Afshan — 2022-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

By a new trend of Media; a short time video is being made on Tiktok and snackvideo App and having a gigantic effect on social, moral, psychological and educational status among teenagers and youth.Aims and objectives: Aim of the study was to be determined the causes of using Tiktok and snackvideo Apps and its effect on moral values, academic performance and on psychological status.Material and Methods: A Qualitative Descriptive Study and used multidimensional data for knowing the effect of Tiktok and snackvideo Apps on behavior, educational status, moral and social values. Non-Probability Sampling was performed on the basis of self-selection.Result and Conclusion: Based on findings of Current study, it can be concluded that despite performing well on tiktok and snackvideo apps; moral and ethical values, educational skills and psychological status are deteriorated among teenagers and youth day by day.

Design and implementation of a teleoperable laboratory integrating dynamic process palettes accessible via a mobil plateform

Bertrand, Mendjemen Yamedjeu — 2022-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this work, we propose a low-cost teleoperable laboratory architecture, in which we integrate a palette of dynamic processes accessible via a mobile platform. In the current health context, our goal is to promote learning in engineering in developing countries via remote laboratories with a low-cost architecture. In this architecture accessible via wifi on a mobile platform, we use an ESP32 microcontroller as master, an ESP-CAM for visual feedback on our processes and several ESP32 microcontrollers as slave depending on the number of processes on our palette. We have chosen the ARDUINO NANO microcontroller to manage each process of the pallet. To test our architecture, we have integrated a process of visualization of the curves of variation of the current and the voltage of the brushless direct current motor according to the speed level. Using experimental methods, the error variations between the values measured with the tachometer and those found by calculation are between 0.00094 and 0.0350. Thus, the PWM setpoint delivered by our architecture is indeed equivalent to the output speed.

Origin of induced currents on planar components windings

Abderahim, Awat — 2021-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The windings of planar magnetic components such as inductors and transformers are the seat of physical phenomena (skin effects, proximity effects and the magnetic field produced by the component) leading to a non-uniform distribution of current in the conductors and an increase in Joule losses. The objective of this paper is to identify the physical phenomena at the origin of this non-uniformity of the current in the conductors. This work is conducted using a 3D finite element software. It highlights the predominant influence of the Hz component of the magnetic field produced by the component, perpendicular to the plane of the component.

Evaluation of the lipid profile in hypothyroidism: Experience of the biochemistry laboratory, CHU Ibn Rochd of Casablanca, Morocco

Fatima Ezzahra, Hsai — 2021-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Background: Hypothyroidism is among the most common endocrine disease; it is often associated with dyslipidemia which increases cardiovascular risk. This study was conducted to study the prevalence and profile of dyslipidemia during primary hypothyroidism and justify screening for dyslipidemia during hypothyroidism.Methods: Retrospective study, in the biochemistry department CHU Ibn Rochd of Casablanca from 2019 to March 2020 involving all patients who received a lipid assessment and a TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) assay in the biochemistry laboratory. TSH was estimated by an immunoenzymatic method: chemiluminescence. The LDL-assayed (Low Density Lipoprotein), HDL (High Density Lipoprotein), TG (Triglycerides), CT (Total Cholesterol) parameters were estimated by an enzymatic colorimetric method, the LDL-calculated was calculated by the friedwald formula.Results: These were 1046 patients: 66.73% Women, 33.23% Men (sex ratio M / F = 0.49). The mean age was 41.66 years ± 13.86. The mean TSH value was 23.09 mIU / L. Dyslipidemia was noted in 91.78% of cases.The prevalences of, hypoHDLemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperLDLemia, were respectively: 82.12%; 32.5%; 23.32%; 10.8%.The correlation between TSH and LDL was negative (P> 0.05) while it was positive with TG (P> 0.05), HDL (P <0.05) and CT (P> 0.05).Conclusion: Hypothyroid patients show a significant increase in serum lipids. This atherogenic lipid profile should be systematically sought when monitoring patients with hypothyroidism to prevent cardiovascular complications.

Determinants of the acceptability and skepticism of Sangalkam Health District Staff on the anticovid-19 vaccination (Senegal)

Diédhiou, Bocar Baïla — 2021-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Objective: To identify the determinants of the acceptability and skepticism of health workers about the anticovid-19 vaccination during the covid-19 pandemic in Senegal. Material and methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study carried out among health personnel in the Sangalkam Health District from May 1 to May 15, 2021. A questionnaire was sent to the various health professional categories in the district. Anonymity and confidentiality were guaranteed. The data collected was entered and processed with Excel version 2013 software. Results: The participation rate was 82.5% (n = 140). Women represented 83.6% (n = 117). The average age of the respondents was 36.8 years. The average number of years of experience was 9.8 years. Nursing aides were more represented (23.6%). The vaccine rate was 87.1% (n = 122). The inactivated BIBP vaccine (Sinopharm) was the most administered (93.4%). The side effects were minor or even moderate and affected 30.3% of the vaccinees. On the other hand, 12.9% (n = 18) of the respondents were not vaccinated. The main determinants of vaccine acceptance were concern for protection (68%) and compliance with instructions from the hierarchy (29.5%). Mistrust of the information received (61.1%), fear of rumors (57.2%) and side effects (28.6%) were the main reasons for vaccine refusal. Conclusion: Awareness and communication are essential to remove barriers to anticovid-19 vaccination and increase acceptability.

Issues of local power and of divergent interest in the provision of decentralized public service in Benin: The case of literacy activities in the commune of Athiémé

Gabriel, Gbaguidi Arnauld — 2021-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The actions of the State of Benin and the contributions of Technical and Financial Partners (PTF) registered in recent years at the national level to support and accompany Literacy and Adult Education (AEA) have not enough to give new impetus to this sub-sector. This is how the commune of Athiémé still has very little involvement in the sub-sector with the lowest literacy rate (38, 80%) according to INSAE (2013). In this work, we have chosen to analyze how the issues of local power and interest diverge from local authorities in the public service offer in the era of decentralization in Benin through the lack of political will of local elected officials, the influence of political leaders in the provision of public services and the play of plural powers of local elected officials generated by decentralization explain the non-involvement of the municipality of Athiémé in the AEA sub-sector. To better understand our problem, we used the qualitative approach, which made it possible to carry out individual interviews with 91 people spread over all the categories of actors concerned to explain the phenomenon to Athiémé. At the end of this research, the analysis allows us to identify the major causes of Athiémé's non-involvement in the AEA sub-sector which are, among others, the context of the strong politicization of the municipal council through interest. diverge from local political actors, fear of the loss of local power of Athiémé's political actors.

Study and realization of a solar tracker using the Arduino board for a solar photovoltaic installation

Halarou, Hamza Abarchi — 2021-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper tackles about design of a device allowing a photovoltaic solar installation to follow the flat movement of sun in order to optimize electrical energy production. This device called solar tracking system is a structure that allows tracking the apparent movement of the sun in real time. To achieve this, we have chosen to use the active or slaved tracker. The improvement of the energy performances by using a double axis solar tracker is also studied. The observation of the power curves according to the influence of the received light intensity shows a maximum of 180W in the form of a plateau between 10: 50 and 14: 00 (for 3 hours) local time for the double axis system while a maximum of 175W is recorded from 12: 50 to 13: 50 (1 hour) for the single axis tracker and a maximum of 170W (for a few minutes) at noon for the fixed system. From the analysis of these results, a significant gain of about 26.20% for the dual axis tracker compared to a fixed installation was obtained.

Persistence of insanitarity in Lubumbashi: Communication issues and challenges

Bwanga, Daniel Nsimba — 2021-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

In recent years, the sanitation of the city of Lubumbashi has been a hot topic. Indeed, the city has become more and more unsanitary. There are all kinds of landfills here and there that pollute the city. The presence of waste and garbage in inappropriate places makes the city lose all of its beauty. In a process of sanitation, it is important to question the role that communication plays as an instrument of public policy, it is the object of this reflection. Also, why does the city still remain unsanitary despite all the communications made by the urban authority on the issue? The communication of organizations within a public establishment such as the City of Lubumbashi constitutes an important pillar of public policies. It must allow exchanges as well as the sharing of data and information of public utility in order to maintain a certain link at the level of society. To be effective, it must lead to adherence to the authority's message aimed at cleaning up the environment through sustained and inclusive awareness.

Coordination of actors and innovation: Which model for territorial integration of the Biosphere Reserve of Arganeraie in Morocco ?

Idrassen, Hala — 2021-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Cet article s’inscrit dans le cadre des recherches académiques relatives au projet Erasmus+ Edu-BioMed: « développement des compétences pour l’éducation et la recherche appliquée dans les réserves de biosphère méditerranéenne de l’UNESCO » et des travaux de terrain réalisés par l’équipe du Laboratoire des Etudes sur les Ressources, Mobilité et Attractivités (LERMA) dans la Réserve de Biosphère d’Arganeraie (RBA). Le label de « Réserves de Biosphère d’Arganeraie » (RBA) est une reconnaissance d’un écosystème reconnu par diversité biogéographique, naturelle et culturelle exceptionnelle. Mais cette Réserve de Biosphère se caractérise par des relations complexes entre ses gestionnaires et sa population locale du fait essentiellement des dynamiques innovatrices actuelles impactant ses territoires. La modernisation se fait dans un environnement de fragilité socio-spatiale et d’appauvrissement dans les indicateurs de la viabilité économique. D’où l’intérêt de prise en considération des différentes échelles de l’intégration territoriale de la RBA et le rôle de l’innovation dans son développement durable. Le but est d’étudier l’intégration territoriale de la RBA par le biais d’analyse du processus des innovations apparues au niveau de la RBA. Le système de la réserve est complexe, puisqu’il regroupe une multitude d’actions et de décisions. La coordination entre les acteurs se heurtent au manque d’une vision commune sur le développement durable de cette réserve et même de son intégration à différentes échelles territoriales. Par le biais d’une approche systémique, on a précisé l’orientation de chaque acteur. Une volonté vient apparaitre, mais nécessite un travail pour booster le leadership entre eux pour bien coopérer et travailler dans le sens d’une meilleure intégration de la RBA. De ce fait, l’adaptation du modèle GIVE à notre démarche scientifique et à notre contexte d’innovation, vient pour apporter une valeur ajoutée au processus de coordination des acteurs de la RBA.

Assessment of post-harvest losses of millet and sorghum in the communes of Ziniaré and Komki-Ipala (Burkina Faso)

Kambou, Siébou François — 2021-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The reduction of the losses post-harvest can contribute to the attack of the food self-sufficiency and the backing of the food security in Burkina. It is in this perspective that this survey has been undertaken and consisted to the assessment of the losses post-harvest of the pennisetum and sorghum in the townships of Ziniaré in the region of the Central Tray and Komki-Ipala in the region of the Center. This assessment carried at home on the links harvest, drying, transportation of the fields and beating / vannage. Iit had for objective to determine the level of the losses. The rate of the quantitative losses is determined according to the methodology of the FAO. The analysis of the sorghum losses revealed 6,33 % to the harvest, 8,63 % to beating / vannage, 2,2 % to the drying and 0,3 % to the transportation at home, for the two townships. So the losses accumulated of sorghum have been estimated to 17,46 %. The losses post-harvest of the pennisetum recorded to the harvest is estimated on average to 6,76 % and 12,53 % to the operations of bombardment / vannage. The heap of the losses of the pennisetum bound to the operations of harvest and bombardment / vannage has been valued to 19,3 %. These results show that the losses post-harvest stays important. The losses of financial incomes by agricultural household are estimated in 55 875 FCFA for sorghum and 42 000 FCFA for the pennisetum. By extrapolation, the quantitative losses of the two cereals considered value themselves to 30 784 tons about for the two regions with an economic value closely 4,336 FCFA billions.

Caracterization of Rainy Market Gardening exploitation in the municipalities of Imanan and Tagazar in Niger

Djibril, Idrissa Guisso Maïga — 2021-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Market gardening is emerging as a credible alternative for crop diversification. The objective of this article is to characterize the market gardening practiced at in rainy season. The methodology adopted consisted to question the farmers and to prospect of vegetable production basins. The sampling concerned 102 farmers who represent more than 20% of the target population. The data collected was includ to descriptive and analytical analyzes. The result shows that fruit-vegetables are the main crops grown. The pure cultivation of cabbage, peppers or tomatoes, is by far the most favored by farm managers. The main irrigation system used by rainy market gardeners is made up of boreholes (86% of market gardeners), motor pumps (93.14%) and pipes (69.65%). The analysis of cultural practices reveals a strong application of maintenance manure (85.29%) and phytosanitary chemicals (95.09%). In addition, the factorial analysis of the mixed data reveals four groups of wintering market gardening operations with a total variance explained at 67.36%. The first group is made up of intensive and specialized market gardening operations with an internal variance rate of 31.07%. The second group is represented by diversified vegetable farms favoring the practice of associated crops with an internal variance of 29.74%. The third group says socio-organized farms (22.75% of the internal variance), favoring crop rotation. The fourth type is called the group of extensive farms.

Study and design of a cassava peeling machine

Claude, Vodounnou Edmond — 2021-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Cassava production in Benin is estimated at more than 4,5 million tonnes in 2018. Most of this production is for self-consumption and post-processing marketing. The actors in this sector transform fresh cassava into several other products (gari, tapioka, atièkè, lafun, cossette, flour breadmaking...), recognized worldwide and particularly in Africa. From an artisanal processing, the transformers in this sector, have gone through a semi-industrial transformation, thanks to the mechanization of some painful operations that used to consume a lot of time during processing. My job, was to study and design a machine that can peel cassava. This peeling operation was previously done manually using a knife or special manual tools (peelers...) and associated with a significant consumption of working time and the risk of injury and loss. The present machine, must allow the improvement of the safety, the quality of the operation as well as the significant reduction of the duration of execution. It will consist of a wooden drum whose interior is lined with wire brush fibers, driven by a motor (electric or thermal) or by the operator with a pedal, if any.

Exposure of agricultural products to metallic trace elements in the limestone mining area of Scan Mine in the Canton of Tokpli (Togo): Case of grains of zea mays (corn), leaves and stems of corchorus olitorius (Ademe) and tubers of manihot esculenta (Cassava)

Tchanadema, Méwinesso — 2021-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The pollution of environmental components by metallic trace elements around many mining sites is known around the world. This metallic pollution constitutes a serious public health problem and the bioaccumulation of these metallic trace elements by food plants is a major concern. This study highlighted the level of pollution by metallic elements in edible products of three plant species (zea mays, corchorus olitorius and manihot esculenta) regularly grown in the Tokpli limestone mining area. The analysis of metallic trace elements in soil and plant samples is respectively carried out by inductively coupled plasma microwave atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES 4200) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscope (the Optima 80,000 ICP). The contents of various metallic trace elements were analyzed in the grains of zea mays, the leaves and stems of corchorus olitorius and tubers of manihot esculenta. The results show a high accumulation of most of these elements in edible products and in soils. These metallic elements in the soil would come from mining activity, the degradation of soils and other ecosystems, and the misuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Their presence in edible products would be linked to the process of bioaccumulation by root and/or aerial ways.The pollution factors are of metallic trace elements (Hg, Fe, Pb, Al, Se…) in edible products such as zea mays (Hg: 2806.29; Fe: 1667.62; Pb: 1622.99), corchorus olitorius (Hg: 3463.24; Al: 2715.78; Fe: 1882.98) and manihot esculenta (Fe: 964.51; Hg: 670.13; Se: 539.26) plants grown around the Tokpli mining area are much higher than the thresholds recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Consumption of these products could expose consumers to chronic poisoning.

Comparative study of the biochemical composition and nutritional properties of artisanal and industrial flours used in infant formulas (PPN) marketed in Abidjan

Kouadio, Yao — 2021-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Côte d'Ivoire, one of the concerns regarding child malnutrition remains the lack of nutritional data on locally manufactured flours used in infant formulas. This study aims to verify compliance with standards for the macronutrient composition of 7 artisanal infant flours, then to compare the nutritional quality of these flours with that of industrial infant flour sold in Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire). The results revealed that apart from soybean flour and «five-grain flours», the water, carbohydrate, lipid and energy content of the artisanal flours tested did not comply with the standard levels recommended by the Codex Alimentarius. The average energy values (362.01 ± 31.93 kcal / 100 g) of the artisanal flours tested are lower than that of industrial infant flours (405.87 ± 2 3.94 kcal / 100 g). On the other hand, the protein (17.47 ± 12.70%) and lipids (8.19 ± 7.60%) content of artisanal flours are higher than that of industrial flours. The artisanal five-grain flour made from soybean flour gave a satisfactory energy value and meets the regulatory standards for a complementary diet (400 Kcal / 100 g). Faced with the practiced and high prices of industrial flour, beyond the purses of a large number of families in Côte d'Ivoire, this type of artisanal infantile composite flour with mixtures of cereals and soybeans could meet the nutritional needs of children.

Effect of blended learning using Google Classroom on the initial training of future secondary school teachers

Nafidi, Youssef — 2021-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The improvement of initial training and the integration of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in Moroccan education system are among the priority projects for the implementation of the educational reform of the 2015-2030 strategic vision. In this context, we sought to assess the impact of using Google Classroom platform in the initial training of future secondary school teachers of Regional Centre for Education and Training Professions. This study was conducted with a sample of 128 trainee teachers in the Life and Earth Sciences, belonging to three CRMEFs through Morocco. The results revealed that the use of Google Classroom in the context of blended learning could be a promising solution to overcome many challenges related to initial training of future secondary school teachers in our country. Moreover, the use of Google Classroom platform by the trainee teachers has strongly motivated them to use this tool later in their future practices.

Contribution to improving the yield of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) in Banikoara (North Benin) in a context of variability/change in rainfall

Bernard, Ahamide — 2021-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Agriculture in Benin mainly rainfed has experienced a disruption in relation to the agricultural calendar due to the effects of climate variability. The objective of this work is to contribute to the improvement of cotton yield by an appropriate choice of the sowing period in the Municipality of Banikoara. To achieve this, climatic data covering the period from 1981 to 2015 were collected and processed using different software (Excel spreadsheet, Khronostat).It emerges from this work that there is a strong variation in rains and temperatures during the period 1981 to 2015 with a downward trend in the rainy season. Thus, the favorable periods for cotton cultivation are those where the start of the cycle is between the periods of June 10 to 30. Regarding the sowing date of June 15, a significant yield of 1987.5 kg / ha was recorded. At the same date, a significant improvement in the phenological parameters was observed, the largest size of the cotton plant being estimated at 67.25 cm and the diameter of the pod is 2.85 cm.As a result, improving cotton yield in the study area must go through the reorganization of the cropping calendar.

Diagnostic study of the conservation of yam tubers varieties in four communes of the Abidjan district (Côte d'Ivoire)

Brahima, Camara — 2021-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Yam (Dioscorea spp.) occupies an important place in the diet of the populations of Côte d'Ivoire. However, during storage, significant losses due to fungi are observed. The objective of this work was to know if traders are aware of the difficulties they encounter during the storage of yam tubers. To do this, a survey was conducted in four communes in the District of Abidjan. It was found that more than 94% of traders encounter enormous difficulties, particularly rotting during the storage of yams before sale. This mainly soft rot (93.75%) causes the loss of 10 to 20% of stocks according to 56.25% of traders. Although 87.5% of the traders felt they knew the causes of the rots, fungi were not mentioned at all. This study is a preliminary study that could be a database for a possible study on the identification and control of these fungi responsible for post-harvest rots.

Comparative study on the quality of the water produced at REGIDESO factories in the center of Kolwezi with that distributed to customers: Case of the Mununka district in the commune of Manika, City of Kolwezi, DR Congo

MBWEB KATSHIL, Patrick — 2021-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Water, a simple molecule which is essential for the life and development of the population. The distribution of this drinking water of good sanitary quality and the maintenance of the quality during its distribution is a permanent concern of REGIDESO (Water Distribution Authority). The quality aspect deserves special attention in terms of microbiological and physicochemical balance.The water from the Regideso; distributed in the town of Kolwezi to part of the population may have a poorer quality at the outlet of the tap compared to that produced in factories because of the dilapidated drinking water distribution network in the town.Thus our study will focus on the knowledge of the microbiological quality (mesophilic aerobic flora, total coliforms, Escherichia coli, salmonella and shigella, faecal streptococcus, clostridium perfringens) and physicochemical (pH, turbidity, residual chlorine, etc.) of the water, flowing from the Regideso tap. To do this, a research method and technique based on experimentation as well as documentation in order to compare the results obtained in the laboratory according to international standards for the quality of water intended for human consumption and carried out by the tests of 'guidelines for evaluating the final quality of water intended for human consumption. After the orientation tests focused on physico-chemical analyzes only. We carried out microbiological analyzes to identify pathogenic germs in the water of the factories as well as at the level of the distribution network for the proper assessment of the quality of the latter. After analysis, we found the following:- The physico-chemical analyzes of the water taken at the outlet of the treatment plants show values below the limits of the standards published in 2011 by the WHO;- A deterioration in the quality of the water caused by the obsolescence (piping pierced in certain places and corrosion of the piping) of the distribution network at certain sampling points; this situation is observed in the MUNUNKA district located in the commune of MANIKA. The degradation influences the turbidity of the water drawn from the taps as well as the reduction in the concentration of the residual chlorine level (i.e. 12.40 NTU against the WHO standard: 0-5 NTU and 0.1 mg / l of Chlorine against the WHO standard: 0.2 - 1mg / l);- And finally, the microbiological analysis shows that there is an absence of all the pathogenic germs sought except in raw water which has an excess of aerobic mesophilic flora (ie 591 CFU / 100ml against the WHO standard: ˂ 100 ml). To maintain good water quality, REGIDESO will need substantial resources to rebuild its distribution network without forgetting the renewal of equipment.

Computerization of the road traffic police service in the town of Kolwezi: Concepts and challenges

Lukomba, Elam Kyungu — 2021-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The approach to new information and communication technologies spares no area of life; road surveillance is one of the activities that requires special attention given the significant increase in the number of motor vehicles in circulation involving regular checks of on-board documents by elements of the traffic police.In the context of the town of Kolwezi in the Democratic Republic of Congo where we observed numerous traffic jams caused by elements of the Road Traffic Police who, to identify the vehicles in order with the on-board documents, they must check for each vehicle stopped piece by piece, and this causes delays for the drivers in order who sometimes undergo the same check several times in a day at several checkpoints, to this is added the hassle during the check, which causes many incidents on the road. public highway.Thus, through this study, we are proposing the computerization of the road traffic police service to solve the problems related to the control of on-board documents.

Spatial structure and interactions inter-and intragrowth stages of Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C. C. Berg (Iroko) in the semi-deciduous forest, north-east of Democratic Republic of Congo

Dieu-donné, N'tambwe Nghonda — 2021-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aims to analyse spatial distribution and interactions that can exist between different Growth stages of Milicia excelsa (Iroko) and also, between its seedlings and adults of other species in order to provide to forest managers a tool for sustainable management of the natural population of this species. A full inventory was carried out in a semi-deciduous and anthropized forest of Central Africa in the north-east of DR Congo in six hectares with the Cartesian coordinates of all tree individual species taken. Data from this inventory were encoded and statistically analysed using the «ads» package of R Software to determine the point processes observed in this habitat. Results showed that Iroko trees have a random spatial distribution with low aggregations in the ecosystem. Individuals of the same growth stage live in aggregate while those of different growth stage have negative interactions (Competition - repulsion) on non-negligible radius. The diametric structure of its individuals is well balanced but showing a regeneration significantly low.

Three types of eustatic cycles of the shelf margin system tract of the JVL camp in the Schisto-Limestone Sub-Group (Kongo Central Province, R.D. Congo)

Cibambula, C. M. E. — 2021-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Between two stromatolitic reefs of Collenia (LLH) and Cryptozoon (SH) of the JVL encampment outcrop alternate brecciated, bedded and massive limestones beds belonging to Schisto-calcaire Subgroup. And as the bathymetry fluctuates from supratidal flat to intertidal in the biostromes, the depositional systems of brecciated, bedded and massive limestones regularly change from lagoon to tidal flat. By the presence of the evaporite, of the re-worked elements and of the erosional figures formed by the tidal chenal, the JVL encampment outcrop constitutes a shelf margin system tract deposited after a moderate sea level fall on the continental plateau overlain of brackish water and isolated of clastic material supply under a desertic climate within the later Ediacaran period. This regression, caused by a local epirogenic mouvement, is enameled of numerous minor sedimentary cycles.

Paleoenvironmental study of carbonate rocks in the Lufu-Toto region located in the square degree of Ngungu (Kongo Central Province, R.D. Congo)

Tuema, L. O. — 2021-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the Western Congo Basin, The C4a Member of the Lufu-Toto region is characterized by the combination of mixed silico-clastic carbonate facies and purely carbonate facies divided into four zones of the facies. The first area of facies (ZF1) is characterized by the gray-green marls with lenticular bedding of maritime marshes, the purple marls with planar bedding of muddy flat and the dolomitic shales of salt pond. The second zone of facies (ZF2) is characterized by mixed flat sandstone marls. The combination of these two areas with the tidal channels (ZF4) translated by the purple marls with oblique bedding is typical of a macrotidal coast, adjacent to the restricted lagoon (ZF3) with laminar limestone, mudstone limestone and gray dolomite otherwise called « coastal-lagoon complex ».

Young American’s diet problem: A linear programing application

Boufous, Sawssan — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study employs linear programming to find a healthy diet at minimum cost to avoid overweight and obesity that affect 9–18-year-old girls in U.S. The data includes the most consumed food in USA based on the USDA ERS data base, and nutrients that are selected from the Dietary Reference Intake Vitamins and Elements list: Protein, Calcium, Iron, Vitamin A, and Vitamin C.

Can work in Black Africa be an object of scientific study ?

Nkouatchet, Raoul Nkuitchou — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

For a long time, work appeared to be unthinkable in sub-Saharan Africa, mainly because of the long exploitation of natural resources by the colonial powers, which made it something alien to human life. This is partly what justifies the questioning by an author who, some twenty years ago, wondered whether work could be an object of scientific study in the sub-Saharan context. The aim of this article is to answer this question. Through a review of the literature and a reasoning by analogy, we probe the situation in France at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, in order to feed a prospective reflection about work in sub-Saharan Africa today. Our main conclusion is that it is quite possible to isolate work from the daily experience of sub-Saharan Africans, and to make explicit the concepts with which one operates such an approach. This constitutes a scientific investigation of work.

Study of the bandwidth of an integrated micro-transformer

Taha, M. A. — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper presents a study on the main characteristics of an integrated transformer i.e. the low and high cut-off frequencies (FCL and FCH) and the voltage gain within the bandwidth (G0). After a description of the integrated transformer and its micro-fabrication, the measured transformer frequency response is given. An equivalent circuit is derived ant the method to determine each element is shortly described. Then, the paper focuses on the influence of geometrical dimensions and a few characteristics of materials on the low and high cut-off frequencies (FCL and FCH) and on the voltage gain (G0). An analytical expression is derived for FCL, FCH and G0. The aim of this article is to identify the main parameters that limit the bandwidth and the voltage gain.

Radial and longitudinal variation of wood density and mixed equations for estimating biomass of pioneer species in secondary forests

Feukeng, Samuel Severin Kenfack — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The search for accuracy on biomass estimation is growing significantly, however density measurements are still essential to reduce bias in biomass estimations. The objective of this research was to: (1) test longitudinal and radial variations in wood density of Distemonanthus benthamianus, Musanga cecropioides and Trema orientalis. (2) Fitting mixed models of secondary forests pioneer species. Data for density determinations and fitting allometric equations were obtained by destructive method, on a sample of 115 trees. Archimedes' principle applied to the biomass data yielded the average densities of the three respective species (0.726; 0.214 and 0.35 in g.cm-3). This variable associated with tree height, crown diameter and diameter at breast height were used to explain tree biomass through ten fitted mixed models. The model, Aboveground biomass = Exp (-0.85 + 2.19 x ln (DBH) + 1.1 x ln (φ)), with a low Akaike Information Criterion (AIC = 78.76), the high correlation coefficient (Adjusted.R2 = 96.4%), the low rate of residual standard error (RSE = 0.33) and the Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE = 0.39), was selected as the best mixed model. The full model (Aboveground biomass = Exp (-0.84 + 0.63 x ln (DBH2 x H) + 0.85 x ln (φ) + 0.54 x ln (C)) under the validation criteria was found to be efficient (adjusted R2 = 0.96; RRMSE = 0.41; average error = 15,95). However, density variations must be considered to reduce bias in the estimation. In addition, increased collection of large amounts of secondary forest data remains essential for fitting more robust mixed models.

Frequency of anguillulosis in people living with HIV/AIDS : Case of the Pandji General Reference Hospital in Tshela, Tshela Territory, Kongo Central Province in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Bernadette, Nzuzi Phaka — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Contributing to the determination of the frequency of anguillulosis in people living with HIV/AIDS, in the reduction of this helminthiasis in this category of people at the Pandji General Reference Hospital in Tshela in the DRC, is the main goal of this research.Sixty stool samples, taken from people living with HIV/AIDS in consultation at the Pandji General Reference Hospital in Tshela and analyzed in the laboratory of the said HGR, according to WHO standards in this area. Indeed, the results of the analyses of these stool samples showed that 8 samples were positive out of a total of 60 or 13%. In addition, the female sex was the most affected with 6 cases out of a total of 8 or 75%. The most infested age group was 41 to 49 years with 4 cases out of 8 or 50%.The danger remains among pvVs, so it is imperative and urgent to consider health education, recall the notions of basic hygiene to pvVs in Tshela Territory in particular and those of Kongo Central in general, if we want to still see PVVs with longevity.

Government propaganda on Benin’s public television: Questioning the method of appointing the channel’s officials

Oumarou, Abiatou — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Benin has been a democratic country since 1990. Freedom of expression and of the press are guaranteed to every citizen by the Constitution of December 11 of the same year. The plurality of opinions that has become the norm on the national television has helped create a space for citizen discussion that is indispensable for political debate, a sign of the vitality of democracy. But this freedom of the press is progressively monitored and even completely confiscated on this statutory agency. Similarly, information is replaced by government propaganda. The television’s managers appointed by the President of the Republic, following a procedure led by the High Authority for Audiovisual and Communication, are not sufficiently independent to open the television to all the components of the nation.

Cameras Trap and wildlife monitoring in the W Niger Transboundary Biosphere Reserve

Harissou, Yahou — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The management of protected areas requires constant adaptation to current context, managers must decide on methods for assessing and monitoring values of their conservation area. This choice must be based on simple methods that are efficient and less costly in terms of time and costs in a scarce financial resources context. Fourteen (14) Bushnell-branded trap cameras were deployed, which were used to collect data throughout the follow-up period which runs from February to April 2018. The sampling points were chosen at random and the choice of the location of the camera in the sampled part is based on certain essential criteria for a good follow-up. Indeed, it would be necessary to take into account the trails used by wildlife and the availability of a hang support for cameras. Data collected during the follow-up period concern three hundred and sixty-seven (367) nights traps or 8808 hours. Two (02) of the fourteen (14) trap cameras deployed for the collection system did not work: one is stolen and the other do not fonction well. Nineteen thousand six hundred and forty-six (19646) pictures of mammalian fauna were captured by the trapping cameras in which twenty-nine (29) species were identified. The diversity index varied from 2.38 bits in February to 3.89 bits in March respectively; it fell in April with 1.65 bits. Pielou's equitability was respectively 0.51, 0.81 and 0.37 for above mentioned months. Animal density estimated from distance sampling points transect showed fluctuating densities (4.87; 3.40 and 5.23 individuals per ha) depending on the month (February, March and April).

Dispensing antibiotics for children in the City of Goma, DRC: A cross-sectional survey

Tibasima, Emmanuel Busha — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Background: Global action plans to tackle antimicrobial resistance include implementation of antimicrobial stewardship, but little is known about the dispensing practices of antibiotics of community pharmacists in low and middle-income countries. In this study, we aim to assess the dispensing of antibiotics for paediatric use in pharmacies in the City of Goma, capital of North Kivu province.Method: Between June and December 2017, we performed a cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey with pharmacy managers about antibiotic dispensing to the paediatric population.Result: Among a total of 225 pharmacies identified, 84% were managed by nurses. 70% of pharmacy managers had absolved secondary school. Only 10% of pharmacies were owned by pharmacists or physicians. 76% of antibiotics for children were prescribed after families asking for them and only 21% after a recommendation from the pharmacy manager. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid was the most commonly dispensed antibiotic - 78% cases. 81% of pharmacy managers had no supervision by a pharmacist from the pharmacy division. There was no significant difference in requiring or not between a physician prescription to deliver antibiotics in children and the qualifications of pharmacy managers (P=0. 28), their level of school education (P=0.42).Conclusion: Our findings suggest that there is a lack of regulation and consistency in the approach to dispensing antibiotics in children. A policy is needed to regulate the dispensing of antibiotics along with education and training to reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance.

Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants treating diabetes in the communes of Kimbanseke and Selembao, Province of Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Mandjo, Benjamin L. — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The majority of the population in Africa resort to traditional medicine to solve the problem of health. The present study, an ethno-botanical survey, was carried out with 70 sellers of medicinal plants anti-diabetic and 30 traditional healers in two townships Kimbaseke et Selembao in city of Kinshasa according to principles included in the declaration of Helsink. Her goal is to promote the traditional ecological knowledge. The ethno-botanical data collected were then supplemented by information concerning the plant ecological types. The results from this study revealed that 21 species belonging 19 genera and 15 families were inventoried in the medicinal flora for treatment of diabetes. The 15 families are dominated by Rubiaceae with three species. The sale and use of the medicinal plant species is a current practice among the age ranging from 22 to 67 years with prevalence at the old people of 51 years and over with predominantly male activity. the barks and leaves are the parts most used by traditional healers and therefore the most sold. The infusion is the most used process. It is important to take conservation measures in order to revalorizing and preserving/using them for sustainable development according to the convention on biological diversity. It is desirable that advanced phytochemical and pharmacological studies are carried out on the two plant species for the scientific validation of their bioactivity, for conversion of the traditional knowledge into scientific culture according to the convention on biological diversity.

Study on the cultural transmission of traditional ecological knowledge among the Ekonda people in a context of the sexual division of labour, Equateur Province, Democratic Republic of Congo

Mandjo, Benjamin L. — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the present study, an ethno-botanical survey, we consider the processes by which today the knowledge and know-how related to the various subsistence activities and also in the social field are acquired and transmitted in a context of sexual division of labour among the Ekonda populations of the Territory of Bikoro in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The method used is to submit a questionnaire to a randomly selected sample of key individuals and informants, whether they know how to do the requested activity, and if so, from whom they learned it. The results obtained show that the Ekonda differ from other members of the Mongo ethnolinguistic group in the activities for which they are recognized as specialists and connoisseur, namely: dance and ceremonial songs, to some extent the hunt for net and sagary. However, the differences observed can be explained more by the age and sex of the informants than by the place of residence. Differences according to sex, between men and women, are distinguished in the same sectors of activity. However, hunting activities, honey collection, palm wine making, felling of trees for cultivation and the construction of houses are more clearly mastered by men than by women within the Ekonda community. While at first sight the practice of agriculture is likely to involve a decrease in the use of the wild plants collected as well as the knowledge related to them, it can be seen that collection still plays an important role in the daily life of the Ekonda, especially for food.

Analysis of the perception of the scientific research ethics by academics: A case study from the University of Parakou, Benin Republic

Mawussi, Adjovi Ingrid Sonya — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

University research for development requires ethical considerations. This research aims to understand the level of knowledge of ethics by the actors such as lecturers, researchers, and students at the undergraduate and graduate levels of the University of Parakou in Benin. For this purpose, an approach essentially based on a survey by electronic questionnaire was carried out among 95 persons. The results obtained reveal that research ethics is not well understood by a large proportion of university actors (50.5%), particularly students. The results show that men (51.59%) have a higher level of knowledge than women (28.42%) and that the higher the level of education, the greater the knowledge of ethical considerations. The type of the training institution determines the obligation of lecturers, researchers, and students to take into account the ethical rules related to their disciplines. It is the case especially in human health sciences.

Effect of particle size of laterite in efficiency of biosand laterite reactor

Mangoua-Allali, A. Lydie C. — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this study was to know the effect of particle size of the laterite contained in reactors filled with laterite and sand on the removal of the physicochemical parameters of a well water. Three reactors filled from the bottom to the top with 10 cm of granitic gravel, 50 cm of sand, 10 cm of standing water and 30 cm of different particles sizes of laterite (granular, very coarse and medium) were used. The depths of the sand and the standing water were fixed according to a previous study. pH, conductivity, turbidity, suspended solids, ammonium, nitrate, lead and total iron were analyzed according to standard norms. The results showed that pH increased with decreasing particle size while conductivity decreased. With regard to suspended solids and turbidity, the removal was (98.9%) and of the same order in all the reactors. Removal efficiency of ammonium ranged from 97.67% to 98.1% in the reactors. The reactors also removed nitrate, total iron and lead. In addition, the concentrations of nitrate, total iron and lead decreased with increasing particle size. However, the reactor filled with medium laterite and sand was the most efficient.

The challenges of provincial journalism in times of political transformation

Bwanga, Daniel Nsimba — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The content analysis of the audiovisual programs shows to what extent the journalism practiced at RTNC Haut-Katanga is stalling, because of its editorial line on the one hand, and the building effect on the other. Indeed, the objective pursued in this reflection is to demonstrate the limits of journalism which is practiced in the provinces in an audiovisual channel of the Congolese State. This journalism observes and promotes with commitment its editorial line which, moreover, constitutes one in the journalist's work. But in the case of the RTNC, this editorial line ultimately becomes a brake on the dissemination of quality information. Of course, observing an editorial line is a journalist's duty. The editorial line orients and specifies the work of a press house. However, promoting a brand image of a company, even of the state, always boils down to activism to the point where it becomes difficult to see the loopholes. The consequence is that this way of working stifles criticism. Moreover, trying to spare the boss who is the State at all costs (building effect) this stifles the work of the journalist with the risk of losing all credibility with his audience. This article has the merit of demonstrating how the editorial line, although of value in the treatment of information, ultimately constitutes an obstacle to the dissemination of information that is expected by the public. In order to avoid this inconvenience, the journalist obliges himself to respect the facts as well as his independence. He must ensure that he performs his work in accordance with the rules of the art.

Integration of the psychosocial approach of communication in the vaccination campaign against Covid-19 in the RD Congo

Ndala, Valery Ngoy — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Negatively charged with rumors and painful memories from the start, the covid-19 vaccination campaign in the Democratic Republic of the Congo struggles to convince. The Congolese authorities are confronted with the distrust of the population with regard to the vaccine. If for some, it is the fear of being taken for guinea pigs that invades them, for others, covid-19 simply does not exist. And therefore, considering the vaccine as a cure-all for Covid-19 imperatively requires extricating it from social obscurantism, which plebiscites a number of prejudices and rumors at the origin of mistrust and reluctance. The communication strategies proposed as an alternative to a vast vaccination campaign have as an epistemological basis, the psychosociological approach to communication. This article presents the results of a survey conducted among a random sample of 428 Congolese across the country. It also lays the groundwork for an intervention model that highlights the psychosociological approach to communication as a driver of success in vaccination against Covid-19 in the DRC.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of Tilemsi phosphate rock (PNT) under different tillage practices in the Sahelian zone of Mali

Kouyate, Aliou Badara — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The deficiency in available phosphorus for crops is a major constraint on cereal production in Mali. The objective of this study was to assess the combined effects of phosphorus sources at different rate and tillage practice on maize agronomic performance and soil chemical properties. The treatments used consisted of the combination of three sources of phosphorus at three doses each and two types of tillage, arranged in a split-plot device with three repetitions. Contour plowing increased corn grain yield by 22 and 16% compared to conventional plowing in 2013 and 2014, respectively, and improved the availability of PNT's phosphorus due to its ability to increase soil moisture. Maize growth and phosphorus uptake were better with contour plowing compared to conventional plowing with an increase of 44% and 65% respectively in 2013 and 2014. Relative agronomic efficiency was higher with contour plowing. level compared to conventional plowing. The powdered form of PNT significantly (P <0.05) increased phosphorus adsorption indices compared to the granule form. These results show that there is a great opportunity to improve maize production in Mali through the use of natural phosphorus combined with an adequate tillage practice.

Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants sold at Kinshasa city markets (DR Congo)

Mandjo, Benjamin L. — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study carried out in the main markets of the City of Kinshasa aims to contribute to the knowledge of medicinal plants and their therapeutic uses in order to convert local naturalistic knowledge into scientific knowledge to be preserved sustainably. It emerges from this study that: 66 species divided into 59 genera and 40 families have inventoried in the medicinal flora sold in Kinshasa. These plants treat 38 diseases. However, the best consensus emerges among respondents only in the treatment of fever due to Malaria and Diabetes. The lowest consensus is achieved with the treatment of hemorrhoids, urinary infections, high blood pressure, sexual weakness and cough. Salespeople and traditional practitioners are recruited from men as well as women. They are almost evenly distributed across different ages. The use of medicinal plants is a common practice in age groups from 30 to 67 years with a predominance in people aged 45-54 years. However, the majority of sellers have as their main activity the sale of medicinal plants, and half associate the sale of medicinal plants with other products. Decoction is the most used method of preparation while the bark and root are the most stressed parts of the plant. It is therefore desirable that chemical screenings and phytochemical analyses be carried out on plants mentioned in the treatment of malaria and diabetes.

Carbohydrate profile and glycemic index of Dockounou : A traditional cake made from overripe plantain

Camille, Kouamé Adam — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Recent data gathered from optimization of dockounou-cake manufacturing process parameters showed that an optimized dockounou could be a better way to add value to overripe plantain. But, to date, there is no scientific data about glycemic properties on this food, which is integrated into urban food habits. We performed a nutritional characterization and glycemic index/load (GI/GL) of these plantain-based dishes. In addition, we investigated a glucidic profiling, whose presence in dishes has been scarcely investigated so far. Overall, there were no considerable variations in the nutritional composition, except for the ash and carbohydrate components. The following values were obtained for the carbohydrate component (g/100g): starch (32.4-33.7); sucrose (4.1-8.8); glucose (20.1-20.7); fructose (21.1-22.6); soluble fibre (2.5-2.5) and insoluble fibre (6.9-6.9). GI/GL values were 79/20.4 for optimized dockounou and 81/21.3 for traditional dockounou. The results confirmed that these foods are a good source of carbohydrate, especially in the glucose fraction and energy. However, the high levels of GI and GL implies consumption in moderation.

Harmful weeds of the cultivation of Manihot esculenta Crantz (Euphorbiaceae) in South-East of Côte d’Ivoire

Yapi, Arnaud Freddy — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Weeds represent one of the main constraint responsible for the proliferation of pests in cassava cultivation. It generally serves as hosts of parasites and pests. It impacts negatively the management process of these. The study on the main noxious weeds in cassava cultivation in Me Region, in South-East of Côte d’Ivoire carried out using two field methods. The first was to undertake a survey among 206 cassava producers and the second, to carry out floritic surveys in the fields of the producers surveyed. A total of 23 recurrent weeds were obtained from they survey. Regarding floritic survey, out 176 weed species recorded, 8 have high potential for harmfulness. In descending ordre, there are: Porophyllum ruderale, Panicum laxum, Chromolaena odorata, Calopogonium mucunoides, Croton hirtus, Centrosema pubescens, Pueraria phaseoloides et Diodia rubricosa. The similarity coefficient of these two floristic lists showed that there is a floristic homogeneity between them (Cs=72.34 pc.). This study on the main binding weeds is proving to be te fundamental step in the implementation of an effective technical ways for the managment of cassava cultivation.

Composition and structure of ichthyological populations of the Bandama River in the Haut-Bandama Wildlife Reserve (Centre-North, Côte d'Ivoire)

Thirolien, Zamblé Bi Tah — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present study aims to evaluate the diversity of ichthyological populations in the section of the Bandama River located in the Upper Bandama Fauna and Flora Reserve (RFF-HB). This study was carried out, following the longitudinal gradient (upstream-downstream) of the section of the Bandama River in the reserve, on 06 stations and during 08 sampling campaigns between January 2018 and February 2019. The collection of fish from the experimental fishery was carried out using gill nets, creels and hawks. The ichthyofauna inventory identified 33 fish species divided into 17 families and 8 orders. The fish populations are more diversified in the middle course (25 species) and upstream (24 species) of the reserve. The frequencies of occurrence of the ichthyofauna show that Labeo coubie, Brycinus imberi, Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, Heterobranchus isopterus and Oreochromis niloticus are very frequently encountered on the Bandama river in the reserve. The analysis of the diversity of the ichthyological populations of the reserve shows that the fish populations are less diversified but more stable and balanced.

Germination and development dynamics of Piliostigma reticulatum seedlings under different organic and mineral fertilization types

Yélemou, Barthelemy — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Piliostigma reticulatum is a species with high socio-economic potential. Unfortunately, in Burkina Faso, under the combined effect of climatic factors and anthropic actions, the species is experiencing a degradation compromising its survival. The present study was undertaken in order to contribute to promote its domestication by determining better conditions for seed germination and the determination of the substrate (organic or mineral) that allows a stronger, faster and homogeneous germination of seeds. Thus, the germination of P. reticulatum seeds was tested on ten (10) types of substrates. Also, the effect of substrate on seed germination and growth parameters was studied. The results revealed that germination is influenced by the type of substrate used. The best substrate for seed germination of Piliostigma reticulatum was a mixture of forest soil, Guiera senegalensis leaf compost and Burkina phosphate with a germination rate of 34.44%. The best growth of P. reticulatum seedlings is obtained with the substrates of Guiera senegalensis compost + forest soil + Burkina phosphate 13g and Guiera senegalensis compost + forest soil presents the greatest size with respective heights of 8.9 cm and 7.8 cm at day 30 after sowing. The results of the present study suggest avenues for further study with a view to sustainable management of the species.

Smart mobility solution for intelligent parking in buildings

Larrea, Jorge Hidalgo — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Smart Mobility provides clean, safe and efficient mobility; with a wide range of transport modes such as bicycles, buses, light rail, subways, trams, taxis, autonomous vehicles, with most options for movement within the ecosystem of smart mobility. A Smart Mobility solution consists of smart parking lots in buildings that contain control and management systems monitored remotely to obtain available spaces. This document briefly details the concept and a comparison of results of Smart Mobility solutions for smart parking.

Simulation of the dispersion of a toxic ammonia cloud

Galaviz, Marco Arturo Arciniega — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this research was to determine by means of a computational model the degree and area of affectation implied by the release of a toxic ammonia cloud from a 1000 Kg storage tank. The SCRI-Fire simulator of the company Dinámica was used. Heuristics feeding it with meteorological data from the city of Los Mochis, Sinaloa, physicochemical properties of ammonia and characteristics of the tank. The simulation was carried out in the summer and winter scenarios. As results of the simulation, in case of an ammonia leak, at a distance of 1038.67 meters there would be a concentration of 2500 ppm, which could produce the obstruction of the airways in people and at a distance of 818 meters there would be 5,500 ppm of ammonia, which is fatal to people for an exposure time of 30 minutes. Good management of dangerous substances such as ammonia is necessary, to avoid damage to the health of exposed people and negative effects to the environment, constant training of personnel who handle this dangerous substance is required, and that companies that handle ammonia are They are far from residential areas, and places with a lot of people.

Metacognitive skills in the development of self-regulated learning in higher education students

Pizarro, Mabel Elizabeth Barriga — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Metacognition is a multifaceted conception, generated during educational investigations, mainly carried out during class experiences. This analysis has been handled under certain characteristics considered traditional until the situation generated by Covid-19. This work analyzes the relationship between metacognition and self-regulated learning in higher education students, through the analysis of the role that metacognitive skills have in the development of self-regulated learning in higher education students, through the study of the role of metacognitive skills in higher education. the development of self-regulated learning processes, during the 2020-2021 school period in which classes were taught in a virtual environment. The work was carried out with 50 volunteer students of the second and fourth cycle of an important higher education center, through systematic observation, and the application and analysis of a survey, it was concluded that metacognitive skills play an important role at the higher level. education students, through planning, monitoring and evaluation.

The consequences of the Covid-19 health crisis on the Moroccan economy

EL ARIF, Fatima Zahra — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Following the global health crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, and to save lives, Morocco has chosen isolation, containment and general closure in order to slow the spread of the virus. These drastic decisions put the national economy on a partial halt. The economic cost is difficult to assess but the repercussions can unfortunately be felt for many years.In this article, we will specify the impact of the Covid-19 crisis on the Moroccan economy, we will also project the main measures currently taken by the government to deal with the adverse effects of the Covid-19 health crisis. Then, we will present macroeconomic proposals that could serve to bring Morocco out of this economic depression and revive the economy in a short time.

Climate projections over orographic regions of Africa under the 1.5°C and 2°C warming scenarios

Diba, Ibrahima — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this study is to estimate the potential changes in extremes rainfall over three orographic regions of Africa (Guinea, Nigeria and Cameroon) under the 1.5°C and 2°C warming scenarios. The results project an increase of the number of rainy days over Guinea under both scenarios by 2059. Over Nigeria, this index will decrease in the north of the country under both scenarios. Over Cameroon, this index will decrease over the whole country under the 1.5°C warming and will increase in the southeast and northeast parts of the country under the 2°C warming. Rainfall intensity will increase over the northern and southwestern parts of Guinea under both scenarios. The maximum one-day rainfall accumulation will increase in almost all three considered countries in the near future. However, compared to Cameroon, the maximum one-day rainfall accumulation will be more important in the northern and central parts of Guinea and Nigeria. There will be a decrease of the number of consecutive wet days in the southwest and central parts of Guinea under the 1.5°C scenario and over most parts of Guinea under the 2°C scenario. Over Nigeria, this index will decrease in the south and center of the country. The number of consecutive wet days will decrease in the southwest and northern Cameroon and increase slightly in the southeast of this country under both warming scenarios. The number of consecutive dry days will decrease over the whole Guinea, over the northern and central parts of Nigeria under both scenarios. The increase noted in extreme events could cause flooding. This work can be considered as a support for the Guinean, Nigerian and Cameroon policymakers for implementing sustainable mitigation and good adaptation measures to limit and combat the adverse effects of climate change (floods, heat waves and drought). Finally, this study shows that the three considered regions will need additional irrigation as an adaptation strategy for the protection of the agricultural sector by 2059 under both scenarios due to the decrease of the number of consecutive wet days.

The Learning between Heart and Brain

Alghafri, Ali Salim Rashid — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The pure scientific interpretation, along with educational and psychological interpretation in the field of learning, is important in understanding and realizing the learner's responses in the educational learning process, and exploring the results of research in the heart and brain and clarifying the importance of knowledge in heart and brain pedagogy. Heart and brain properties. The first of these characteristics between the heart and brain in the field of learning is the property of the heart health being linked to the continuity of learning and the activity of the brain, also the characteristic of neurons in the heart and the brain that generate perception and understanding, as well as the memory property in the heart and brain have an effect on learning, in addition to the characteristic of the heart, the beginning of learning in the brain, Where those characteristics were linked to the educational learning process and hadiths of the Messenger, may God bless him and grant him peace which related to these characteristics, to produce an integrated understanding between the heart and brain in each characteristic.

Sheep feeding practice and commercial speculation of Tabaski sheep in Niger: Between religious rite and pecuniary business

Sani, Moussa Mahamadou — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

In order to analyze the fattening practices and commercial speculations of sheep on the occasion of the Muslim holiday (Aïd El Kebir) commonly known as Tabaski, an investigation is carried out three months before the holding of this festival in the course of the year 2020 in the Tahoua region in Niger. The survey is carried out on a sample of 300 sellers / resellers and buyers from the urban commune of Tahoua and the peripheral village of Badaguichiri. The most important and least important option scaling method was used to analyze the weight of preferences of actors in the sheep fattening value chain. Sheep and the commercial activity of Tabaski sheep remain 100% male prerogative for sellers / resellers and 90% for buyers. The study reveals that sheep fattening is an activity subject to very strong commercial speculation as part of the Tabaski rite. The breed, the color of the coat, the overweight and the conformation of the animals are the preferred criteria in marketing and which are unanimous among sellers and resellers as well as buyers. These criteria come into play in the determination, selection and pricing of sheep for Tabaski. Also, out of a total of six genetic types belonging to four inventoried Sahelian sheep breeds, the Oudah breed is the most presented and appreciated in local markets and outlets. The renewed financial margin linked to commercial speculation around the Tabaski sheep is growing with the increase in the size of the animals. This dynamic of sheep prices can be used by producers and importers as a useful commercial database for scheduling sales at times that open the door to commercial speculation.

Modeling the growth of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) from artificial neural networks in the region of Daloa (Côte d’Ivoire)

N’guessan, Kouame — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The tomato is an annual herbaceous plant, of the Solanaceae family. It is cultivated for its fruits which are consumed either fresh or cooked, or processed industrially. Its growth is a complex phenomenon which involves several parameters. A study of the growth parameters carried out in the region of Daloa (Côte d’Ivoire) showed a complexity of the growth of the tomato at the level of the number of leaves, the length of the leaves, the width of the leaves, the height of the trunk and the circumference of the trunk of the tomato plant. For this purpose, mathematical models were developed to predict the growth of the tomato plant from artificial neural networks for the number of leaves, the length of the leaves, the width of the leaves, the height of the plant and the circumference of the trunk of the tomato plant. The coefficients of determination between the experimental measurements and the measurements predicted by artificial neural networks are respectively 0.9722; 0.9925; 0.997; 0.9945 and 0.9926 for plant height, number of leaves, plant circumference, leaf length and width. These results are satisfactory insofar as all the coefficients of determination (R2) are greater than 0.97. These coefficients close to 1 show a good interpolation between the experimental values and those predicted by the model. They indicate that the values predicted by artificial neural networks are almost more than 97% close to the experimental values. Because of this, artificial neural networks are reliable enough to predict tomato growth in leaf count, leaf length, leaf width, plant height, and trunk circumference of the tomato plant.

Lupus discovered during pregnancy: About one case with a review of the literature

Souradi, H. — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Systemic lupus (LS) is an autoimmune disease mainly affecting young women of childbearing age, The occurrence of pregnancy with lupus has become a usual situation, active lupus in the 6 months preceding or at the beginning of pregnancy has more risk of having an attack, the lupus known preceding the pregnancy must make this last programmed.Maternal mortality is multiplied by 20 in lupus patients, this seems to be essentially linked to the activity of LS, the occurrence of pre-eclampsia, the presence of anti-phospholipid antibodies and the side effects of therapies, in particular infectious.Fetal and perinatal risks are linked to prematurity, the presence of maternal anti-phospholipid or anti- SSA antibodies and the side effects of treatment.The most common situation is the knowledge of lupus before pregnancy. Our case treats an unrecognized lupus triggered by pregnancy, monitoring and management must be multidisciplinary, including regular clinical, biological and ultrasound evaluation.The treatment of relapses varies according to the severity and the type of organ affected and remains similar to the treatment outside pregnancy subject to the compatibility of the treatments with this one: hydroxy chloroquine, corticosteroid bolus if necessary then orally with the lowest possible dose, which markedly improved the prognosis.

Primary malignant melanoma of the cervix: Report of a case with review of the literature

Souradi, H. — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Malignant melanoma of the female genital tract is rare, and its localization in the cervix is exceptional, it represents 3% of malignant melanomas of the female genital tract, At the initial stage of malignant melanoma of the cervix, the disease is limited to the cervical mucosa, subsequently it spreads locally via direct diffusion to adjacent organs, Clinically there are asymptomatic cases diagnosed during a routine examination, However, more often one has the presence of symptoms, because the cervix ulceration expands easily and become infected. The most common symptom is vaginal bleeding. Macroscopically, primary malignant melanoma presents variable appearances, The spectrum of cellular characteristics is broad, Immunohistochemical markers may be positive in primary cervical malignant melanoma such as S-100, HMB-45, Melan-A, Vimentin, and SOX10, Differential Diagnosis of Primary Malignant Melanoma of the Cervix requires the exclusion of metastatic malignant melanoma, or other primary neoplastic site, mainly dermal, Once the diagnosis of malignant melanoma of the cervix is confirmed, the full staging of the disease should be establishment. This is based on performing a tomography (whole-body CT) or a positron emission tomography (PET / CT), the determination of serum lactate dehydrogenase.The therapeutic approach is not standardized but is rather individualized according to the characteristics of the disease and the patient.

Henstock Double integral of a fuzzy function where one of the variables is fuzzy

Didier, Kumwimba Seya — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this article, Simpson's rule for the double integral of a fuzzy-valued function, one of whose variables is classical, is proposed using the Hausdorff distance. Also, fine partitions are introduced. The integration domain is a quasi-fuzzy rectangle.

Modeling of Humidity Evolution During Solar Drying of Cassava in a Ventilated Attic

Tieu, Aristide — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Africa, it is possible to take advantage of the heat provided by metal roofs (constantly exposed to the sun) for the drying of agricultural products to reduce post-harvest losses. For this purpose, a prototype ventilated attic equipped with shelves is built and tested on the drying of cassava. For 6 kg of manioc, it takes three days to dry in the prototype. The modeling of moisture growth in the drying air is carried out by the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. The theoretical results allow predicting the variation of moisture in the air of the attic with accuracy. Modeling of the manioc drying curve is made using five semi-empirical models. The Midili-Kucuk model is the one that best predicts moisture content evolution in cassava, as it gives the highest value of the determination coefficient. As drying is a simultaneous heat and mass transfer phenomenon, the coefficients of heat and mass transfer evolutions were observed too. We noticed their increase with drying time. The presence of fresh products in the attic keeps its internal temperature lower than outside. When the products are no longer fresh, the temperature of the attic (on the products) increases. Polystyrene insulation on the ceiling, product bed and air circulation generated by chimneys help prevent heat from migrating through the ceiling. So, this attic has two advantages: the drying of products to extend its shelf life and reduction of heat in houses.

Théodore, Alla Kouadio — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

To assess the influence of Jatropha curcas cultivation on maize yield in a cropping association, a study was conducted on the application farm of the Ecole Régionale d'Agriculture du Sud in Bingerville from 2015 to 2016. The study aimed to determine the appropriate Jatropha planting density to improve maize yield in a cropping association. The experiment consisted in setting up a randomized complete block design with three replications, including three treatments T1 (2*2m); T2 (3*2m) and T3 (4*2m) based on the spacing of Jatropha curcas plants compared to a control T0 (control without jatropha). Morphological and yield parameters of Jatropha curcas and maize were assessed respectively. The results obtained show that the Jatropha-maize association had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on the agro-morphological parameters (growth, development and yield) of Jatropha curcas regardless of the treatment. On the other hand, a significant effect (P < 0.05) of the Jatropha-maize association was observed on plant biomass and maize yield, particularly with treatment T2. In conclusion, this experiment demonstrates that it is possible to harmoniously integrate regular row spacing (intercropping) in Jatropha curcas plantations during the juvenile period of the trees provided that the main crop (Jatropha curcas) is at a spacing of 3*2 m.

Influence of the communication strategy on the adoption of modern contraceptive methods by the Church of the Assemblies of God in the peri-urban area of Abomey-Calavi (Benin)

Montcho, Rodrigue Sèdjrofidé — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

A behavior change initiative with respect to contraceptive and family planning methods flourished in a religious context of the Church of the Assemblies of God in the Municipality of Abomey-Calavi in the Republic of Benin. What mechanisms can explain such efficiency in this religious context which is initially very reluctant or even hostile to such action ? The objective of this research is to analyze the influence of the communication strategy used which facilitated the adoption by Calavi DA devotees of modern methods of contraception. Through a mixed approach, 142 units were taken, targeted by reasoned choice sampling techniques and whose data were collected by sampling, interview and participant observation techniques.It can be noted that the influence of the communication strategy used by the DAs for the adoption by Calavi devotees of modern family planning methods was facilitated by two factors. It is about the choice of the appropriate messages and channels having reversed the determinants of failing behaviors internal to the Church of the DA and the social relations of influence established within the Church facilitated by the internal organization within the Church. Church. It is therefore the communicational flow of multilevel influence was developed from social relations within the Church of the Assemblies of God in the Municipality of Abomey-Calavi with as main actor religious leaders at various levels in a double vertical and horizontal perspective.

Microbiological and physicochemical quality of « Tomi » : An artisanal drink made from Tamarindus indica pulp, sold in Korhogo (Côte d’Ivoire)

Mathurin, Yao Konan — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

This work is part of a food quality control in Korhogo. The food studied is tamarind juice (Tamarindus indica L.). Twenty-four samples were taken from two types of vendors in eight districts of Korhogo and analyzed. The physic-chemical and microbiological quality of the juices extracted by the hot voice and by the cold voice was evaluated. The pH of the juices analyzed was acidic (2.5 ≤ pH ≤ 2.7), the titratable acidity ranged from 384.4 to 841 meq.g/L. As for the sugar level, it was less than or equal to 22°Brix. Statistical tests have shown that the extraction method has no significant influence on the physic-chemical parameters studied. In cold-extracted juices, the load of Aerobic Mesophilic Germs ranged from 9.9.102 to 2.7.103 CFU/mL. Loads of Escherichia coli and other coliforms were less than or equal to 9 CFU/mL and 17 CFU/mL, respectively. The number of molds ranged from 1.9.102 to 2.7.103 CFU/mL. The Levurian load oscillated between 2.1.104 and 4.104 CFU/mL. For the hot extraction method, the juices were free of Escherichia coli and other coliforms. The G.A.M load was less than or equal to 6.7.102 CFU/mL. Yeast and mold loads ranged from 1.5.103 to 6.3.103 CFU/mL and 75 to 2.3.102 CFU/mL, respectively. The method of hot extraction of the pulp significantly reduces the levurian load of juices. In general, the juices had an unsatisfactory physic-chemical and microbiological quality. However, cold-extracted juices were the most contaminated with microorganisms.

Eco-design of heterogeneous Fenton processes using laterite and kaolinite for methylene blue degradation

Lassina, Coulibaly Sandotin — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The kaolinite-coating laterite (B catalysts) was used for the eﬃcient degradation of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution. Heterogeneous Fenton catalytic oxidation experiments of B catalyst were investigated by changing the eﬀective factors such as amount of laterite and amount of kaolinite. To that end, four (4) types of B catalysts were made: (i) B0 catalyst (50% kaolinite + 50% uncalcined laterite); B1 catalyst (50% kaolinite + 50% laterite calcined at 600°C), B2 catalyst (30% kaolinite + 70 % laterite calcined at 600° C) and B3 catalyst (100 % kaolinite + Iron solution from laterite). The result showed that B2 catalyst exhibits the highest performance with a MB degradation percentage (77%) after 100 min. For analyzing the performance of B2 catalyst, the effects of B2 catalyst amount, pH, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were also studied at 100 min. Kinetic studies were also carried out in this experiment. The results indicated that more than 90% of decolorization was achieved with 60g of B2 catalyst at pH acidic (2 to 3). Moreover, higher MB degradation (≤ 90%) was reported at the presence of H2O2 and B2 catalyst in the reactor. However, only 14% of MB was adsorbed in the presence of H2O2 and without B2 catalyst. On the other hand, it was observed that second- order kinetics (R2>0.90) was well fitted in the MB degradation process. Considering the above, kaolinite-coating laterite (B2 catalyst) could be used as efﬁcient, cheap, and eco-friendly catalytic oxidation material for the degradation of MB in aqueous solution.

Density and distribution of elephants in the Bossematié classified forest (South-East, Côte d'Ivoire)

Ouattara, Soulemane — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

As part of the management plan of the Bossématié Classified Forest (BCF), a study on the density and distribution of elephants was conducted from April 03, 2017 to May 02, 2017. The line transect method has helped to improve the knowledge of elephants in this classified forest. A total of 40 layons of varying lengths were identified for data collection. Counting individuals through monitoring of elephant droppings yields densities of 16.718 elephants/km2 at the end of the dry season and 28.744 elephants/km2 at the beginning of the dry season. These figures suggest that there were 16 elephants in the BCF during the study period, while at least 28 individuals were present at the beginning of the dry season. Evidence of elephant presence was observed over most of the BCF. Elephant presence was most pronounced in the low-lying areas that connect the different zones. The area exploited by elephants during the study period (late dry season) is smaller than that exploited at the beginning of the dry season. The main factors negatively influencing elephant distribution in the BCF are anthropogenic activities. These activities are essentially plantations, land clearing, trails, human presence and lack of water. The results of this study should be used to improve the demographic trends of elephant populations in the CBF through regular quarterly monitoring.

Impacts of forest banquettes and half-moons on the physicochemical characteristics of the soil and spontaneous plant diversity in western Niger

Amani, Abdou — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Forest banquettes and half-moon techniques associated with plantations of woody species are commonly used in Niger to restore degraded lands. To assess the impacts of these anti-erosion structures on the physicochemical characteristics of the soil and plant diversity, an expimental study was carried out in the rural commune of Simiri on a plateau site fitted out with a forest banquette and a glacis site with forest half-moons. An undeveloped control zone was considered for each restoration site. The soil moisture at the structures was regularly recorded for 30 months. Soil samples under the crown of the planted plants were taken and analyzed in the laboratory. A floristic inventory of spontaneous species was carried out on restoration sites and control areas. Finally, the herbaceous biomass was evaluated. It emerges from this experiment that forest benches and half-moons significantly improve soil moisture and texture as well as organic carbon under the crown of planted plants. These conditions allowed the development of spontaneous plant diversity. These results highlight the effectiveness of forest banquettes and half-moons in restoring degraded lands of plateaus and glacis.

Distance education during the COVID-19 pandemic : Case of the Faculty of Education Sciences in Rabat

Nafidi, Youssef — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Covid-19 pandemic has imposed the implementation of Distance Learning (DL) system to ensure pedagogical continuity within the Faculty of Education of Rabat. In this specific context, we conducted a survey of 174 students in order to assess the degree of satisfaction perceived by these students at the end of this experience, to identify the factors influencing their satisfaction and to determine their difficulties and suggestions to take them into consideration in future experiences. The results obtained showed that two thirds of the students surveyed were fully satisfied with the distance learning devices operated during the lockdown. A large majority of the students were very convinced that distance education, in parallel with face-to-face education dedicated mainly to tutorials and practical work, could improve university training. On the other hand, this survey has allowed us to identify the main factors that negatively affect Distance Education.

Women and development of the rice industry in the Oumé department

Koco Marie-Jeanne, KANGA — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The department of Oumé is a local rice production area. Yet in Côte d'Ivoire, women occupy a central place in subsistence agriculture. This article aims to examine the contribution of women in the development of the rice sector in the department of Oumé. The methodology adopted to achieve this objective combined documentary research and field surveys. The results show that women, directly or indirectly, are key players at all stages. They operate small plots. The activity is 82% in the hands of foreigners. A large part of the income generated is used for family expenses, which often undermine their financial autonomy.

A PHP program for the spatial and statistical analysis of lineaments in the Denguélé District (North-West of Côte d'Ivoire)

Hyann, Pinatibi — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this study was the writing of PHP language program to analyze lineaments. To achieve this aim, a TXT file containing the start and end coordinates of 1620 lineaments extracted from four Landsat 8 scenes (with references 198_53, 198_53, 198_54, 199_53 and 199_54) was used. Geomorphological parameters such as minimum, maximum and average lengths, as well as the spatial parameters such as the density of lineaments and density of intersections were determined through the three modules of the program which are calculation of directions modules, calculation of lengths modules and calculation of intersections point’s modules. The minimum and maximum lengths of lineaments are respectively 3.95 Km and 15.90 Km and belong respectively to NW-SE and NE-SW directions. 43.9% of the lineaments are in the NE-SW direction, 28.6% are in the NW-SE direction, 11.8% in the E-W direction and 15.7% in the N-S direction. The values of the different proportions of the lineament density classes shows that the medium and high density classes represent 36.78% of the Denguélé District.

Impact of wastewater from a textile industry used for irrigation in the nitrate contamination of Allium schoenoprasum crops in the city of Bouaké in Côte d’Ivoire

Ismael, Bamba Massa — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this study is to assess the impact of the use for irrigation of water containing liquid effluents from a textile industry on the nitrate contamination of Allium schoenoprasum crops via soils. To do this, nitrates were determined in soil, water, and Allium schoenoprasum samples and statistical analyzes were performed. It appears that the nitrate concentrations in the water studied, which are significantly different at the sites studied, are below the WHO standard for the use of water for irrigation. In addition, linear regression analysis showed that nitrate concentrations in soils were not related to watering with wastewater from the textile industry but resulted from the extensive use of nitrogen fertilizers. The analysis in principal component showed that the granulometry and the organic matter of the soil would greatly influence the absorption of nitrates by the plants of Allium schoenoprasum Thus, it would seem the waste water of the textile industry is not responsible for the levels in nitrates contained in Allium schoenoprasum plants.

Character archetypes in Literature, a picture of what exists elsewhere: A Study of Gabriel Okara’s The Voice

Ntanga, Fiston Mugisho — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

It has been found out that the appearance of characters in different literary works around the world, tend to look alike and sometimes readers confuse them by the fact that they play the same roles. This is because the writer paints his characters according to the shape and existing models so that his work may be taken in the depth of other existing works around the world. Thence, characters, due to this fact, in a literary work appear as intelligent, polite, courageous, coward, rich, poor, etc, and play roles of chief, thieve, killer, ambassador, minister, crowd, messenger, elder, advisor, etc, by looking like other characters found in other literary works. The understanding of characters’ roles in a literary work helps the reader attribute different archetypes to them, like hero, villain, mentor, scapegoat, outcast, good mother, femme fatale, young innocent, evil mother, etc. This has been done in this paper by the fact that all the characters acting directly with Okolo, the main character of the novel under study, look like other characters in other works around the world. So, different archetypal patterns are drawn from the roles Gabriel Okara attributed to his characters. Some of his characters fit more than one archetype like Okolo and Tuere who are called scapegoats, outcasts and young innocent thanks to different situations in which they are found. To carry out the present work, the library, documentary and internet were used as main methods while the close and repetitive readings and comparison were taken as major techniques.

Meaning deviation through a mispronunciation of some words during communicative practices in Bukavu Swahili

Ntanga, Fiston Mugisho — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study investigates the way some speakers of Bukavu Swahili in Bukavu transform the message due to a mispronunciation of some words during communication. The present study aims at understanding, how, why and when some word meanings are deviated by these speakers. The mispronunciation of some words in Bukavu Swahili creates a deviation of their meanings. This is done due to the fact that by mispronouncing a word, a different word is born which puts the listener into confusion. Thence a different message is conveyed contrary to what the speaker wanted to give. During this investigation, we noticed that deviations in Bukavu Swahili can be analysed through two different factors, namely intentional and non intentional factors. For intentional factors we identified deviations related to comic usage of Bukavu Swahili whereas non intentional factors, consisted of deviations related to the origin of the speaker and others related to word confusing through imitation. To carry out this investigation we used the interview and documentation as major methods while observation, discussion and comparison helped as major techniques.