International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Reseach

Access to Primary Healthcare for International Students in Quebec

Sarr, Badara Jérome — 2026-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Background. Access to primary healthcare remains a public health concern for international students in Quebec. Despite their legal status and contributions to the academic system, these students face multiple barriers that hinder their use of health services. Objective. This study aims to document the main barriers to healthcare access and identify opportunities for improving institutional and community-based practices. Methods. A mixed-methods approach was used, combining a literature review, an online survey of 85 international students, and thematic analysis of open-ended responses. The analysis was guided by Levesque et al.’s (2013) conceptual framework on access to healthcare. Results. Nearly 67% of participants reported difficulties accessing care, mainly related to service costs, inadequate private insurance, administrative complexity, and lack of information. Telehealth acceptability was high (74%), and over 80% of respondents reported experiencing stress related to accessing healthcare. Conclusion. The findings highlight the urgent need to adapt health services and welcoming policies to the specific needs of international students in order to promote health equity in the Quebec academic and migratory context.

Cultivating the risk of wonder in the classroom: A teaching culture to be developed

AIT SI ABBOU, Nada — 2026-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

We often witness a process of « anchoring » teaching objects in students’ memories, where risk-free learning is favored over action, where contemplation is advocated over action, and where students are made to feel alienated from the master as the holder of knowledge, without any concern for creating the need for intellectual nourishment and a thirst for learning. The aim of this article is to show the value of cultivating astonishment as a risk for language learners, in order to give rise to a sense of responsibility and subjectivity associated with risk-taking as a source of progress and innovation, rather than one of alienation, which would prevent the movement of being and thinking.

Geography and sustainable development: An epistemic marriage for a hypothetical couple

BA, El Hadji Rawane — 2026-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article examines the epistemological articulations between geography and sustainable development (SD) in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted by the United Nations in 2015. As a global normative framework for a prosperous yet sustainable world, the SDGs, when confronted with the challenge of their territorialization, revive the idea of a «Geography of Sustainable Development» (GSD), a notion debated since the 2000s but which seems to have remained stagnant despite intersections around the human–nature relationship, the question of scale, and systemic approaches. Why this reluctance to affirm a GSD? Does the territorialization of the SDGs provide a new analytical lens for geography? What contributions can geographers make to the implementation of the SDGs? Rather than claiming the existence of a GSD, our aim is to highlight the relevance of geography in scaling the 2030 Agenda. This work draws on a critical review of the literature, an analysis of global and national reports, as well as data from a doctoral thesis and interviews conducted in 2024 and 2025 within the framework of a postdoctoral fellowship supported by the Global Development Network (GDN). The findings highlight the enduring presence of SD in geography, the significant role of geographical objects in the territorial anchoring of the SDGs, and territorialization as an approach that gives meaning to a GSD.

Integrating Perturbation and Attention-Based XAI for Faithful and Efficient Localizations in Medical Computer Vision

Usman, Mahmud Ahmed — 2026-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is essential for deploying complex Computer Vision (CV) models in areas such as medical diagnosis, where transparency and accountability are required. This paper explores a hybrid interpretability framework that balances faithfulness, how well the explanation matches the model’s decision, and computational efficiency. We assess three main types of XAI: attribution-based (Grad-CAM), perturbation-based (RISE), and transformer-based attention methods. Studies show that perturbation-based methods such as RISE achieve the highest fidelity (Insertion AUC 0.727, Pointing Game Accuracy 91.9%), but they are too slow for real-time clinical use (0.05 FPS). Transformer-based XAI methods, by contrast, align more closely with expert annotations in medical tasks (IoU 0.099) and operate at a moderate speed (25.0 FPS). We suggest combining the localisation accuracy of attention-based models with the efficiency needed in clinical settings to create high-quality, useful saliency maps for medical diagnosis.

Study for the treatment of industrial effluent from organic agrochemical insecticides

Chalen-Medina, Judith — 2026-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present study focuses on the treatment of industrial effluent from the manufacturing of organic insecticides based on vegetable oil in the Guayas province, Yaguachi canton. Flow rates and composite samples were collected to determine the physicochemical characteristics and contaminant load based on the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). A pilot treatment was developed using an investigative method, and based on the data obtained from the analyses, the treatment processes were determined, including a grease trap, an activated sludge biological reactor, tertiary treatment through filtration, and a sludge drying bed. The study demonstrated that applying these treatability processes ensures that the effluent complies with the discharge limits for marine water bodies as per the Unified Text of Secondary Legislation on the Environment (TULSMA).

Evaluation of the effectiveness of the functional capacities of Community Animation Cells in improving the nutritional status of children under five in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Hombanyi, Doris Bengibabuya — 2026-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Child undernutrition remains a critical public health challenge in fragile and conflict-affected settings, where community-based delivery systems play a central role. This study assessed the effectiveness of the functional capacities of Community Animation Cells (CAC) in improving the nutritional status of children under five in South Kivu. Methodology: A quasi-experimental study with a non-randomized control group was conducted in the Bunyakiri Health Zone, comparing intervention and control areas. A total of 280 households with children aged 0–59 months were surveyed at baseline and endline. Quantitative data were analyzed using Difference-in-Differences models with Poisson regression and generalized estimating equations to account for clustering, complemented by qualitative thematic analysis. Results: Households exposed to strengthened CACs showed significantly higher odds of optimal infant and young child feeding practices, including continued breastfeeding up to 24 months (aOR = 1.044; p = 0.032) and adequate meal frequency (aOR = 0.689; p = 0.045). Hygiene practices such as handwashing at critical times were strongly associated with CAC activities (aOR = 1.193; p = 0.002). By April 2024, exclusive breastfeeding in the intervention zone reached 93.6% compared with 58.2% in the control zone, while children with MUAC > 125 mm increased to 95.5% versus 58.0%. Difference-in-Differences analyses confirmed a statistically significant net intervention effect on key nutrition indicators. Conclusion: Strengthening CAC functional capacities significantly improved nutrition-related practices and nutritional outcomes among children under five. Scaling up CAC-based interventions with sustained supervision and reliable nutrition supply systems is recommended to enhance community-level nutrition impact.

Psychological violence suffered by the civil servants of the higher education, university and scientific research institutions of Kisangani

Dalmond, Kasereka Miregho — 2026-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Psychological violence in the workplace is a major mental health issue within public higher education, university and scientific research institutions in Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo. This exploratory study aims to identify the specific forms of psychological violence experienced by civil servants, determine the main perpetrators and analyse the influence of certain socio-demographic characteristics on exposure to such violence. A sample of 223 employees, including administrative, technical and manual staff (PATO) and scientific staff (PS), was selected using stratified proportional sampling. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire and then processed using SPSS 27 software with percentages. The results reveal that humiliation and verbal abuse are the most frequently reported forms, followed by disparaging remarks, insults, threats of dismissal and employment blackmail, with increased vulnerability among agents aged 20 to 40, with 1 to 5 years’ seniority, holding university degrees (L2, D.E.S.) and belonging mainly to the PATO. The main perpetrators identified are colleagues and immediate superiors (department heads, directors), which highlights the role of power relations and the working environment in the emergence of this type of violence and calls for the implementation of institutional measures for prevention, awareness-raising and conflict management in order to protect the psychological health of workers.

Mental health status of the academic and administrative staff of higher education and university institutions in Kisangani

Dalmond, Kasereka Miregho — 2026-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study analyses the mental health of scientific and administrative staff at public higher education and university institutions in Kisangani, in a context marked by frequent psychological violence in the workplace. Based on Labelle et al.’s concept of psychological distress (stress, anxiety, depression), it aims to describe levels of psychological distress and examine the influence of different forms of psychological violence (verbal abuse, humiliation, derogatory remarks, insults, intimidation, blackmail) on these dimensions. A sample of 223 agents, selected by stratified sampling from among scientific, administrative, technical and manual staff, was surveyed using a self-administered questionnaire, and the data were processed using SPSS (descriptive statistics, linear regressions). The results indicate moderate to high levels of depression (M = 47.35), stress (M = 37.77) and anxiety (M = 24.39), reflecting a worrying impact on mental health, with certain forms of psychological violence, in particular verbal violence and blackmail, contributing significantly to all three dimensions of distress. Psychological violence thus appears to be a significant factor contributing to workplace distress in these institutions, which calls for the implementation of institutional measures to prevent violence, promote workplace wellbeing and provide psychological support for staff.

Assessing the Effects of CAP Implementation on Economic Growth in Croatia, Bulgaria and Slovenia

Parduzi, Ardi — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper analyses the impact of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) on economic growth and performance of many economic sectors related to the agricultural sector in Bulgaria, Croatia and Slovenia. Comparing the main economic indicators before and after EU integration, the study identifies both positive and negative trends. The results show that in Bulgaria, economic growth slowed down slightly after the implementation of the CAP, while on the other hand unemployment decreased and agricultural exports and direct payments to this sector increased significantly, reflecting improved support and competitiveness in the agricultural sector. In Croatia, GDP growth strengthened, accompanied by a modest decrease in unemployment and a significant increase in agricultural production and subsidies, which were a result of the work carried out over the years and the long period of membership. Both countries experienced a decrease in the number of farms, but on the other hand increasing their productivity and size, while increasing efficiency in the agricultural sector. Overall, the findings show that CAP integration has contributed to improving agricultural performance and labor market conditions, although its effects on overall economic growth remain mixed as some sectors have experienced growth while others have experienced declines. The impact of the policy appears to be strongest in promoting modernization, investment, and export capacity within agriculture.

Optimization of the general services of the Central Bank of the Congo: Contribution of lean management (Study conducted in 2023)

Kwando, Roger Nzapakembi — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Central Bank of Congo, a pillar of the country’s economic and financial stability, faces specific challenges related to resource management, operational efficiency, and the fight against economic volatility. It faces growing challenges, particularly in terms of responsiveness and adaptation to financial crises, exchange rate fluctuations, and increased transparency and regulatory compliance requirements. It relies on internal departments to ensure the smooth running of its missions, including general services. We noted that, in the daily operations of these departments, administrative procedures are often lengthy and complex, leading to wasted time and suboptimal use of available resources. This situation compromises the bank’s responsiveness and efficiency in an environment where every minute counts, whether in responding to financial challenges or coordinating strategic missions. The adaptation of Lean Management (Value Stream Mapping, 5S, Kaizen, etc.), which involves eliminating waste and retaining only the steps that provide real added value, has proven particularly relevant.

Contribution to the structural design of G+9 storey building without shear walls or bracing systems in seismic zones of Goma and Bukavu in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)

MOUNDOM, Amadou — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

This work focuses on the seismic design of reinforced concrete structures in highly seismic areas such as Goma and Bukavu. Entitled ‘Contribution to the Structural Design of Buildings type G+9 in the Seismic Zones of Goma and Bukavu’, the study aims to analyze the influence of soil properties on the seismic behavior of a (G+9) or 10 storey building in accordance with the provisions of Eurocode 8. The analyses and designs were carried out according to the norm RPA99 modified 2003, MATLAB (for simplified manual calculations), Robot structural Analysis Professional (for automated calculations), Eurocode 8, Eurocode 2, Reinforced concrete to limit States 91 (mod.99). The building is a ten-storey reinforced concrete structure without shear walls or bracing systems, in order to clearly observe the effect of soil type on dynamic behavior. Two types of analyses were carried out: a manual static analysis for the preliminary design of structural elements (beams, columns, footings), and a modal response spectrum analysis according to Eurocode 8 for seismic evaluation. The results reveal that soft soil from Bukavu (Class C) produces higher internal forces, with an average increase in base shear forces of approximately 41%, and a 42% increase in lateral displacements compared to hard soil from Goma (Class A). This is due to the amplification of seismic waves in soft soils, which significantly affects tall buildings. Finally, the generated reinforcement plans were adapted to the specific loads for each soil type, highlighting the importance of adjusting the design to local ground conditions. This study underlines the critical impact of soil type on seismic analysis and structural design. It emphasizes the importance of prior geotechnical investigations and strict adherence to Eurocode 8 provisions to ensure structural safety in seismic regions.

Assessment of inventory management practices in Nigerian small and medium enterprises at Kinshasa’s central market

Kwando, Roger Nzapakembi — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

A company’s success is determined by its ability to offer the right product at the right time. Intelligent inventory management plays a crucial role in achieving this. Inventory is an operational resource that must be carefully managed. When inventory levels are insufficient, the company risks stockouts, which create additional costs and, more importantly, damage the company’s brand image. Conversely, excess inventory becomes a fixed asset, increasing production costs and straining cash flow. Optimizing inventory management inevitably involves minimizing costs and using procurement methods tailored to each item. Research results show that the vast majority of Nigerian SMEs operating in the Central Market of Kinshasa regularly experience stockouts, use different procurement methods depending on the circumstances, do not use inventory management software, and rely on traditional inventory management practices.

Recent climatic variability in Côte d’Ivoire (1981-2025)

François, Kouassi Kouakou Alain — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study analyzes the evolution of the Ivorian climate between 1981 and 2025. It relies on CORDEX data derived from five regional climate models and 14 stations distributed across the country. The series were processed using the Hanning low-pass filter, standardized anomalies, the Pettitt test combined with the Bayesian approach of Lee and Heghinian, and the Hydro-Environmental Deficit Index (IDDH). The results first reveal a generalized increase in rainfall. However, a marked deficit period occurred between 1990 and 2014. Since 2014, most stations have shown a clear recovery. In parallel, temperatures have risen across the entire territory, with a stronger intensity along the coastline. Moreover, recent rainfall shifts are associated with substantial positive variations, exceeding 20% in coastal and forest zones. Rainy seasons have intensified in most stations, although Korhogo, Bouaké, and Yamoussoukro remain exceptions. Finally, monthly temperature increases are widespread, with a particularly strong rise during the dry season in the northern part of the country.

Correlative analysis of changes in the Congo River’s discharge and its impact on hydroelectric power production at the Inga Dam from 1990 to 2021

Guillaume, Kuasa Guyguy — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

An analysis of data on the flow of the Congo River and the energy production of the Inga Dam, from 1990 to 2021, was carried out in order to derive a mathematical equation that would establish a correlation between the two variables. This study yields the equation of the simple linear regression line below: y=204.618+0.142x. This equation found will therefore allow us to estimate, based on the water level of the Congo River, the quantity of electrical energy to be produced at the INGA Dam, while considering that the system remains constant. It is observed that the evolutionary trend of the energy production of the Inga Dam follows the rhythm of the evolution of the flow of the Congo River. The evolution of the flow of the Congo River would lead to either positive or negative impacts on the production capacity of the Inga Dam, knowing that this depends on the periods observed. During flood periods, the impact is positive because it increases the production of electrical energy, while during periods of deep low water the impact is negative, it significantly reduces the electrical energy production capacity of the INGA Dam.

Influence of environmental and anthropogenic factors on the distribution of small and medium-sized carnivores in Taï National Park, south-west Côte d’Ivoire

DRAMANE, Kouakou Djakaria — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Taï National Park (TNP) is home to an exceptional wealth of wildlife, with 146 species of mammals, representing 93% of the species found in the western Guinean forest zone. Due to this remarkable biological diversity, numerous conservation and scientific research programs have been implemented there with a view to ensuring the park’s sustainable management. However, despite the multitude of studies carried out, knowledge of the ecology of small and medium-sized carnivores remains patchy, mainly due to their discreet lifestyle and predominantly nocturnal activities. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of certain environmental and anthropogenic factors on the spatial distribution of small and medium-sized carnivores in Taï National Park. To this end, 285 camera traps were deployed throughout the park between March 2019 and February 2020. The results indicate that the distribution of the marsh mongoose and Johnston’s genet is positively influenced by distance from research or ecotourism areas, which have high concentrations of these two species. In contrast, the distribution of the brown mongoose, the Liberian mongoose, and the African civet shows no significant relationship with the preselected environmental and anthropogenic variables, suggesting a relatively homogeneous distribution within the park. These results provide useful additional information for managers of Taï National Park and constitute an important scientific basis for improving conservation strategies for small and medium-sized carnivores.

Socio-economic and environmental impact of water boreholes in the BAHUMBU II neighborhood of Kinkole, N’selé Commune, City of Kinshasa, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Nicolas, Shuku Onemba — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

An analysis of data on the socio-economic and environmental impact generated by water drilling in the Bahumbu II district of the N’sele commune was carried out. The study made it possible to highlight the contribution of drilling in improving the socio-economic and environmental conditions of the population of the said district. It results from this study that the presence of water boreholes in the Bahumbu II district has a triple social, economic and environmental advantage. On the social level: Improvement in living conditions through the creation of temporary and daily jobs during borehole installation work, the engagement of water sellers in standpipes by the NGO ASUREP... On the economic level: improving public health through more reliable access to clean water, which reduces the cost of treating water-borne diseases. It is also the source of income for the owners of the boreholes through the marketing of water. On the environmental level: the negative impacts of water drilling are not obvious because since the installation of the various water drillings until today, we have not observed the likely effects that could harm the human environment and physical.

Cartographic and petrographic study of Ntoni and its surroundings (Mbanza Ngungu territory, Kongo Central Province, DR Congo)

Andy, Nsakala Tanda Reddy — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The cartographic and petrographic study of the Ntoni region, located in the Mbanza-Ngungu territory in Kongo Central province (DRC), aims to characterize and map the local geological formations. The methodology combines a documentation phase, a geological survey in the field, and microscopic analyses in the laboratory. The materials studied are mainly sedimentary rocks including limestones, dolomites, sandstones, and shales, whose limestone facies are classified according to Folk (biomicrites, intrasparites, intramicrites, biosparites, biopelsparites). The region benefits from a Sudanese climate and a varied relief, with a geological context dominated by the Neoproterozoic Inkisi group, composed of alternating schistose-sandstone and limestone terrains. The study made it possible to specify the lithology, spatial distribution, and depositional environment of the rocks, which vary between marine and continental settings depending on geological periods. An updated geological sketch was produced, showing significant stratigraphic complexity. This work enriches the geological knowledge of Kongo Central by providing a better understanding of the sedimentary formations, with implications for mineral resource exploitation and land use planning. It paves the way for more in-depth research on regional stratigraphy and tectonics.

Teaching techniques most applied in our professional practice: Advantages and their obstacles

BIJACHI, John KITUMAINI — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper examines the teaching techniques most commonly applied in professional practice, with particular focus on the lecture method and practical work. The study highlights that the lecture method remains widely used due to its ability to convey a large amount of information efficiently to large groups and its pedagogical flexibility. However, this method has notable limitations, including learner passivity, limited consideration of individual differences, and weak development of practical skills. Practical work plays a crucial role in the teaching-learning process by promoting the practical application of knowledge, the development of technical skills, learner autonomy, critical thinking, and creativity. It also enables teachers to better assess students’ actual levels of understanding. Despite these advantages, practical activities face several challenges, such as unequal participation in group work, insufficient student engagement, and material constraints. The study concludes that an effective teaching strategy requires a balanced integration of lecture-based instruction and practical activities, particularly in professional and technical education contexts.

Building densification and urban organization in the planned area of the Matete commune in Kinshasa (DRC)

Baketa, Alain Bosco Mansila — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Built on the alluvial plain of Kinshasa, the planned city of Matete is bordered on its peripheral areas by green spaces and benefits from a diversity of housing types and facilities laid out on serviced grids, compared to other neighborhoods of the city. Demographic pressure, population densification, and the spread of self-built housing on the former grid-based urban fabric—largely driven by rural exodus, the departure of colonial settlers on the eve of independence, the decline of the National Housing Office (ONL), the anarchic occupation of land extending to the foothills of hilly zones in complicity with the customary authorities of the time, and finally the shift to the rent-to-own system during the Zairianization period—are among the main factors underlying the current transformation of this former turnkey housing area. A local land-use and development plan has now become necessary in order to address the effects of this spontaneous growth generated by upward urbanization.

Parents’ behaviors toward drunken adolescents in South Kivu: Case of the city of Bukavu (DRC)

BIJACHI, John KITUMAINI — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study examines parental behaviors toward adolescent drunkenness in South Kivu Province, with a focus on the city of Bukavu (Democratic Republic of the Congo). Adolescence is a transitional stage characterized by significant biological, psychological, and social changes, which often expose young people to risky behaviors such as excessive alcohol consumption. This phenomenon affects not only adolescents but also family stability and social cohesion. The main objective of this research is to identify parental attitudes and responses to adolescent drunkenness, analyze the consequences of these behaviors on adolescents’ development, and propose educational strategies adapted to the local socio-cultural context. The study employs a descriptive and analytical methodology, using documentary analysis, interviews, questionnaires, and field observations. An occasional sample of 1,200 respondents from different social categories was selected. The findings reveal that although most parents possess general knowledge about adolescence, their reactions to drunkenness range from tolerance and neglect to imitation of parental drinking behaviors and the use of coercive measures. These parental attitudes contribute to negative outcomes such as persistent alcohol abuse, school dropout, juvenile delinquency, early sexual activity, and strained parent–child relationships. The study concludes by emphasizing the need to strengthen parental education, promote family dialogue, and implement community-based awareness programs to prevent and reduce adolescent drunkenness.

Calibration and control of the correct functioning of milk analyzers

Fatima, Bouslah — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The analysis of milk in Tunisia is limited to two methods of analysis which has caused quality problems for industrial processing. The Department of Genetic Improvement specializing in the field of milk quality has solved the problem of milk quality control by the transformed Fourier spectrometer machine (FTS) and flow cytometry machine (FCM) which are the objective of this study. The work was summarized on the calibration and control of the proper functioning of the milk analyser (FTS / FCM) to have the quality desired for the food industry.

Water disinfection by singlet oxygen generated by photosensitization of plant extracts

SUNDA, Teddy Makuba — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present study has consisted to the disinfection of water by photosensitization with Bergamot essential oil. The results obtained show negligible inhibition of fecal coliforms in untreated water exposed to light. In contrast, for treated water exposed to light, complete inhibition of fecal coliforms was observed after one hour of exposure. In treated water kept in the dark, no inhibition of fecal coliforms was observed from the beginning to the end of the experiments. The activity observed in this oil is due to 5-methoxypsoralen (MOP-5). In the presence of light, this molecule is excited (1MOP-5*). The singlet excited form undergoes an intersystem crossing (transition from the singlet to the triplet state); from the triplet state, the 5-methoxypsoralen (3MOP-5*) transfers its energy to triplet oxygen (3O2). The triplet oxygen undergoes a transition from a triplet to a singlet state (1O2*). The singlet oxygen generated initiates a series of reactions with biomolecules, particularly the nitrogenous bases of DNA. These photo-oxidation reactions lead to the destruction of microorganisms.

Aquatic Hyphomycetes from Selected Streams in Guinea (West Africa)

Tenkiano, Nathalie Sia Doumbou — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Aquatic hyphomycetes play a major role in the functioning of freshwater ecosystems by participating in the decomposition of organic matter and the recycling of nutrients. This study provides the first documentation of their diversity in streams of Guinea. Between May and July 2015, samples were collected from foam and filtered water, and taxa were observed and identified based on morphological characteristics. A total of 30 species are recorded, including both cosmopolitan taxa and species with tropical distribution. Nine of them represent new records for the African continent. These findings enhance current knowledge of aquatic fungal biodiversity in Guinea and establish a reference framework for further research on the seasonal dynamics and ecological roles of these communities in Guinea and across West Africa.

Influence of intra-annual rainfall fluctuations on fisheries production systems in the Poro region (Côte d’Ivoire)

Mamadou, Silué Zahalo — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Fishing in the Poro region is one of the main sources of fish for the local population. However, due to its essentially freshwater nature, the annual rhythm of these fishing activities is largely determined by the seasons of the local climate. The aim of this study is to highlight the influence of intra-annual rainfall variability on fish production systems in the Poro region. It is based on a documentary research, processing rainfall and temperature data provided by SODEXAM, fish production data from the regional office of MIRAH and a field survey. The results show that the climatic seasons give different physical and biological dynamics to the fishery production areas throughout the year. The rainy season brings rivers, lakes and floodplains to life through flooding. Conversely, the dry season, accentuated by the effects of the harmattan, leads to the deterioration of these environments. This environmental variability leads to highly seasonal fishing activities, with two alternating periods of good and low production.

Effects of the aqueous extract of castor leaves (Ricinus communis var sanguineus L.) on pests and the yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) cultivation in the city of Mbuji-Mayi, DR Congo

Fwabana, Aimé Tshibanda — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of aqueous extract of ricin oil leaves on pests of two cowpea varieties in the field (Diamond and Mujilanga «H36» varieties) and to determine the best dose that promotes good yield. For the experiment, a completely randomized split plot design with four blocks and five treatments was set up, including the control (T0), Zalang 50EC (chemical insecticide) at 1 L/m2 (T1), ricin leaf aqueous extract at 1.125 L/ m2 (T2), ricin leaf aqueous extract at 1.375 L/ m2 (T3) and ricin leaf aqueous extract at 1.625 L/ m2 (T4). The results obtained; with regard to the production variables, the best treatments that induced a high yield were T1 with 1.20T/ha and T3 with 0.935T/ha for the diamond variety (V1) and T1 with 1.22T/ha and T3 with 0.915T/ha for the Mujilanga variety (V2). As for the phytosanitary variables, the insect pests identified before and after the first application of phytosanitary products (organic and synthetic) were Ootheca mutabilis, Thrips megalothrips, Mylabri ssp, Muracate vitrata and pod bugs. After the second application, Aneplocnemis curvipes appeared while Thrips megalothrips and Mylabri ssp were no longer identified. The number of these insect pests decreased significantly after the application of plant protection products, except for the control treatment (T0) in which the number of insect pests increased with the cowpea crop cycle.

Cassava Leaves (manihot esculenta crantz) Grown on the Soils of Moanda Rich in Manganese, Risks and Consequences for Consumer Health

Mombo, Stéphane — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the city of Moanda, where one of the world’s largest manganese (Mn) deposits is located, the soils are very rich in manganese, which promotes the transfer of Mn from the soil to the various organs of fruits and vegetables that are grown near the manganese plateaus. Cassava is widely cultivated and consumed daily by the population of this region of Gabon. These cassava leaves pose a moderate but not negligible risk to the people who consume them daily. This study was conducted to assess the health risks to the population of this region who regularly consume cassava leaves. Manganese (Mn) concentrations in cassava leaves were measured at four sites in Moanda (La Gare, Leyima, L’Alliance, and L’Oasis), which have relatively high levels in the soil. The results show high concentrations of manganese in cassava leaves, concentrations above regulatory limits with a maximum of 48200 µg.kg-1. The risk factor calculation indicates that these concentrations represent a moderate but not negligible risk factor for the health of the inhabitants of Moanda who regularly consume cassava leaves.

Qualitative study of water from the Maastrichtian aquifer at Touba (Senegal): The case of fluoride and dry residue

Kandji, Ibra — 2026-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The supply of quality drinking water in the religious city of TOUBA remains a major challenge for the state and local authorities. The aim of this study is to assess the hydrochemical quality of the Maastrichtian aquifer located in the TOUBA hydrogeological basin. Specifically, the study focuses on fluoride and dry residue concentrations. We worked with hydrogeological data received from the Water Resources Management and Planning Department from 54 boreholes that tap the Maastrichtian in Touba and the surrounding area. The results show that in the area, the quantity of dry residues and the concentration of fluoride are high, even exceeding the threshold set by the WHO in some boreholes. Fifty-two (52) out of fifty-four (54) of the boreholes studied, i.e. 96.3%, have a dry residue concentration above the WHO limit value (1000 mg/L), and only ten (10) of the 54 boreholes studied, i.e. 18.5%, have a concentration below 1.5 mg/L (WHO standard). Consumption of this water without prior treatment may constitute a public health problem in TOUBA.

The Integration of Panchakosha Framework in Emotional Intelligence Development: A Holistic Approach to Socio-Emotional Learning in Education

PD, Bishmi — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study explores the theoretical and practical integration of the Panchakosha framework—an ancient Indian philosophical model of human consciousness—with contemporary emotional intelligence theories in educational contexts. Drawing from both Eastern epistemological traditions and Western psychological paradigms, this research proposes that the five-layered Panchakosha model offers a more comprehensive approach to socio-emotional learning (SEL) than conventional Western frameworks, particularly for students in cultural contexts aligned with Eastern philosophical traditions. Through theoretical analysis and comparative framework construction, this paper establishes correlations between specific koshas (layers of existence) and dimensions of emotional intelligence, while proposing methodological approaches for empirical validation. The findings suggest that the Panchakosha framework’s holistic integration of physical, energetic, mental-emotional, wisdom-based, and transcendental dimensions provides unique advantages in developing sustainable emotional regulation, cultural congruence, and multidimensional self-awareness in educational settings.

Development of a Remote Patient Monitoring System for Maternal Health in Ondo State, Nigeria

Olusola, Olaleke Janet — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Maternal mortality remains a major issue affecting women of reproductive age across Nigeria. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that 1047 women died per 100,000 due to pregnancy and childbirth complications in Nigeria. From the foregoing, Nigeria contributes to about 19% of global maternal death, still births and neonatal deaths. Hence, Nigeria is ranked the third nation with high maternal and child death with South Sudan and Chad taking the lead respectively. There are however variations in the levels of maternal mortality in the Northern and Southern Nigeria. Maternal mortality is more pronounced in the North than the Southern part of Nigeria. In the south western part of Nigeria, Ondo state had the worst maternal and child care indices in 2008. The Ondo state government put a lot of efforts towards reducing maternal mortality in the state. These efforts include the launching of the safe motherhood (abiye) project in 2009. Despite the efforts geared towards the reduction of maternal mortality in Ondo state, the maternal mortality ratio still remains abysmally high. Hence, this study develops a system for remotely monitoring the health of pregnant women in the state. The system was tested using sixty pregnant women in fourteen Local Government Areas of Ondo state, Nigeria, with accuracy, precision and recall as the performance metrics. The system recorded an accuracy of 95.24%, a precicion of 96.67% and a recall of 98.31%.

The effect of incorporation of maggot protein in the diet on the zootechnical and financial parameters of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus at the juvenile stage

Traore, Abou — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The conclusions of studies on the incorporation of maggot meal in fish feed and its impact on zootechnical parameters are controversial due to the protein content of maggots varying from one author to another. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of maggot protein in the feed on the growth performance of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fry at the juvenile stage during 75 days of rearing. The study involved the incorporation of maggot protein at different rate into the diet of 0.8 ± 0.1 g Nile tilapia reared in a concrete tank. Three diets (D20, D30 and D40) with maggot protein contents of 20, 30 and 40% respectively, competing with a local industrial reference feed (RD) ALIMPOI, were randomly applied in duplicate to the fish. The initial rationing rate applied was 20% the first month, 15% the second month and 10% the third month. The survival rates (Ts) were 99.89 ± 0.9, 98.96 ± 0.65, 99.59 ± 0.41 and 99.91 ± 0.7% respectively for RD, D20, D30 and D40 diet. The results obtained show that the best growth and feed efficiency performances were obtained with the RD (45.80g) and D40 (44.32g) diets. Maggot protein incorporated at 40% in Nile tilapia feed improves its growth performance (45.80 ± 8.93, 24.73 ± 5.37, 24.75 ± 4.66 and 44.32 ± 7.97 g, respectively for RD, D20, D30 and D40 diets). The use of feed containing maggot meal generated respective production cost reduction rates of 47.53, 53.65 and 64.67% for D20, D30 and D40 compared to the reference feed.

Ambivalences in the use of palestinian symbols in Tunisia: Between genuine solidarity and ostentatious altruism

Ben Ghali, Sana — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article examines the circulation of Palestinian symbols between genuine political engagement and performative commodification, drawing on the theoretical frameworks of Veblen, Illouz, Debord, and Baudrillard. In Tunisia, these symbols function as markers of memory, solidarity, and resistance, yet they are also vulnerable to political neutralization when integrated into commercial logics or transformed into objects of conspicuous consumption. The study shows, however, that ethical practices — transparency, redistribution of profits, and respect for symbolic integrity — can reconfigure activist marketing as a tool of real support rather than a form of moral spectacle. It also highlights the central role of digital platforms in amplifying mobilization, provided that superficial performativity is contained. The article concludes by calling for a rethinking of activist consumption as a concrete lever for justice and collective action, rather than a display of virtue.

Representation of the teaching profession: A carrier or a springboard ?

Espérant, Ebondo Ntambue — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this study entitled « representation of the teaching profession: a carrier or a springboard » ?, I wanted to know the impression that students of Institut Supérieur Pédagogique de Bukavu have about that profession. In addition, I wanted also to understand the real motivations that would push them to choose the teaching career and see if they are ready to remain in that profession as long as possible. I have selected these students because they are being trained to become teachers. Following the poor conditions of teachers in the Congolese context (D.R.Congo), it is necessary to understand that representation. Only students finalizing the 1st and the 2nd cycle of their college training have been selected in the sample. After analyzing the data collected through a questionnaire, I found that the teaching profession is very interesting even more interesting for those students. However, in comparison with others free professions (medical, judicial, commerce, etc.), the teaching profession loses its position because of the small advantages that it brings. This is the reason why these students would not like to stay in that profession for a long time. The teaching profession is considered as transitory before moving on to more promising horizons for a better future. This is what has pushed me to affirm that it is the extrinsic motivation which is the basis of students’ aspiration to become teachers.

The explosion of unregulated urban development in the Mfinda neighborhood and its consequences for the environment

Baketa, Alain Bosco Mansila — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Anarchic peri-urban town planning has become one of the modes of production of popular housing in African cities. Coming from ascending urbanization, it remains particularly today the most practiced method in the development and growth of the city of Kinshasa. Today, the city of Kinshasa no longer has an urban plan enforceable by all, a planning body or a private or public construction company which would take charge of the subdivisions, the land equipment, the construction of houses as well as their subsequent management and finally a housing policy which would juxtapose the individual initiatives of city dwellers and the regulatory framework of the State. Abandoned to its own devices, the population tries to support itself by building new forms of housing outside of legality, which is often the consequence of the gap between strong demographic pressure and the housing supply.

Systematic inventory of vegetables cultivated and consumed in households in the city of Kenge: Case of the Wamba neighborhood

Hervé, Bondonga Mambomba — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study focuses on vegetable consumption among households in the Pont Wamba neighborhood of Kenge, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In a global context where fruit and vegetable intake remains insufficient, Sub-Saharan Africa displays particularly low levels. Yet, vegetables are essential to a balanced diet and are vital for local populations. The main objective of this research is to assess vegetable consumption in Pont Wamba by analyzing eating habits, the factors influencing consumption, and the actual level of intake. The methodology is based on quantitative, comparative, and analytical approaches, supported by surveys, interviews, and field observations. The findings reveal that 100% of surveyed households consume vegetables daily, primarily due to their affordability and local availability. The study recommends enhancing awareness campaigns, supporting local production, and involving authorities to ensure food security.

Resolution and Application of the Diophantine Equation AXY + BX + CY = D (A and BC coprime)

Zaluka, Mushiwalyahyage — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper deals with the Diophantine equation axy+bx+cy=d (and bc are coprime). It revisits the old methods of solving this equation. It establishes a link between this solution and the characterization of the elements of the arithmetic progression ax+b (and b are coprime). It provides a new method for solving this equation. It leads to two primality criteria and a commutative diagram characterizing odd natural numbers.

Recognition and Managerial Contradictions: A Tunisian Case Study

CHERIF, Hanen — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article examines how managerial contradictions shape employees’ perceptions of recognition within a Tunisian small and medium-sized enterprise operating in the agri-food sector. Although the company promotes a discourse centered on autonomy, responsibility, and employee participation, actual managerial practices remain governed by a rigid hierarchical structure and strong centralized control. This inconsistency generates confusion, weakens trust, and undermines authentic recognition at work. The purpose of this study is to explore how discrepancies between managerial discourse and daily practices influence employee motivation, engagement, and perceived value. The research is based on a qualitative approach, involving forty semi-structured interviews conducted with employees from different hierarchical levels. The thematic analysis reveals three main findings: (1) a persistent gap between the managerial intentions communicated by the leadership and the organizational routines that prevail, (2) a significant deficit of recognition resulting from structural rigidity and the absence of sincere and constructive feedback, and (3) adaptive strategies developed by employees to cope with managerial ambiguity while maintaining a minimal form of engagement. The study concludes that recognition can only be effective when embedded in a coherent managerial system where discourse and practices are aligned. The article highlights the crucial role of managerial consistency as a determinant of sustainable employee engagement in Tunisian organizations.

Football clubs and territorial socio-economic development: A Francophone and international systematic critical review

Faty, Ismaïl Mazib — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study provides a critical synthesis of academic and institutional research on how football clubs contribute to local socio-economic development. It aims to clarify the mechanisms and limits of these contributions by combining economic, social, and urban perspectives within a territorial governance framework. Using a systematic literature review based on the PRISMA protocol, 28 peer-reviewed and institutional sources published between 2000 and 2025 were analyzed. The evaluation grid was adapted from CASP and AMSTAR-2 to assess theoretical clarity, methodological rigor, and territorial transferability. The studies were then compared through thematic content analysis focusing on economic, social, and urban outcomes. Three key dimensions emerge: (1) Economic: football clubs stimulate local employment, investment, and urban attractiveness, but these effects remain localized and sometimes overestimated; (2) Social: clubs act as community hubs that foster cohesion, identity, and informal education, particularly in African and European contexts; (3) Urban: stadium projects and related infrastructures contribute to urban regeneration but can also reinforce spatial inequalities and gentrification when not supported by inclusive policies. The results highlight that clubs function less as autonomous economic engines than as catalysts embedded in multi-level governance systems. Effective cooperation between clubs, local authorities, and private stakeholders is essential for sustainable territorial outcomes. The article proposes an integrated conceptual model linking economic, social, and urban dynamics through territorial governance, thus advancing the theoretical understanding of sport as a lever for place-based development.

Spatio-temporal analysis of hydroclimatic variability in the peanut basin (Senegal)

Sene, Birame — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Issues related to climate change are now at the heart of high-level scientific debates in the hope of identifying vulnerable areas. Among Senegal’s agroecological zones is the peanut basin the main area for growing peanuts and dry cereals, which is exposed to climate variability. Understanding the spatial and temporal variability of temperatures and precipitations, as well as characterizing their trends, is crucial to grasping the significance of climate change and its impacts on agroecological areas. To understand the diachronic evolution of temperatures and precipitation in the Peanut Basin, the research methodology was structured around the standardized precipitation index, the spatialization of maximum temperatures, the identification of thermal anomalies by applying the Lamb index, the detection of trends using the Mann Kendall test and the Sen slope following an established time step from 1981 to 2024. This reveals that in the Peanut Basin, on an annual scale, the distribution of maximum temperatures fluctuates between 35°C and 45 °C. However, the variation in average maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) temperatures indicates a more significant increase in minimum temperatures associated with a positive Sen slope at the Fatick, Kaolack, and Koungheul stations, confirming the hypothesis of the warming hypothesis in the central-south where the resumption of wet stages follows essentially dry occurrences with average annual rainfall oscillating between 509.62 mm (Thiès) and 715.27 mm (Koungheul).

Survival analysis and factors associated with mortality among COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit at Idrissa Pouye Hospital (ex-HOGGY), Dakar, Senegal (July 2020-September 2021): A cohort study of 175 cases

Jerome, Sarr Badara — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: COVID-19 remains associated with high morbidity and mortality among patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs), particularly in resource-constrained settings. Identifying factors associated with mortality and analyzing time to death are essential to improve clinical management and inform prevention strategies. This study aimed to analyze survival among ICU patients with COVID-19 and to identify factors associated with mortality. Methods: This was an observational analytical study including patients admitted to the ICU for COVID-19. Total ICU length of stay (DTS), expressed in days, was used as the time variable. Death in the ICU was considered the event of interest, while patients discharged alive or transferred were treated as censored observations. Survival probabilities were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method with calculation of medians and 95% confidence intervals. Survival comparisons were performed using the log-rank test. Bivariate logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs), followed by a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model to identify factors independently associated with mortality. Results: A total of 175 patients were included, with an overall mortality rate of 65.7%. The median overall survival was 6 days. In bivariate analysis, age ≥ 60 years (OR = 2.45; 95 % CI [1,30 –4,60]), unvaccinated status (OR = 2.10; 95 % CI [1,15 –3,85]), and diabetes (OR = 1.80; 95 % CI [1,00 –3,20]) were significantly associated with mortality. The use of invasive mechanical ventilation was strongly associated with death (OR = 10.5; 95 % CI [4,8 –23,0]). In multivariable analysis, age, vaccination status, and type of ventilatory support remained independently associated with mortality. Conclusion: This study highlights a high and early mortality among patients admitted to the ICU for COVID-19. Advanced age, lack of vaccination, diabetes, and severe respiratory failure requiring invasive mechanical ventilation were the main determinants of poor prognosis. These findings underscore the importance of preventive strategies, particularly vaccination, and early, appropriate management of severe COVID-19 to reduce ICU mortality.

Effect of irrigation frequency and cutting on the phenology and forage production of two alfalfa varieties in the Sahelian zone of Niger

Karimou, Ibrahim Adamou — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Animal feed remains the principal constraint to livestock development in the Sahel. This study aims to examine the influence of irrigation frequency and cutting interval on the productivity of two alfalfa varieties (Dynamo and Sunter) cultivated under irrigation in the Sahelian zone of Niger. The experimental set-up consisted of an initial split-plot trial in which the main factor was the variety and the secondary factor the irrigation frequency. Following this first experiment, the same design was reproduced, this time considering the cutting interval as the secondary factor. The results revealed emergence rates of 10% for the Dynamo variety and 8% for the Sunter variety. The irrigation regime involving two consecutive days of watering followed by two days of rest produced the highest number of shoots (12.5 ± 3.1), a main stem height of 36.3 ± 2.0 cm, and an average forage yield of 130 kg DM/ha for Dynamo. For Sunter, daily irrigation resulted in 10.4 ± 5.6 shoots, a main stem height of 31.3 ± 12.1 cm, and a high yield of 85.5 kg DM/ha. Regarding cutting frequency, the highest forage production for Dynamo was obtained with an 18-day cutting interval (133.9 kg DM/ha), compared with the other treatments. For Sunter, the 21-day interval yielded the highest production (135 kg DM/ha). Consequently, the average dry-matter forage production over a two-week period under the irrigation-frequency treatments was 27.8 kg DM/ha for Dynamo and 19.9 kg DM/ha for Sunter. Under the cutting-frequency treatments, average forage production over a 24-day period was 28.8 kg DM/ha for Dynamo and 19.6 kg DM/ha for Sunter. Given the conditions under which this experiment was carried out, alfalfa cultivation appears highly promising. Substantially higher yields can be expected when it is grown under more favourable conditions.

Manufacture and characterisation of bricks made from bauxite residue from the Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinée for construction applications

DIALLO, Amadou Tidia — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The need to build, the current cost of construction and the shortage of materials are contributing to the development of a building materials industry based on the use of industrial waste such as bauxite residues. This study aims to deepen knowledge on the use of bauxite dust from the Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinée (CBG) in the construction industry, with a view to recycling bauxite residues. The initial raw samples were characterised using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR), thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis (TGA/TDA). The samples of bauxite residue mixed with sand and cement were formulated at RB80%-S10%-C10%, RB70%-S15%-C15%, RB60%-S20-C20%, RB50%-S25%-C25%. They were dried naturally for 28 days. The results obtained for various characterisation analyses, such as compressive strength, are 1.680 MPa. Compressive strength generally increases with drying time. These results are compared with the literature and present the potential for the ecological application of bauxite residues in low-cost building materials.

Analysis of the impact of remuneration components on the retention and motivation of agents of the General Directorate of Customs and Excise

Kwando, Roger Nzapakembi — 2026-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

To achieve the objectives an organization has set for itself, it relies on its various resources. Human resources are one of them. Regardless of the skills they possess, they are not enough to enable them to achieve high productivity. To achieve this, employees must be motivated. A motivated employee is ready to truly perform their job in the best possible way and demonstrates this through their efforts. For this reason, compensation is an essential management variable. It contributes to performance development, determines internal social balance, unites employees, and attracts talent. It should be noted that compensation has two components: direct compensation. Direct compensation consists of fixed compensation and variable compensation. In addition to direct compensation, there is indirect compensation. At the General Directorate of Customs and Excise, the components of compensation paid to employees do not all have the same effect on their retention; some are more highly valued (bonuses, benefits in kind, and fringe benefits), and their removal from the payroll would have negative professional consequences such as decreased productivity, a poor work environment, unjustified absences, lower attractiveness and loss of core competencies.

Resistance to COVID-19 Vaccination During Early Phases in USA

Reddy, Bharath — 2026-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

COVID-19 time is a great time to assess human sentiment when it comes to resistance that was observed to get vaccine administered in USA. There was large amount of hesitancy bordering on hate to get COVID-19 vaccine and it has blown into a public health challenge. In this paper, we investigate the resistance that was observed during the initial stages on the Vaccine administration in USA from 2021. We will see there was a large demographic group leading into the year indicating that they will resist to get a vaccine, and they remained unchanged for large period of the that year. To every one surprise, the largest group which resisted the vaccine was the age group between 18-24 (27%) and when it comes to race, Blacks resisted the most (20%). Also, we also saw there was more resistance from the east coast with the west coast more inclined to get the vaccine. In this paper, we will show why there was this resistance and try to make sense why the efficacy of the vaccine took such a long time to get the epidemic and population agreeable to vaccine.

Shoulder Pain Intensity in Wheelchair Basketball Players in Benin: A Prospective Observational Study

Azé, Oscar Dagbémabou Oladouni — 2026-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Physical activity is crucial for the quality of life of individuals with disabilities. In many parasports, such as wheelchair basketball, the wheelchair is an essential component. However, the repetitive nature of wheelchair propulsion frequently leads to overuse injuries, with the shoulder being the most commonly affected joint. The aim of this study was to assess the intensity of shoulder pain in wheelchair basketball players in Benin at three time points: before a championship, immediately after the championship, and following a subsequent 3-month rest period, using the Wheelchair User’s Shoulder Pain Index (WUSPI). This prospective observational study included 10 elite male wheelchair basketball players (mean age: 32 ± 5 years; mean experience: 13 ± 8 years). The WUSPI was administered at pre-championship (T0), post-championship (T1), and after a 3-month rest period (T2) to assess shoulder pain intensity during activities of daily living (ADLs). The Friedman test and post-hoc Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to compare scores between time points. The mean performance-corrected WUSPI (PC-WUSPI) score increased significantly from baseline at T0 (13.45 ± 5.77) to T1 (69.88 ± 21.91) (p < 0.001). Following the rest period, the score at T2 (43.92 ± 20.0) was significantly lower than at T1 (p < 0.001). However, the T2 score remained significantly higher than the initial baseline score at T0 (p < 0.001). Intensive competition induces a substantial increase in shoulder pain and functional limitation in elite wheelchair basketball players. While a 3-month rest period allows for significant pain reduction, recovery is incomplete, with pain levels remaining elevated above pre-competition baseline. These findings highlight the high physical demands of the sport and underscore the need for targeted pain management and recovery strategies.

Valorisation of the Sissongo straws (Pennissetum purpureum) for the production of Compressed earth mud bricks ‘BTC’ in the locality of Yabassi, Nkam Division, Littoral Region of Cameroon

MOUNDOM, Amadou — 2026-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

In order to meet the sustainable development goals, global policies are strongly oriented towards the valorization of local materials such as agricultural by-products. Cameroon integrates this important concern into its development strategies, taking into account the environmental protection aspect. It is in this context that our study proposes the development of compressed earth bricks ‘BTC’ stabilized with sissongo straws (Pennissetum purpureum). The main objective of this work is to study the effect of using vegetable straws, in particular the sissongo straws on the mechanical properties of compressed earth blocks and its sensitivity to water, through its total absorption. Tests (particle size analysis, water content, Atterberg limits, specific gravity, modified Proctor) were conducted on Yabassi soils; water content test was conducted on sissongo straws; compression, bending and absorption tests were conducted on compressed earth blocks. For the preparation of the mixtures, 0%, 0.05 %, 0.1 %, 0.2 %, 0.3 %, 0.4% and 0.5% by dry weight of substitution of soil by sissongo straws were used based on previous studies that used the same percentages for rice straws in the manufacture of earth bricks and a compaction pressure of 3.43 MPa (maximum pressure of the hydraulic press). The results showed that the addition of these materials to 0.3 % straws gave a maximum compressive strength of 3.058 MPa and contributed to the improvement in compressive strength of bricks of 1.1 MPa, compared to that of controlled specimen 0% straws (1.95 MPa). Although our ‘BTCs’ in the building are not really experimenting bending, we have subjected the specimens of each formulation to tensile test, the maximum bending stress recorded was that of the specimen containing 0.4 % straws with a stress of 0.367 MPa. The test pieces containing 0 % to 4 % have respective absorption coefficients of 4.5 and 2.06 which are within the recommended range of (2 to 15). Absorption time by capillary action is greater for 0 % straws incorporation (30s) than that containing 0.3 % straws incorporation (14s). Finally, recommendations were made to take full advantage of stabilized compressed earth bricks with Sissongo straw (Pennissetum purpureum) in construction. Emphasis was placed on environmental, economic and social benefits.

Assessment of species richness and relative abundance of medium and large mammals within and outside of Moukalaba-Doudou National Park, Gabon

François, Akomo-Okoue Etienne — 2026-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Animal populations monitoring within and outside the park is important for identifying mammal communities but also for designing conservation plans. We assessed the diversity and the relative of medium and large mammals in and outside of Moukalaba-Doudou National Park, Gabon, using camera traps. The cumulative time for all functional camera traps was 3060.42 camera-days in the park and 2880.68 in the buffer area. Overall, of 30 medium and large mammal species and 3 rodent species were detected in the park, whereas 25 species and 3 rodent species were detected in the buffer area. Moreover, the forest dwelling species were more abundant in the park than in the buffer area (p = 0.018) and most of savanna dwelling species were more abundant in the buffer area (p < 0.001). In both areas, duiker species were more abundant than other detected species. However, the ratio red/blue duikers revealed a high hunting pressure in the buffer area. We succeed to identify at least 5 groups of western gorillas with more than 7 individuals within the park and 3 in the buffer area. Implementing a habituation process in the buffer area will require prior consultation with the local populations to ensure they refrain from hunting. Gorilla habituation could be used as a stool of protecting biodiversity but also of enhancing the benefits to the communities through community-based ecotourism.

COVID-19 vaccination and abnormalities in indian population

Reddy, Bharath — 2025-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

COVID-19 vaccination has been reported to have had some side effects or abnormalities. These abnormalities have been reported after 1 - 2 years after the first dosage. In this paper, we want to investigate if this is true in Indian Population using the Indian Health Authority (IHA) data from January 2022 to December 2022. From this database, we selected a sample data which is a portion of the people living in the great of city of New Delhi. All the sample data contained adults who are > 18 years of age and were either vaccinated or unvaccinated (Sample size n = 11,341,189). In the abnormalities, we particularly want to study if there are any changes to iron deficiency in women particularly as Indian women suffer from low Iron naturally. From the results we found out that the abnormalities after a 3-month period after the vaccination were higher than those in nonvaccinated patients. COVID-19 mRNA vaccine was associated with this new development of nutritional anaemia and aplastic anaemia which were detected in the sample study. The risk of other abnormalities like coagulation defects were also increased after the vaccination and there was also no other risks mRNA vaccine and other viral vector vaccine. We conclude that COVID-19 vaccination did increase the risk of anaemia furthermore than it was before. We find that, education, accessibility of more nutritional food and vitamin intake is the solution for the people suffering from anaemia due to vaccine administration.

Contribution to the comparative study of DC-DC converter topologies for the regulation and control of electrical systems: The case of an electric vehicle

Jeannot, BATASSOU GUILZIA — 2025-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

In recent years, the reliability and continuity of service of powertrains have become major challenges for electric vehicles to enter the mass market. Indeed, defects in powertrains lead to malfunctions in vehicles and reduce their performance compared to conventional vehicles. In this article, we focus on the DC/DC converter associated with the fuel cell in the powertrain. The latter must address the major issues facing fuel cell electric vehicle applications, namely: low mass and small volume, high energy efficiency, reduction of input current ripple, and reliability. This work then consisted of sizing and testing the fault-tolerant DC/DC converter structure selected for P to C vehicles. Algorithms for managing the degraded modes of this converter were developed and implemented experimentally. In this regard, the interaction between P to C and the DC/DC converter was studied. A theoretical simulation approach was used to carry out this work. This approach made it possible, under the most demanding conditions, to achieve very high efficiencies in steady state for both converters: 97.2% for the VS = 400V version and 95.5% for the VS = 200V version, powered respectively by input voltages of 400V and 200V. For input voltages in the lowest range, the efficiency is naturally lower. However, we are confident that this criterion (ƞ ≥ 96%) will be met over the nominal voltage range (between 300 and 600V). This demonstrator has validated the real benefits of a two-stage structure for applications with high input voltage variation, with each stage achieving efficiency in excess of 98%.

Entrepreneurial Spirit, Performance: A Look At Value Creation, and Sustainability

Jonas, Ketha Unencan — 2025-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article investigates the root causes of environmental degradation through the lens of entrepreneurial spirit. It examines how a mindset focused on a «calm and secure life» can guide entrepreneurs towards sustainable value creation and social solidarity. Through observation and literature review, the findings suggest that entrepreneurial spirit, driven by wisdom and sharing rather than self-aggrandizement, can uplift collective well-being. The entrepreneur’s true performance lies in their ability to alleviate suffering among the most vulnerable.

The problem of political fanaticism in Karhongo in the face of youth awareness for sustainable development

Patient, Barhuze Basimike — 2025-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The problem raised by the contract of bail in Congolese positive law is much more troubling, it is true that the right to be established all relates to persons, property and obligations. Thus, the resolution of the bail contract seems to be of great concern in the present research. It is generally agreed that the resolution of the contract of bail occurs when one of the parties to the contract through his own fault fails to perform his obligations, having performed the subject matter of their engagement. The questioning posed by the notion of bail, is of the greatest importance, bail being a contract which bears upon two kinds notably the rent of goods and that of labour; this first category will constitute the object of our study. Indeed, in the face of this rental of things, he poses a fun preoccupation as to who may conclude the dance? It should be mentioned that in order to conclude the bail, it is necessary to be a party, and to be a party also it is necessary to fulfill all the applicable conditions.

Saudi women’s opinions towards traditional fashions and fashions created from heritage

Alfrihidi, Nourah — 2025-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Traditional fashion aspect Saudi cultural heritage, enriching national international culture fashion sector modern, contemporary way. Research focused identifying most important design principles points follow consider creating contemporary designs inspired Saudi heritage. This contributes preserving Saudi cultural heritage modern way keeps pace current times accepted contemporary Saudi consumer. Research aimed study reasons disappearance traditional Saudi fashion, reasons success spread international fashion, identify successful design characteristics resulting contemporary traditional fashion light research findings. Research followed descriptive analytical approach serve research objectives. Research went following procedures: studying traditional international fashions, identifying target group, conducting interviews target group collect study data questionnaire comprising three axes, analyzing results. Conclusions drawn: Most prominent reasons disappearance traditional heritage fashions difficulty wearing long periods weight, multiple layers, lack development innovation designs colors. Difficulty obtaining high-quality fashions, rarity, high prices, unsuitability practical life women's new tasks labor market. Most important reasons success international fashion sweeping Saudi market, practicality lightness simplicity, suitability all body types, skin types times, variety styles, materials cuts, compatibility culture Saudi society, high quality reasonable prices. Points designer must follow ensure success modern traditional fashion: must available markets light colors materials practical comfortable designs few layers, feminine, short cuts modest models, modern traditional fashion becomes suitable all times, skin types body types.

Differentiated logics of local and international actors in forest management in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Jean de Dieu, BELA Ngbe — 2025-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Why do local issues struggle to tie in with the global forest management agenda in the DRC? This is the question that motivated this study. To find out, we collected data from 98 agents of public and private organizations working on environmental issues in the DRC, specifically in Kinshasa, Kisangani and Yangambi. From the data collected, we found that there is a conflict between the actors involved in forest management in the DRC, namely NGOs and other associations, the Congolese government through its ministries and local communities. The root of the conflict lies in the divergence of logics between the players and the failure to respect commitments. Also, the threats to the Congolese forest come from slash-and-burn agriculture, timber exploitation, climate change and mining. In view of these results, it is clear that the logics, interests and ideologies of the players do not coincide, with each player defending its own interests or ideologies. Added to this is poor governance on the part of the State, and the failure of stakeholders to comply with specifications. As a result, forest management under study can evolve in a context of conflict.

Forests in the Democratic Republic of Congo: A solution to the problem of global warming

Jean de Dieu, BELA Ngbe — 2025-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

In carrying out this study, our main objective was to demonstrate, through the opinions of stakeholders involved in forest management in the DR Congo, that the latter is a solution to the problem of global warming. To achieve this, we collected data from 98 agents of public and private organizations working on environmental issues in the DRC, in Kinshasa, Kisangani and Yangambi. A questionnaire was administered to these agents. We then consulted various documents relating to Congolese forest management. In analyzing the data, we found that the DRC is a real solution to the problem of global warming, thanks to its forests with a high capacity for CO2 sequestration, the strategic minerals used in the manufacture of batteries and electric cars, and the production of renewable energies. The payment of carbon credits equivalent to the CO2 stored or captured by forests and peatlands, the effective commercialization of carbon sinks, the rewarding of damage caused by the effects of climate change, and the financing of climate change mitigation and adaptation projects and programs are the positive stakes in the DRC’s fight against global warming. These results stipulate, as implications, the sensitization of all the actors, the implementation of alternative actions for the benefit of the communities bordering the forests finally to safeguard the assets in forest conservation.

Determination of the Activity of the Hepatic Enzyme Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) among Alcohol Consumers (AGENE) in the Gemena Health Zone, 2024–2025

TANAKULA, Richard DEGULIGO — 2025-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study focuses on determining the activity of hepatic enzymes among consumers of traditional alcohol known as “Agène.” In the search for disturbances related to hepatic dysfunction, data analysis revealed the following findings: - The study population was predominantly male, with 44 cases (73.3%), compared to 16 female cases (26.7%). - Participants aged 21 to 30 years were the most represented, with 14 cases (26.9%), while those aged 51 to 60 years were the least represented, with 6 cases (11.5%). - The mean values of the hepatic enzyme measured (GGT) were higher in men than in women, with 48.11 ± 5.8 U/L versus 40.96 ± 3.3 U/L, respectively. The literature indicates that alcohol consumption significantly disrupts liver function. Indeed, the liver, as the primary organ responsible for alcohol metabolism, undergoes increased activity, which may lead to liver enlargement and functional abnormalities. In conclusion, this study shows that the majority of the examined “Agène” alcohol consumers present impaired hepatic function.

Evaluating the Efficiency of Tomato Producers in the Lac Wey Department, Chad: Implications for a Sustainable Agricultural Development Strategy

Choukou, Mahamat Mallah — 2025-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study was conducted to estimate the allocative efficiency of tomato producers in the two (2) production basins of Moundou during the 2025 growing season. Data was collected from 212 tomato producers using a random sampling technique. The cost frontier was determined by applying the self-dual property of the stochastic Cobb-Douglas production function. The estimated average allocative efficiency score was 79%, while only 19% of producers achieved a level above 90%. The allocative efficiency of 28.78% of farmers ranges from 71 to 80%, followed by 22.64% in the range of 81 to 90%. The results illustrate that there is still potential to increase production and reduce costs by 21% at the current level of input use and available technology. The yield coefficient is negative, indicating that a one percent increase in yield reduces the cost by 0.065 percent. The estimated elasticities for land rental and inputs have a positive and significant effect on the total cost of production. An optimal mix of inputs could reduce production costs. Regarding the independent variables, the farmer’s age, as an indicator of relevant experience, and access to extension services were found to be significant contributors to allocative efficiency.

Comparative analysis of machine learning and deep learning approaches for predicting student dropout in higher education

Thiziers, Achi Harrisson — 2025-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Student dropout rates are a major challenge for higher education. Both parents and academic institutions are seeking to reduce this phenomenon by investigating its root causes, as it has economic, social and institutional consequences. Based on an academic dataset enriched by SMOTE balancing, one-hot encoding and scaling, this article explores the application of machine learning (Random Forest, Gradient Boosting) and deep learning (MLP and CNN) techniques to predict this phenomenon and consider possible solutions. Exploring various data, such as grades, absences, failures, study time and family support, the models were compared through these metrics: Accuracy, F1-score, AUC-ROC, PR-curve. The results reveal the effectiveness of Gradient Boosting and Random Forest models (with an F1-score close to 1) over those of Multilayer Perceptron (F1-score = 0.84) and Convolutional Neural Networks (F1-score = 0,82). Analysis of the variables confirms the importance of mid-term marks (G2), absences and previous failures as key predictors. The article provides recommendations, including the parameters to be taken into account in early prediction, and opens up prospects for future work.

Metal contamination in artisanal gold mining environments: The case of the Bangolo department (West, Cote d’Ivoire)

François, Yao Kouadio Assemien — 2025-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Although illegal gold panning is prohibited and punishable by law in Côte d’Ivoire, numerous sites continue to thrive in rural areas, bringing with them significant environmental nuisances. The western region of the country hosts a high concentration of gold panning sites. This study aims to assess the potential intensity of metal contamination (As, Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn, Cr, Hg, and Cd) in soils and to determine the associated ecological risk. Eight (8) soil samples were collected at a depth of 15 cm from areas influenced by gold panning activity in the Bangolo department. Laboratory chemical analyses and statistical treatments were conducted to evaluate the contamination intensity through the calculation of contamination factors and the geo-accumulation index (Igeo). Additionally, the ecological risk associated with soil metal contamination was assessed. The results showed that As, Ni, and Cr concentrations in samples S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, and ST exceeded average concentrations typically found in the upper continental crust. The highest average concentrations were recorded for Cr (134.34 mg/kg), Cu (41 mg/kg), and Ni (34.43 mg/kg). The average Pb and As concentrations in the studied soils were 7.92 mg/kg and 5.79 mg/kg, respectively. Overall, soil metal contamination ranged from low to moderately severe. Chromium and arsenic contamination were the highest, with contamination factors reaching up to 5.37 and 6.75, and Igeo values of 1.84 and 2.17, respectively. Sample S6 was the most contaminated, while S1 showed no contamination due to its sandy nature. The resulting ecological risk is currently low, with all risk index (RI) values below 150.

Effects of «Bougarabou» Traditional Diola Dance on Cardiovascular Variables in Senegalese Women Aged 22–28 Years

Diop, Mountaga — 2025-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Senegalese women have become sedentary. A sedentary lifestyle is undoubtedly one of the main causes of diabetes and hypertension. Dance, a physical activity based on bodily expression, can be a source of motivation for Senegalese women to engage in regular physical activity. To study the effects of a 2-month ‘bougarabou’ dance program involving two 2- hour sessions per week on the heart rate and resting blood pressure of 16 sedentary Senegalese women aged between 22 and 28 is our objective.The heart rate and resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure of 16 sedentary women aged 22 to 28 from the town of Ziguinchor were measured before and after a two (2) month «bougarabou dance» program, with two 2-hour sessions per week. Resting heart rate (before 78.81 beats/min ± 9.31 vs after 64.38 ± 6.05 beats/min), systolic blood pressure (before 13.13 cmHg ± 0.96 vs after 11.44 cmHg ± 1.09) and diastolic blood pressure (before 7.75 cmHg ± 0.93 vs after 6.68 cmHg ± 1.01) fell significantly (P < 0.05) at the end of the «bougarabou» dance program.This study shows that an 8-week «bougarabou» dance program, consisting of two 2-hour sessions, has a significant effect on the heart rate and blood pressure of our sample of sedentary Senegalese women aged between 22 and 28.

Maternal Characteristics and Newborn Birth Weight: A Comprehensive Statistical Analysis

Chatterjee, Prithwiraj — 2025-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

This report presents a statistical analysis of the impact of key maternal characteristics, including age, smoking status, parity, height, weight, and gestation period, on newborn birth weight. A real- world dataset comprising 1,236 observations was utilized for this investigation. The methodology involved comprehensive data cleaning, exploratory data analysis (EDA), and a series of parametric statistical tests, specifically the One-Sample t-test, Two-Sample t-test, Chi-Square tests, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). All analyses were conducted within the SAS programming environment. The study’s findings indicate a statistically significant negative impact of maternal smoking on birth weight, a finding consistent with broader public health literature. Gestation period emerged as the strongest positive predictor of birth weight within this dataset. While the analyses using broad categories of maternal age and parity did not reveal significant differences in mean birth weight, a review of existing literature suggests more intricate, potentially non-linear relationships and nuanced effects of these factors. Similarly, maternal pre-pregnancy weight, though showing a weak linear correlation in this dataset, is widely recognized as a critical determinant of birth weight outcomes, particularly at its extremes. These results emphasize the importance of targeted prenatal care interventions, especially those focused on smoking cessation. The study reinforces the utility of data-driven insights in informing public health policies aimed at improving maternal and child health outcomes. Future research should explore non-linear relationships and potential interactions among various maternal factors.

Governance and Social Identity of Trade Unionists: Case of Dockworkers at the Autonomous Port Handling Companies (SEMPA) in Abidjan

Gnakabi, Yannick Carl Elvis — 2025-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

In a work environment marked by danger and precariousness, trade union action constitutes a central lever for dockworkers at the Port of Abidjan to defend their rights. This study analyzes the social profile of dockworker trade unionists and their repertoires of action, based on a methodology combining direct observation, individual interviews, and documentary research. The findings show that union leaders generally come from among the most experienced dockworkers and possess a higher level of education than the average of their peers. Their legitimacy relies on the strategic use of narrative and symbolic resources, while, in certain situations, resorting to forms of physical violence. The article highlights the tensions between internal solidarity, power struggles, and structural constraints in a context where institutional mechanisms for worker protection remain limited.

The Role of Open Innovation to Improve Customer Experience in Emerging Market Telecoms

El Gendi, Rasha — 2025-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

This research paper presents a qualitative case study exploring the relationship between open innovation and customer experience within a global telecom operator in Egypt. Using in-depth interviews with 35 employees across various departments and extensive secondary data, the study investigates how service innovations are created to address local market needs and enhance customer experience. Findings reveal that the telecom operator leverages customer-centric open innovation to introduce both incremental and radical service innovations, such as interactive voice responses tailored to high illiteracy rates, micro-recharge cards, and mobile transfer applications. These innovations provide value-for-money, convenience, and differentiated services, significantly improving customer experience and loyalty in the emerging market context. The study underscores the importance of integrating external and internal knowledge and agile innovation processes to sustain competitive advantage in the dynamic telecommunications sector in Egypt.

Genotype × environment interaction on tuber yield of Tiger Nut (Cyperus esculentus L.) grown in West Africa

KOMBELEME, Nogueba Abraham — 2025-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The performance of most crop genotypes is strongly influenced by genotype-environment interactions. Thus, finding good-performing and adapted nutsedge genotypes is necessary for growers to improve their productivity. Consequently, the aim of this study is to understand the effect of genotype x environment interaction (GEI) on tuber yield and to select high-yielding genotypes specifically or broadly adapted to production. 36 genotypes were evaluated in three environments, following an alpha lattice design of 18 genotypes × 2 blocks in four replications. The combined AMMI analysis of variance indicated that the main effects due to environments, genotypes and genotype x environment interaction were significant. The contribution of environment (E), genotype (G) and genotype × environment interaction (G×E) to the total variation in tuber yield was 36.81%, 10.80% and 6.77% respectively. The genotypes × environments interaction was represented using the GGE-biplot method. The PCA1 and PCA2 axes accounted for 47.67% and 39.49% respectively of the total variability due to the G + G×E effect. Genotypes B32 (2.21Tonnes ha-1), P123 (1.71Tonnes ha-1) performed best specifically in environment 1, genotypes C65 (4.69Tonnes ha-1), B43 (4.21Tonnes ha-1) in environment 2 and genotypes K25 (3.17Tonnes ha-1), M5 (3.10Tonnes ha-1) in environment 3. Genotype C69 was the ideal genotype and genotypes P181, B44, C65 and B43 were the desirable genotypes for tuber yield in all three environments. The high-performance genotypes C65, B43 could be popularized for nutsedge production in the Soudano-Sahelian zone and the high-performance genotypes K25, C69 for the Soudanian zone in Burkina Faso.

Precursory seismic signal of the May 19, 2023 eruption of Nyamulagira Volcano in the Virunga Volcanic Province, Democratic Republic of Congo

Manzekele, Solange Maska — 2025-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The 2023 eruption of Nyamulagira volcano (DR Congo) began on May 19 with lava overflowing from the summit crater. We analyze seismic data from two nearby stations (RGB2 and RSY2) to investigate the precursory signals leading up to the eruption. Our results show a clear and gradual increase in RSAM (Real-time Seismic Amplitude Measurement) starting around 10 days before, followed by a seismic swarm from May 18 to early May 19. Correlation analyses reveal a weak relationship between RSAM and the number of daily volcanic events, suggesting distinct physical processes: RSAM is sensitive to continuous tremors linked to magma ascent, whereas event counts reflect brittle fracturing. Despite moderate correlation between RSAM values at both stations, local effects may influence amplitude differently. We conclude that RSAM trends, especially progressive increases followed by swarms, may serve as reliable early indicators of eruptive activity, even in the absence of detectable surface deformation.

Test of the incorporation rate of Piliostigma thonningii (schum) pods in the ration with the use of bamboo charcoal in growing goats

Dindane-Ouédraogo, Safoura — 2025-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Sahelian livestock farming is faced with feeding problems, especially during the dry season. The aim of the study was to compare the effect of different rates of incorporation of Piliostigma thonningii pods, with or without the use of bamboo charcoal, on goat growth. This involved determining the chemical composition of the feed and assessing the impact of rations incorporating the pods on the weight gain of the goats. Chemical composition was determined using the FOSS DS2500F with the Global Feed Equation from the International Livestock Research Institute. Twenty-four goats of average age and live weight of 12.5 ± 5.5 months and 8.49 ± 1.33 kg, respectively, were fed a ration incorporating 20%, 40% and 60% of pods, respectively, in 6 batches. Batches 1, 2 and 3 received the ration without charcoal and batches 4, 5 and 6 with charcoal at a dose of 1g/kg PV. Bromatological analysis of the pods yielded contents of 91.5 and 8.69% DM for OM and MAT respectively, with a nitrogen digestibility of 45.51 g/kg DM. The trial yielded GMQs of 10.5±3.32, 18.59±7.97 and 18.43±6.93 g/d for batches 1, 2 and 3 respectively; lower than 17.54±5.55, 20.78±9.2 and 21.71±7.29 g/d for batches 4, 5 and 6, which had the highest DM intake (283.23±52.81, 240±35.04 and 315±50.9 g/d respectively). These results could be used in goat production improvement programmes.

Effects of contour ridge tillage and grass strip technologies on moisture conservation and sorghum yields in the Southern Mali: Case Zanzon and Finkoloni

Dembele, Souleymane — 2025-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The decline in soil fertility through water erosion greatly affects rainfed crops productivity in the North-East of southern zone of Mali. The objective of this study is to contribute to improving sorghum productivity in rainfed crops. A split plot design was used in 7 replications, with 3 factors. The first factor was the water and soil conservation technique with 2 levels including contour bunding with ado (big ridge) (ACN) and grass strip, the second factor was the tillage at 2 levels of which ridging and scraping, factor 3 was fertilization with 3 levels including zero input, micro dose (40kg.ha-1) and extended dose (100kg.ha-1). The measurements focused on sorghum grain and straw weight and soil moisture in the plots. The results showed that ACN with ridging and popularized fertilization was the most efficient treatment in terms of both moisture conservation and sorghum yields increasing, with 159% increase in grain yield and 195% increase in straw yield compared with the control and 40%, 61% increase in moisture respectively at Zanzoni and Finkoloni. All treatments outperformed the control. These results showed the performance of the technologies used in water conservation and improving sorghum yields and will allow farmers to make a choice of technique according to the level of intensification.

AI in the service of civic values to be developed in written production among high school students: Case of high school in the province of Béni Mellal

Marouani, Abdessadik — 2025-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Artificial intelligence (AI) represents a major technological revolution, offering unprecedented opportunities to rethink education. By transforming teaching practices, it allows for increased personalization of learning, stimulates creativity and improves writing skills. However, the integration of AI poses ethical challenges, particularly in terms of fairness, data protection and the preservation of essential human interactions. In the Moroccan context, where education plays a central role in promoting civic values such as solidarity and inclusion, AI appears as a strategic lever for modernizing the education system and anchoring these values in a contemporary vision. This study analyzes the implications of AI in teaching, exploring its educational contributions, its limits, as well as its potential for strengthening the learning of civic values. It offers recommendations for a balanced integration of AI, centered on ethical training, cross-sector collaboration and inclusive access to these technologies. By adopting a thoughtful approach, Morocco could make AI a transformative tool reconciling technological modernity and the transmission of fundamental values.

PERCEPTION AND MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY (EOHS) EMERGENCIES IN THE GLO-DJIGBÉ INDUSTRIAL ZONE

Massede, Samuel — 2025-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aims to analyze the perception and management of Environmental Emergencies and Occupational Health and Safety (EOHS) in the Glo-Djigbé Industrial Zone (GDIZ). Questionnaires, the interview guide and the observation grid were used to conduct investigations. The GIS analysis software ArcGIS 9.3 and the Excel 2019 spreadsheet were used to develop the maps and perform statistical processing of the data. A sample of 385 employees was interviewed during the investigations in the industrial units. The results show that 71.21% of the interviewees recognize strong winds, accidental spills of chemicals, fires and explosions, floods, tornadoes and earthquakes as environmental emergencies. For 68,08% of the interviewees, commuting and work accidents, excessive noise, falls, fires and explosions, inhalation of chemicals, various illnesses and others constitute emergencies. Occupational Health and Safety (OHS). Natural disasters, dangerous chemical reactions, human and facility failures are the main causes according to 69,40 % of respondents. Emergency equipment and tools, training and awareness-raising, the presence of an emergency response team and benchmarks, monitoring of performance indicators and simulation exercises are measures taken according to 75,24 % of respondents. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the systematic detection and reporting of risky situations is possible for improving responses to OHS emergencies.

The factors determining the use of curative services in the MWANA health zone, Province of South Kivu

Pascal, Nkusi Barhambulira — 2025-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

This work aimed to contribute to the identification of the socio-economic determinants of use of curative services in the MWANA health zone, during the year 2023. The data being collected by survey questionnaire at 311. The data were entered and analyzed in Excel and using JASP 0.18.1.0 software (descriptive statistics, binomial test and CHAPIRO WILK test. To obtain the results, we randomly selected two sub-Villages in each area of health Once in the AS, the direction to take was drawn at random by the so-called «bottle» method. With the random number table, the investigators had to draw a house at random. and start the survey with this house They had to continue the survey with the second closest house and so on until reaching the required number of households. The results show that the Prayer Room is the subject of the first therapeutic recourse with 41% of our respondents followed by pharmaceutical pharmacies and health structures not integrated by the area, then it allowed us to describe the socio-economic characteristics of the households such as non-membership of mutual health insurance (95.5%), poverty (75.7%), religious belief (73%) and low level of education (64.4%) negatively impacting use of curative services the health zone; 81% of expenses are oriented towards health for respondents who used the integrated curative service and only 26% are oriented towards health for respondents who used informal routes.

Valorization of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) co-products in the feed ration of Sahelian sheep: Case of tops and pods

Mouctari, Ousseini Mahaman Malam — 2025-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The valorization of agricultural residues is a major concern in livestock feeding in Niger. The objective of this study is to evaluate digestibility and weight performance of sheep on stakes fed with cowpea by-products (tops and pods). The work was carried out on fifteen (15) entire rams of the Oudah breed, approximately 12 to 15 months old and with an average weight of 26.89±3.13 kg. These animals were randomly divided into four groups. Each group consisted of five (5) animals tied to the stakes. Batch 1 received 56% cowpea tops and 44% wheat bran; ration of batch 2 was composed of 42.04% cowpea husks, 28.66% wheat bran and 29.30% bush straw and that of batch 3 included 41.89% cowpea tops and husks, 27.03% wheat bran and 31.08% bush straw. These results show that animals ingested 99.0±.42; 112.8±5.78 and 100.9±7.72 g/day/kgP0.75 respectively for batch 1, 2 and 3. Average daily gains ranging from 52.20±34.80 g/animal/day for batch 1 (control); 70.65±47.98 g/animal/day for batch 2 and 108.05±43.88 g/animal/day for batch 4 were recorded. Cowpea co-products can be used in sheep feed by processing them from raw to corked form.

Evolution of the use of curative services from 2018 to 2022 in the province of South Kivu

Pascal, Nkusi Barhambulira — 2025-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study on the evolution of the use of curative services from 2018 to 2022 in the province of South Kivu aimed to contribute to improving access to curative services based on observed trends and obstacles identified during the evolution; It is retrospective descriptive with systematic sampling so that the data linked to new cases received in 627 health areas of the 34 health zones of the province having regularly reported during the 5 years of study were converted into rates according to the formula of new cases received divided by the total population times 100. The results found relate to the linear trend rate of the use of curative services in the province with an average of 53%; WALUNGU, MWANA and KADUTU are the least used health zones in the province with proportionally 29%, 29% and 22%; comparable to the 5 years chosen for this study 3 Health zones have a downward trend these are FIZI, MINOVA and KIMBI-LULENGE, 3 Zones have an ascending trend these are ITOMBWE, HAUT PLATEAU and MUBUMBANO, 3 Zones of health each had an exceptionally higher rate during one of the five years of study compared to other years (LULINGU, KAMITUGA and KABARE). The MAPIMO Health Area of the LULINGU Health Zone is the most used in the province with a 414% rate of use of curative services followed by the BARAKA Health Area of the FIZI Health Zone with 234 % of use and all come from rural health zones and in addition to 133 Health Areas with low use of months of 35% the least used is the Health Area of KABUYE from the IBANDA health zone with 8% followed by the BUHOLO 2 health area from the KADUTU health zone with 9% use of curative services and all come from urban health zones.

Dynamics and Evolution of Forested Areas in the Environment of Kwilu Province: Evidence of Increasing Demographic Pressure

Mavinga, Mvumbi Sylvain — 2025-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Kwilu, forested areas are gradually moving farther away from villages over the decades, mainly because the local farming community does not engage in reforestation after exploitation. As a result, forests are under strong pressure from the cutting of trees, shrubs, and saplings. This phenomenon, long observed in Africa and elsewhere, illustrates the unsustainable exploitation of forest resources. Firewood and charcoal play a major role in meeting domestic energy needs, particularly in Sahelian countries where they account for a very large share of energy consumption, as well as in the Democratic Republic of Congo. To ensure sustainable management of forest resources, it is necessary to balance exploitation with stock renewal. This requires knowledge of the total and gross primary productivity of forest stands, that is, the growth rate of forest products in relation to the intensity of photosynthesis.

Agricultural Potential and Ecological Challenges of the Bongor Plain, Central Chad

Man-Na, DJANGRANG — 2025-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article explores the agroecological assets and environmental challenges of the Bongor Plain, located in southwestern Chad. It highlights the region’s strong agricultural potential, supported by fertile soils, accessible water resources (rivers, ponds, and shallow groundwater), and a diversity of crops such as millet, rice, groundnut, and vegetables. However, these advantages are threatened by significant constraints, including deforestation, land pressure, resource-use conflicts, recurrent flooding, climate variability, and soil degradation. The study emphasizes the urgent need for an integrated and sustainable management of the area to ensure food security, social cohesion, and climate resilience for the local populations.

Recycling agro-industrial residues for tomato production in central-western Côte d'Ivoire

Ambeyin, TOURE — 2025-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Côte d’Ivoire, tomato cultivation is hampered by the presence of parasites in cultivated soils. However, every year the country releases large quantities of agro-industrial residues with agricultural potential into the environment, which are capable of alleviating this situation. The aim of this study was to assess the agricultural potential of carbonised rice husks, carbonised sawdust and cashew pellets with a view to developing substrates for soilless tomato production. In addition to the control (Soil), five treatments based on the above-mentioned residues were set up and laid out in a completely randomised block design. The parameters analysed included the physico-chemical properties of the soil, in particular water retention capacity, pH, and concentrations of organic matter, total nitrogen, assimilable phosphorus and potassium. In addition, the agronomic parameters considered included plant height and diameter, fruit number and mass, and yield. The results revealed that cashew pellet (C100) is richer in nitrogen (2.1%) but very acidifying (pH = 4.6). Substrates based on rice and sawdust offer good physico-chemical conditions. In terms of productivity, treatments SBC271 (17.93 t.ha-1) and SBC55 (14.69 t.ha-1) gave the highest yields after soil (19.85 t.ha-1). This research has shown that it is possible to develop soilless growing substrates from these residues in order to sustainably increase market garden production.

Training cognitive and social actors in the French classroom to help them build knowledge

AIT SI ABBOU, Nada — 2025-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Learning and its internal processes depend on the institution of a socio-discursive space for sharing meanings. The inclusion of students in the social universe constituted by the discipline of French depends on a psychological instrument deployed mainly in the classroom by teachers: language. Considered as a founding instrument of the teacher’s work, language as a professional didactic linguistic gesture fosters continuity and unevenness in the elaboration of knowledge by pupils, and aims to transform, through linguistic negotiations and readjustments, their spontaneous language use to bring them into a field of unfamiliar practices, values and content. However, the adoption of a horizontal register with regard to pupils seen as having difficulties increases inequalities at school. Interest in the relationship between language and the construction of knowledge is evident from the upsurge in research into language activity in the classroom. We propose a conceptual reformulation that sheds light on the links between language and the formation of social and cognitive actors who (re) construct semiotic systems specific to the learning of French, and who acculturate to the ways of saying, thinking and acting of the discipline in question.

Using Deep Learning and the combination of multi-sensor images to map land use and land cover in the Marahoué watershed

Jean-Robert, KAMENAN Satti — 2025-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Knowledge of information related to land use and land cover in a region is necessary for urbanization projects, sustainable development and natural risk management, particularly floods. The aim of this article is to explore the use of Artificial Intelligence techniques and the combination of multi-sensor images to map land use and land cover in the Marahoué region. To this end, the Deep Forest algorithm is used as the main classifier. Its construction required the use of three common classifiers Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB), Random Forest (RF) and Extra Tree (ET). Three Deep Forest models (DF-XGB; DF-RF; DF-ET) were developed and optimized to guarantee optimum accuracy. These DF models were then compared with four (04) classifiers commonly used in land use studies (RF, XGB, CNN, CART). The results indicate that the DF-XGB model outperformed all conventional classifiers by over 96%, confirming the relevance of integrated approaches mobilizing multi-sensor data, spectral indices and advanced classifiers. The predominance of cultivated land, the regression of forest formations and the localized presence of wetlands identified by the DF-XGB model, reflect the ongoing dynamics of anthropization. This approach thus offers a powerful tool for environmental monitoring, sustainable community management and flood risk prevention in the Marahoué watershed.

Floristic diversity of the partial Aghien nature reserve (Bingerville, Southern Côte d’Ivoire)

TOURE, Sounan Gatien — 2025-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Aghien estate, the site of this study, is part of the dynamic of creating a new peri-urban nature reserve. Following the regression of the surface areas of protected areas by human activities within the Ivorian parks and reserves, the partial Aghien nature reserve was created to allow the survival of this particular ecosystem, essential for the preservation of the peri-urban forest and the conservation of biological diversity. The general objective of this study is to assess the floristic diversity of the Partial Nature Reserve of Aghien. To do this, 36 plots of 625m2 (25 m x 25 m) each were first distributed in six (06) biotopes of the partial nature reserve of Aghien (RNPA). These are rubber plantation (n = 6) palm plantation (n = 6), secondary forest (n = 6), swamp meadow (n = 6), fallow land (n = 6), Bare soil (n = 6). Then botanical inventories based on itinerant and surface survey methods were carried out in each plot. A total of 265 species divided into 174 genera and 63 families were inventoried in the RNPA. Finally, the assessment of the floristic composition of the vegetation and that of the floristic composition of the vegetation were determined by the floristic variability and the diversity indices.

Optimization of a Communication Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks: The Case of the Lubumbashi Weather Station

Lwaka, Jodeph Tshomba Kepange — 2025-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article aims to optimize the Zigbee communication protocol in wireless sensor networks used for meteorological monitoring at the National Institute of Meteorology in Lubumbashi. It addresses key limitations of the standard Zigbee protocol, particularly latency, energy consumption, and inefficient routing. By introducing an Energy-Aware AODV routing algorithm and implementing MAC-layer modifications, the study enhances transmission efficiency and network lifespan. Simulations conducted using Contiki-NG and the Cooja simulator demonstrate significant improvements in packet delivery ratio, energy efficiency, and transmission delay, validating the proposed protocol’s suitability for real-world meteorological applications.

FIGHT AGAINST BUILDING COLLAPSE IN ABIDJAN: PROCESS FOR IDENTIFYING THE TYPE OF FOUNDATION SUITABLE FOR THE REALIZATION OF A REAL ESTATE PROJECT

Ulrich, Kouassi Bleh Raoul — 2025-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

In response to the increasing number of building collapses in Abidjan, this study aims to determine the most suitable foundation type for a construction project located in Port-Bouët, southern Abidjan. Geotechnical investigations, including core drilling and Ménard pressuremeter tests, were conducted to characterize soil conditions up to a depth of 25 meters. Data analysis was performed using XPRS, XGTE, and FOXTA software. The results revealed three main soil layers with increasing compactness with depth. Three foundation types—isolated footings, raft foundations, and piles—were evaluated. While isolated footings produced acceptable settlements, their large number could lead to unfavorable interactions. Raft foundations, though more economical, were found unsuitable due to excessive differential settlements. Pile foundations, although more expensive, provided optimal bearing capacity and limited settlements. The study concludes that deep pile foundations are the most technically reliable and durable option for the site. It also recommends the systematic use of geotechnical studies to prevent building failures in Côte d’Ivoire.

Comparative study of stock accounting in PCGC and SYSCOHADA

Serge, Kambale Kikono — 2025-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article is devoted to a comparative study of stock accounting in the Congolese accounting system and in SYSCOHADA, with the aim of establishing the points of convergence and divergence between these two accounting systems and determining whether they are effective in stock accounting. At the end of our analysis, we have noted that the two accounting systems compared reveal more differences than similarities in inventory accounting. These differences are, in fact, innovations that SYSCOHADA brings to the PCGC. Other advantages of SYSCOHADA are also due to the major innovations it brings to certain aspects of the economic life of companies. Among these advantages are: the distinction between inventories, in particular, and liabilities and liabilities in general in ordinary and non-ordinary activities, the use of an inventory change account for any movement relating to inventories, the presence of an account to record services in progress, etc.

Land tenure: An essential determinant of family farming and food security in the Maradi region of Niger

Bachir, Oumarou Sanna — 2025-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Agricultural land, the main production factor, is under increasing pressure in the Maradi region of Niger. The meteoric rise in land transactions and land grabbing justifies this study to assess their impact, including the emergence of landless peasants. The study was carried out in twenty-one (21) villages in the communes of Baoudeta, Djirataoua, Guidan Roumdji, Sherkin Haoussa, Guidan Sori, Chadakori and Tchadoua in the Maradi region. Data were collected through individual interviews with a 30% sample of farmers in each village, supplemented by participant observation and focus groups. A total of 823 farmers of both sexes were surveyed. The results show that the average number of people per farm is ten (10). Access to land was by inheritance in 55.3% of cases, and 11.7% of respondents were landless as a result of successive transactions. A hierarchical ascending classification enabled us to identify three (3) classes of producers according to land tenure status: farmers with stable land tenure status, those with unstable land tenure status whose land is acquired by lease or pledge, owning on average 1.22± 1.5 ha, and landless farmers with an average family burden of 11 ± 4 dependents. The latter engage in a variety of off-farm activities to secure their livelihoods, such as petty trading, the sale of wood and fodder, handicrafts, begging and rural exodus. Production systems vary according to the land base of the farmer, which impacts the development of family farming and household food security.

Formal Communication and Work Climate within a Company: The Case of COOPEC Pilote

Jacques, Nshokano Mulegwa — 2025-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study assesses the relationship between formal communication and the work climate at COOPEC Pilote, employing Kendall’s correlation to analyze this connection. Data was collected through a questionnaire distributed to the cooperative’s employees. The analysis indicates that the work climate is rated as good at 52.6%, primarily due to a human resources management approach that combats discrimination and values well-done work. However, the results from the Kendall test reveal a negative correlation between formal communication and the work climate, with insufficient data to establish a significant relationship. Consequently, the null hypothesis, which posits the absence of a link between formal communication and the work climate, is accepted.

Attacks on recognition in the Democratic Republic of Congo and some remedies

Mudekereza, Georges Mushagalusa — 2025-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Abstract: The matter of political crisis in the Democratic Republic of Congo has become a large field of thoughts making the subject matter of much work in different domains of scientific research. The present piece of work deal with the same question in its philosophical aspect facing the theory of gratefulness to the various researches done about the DRC to reveal out the scope tracks of reconnaissance and then put forward some trails of solution. Being inspired by some experts together with our own experience on the field, we've suggested remedy on three levels: to leaders, to the Congolese people, and to the international partnership considering that in nowadays no state can subsist alone. Despite the dark chart of coverages of reconnaissance of the DRC, that can dishearten the leaders, the population, and the different foreign partners whose most of them fear to arrive in Congo and invest there; it's still possible to watch out a better future in the DR Congo, a grateful society, this may drop off like manna but by a strong effect of education by reconnaissance at all the levels of its society.

Governance and Risk Management in Religious Denominations in Bunia, Ituri Province, Democratic Republic of Congo

Pierre, Rilega Remo — 2025-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study was carried out with the aim of analysing the governance and risk management process within the religious denominations in the town of Bunia. After analysis, the study revealed the following: - Governance processes within religious denominations in Bunia have shortcomings and need to be improved if they are to be effective; - Risk management within religious denominations in Bunia is incomplete. In order to improve these religious denominations and make them more professional, there is a need to promote ongoing professional training in this area of organisational governance.

Control and implementation of internal audit recommendations within religious denominations in Bunia, Ituri Province, Democratic Republic Congo

Pierre, Rilega Remo — 2025-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study was conducted in order to analyse the control and implementation of internal audit recommendations within the religious denominations in Bunia. The quantitative method was used to carry out the study in 32 member churches of the religious denominations in Bunia, drawn using weighted stratified sampling. The questionnaire and documentary analysis were used to collect the data. Content analysis supported by percentage calculations was used to analyse the data. After analysis, the study revealed the following: - The state of control of the various management procedures within the religious denominations in Bunia is fairly good. - The recommendations relating to the risks identified during the internal audit of religious denominations in Bunia have not been implemented. In order to improve these religious denominations and make them more professional, there is a need to promote ongoing professional training in this area of organisational governance.

Psychosocial experience of diabetes by diabetics attending the Evangelical Medical Centre Nyankunde, Bunia Hospital centre, Ituri Province, Democratic Republic of Congo

Joseph, Kabona Basara — 2025-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study was conducted to explore the psychosocial experience of diabetes by diabetics attending the Evangelical Medical Centre Nyankunde, Bunia Hospital Centre. It was carried out using the phenomenological method supported by semi-structured interviews with 30 diabetics. After analyzing and processing the data using content analysis, the study revealed that as soon as their diagnosis is announced, diabetics experience diabetes as a disappointment for some, as stressful for others, and as denial (non-acceptance of the disease ‘diabetes’). In the daily lives of diabetics after the diagnosis, diabetes is experienced as stress for some, for several reasons: a life of dependence, bankruptcy, giving up work, encouraging the onset of other illnesses, eating badly (adherence to a diabetic diet), taking medication at all times, suffering at all times, loss of self-image and, finally, depression for others. Socially, diabetes has an impact on the relationship between diabetics and those around them. The family maintains a good relationship despite their member being affected by diabetes. At work, there is a change in professional life, and at the hospital, there is a great deal of support through the good relationship between the nursing staff and diabetics, which gives the latter hope for life. As for the church, it demonstrates a good relationship with diabetics and is of great importance in their lives, as it introduces them first and foremost to God, who is the solution to every human problem. Although diabetics try to adapt to their condition with the support of members of their societies, diabetes remains a burden that requires awareness for its prevention and holistic support for its victims.

Population perception of the use of cosmetic skin depigmentation products in the town of Bunia, Ituri Province, Democratic Republic of Congo

Dieu-Merci, Amuda Baba — 2025-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

This research explores the perceptions of the inhabitants of Bunia on the use of depigmenting cosmetic products. The qualitative research design using ethnographic method was used to conduct this study. Semi-structured interview was used to carry out this study with a sample of 80 participants, chosen by occasional sampling. After analysis, the study revealed that the main reasons for the use of depigmenting consmetic products were the desire to achieve a clearer complexion and to improve one’s appearance, influences marked by social norms and the media. Some users also use it for therapeutic purposes, in particular to treat skin problems such as acne. The analysis reveals a preference for several types of product. Milks and lotions top the list, followed by injections and tablets, while depigmenting soaps are still widely used. Although some people believe that men and women use depigmenting products equally, the practice is still predominantly female. Participants expressed deep concern about the associated health risks: skin cancers, medical complications, unpleasant body odours and irregular pigmentation problems. In view of these results, it is vital to adopt a multidisciplinary approach, by stepping up targeted awareness-raising campaigns, using innovative approaches, but also by ensuring regulation, banning the most harmful products and promoting greater individual awareness of the risks.

Aggravating factors of health risks from natural disasters in the health zones of South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Raphaël, Elias Bashimbe — 2025-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: The South Kivu province faces increasing health risks due to recurrent natural disasters. In 2023, floods caused hundreds of deaths and disappearances in Kalehe, while Uvira experienced a resurgence of cholera cases. In 2024, the situation worsened with a rise in waterborne and infectious diseases, severely impacting the health of local populations. Methodology: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in the Uvira and Kalehe health zones in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The sample included 768 randomly selected households. Data collection was carried out using survey questionnaires, with statistical analysis performed using SPSS 27. Results: The results indicate that several factors significantly exacerbate health risks in these disaster-affected areas. Among them are population displacement, the destruction of homes and health infrastructure, the loss of material goods, water source contamination, overcrowding in temporary shelters, psychological distress, and diarrheal diseases (p<0.05). Additionally, the disruption of healthcare services and supply chains further complicates the health response. Conclusion: These findings highlight the urgent need for an adaptive response to strengthen the health system against natural disasters and improve the care of affected populations.

Assessing the microbiological quality of food sold in various retail outlets in Libreville (Gabon)

NGUEMA, Pierre Philippe MBEHANG — 2025-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Food safety is a critical aspect of public health, encompassing the hygienic quality and absence of harmful microorganisms or toxins in food products. In Libreville, Gabon’s bustling economic hub, food markets range from traditional stalls to modern supermarkets. This study evaluates the microbiological quality of chicken, the most consumed food item among Libreville residents, by assessing contamination levels with Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus spp. Twenty-one chicken samples, including wings, thighs, and drumsticks, were randomly collected from various retail outlets. Microbiological analyses revealed contamination in all samples, with bacterial loads exceeding international safety thresholds. Wings exhibited the highest levels of contamination, potentially due to poor hygiene practices and frequent handling. Antibiotic susceptibility tests demonstrated resistance to multiple antibiotics, though no extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production was observed. Resistance was most pronounced in E. coli and Staphylococcus spp. for sulfamides and cefotaxime. The findings underscore the urgent need for improved food safety practices in Libreville’s markets, highlighting the health risks associated with chicken consumption. This study calls for enhanced regulatory oversight, public awareness campaigns, and the adoption of stringent hygiene measures to safeguard consumers from foodborne illnesses.

Effects of Piliostigma reticulatum (D.C.) Hocht woody residue amendments on weed biomass, agronomic performance of sorghum and residual soil quality in a semi-arid context

Guebre, Daouda — 2025-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Woody amendments based on Fragmented Ramial Wood (FRW) could constitute a viable alternative in order to alleviate soil fertility problems. Our study aims to assess the influence of FRW from Piliostigma reticulatum (D.C.) Hochst on the dynamics of weed biomass and the agronomic performance of sorghum and residual soil quality in a Sudano-Sahelian context. The study was located in central Burkina Faso. The experimental design was organised into 4 completely randomised Fisher blocks with eight (8) treatments each: Absolute Control (AC), Manure (M), Combined Crops (CC), Urea (N), FRW used alone (FRW), FRW+Manure (FRW+M), FRW+Combined Crops (FRW+CC), FRW+Urea (FRW+N). The results showed that the FRW+F treatments were significantly the most competitive in terms of improving moisture content (+32.62%), infiltration (+49.73%), soil density (+8.29%), pH (+11.29%), soil macrofaunal density (+91.75%), and soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus content. Sorghum growth was greater under F treatments (+84.93%). Furthermore, weed biomass was lower on plots with FRW than on plots without FRW, with the exception of the FRW+N treatment. Weed biomass remains negatively correlated with carbon and nitrogen content and plant growth (under F). This practice deserves to be optimised for sustainable soil conservation in the Sudano-Sahelian context.

Evaluation of agronomic performances of F1 group I (F1/G1) tomato hybrids (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and their parental lines in Kisangani (Tshopo Province, DR Congo)

Okenge, Jules Lokonga — 2025-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present work aims to evaluate the agronomic performances of F1 hybrids of group 1 (F1 / G1) of tomato (S. lycopersicum L.) and their parental lines grown in soil enriched with manure in open fields in Kisangani in order to contribute to the improvement of tomato productivity on the one hand and recycling of waste from pig farming (pig manure) to combat environmental pollution on the other hand. It took place from July to October 2015 in the premises of the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Kisangani. To achieve this objective, an experimental culture of a randomized block design was carried out during which observations and analyses focused on quantitative characteristics including plant size, number of flowers, number of fruits, fruit weight, number of seminal locules, fruit shape index and number of seeds in the F1 hybrids of the group (F1/G1) and their parental lines. The results obtained showed that: All F1 hybrids generally showed hybrid vigor for most quantitative traits compared to the parental populations. - Regarding plant height, it follows that the F1/G1 hybrids are taller (120.35 cm) than the parental lines (P1: 115.26 cm and P2: 88.36 cm). - Regarding flower production, the F1/G1 hybrids produced more flowers (67.7) than the parental populations (P1: 52.3 and P2: 50.5). - For fruit production, it is found that the F1/G1 hybrids set more (33.06) than the parental lines (P1: 28.63 and P2: 29.66). - It also appears that the fruits of the F1/G1 hybrids perform better in terms of average fruit weight (29.34g) than the parents (P1: 14.21g and P2: 15.33g). - It is clear that the F1/G1 hybrids produced tomato fruits with a higher average number of locules (3.46) than the male parent (3.26) and lower than the female parent (4.6). - It is observed that the fruits of the F1 hybrids are round (IF: 0.84) like the fruits of the male parent (IF: 0.91). On the other hand, the fruits of the female parent are flattened (IF: 0.73). - It is also clear that the fruits of the hybrid plants developed more total seeds (F1: 130.23) than the parents (P1: 88.86 and P2: 116.43). Statistical analysis shows that at the 5% significance level (α=0.05), for size, number of flowers, number of fruits, fruit weight, fruit width, fruit length, number of locules, number of seeds and shape index: F.pr ≤ α which means that the difference is significant between the parents and the F1/G1 hybrids.

Evaluation of the process of transformation of the flesh of the Achatines in Benin

Ali, Adékunlé Mama — 2025-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

African giant snails are transformed in Benin in different forms that are not well known. The purpose of the study is to characterize processing method, conservation and distribution of giant snails’ flesh in southern Benin. Thus, a survey was carried out in 59 snail processing units. The data collected was analyzed and the Multiple Correspondence Analysis was used to identify three groups of transformers. Archachatina marginata, Achatina achatina, Archachatina ventricosa and Achatina fulica are more processed and consumed in southern Benin. In group 1 the snail flesh is obtained by breaking the shell outdoor and in the family kitchen. The group 2 are distinguished from the first by the place of processing (not frequently used outdoor), the use of bleach to wash the snail before processing and lemon to remove mucus from the snail’s flesh. The group 3 are distinguished from the other two by the method of obtaining the flesh. They pull the flesh after heating the shell. The processors of snail flesh in South-Benin were mostly women (96.77%) against a minority of men (3.23%) from group 3. The flesh had higher organoleptic qualities than the flesh obtained by boiling. The flesh of African giant snails to be marketed in South-Benin is mainly sold in fried forms (95.2%), then boiled (2.4%) and braised (2.4%). The three types of processors described made it possible to better understand the processing of African giant snail meat in Benin. The application of good hygiene practices during snail processing would guarantee better quality snail meat.

Parents’ opinions on the medical care of hospitalized children: Case of paediatric department of HGR Bunia

Dieudonné, Heranabo Muzikale — 2025-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aims to collect the parents’ opinions on the medical care of children hospitalized in the pediatric department of HGR/Bunia. We used the semi-structured interview technique to collect parents’ opinions. The occasional non-probability sampling technique allowed us to select and interview 84 parents. At the end of the analysis of the results, the majority of the parents declared that the good reception and the administration of the drugs is done in time by the medical staff who care about the patients, although some say that the reception is bad and medications are administered late due to lack of awareness. Everyone appreciates the fact that each patient has a bed. With regard to the hygiene of the premises and the environment, a good number affirm that they are clean while a few find them to be dirty. As for the costs of hospitalization of children, almost all parents find them high.

Topographic study of the cadastral subdivisions in the Joli Site RVA and Golf neighborhoods for the drainage of stormwater and domestic wastewater (case of the city of Kolwezi, DR Congo)

Jean Paul, KAYEYE MAHAMBA — 2025-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Population growth led to the creation of new neighborhoods including JOLI SITE RVA and Golf at Kolwezi city in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Unfortunately, it is noticed that the creation of these housing estates is not usually preceded by an urban development plan inducting the consequence of difficult weather management. This article proposes a ground survey study of these new areas in the aim to managing meteoric water and consequently household water. Based on the geographical coordinates of the concerned land, we discovered that these neighborhoods are in an area belonging to three large basins. Thus, we designed a drainage network of 54530.6 meters long consisting of 29281 m of main collectors, 21870.25 m of secondary collectors and 2839.44 m of tertiary collectors.

Perception of riverine populations in the Nakanbe-Wayen basin on surface water resources in the Sahelian zone of Burkina Faso

Yameogo, Wennepinguere Virginie Marie — 2025-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Water resources are the economic and social backbone of Burkina Faso. However, these resources are subject to strong climatic and anthropic pressures. The aim of this study was to understand the perceptions of local communities regarding surface water resources in three Ramsar wetlands in Burkina Faso. Data collection was based on field surveys of the riparian population and interviews with resource persons. A pre-designed questionnaire and interview guide were formalized using the Kobotoolbox tool. IBM SPSS Statistics (version 22) was used for data analysis. The results show that the water surface areas of the three Ramsar sites studied - Lake Dem, Lake Bam and the «Nakanbé-Mané Basin» wetland - are on a downward trend. The main causes are siltation of the basins, drought, high evapotranspiration, heavy pressure from uses, inadequate maintenance, etc. Restoration solutions implemented in the watershed include protection and restoration work, awareness-raising and capacity-building, and repair work. Despite the diversification of activities carried out, the results obtained remain insufficient, according to local residents. A package of measures was therefore proposed. These include strengthening water management structures, increasing water storage capacity, restoring structures and ecosystems, and stepping up awareness-raising and training activities.

Participatory diagnosis of post-harvest practices and storage constraints for Senegalia macrostachya seeds among farmers in the « Boucle du Mouhoun » region, Burkina Faso

Dioma, Larissa — 2025-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in semi-arid regions of sub-Saharan Africa, play a crucial role in supporting local livelihoods by providing food, income, and raw materials. Particularly in Burkina Faso, the seeds of Senegalia macrostachya (Reichenb. ex DC.) (Zamnè) are highly valued by all social strata due to their nutritional, economic and pharmaceutical importance. However, post-harvest preservation of these seeds remains a major constraint. This study aimed to assess the various post-harvest practices used for S. macrostachya seeds in the rural areas. Data were collected through a structured, interviewer-assisted questionnaire survey. Results revealed that 87.9% of the respondents store their S. macrostachya seeds in polypropylene bags, 52.42% in 20l plastic drums and 24.19% in taditional clay containers. The majority of respondents (99.19%), identified insect infestation as the primary cause of post-harvest losses. Seed preservation is also intended to meet both household consumption and market supply needs. The most commonly employed pest control method is heat-based pre-cooking (90.32% of respondents). In the absence of control measures substancial damage can occur as early as the first week of storage. A better understanding of post-harvest strategies in rural contest is crucial for developing more effective management practises for this important food resource. Through the direct involvement of local farmers, the research seeks to: (i) document current practices, (ii) identify technical and socio-economic bottlenecks, and (iii) provide a baseline for the development of locally adapted, sustainable seed handling and storage strategies.

Development of a teaching evaluation instrument at the graduate level using agile methodologies

Hernández Mora, José Juan — 2025-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

In many institutions, the evaluation of faculty performance in graduate programs is carried out using instruments designed for undergraduate programs or with an exclusive focus on research, which limits the effectiveness and objectivity of the evaluation in the classroom. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a specific instrument to assess teaching in the graduate context, one that facilitates effective feedback and promotes continuous improvement in the teaching-learning process. This work presents the development of a methodology based on the Design Science Research model and an agile approach using Scrum, applied to create a teaching evaluation instrument for graduate programs. The methodological process was structured in two phases: the first phase involved an analysis of the state of the art, while the second adopted an iterative approach in three stages. During each sprint, the instrument was refined through feedback from students, faculty, and administration, allowing for continuous improvement and adaptation to the needs of the context. The applied methodology resulted in an effective tool, adapted to the academic environment, that significantly contributes to the improvement of educational management and teaching quality in graduate-level programs.

Enhancing the Teaching-Learning Process in Life and Earth Sciences through Simulated Experiments: Challenges and Solutions

Bidari, Aziz — 2025-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study explores the significance of practical experimentation in the teaching of life and earth sciences (LES), particularly in the context of studying microorganisms. The research focuses on identifying key challenges that hinder the effective use of experiments in science classrooms and highlights the potential role of simulation as a remedial tool. A mixed-method approach was employed, including interviews with teachers and surveys targeting both teachers and students. Two main issues were identified: inadequate infrastructure for practical work in two educational institutions (a middle school and a high school) and varied student perceptions regarding experimental activities. The findings revealed that, under current conditions, the laboratories at these institutions fail to support active learning and scientific knowledge development. Most scientific activities are conducted in a theoretical context due to poor laboratory facilities and management. Additionally, students expressed a lack of motivation, partly due to their awareness of the poor laboratory conditions and the unengaging teaching methods employed. This research underscores the potential of simulations as a valuable tool to address these challenges and improve the LES teaching-learning process, without replacing traditional experiments. The study emphasizes the need for improving both the infrastructure and the pedagogical approaches to enhance the educational experience in the sciences.

Probable substitution of imported kaolin by a local clay in the formulations based on elastomers manufactured in the plastic workshops of Gécamines

Kapalola, Jean Luc Kashala — 2025-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Gécamines, through its Central Panda Workshops with the acronym ACP, manufactures several items using natural and synthetic rubber. These materials are used to absorb shocks in structures such as tarpaulins, channels, pump volutes, and others, and to limit the abrasion of metallic materials that would occur due to pulp particles. Other properties linked to the application must be taken into account in the formulation of these materials, including breaking resistance, elongation, aging, and so on. Generally speaking, the composition of these rubber materials is made with a reinforcing clay filler such as kaolin imported from London. Since clay materials are abundant in our environment, we set out to study the impact of replacing this kaolin with a local clay mechanically transformed into fine powders (KALUBWE clay) on the modification of the mechanical properties required for these rubber articles. We note from our experiments conducted according to a Gécamines workshop formula named P 760 based on natural rubber and acrylonitrile butadiene rubber that the substitution of imported kaolin by KALUBWE clay prepared according to our experimental conditions is possible with a reduction in its share in the rubber, since it tends to increase the mechanical properties of vulcanizates.

Integrating IT in Higher Education: The Role of LMS, SIS and HMS

Zaw, Moe Moe — 2025-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The rapid advancement of information technology (IT) is transforming the field of higher education. This paper examines how using Learning Management System (LMS), Student Information System (SIS) and Hostel Management System (HMS) in higher education can make education and administration easier. It discusses how LMS helps with online learning, SIS tracks student progress and HMS manages student accommodations. It also shows how these systems can support global sustainability goals (SDGs) in education. Adopting these technologies can enhance operational efficiency, improve the student experience and create a more connected and sustainable educational environment.

Bayesian inference of the structural reliability of a spillway gate from its fault tree

MBETMI, Guy-de-Patience FTATSI — 2025-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Bayesian networks have shown their interest in the field of reliability to model the degradation of dynamical systems. The objective of this work is to set up a Bayesian network to model the degradation of the structural reliability of a spillway. For this purpose, a structural fault tree from the literature was transformed into a Bayesian network using equivalences with the various logic gates. Then, the distributions of the structural reliability of each node, determined in the literature by the condition index method, were implemented, and the Bayesian network was calculated. The inferences were made on the Bayesian lattice using the Monte Carlo algorithm. The Bayesian network built was deployed to assess the temporal evolution of the structural reliability of a spillway over a 100-year period.

The issue of discrimination against women in public administration in South Kivu: The case of female teachers in the city of Bukavu

Jacques, Nshokano Mulegwa — 2025-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Women face issues of discrimination in public administration in South Kivu in terms of promotion, prejudices regarding their competence, wage inequalities compared to men, and discrimination in recruitment. This persists despite several legal instruments promoting women’s rights, notably UN Resolution 1325. Women are victims of stereotypes in their professional work and experience sexism in the workplace. Men tend to underestimate women’s competence, reinforcing biases against them and reducing equal opportunities between men and women, despite women’s academic performance often being better than that of men.

Rubber tree Reken 628 single-stem bud stick leaf-clipped treatment improves seedling axillary bud quality

Cha, Zhennan — 2025-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The selection and quality of rubber tree bud patches is a critical factor influencing the survival rate of bud grafting in rubber tree mini-seedling buddings. Currently, the selection process relies heavily on the individual experiences of budding workers, who choose the bud sticks and cut the patches based on personal judgment. This method necessitates sorting and shipping the mini-seedling buddings in batches prior to their departure from the nursery, which in turn elevates labor costs. In this study, we trimmed the leaves from the petiole buds on the bud sticks of the rubber tree variety Reken 628. Following the detachment of the petioles and the transition of leaf scars from green to brown, we proceeded to cut the bud sticks. Both the scale buds and petiole bud patches were excised, and the various types of leaves were documented accordingly. We measured the quantity of each bud type present in the canopy and collected growth data, including the moisture content of the buds, as well as the length, width, and thickness of the bud scars, in addition to the length and width of the bud eyes. Our findings indicate that the size of the bud scar is not a reliable indicator of bud eye size. Notably, the quality of leaf-clipped buds surpasses that of those with retained leaves, with the buds from the third leaf whorl exhibiting the highest quality when subjected to leaf clipping. It is essential to increase the watering frequency to ensure that the leaf-clipped bud sticks maintain adequate moisture, which facilitates the cutting of bud patches and the removal of bud wood. This practice helps preserve the integrity of the bud eye post-peeling, ultimately enhancing the survival rate of bud grafting.

Growth of cashews and food security in the department of Odienné: Challenges and prospects

N’Gomory, Koné Ferdinand — 2025-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article aims to understand the socio-economic impacts linked to the growth of cashew cultivation in the department of Odienne in context of diversification of the Ivoirian economy, which is heavily dependent on the coffee and cocoa sectors. Cashew nut cultivation has gradually become a major speculation for rural population s due to favorable agro-ecological an economic condition. The results highlight the climatic, political and human factors conducive to the development of cashew nut cultivation. This is expanding rapidly in the study area, to the detriment of food crops, and poses a major challenge. Food insecurity affects 88% of households to varying degrees, with only 12% enjoying real food security. Faced with this problem, farmers in the Odienné department are developing various adaptive strategies. In terms of cultural practices, they use agroecological techniques such as crop rotation, agroforestry and erosion control to preserve soil fertility. They also cultivate rice in low-lying areas in order to extend the area available for cultivation, despite pressure on the land. Technologically, the adoption of improved seeds, phytosanitary inputs and irrigation systems aims to increase yields and secure production in the face of climatic hazards.

Evaluation of the impact of integrating Chromolaena odorata biomass on maize yield in soils of the Daloa region, central-western Côte d'Ivoire

Firmin, Konan Kouamé — 2025-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Chromolaena odorata, an invasive plant of the Asteraceae family, is widespread in Africa, particularly in Côte d’Ivoire, where it poses significant challenges to agricultural systems by competing with crops for essential resources. However, this plant also offers ecological and agronomic benefits when integrated into sustainable agricultural practices. It can enrich soils with essential nutrients, such as calcium, and promote soil alkalinization. Additionally, its dense biomass helps control weeds and prevent soil erosion. These underutilized characteristics warrant further investigation into its integration within sustainable agriculture. To this end, an agronomic trial was conducted in Daloa to assess the impact of C. odorata biomass on maize cultivation. Four treatments were tested in a Fisher block design: (i) C. odorata alone (Co), (ii) C. odorata with standard mineral fertilizer (CoNPK), (iii) standard mineral fertilizer alone (NPK), and (iv) a control with no treatment (T0). The results showed that the C. odorata alone treatment yielded the highest grain outputs, closely followed by the use of standard mineral fertilizer. In contrast, the control treatment produced the lowest yields, and the combination of C. odorata and mineral fertilizers resulted in yields lower than those from C. odorata alone. It is recommended to integrate C. odorata as a biofertilizer in sustainable agricultural systems due to its economic and ecological benefits. Further studies are required to define an optimal technical pathway for its use, assess its long-term effects on soils, and determine its potential to enhance crop profitability.

Conservation and local practices in the management of forest resources around Mont Bero

Lamah, Jean Pierre Mathieu — 2025-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper focuses on the strategies used by local people to manage the natural resources around the Mont Béro classified forest in Nzérékoré. This management is marked by the authorities teaching reforestation techniques to farmers. At the same time, these farmers have their own methods for managing natural resources, either through the practice of agricultural fallowing or through the creation and protection of village areas. This strategy gives them access to non-timber and timber resources to meet their needs. However, the arrival of cattle breeders in the area complicates the management of these protected areas.

Towards the improvement of the teaching-learning process in life and earth sciences: Analysis of scientific classroom practice and remediation through a simulation platform

Bidari, Aziz — 2025-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this research, we have sought to show the importance of experimentation in teaching life and earth sciences and more specifically in the topic of the microbial world. Secondly, we tried to identify the various problems that hinder the practice of experimentation in our scientific classes. Finally, we demonstrated how simulation can be an effective means of remediation. To do this, we adopted a multiple methodology: an interview reserved for teachers and two questionnaires for the two actors in the field, namely students and teachers. Two essential points were highlighted: the infrastructure reserved for practical work in two schools, a college and a high school, as well as the multiple and varied opinions of students on experimental activities. The results showed, on the one hand, that the laboratories of these establishments, under the present conditions, do not promote the learning and development of scientific knowledge in an active manner. Indeed, most scientific activities are carried out in a purely theoretical way, given the inadequacy of suitable premises and the poor management of laboratories, which only accentuate this precarious situation. On the other hand, we were also able to detect through the opinions of the students, a lack of deep enthusiasm in students aware of the precarious conditions of their laboratory but also of the methods of work which are not very motivating. This study has no other purpose than to improve the teaching process learning the concepts of SVT. We have tried to show that simulations have a lot to offer in this field and could be a very effective way to remedy the difficulties of the experiments without wanting to replace them.

Physico-chemistry of urban wet weather discharges in the Riviera Palmeraie catchment, Abidjan (Ivory Coast)

KONE, Aïssatou Ghislaine — 2025-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

A physico-chemical characterisation of urban wet weather discharges (UWWDs) was carried out on a residential catchment of Riviera Palmeraie in the Abidjan District. This neighborhood is characterised by periodic drainage channel overflows, which have caused several floods in recent years. In order to determine the temporal variability of pollutant concentrations and their transfer dynamics, 5 floods were sampled between November 2021 and April 2023. Physico-chemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and phosphate were determined. Descriptive analysis of these parameters and the associated statistical tests showed that urban wet weather discharges are alkaline (pH 9.92), highly loaded with TSS (19.3 g.L-1) and moderately mineralised (EC 698 µS cm-1). While construction sites and soil erosion in the catchment are the main sources of TSS, the high values for electrical conductivity and concentrations of ammonium, total nitrogen and total phosphorus are directly related to wastewater discharges into the drainage system and leaching from the urban areas as a whole. Nitrogen and phosphorus pollution is predominantly in particulate form and is strongly correlated with TSS (r = 0.86) for most floods. For all the sampled floods, discharge and electrical conductivity appear to be good descriptors of ammonium dynamics. Suspended solids also appear to be good descriptors of total nitrogen and total phosphorus dynamics.

Design and implementation of an application for identifying defendants by fingerprint: Case of jucial process in the DRC

Jordan, Kondatata Mbambu — 2025-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The choice of this theme aims at the relative interest with the object that had attracted our attention as researchers in Engineering Sciences. Indeed, it all started with an exchange and observation of the judicial sentencing process in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), so we were driven by the desire to improve this process to allow an optimal management and a smooth running of the judicial procedure of Congolese citizens. This article will provide a possible solution in order to maximize the management of the various files and to allow the archiving of judgments for a follow-up not only of the prisoners but also of the various judges and clerks who also commit the crimes within the Ministry of Justice. In addition to the literature review, which is upstream of all the methods used, the analytical method accompanied by the Merise and UML methods helped us to achieve our objective. The results obtained in this article are those: to know the criminal records of all Congolese citizens; to make the information of each of them accessible through a shared database and access the data while eliminating the loss of files of all Congolese citizens.

Parents’ experience of supervising children with stuttering in the Municipality of Makiso in Kisangani

Etienne, Kambale Amani — 2025-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this study is to determine the experience of parents in supervising children with stuttering in Makiso commune. The study population consists of parents of stuttering children in the city of Kisangani. To carry out this study, we used a non-probability network-type sampling plan. The qualitative investigation method of the phenomenological type supported by the structured interview conducted this research. At the end of the surveys, it was found that parents try to do everything to make their children feel comfortable by informing friends, teachers and classmates about their children’s problems. The expected results prove how often stuttering remains a problem for children who reach the age of recognition of their situation, which leads them to loss of self-esteem, mockery, etc.

Environmental and socio-economic impacts of the exploitation of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) and timber in the Central-South region of Cameroon: The case of Baillonella toxisperma Pierre and Ricinodendron heudoletii (Baill.) Pierre ex Heckel

Merlin, Njike — 2025-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Description of the subject: This article presents the influence of the exploitation of NWFPs in improving the living conditions of village populations and floristic diversity. Objectives: The investigations made it possible to estimate the potential of available NWFPs; identify outlets and marketing channels; analyze the uses and sustainability of harvesting methods. Method: A botanical inventory is carried out in UFA 00-001 and 00-002 of the company TRC near 17 Bantu villages and 6 pygmy hamlets which use and market NWFPs. Socio-economic data are obtained by the Accelerated Participatory Research Method (APRM). Results: Sixty species of NWFP belonging to 49 genera and 28 families have been identified. Up to 84.50 and 15.49% of households complain about the decrease in the frequency of occurrence of Baillonella toxisperma Pierre and Ricinodendron heudoletii (Baill.) Pierre ex Heckel, respectively. 51.64% predict a disappearance of Baillonella toxisperma Pierre. Only 10% of the households have tried to plant this species and none have tried to plant Ricinodendron heudoletii (Baill.) Pierre ex Heckel. Baillonella toxisperma Pierre and Ricinodendron heudoletii (Baill.) (Baill.) Pierre ex Heckel are sold respectively at 1500 Fcfa per liter and 1200 Fcfa per kg. These two species generate respectively 4,859,400 Fcfa and 4,885,440 Fcfa in all the villages studied. The average income for a household is 9,255 Fcfa. Conclusions: Baillonella toxisperma Pierre and (Baill.) Pierre ex Heckel contribute to the income of the households which market them. But their exploitation constitutes a threat to the sustainability of these two species.

Determination of the distribution laws of structural elements of spillways by the condition index method

MBETMI, Guy-de-Patience FTATSI — 2025-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Structural components are the least studied in the literature because of their properties that vary from one design to another, which explains the scarcity of statistical data on them. The objective of this work is to determine the Weibull parameters of the reliability laws of the structural components of a spillway using the Condition Index method. To this end, the partial Top-Down Structural Analysis of a spillway was presented. A structural fault tree served as a starting point for the determination of the Weibull parameters of the corresponding component reliability laws. Then, the state condition tables associated with each element were drawn from the analyses carried out by the experts during the dam inspections. The determination of the Condition Indices was carried out by following a succession of steps developed in detail in this paper. After a variable change and a linear regression on the empirical data, a first approximation of the Weibull parameters of each component was performed. Then, the parameters obtained were optimized using the generalized gradient reduction nonlinear solver of the Excel software, on points of distinct reliability, and starting from the previous approximations. The resulting reliability models are very close to discrete data, and generally conservative. Finally, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov conformity test performed in each case validates the law and the determined parameters with a confidence interval greater than 95%. They can be used as a basis for determining the structural reliability of spillways.

Qualitative analysis of the limestones of Lukunga (CII) in the Cataract with a view to identifying potential industrial valorization

Mufuankol, Phily Kangunza — 2025-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The proposed study aims to qualitatively analyze the limestones of Lukunga, within the Lukala subgroup (Neoproterozoic) in the Mbanza-Ngungu region, to determine their potential for industrial valorization. The petrographic and geochemical characteristics, which determine the quality and are crucial factors for identifying industrial valorization potential, have shown that these limestones from Lukunga, in accordance with existing international standards, possess features suitable for valorization in various industrial sectors, such as the manufacturing of construction materials and lime production. However, they remain unsuitable for cement manufacturing and the chemical industry due to their relatively high silica content.

Study on the Integration of the Internet of Things to Optimize Waste Management in a City in the DRC

Bertin, MAZUNZE — 2025-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study explores the integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) into urban waste management in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), focusing on Lubumbashi as a case study. The goal is to address the growing challenges of waste accumulation and inefficient infrastructure management using smart bins. These devices are equipped with sensors to monitor fill levels and communicate in real-time with management systems. The Unified Process (UP) method structured the development, while SysML modeling ensured precise design. A functional prototype was created, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed approach in an urban context of the DRC.

Factors and impacts of land tensions in the problem of rapid urbanization in adzope (south of Ivory Coast)

Soro, Koulotiolma Issa — 2025-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The manifestations of land tensions in Ivorian cities in general and especially in Adzopé in the face of rapid urbanization are observed in different forms and generate many problems. This study aims to show the link between urban sprawl and land tensions in the city of Adzopé. In the data collection two (2) methods were used to gather all the information necessary for this study. These include secondary sources and primary sources. Secondary sources have provided access to general and specific documents dealing with land tensions in general. All this data was then obtained by using the techniques of collecting primary sources consisting of participant observation and field survey. The study shows that 78.3% of the population surveyed were faced with a land dispute, compared to 21.7% who were not victims of land conflicts in Adzopé. At the level of land policy, ignorance of the land code is the main factor with 53.3% of households surveyed. In addition, the factor of anarchic housing developments within the city of Adzopé is very important with 37.9%. Also, at the level of economic factors, it appears that in Adzopé the cost of land is high and varies between 1,500,000 to 2,000,000 FCFA is estimated at 33.3%.

Characterization and technical standards for the construction of multifunctional and classic half-moons according to soil types in western Niger: The case of Sokorbé (Loga)

Ousmane, Idrissa Seidou — 2025-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study, conducted in the commune of Sokorbé (Western Niger), aimed to characterize half-moons (multifunctional and conventional) and to assess the applicability of technical standards according to soil types. To this end, three experimental sites were installed on three distinct landscape units: the high plateau, the low plateau, and the glacis, where nine half-moon models were studied. Data were collected primarily based on measurements during and after construction of the structures. The results showed that the single-trench, multi-trench, and conventional models are more suitable for agricultural production due to the large number of zaïs. In terms of water storage capacity, the conventional and single-trench models proved more efficient, with 1.25 m3 and 1.16 m3 per structure, respectively. Regarding compliance with technical construction standards, structures built on the glacis are closer to theoretical standards than those built on the plateaus. An assessment of construction time shows that the time taken to complete structures on the glacis is shorter than that on the plateaus. 75% of structures per unit area are completed in less than 60 minutes on the glacis, compared to 50% on the plateau soils. Structures requiring maintenance have an average lifespan of four years, twice that of structures that have not received maintenance. Therefore, the construction context and the objectives should guide the choice of half-moon structures in the Sahel.

Evaluation of the effect of types of fertilization, sowing methods and seed rates on the yield and plant density of fonio (Digitaria exilis Stapf) in Mali

Sanogo, Moussa Daouda — 2025-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study is a contribution to fonio’s agroecological intensification cultivation. Objective is to propose innovative recommendation based on interaction between fertilization*seed rate *sowing arrangement to increase fonio yields. A factorial trial was set up in Mali. Paddy yield and plant density were evaluated. Treatment involving mineral fertilization was the most productive with 10% gain over those involving compost and 30% over those involving zero fertilizer. In zero fertilizer condition, the best treatment with 640 kg ha-1 yield paddy combine zero fertilization, 15 and 30 kg ha-1 seed rate and broadcast sowing. In mineral fertilization condition the best treatment with 1090 kg ha-1 combine mineral fertilizer, 15 and 30 kg ha-1 seed rate and broadcast sowing. In compost condition, the best treatment combine compost, 15 and 30 kg ha -1 of seed rate and broadcast sowing and compost, 1 and 2 kg ha -1 seed rate and line sowing, with an average paddy yield of 835 kg ha-1. Doubling seed rate does not affect paddy yield, but affects essentially plant density for treatments involving broadcast sowing. Treatments involving broadcast sowing with 30 kg ha-1 of seed rate have plant density higher than 46%, 71% and 88% then treatments including broadcast sowing, 15 kg ha-1 seed rate, line sowing and hill dropping sowing at a seed rate of 2 kg ha-1, respectively.

Effects of urban dynamics in a sub-saharan city: Case of the limits of Mbujimayi in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Loy, Pierre Mpoyi Ndolo — 2025-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Mbujimayi, a post-colonial city in the Democratic Republic of Congo, is experiencing urbanization characterized by the absence of forward-looking planning, which has led to land speculation and the anarchic occupation of urban space. This article proposes to analyze the urban dynamics of the 1950 and 1960 urban space (between 1950 and 1960) and the spontaneous space, more than 60 years after its independence (from 1960 to 2020). The unprecedented population growth of Mbujimayi from 21875 inhabitants in 1950 to 3490211 inhabitants in 2020, mainly following the repression of the Shaba (Katanga) to the Kasai of the Baluba – Lubilanji and other ethnic groups in 1992, has caused the total consumption of the base of the Mbujimayi area with an overflow of the area. The latter has reached 145.80 km2 in fact, including 106.86 km2 of legal area. Thus, the extension of the city of Mbujimayi blocked by the natural limits (the rivers Muya in the north, Kanshi in the south and Mbuji-Mayi in the east) was built only in its western part, in the commune of Bipemba. It has created two boundaries, one legal which remains immutable, and the other de facto which is mutable in the Mulenda and Mukumbi sectors of the territory of Lupatapata. The coexistence of these two boundaries legally creates a biased situation in the delimitation of this city.

Bioclimatic design of buildings in a dry tropical climate using an innovative approach: Simulation and in situ experimental measurements

Ouedraogo, Kananokba — 2025-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

In a report published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, CO2 produced by human activities is the main cause of global warming, and for that published by the United Nations Program United for Environment and the Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction, the building sector accounts for approximately 37% of greenhouse gases globally. Therefore, collective or individual resilience is essential and calls on researchers to provide palliative solutions in the field of housing, including reducing the energy consumption of buildings. Studies have been done in this direction but the problem still remains relevant. Using an innovative approach, we are interested in the bioclimatic design of buildings in dry tropical climates. The objective of our study aims to design strategies or techniques for designing a bioclimatic building. The research methodology will be based on experimental and numerical studies followed by a comparative study of the results of these. The experimental and numerical results made it possible to validate the strategies or design techniques thereof. By comparing the thermal and hygrothermal parameters of the control and bioclimatic buildings, we noted an improvement in the thermal and hygrothermal environment from 6°C to 7.5°C and 10% to 14% relative humidity within a bioclimatic building. compared to that of a model building offering interesting perspectives for the eco-design of habitats.

Perception of mothers on the circumcision of their children in the Ngezi district

Amos, Suga Savo — 2025-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The work which is the subject of this study is entitled «perception of mothers on the circumcision of their children in the Ngezi district». To achieve this objective, we used the ethnographic method, supported by the interview guide. The results obtained show that: - The mothers interviewed consider circumcision mainly as an act of purification, often recommended by institutions religious such as the Church; - The main reasons given by participants for circumcising their children include preventing urinary infections and reducing the risk of sexually transmitted diseases; - In today’s society, circumcision is seen as a social requirement, contributing to well-being and the integration of the child into their social environment; - The decision to circumcise their children is mainly based on aesthetic and hygiene considerations. Indeed underlines that they prefer to circumcise their children so that their penis takes a «good shape»; - The study revealed a diversity of concerns among respondents regarding the potential risks for their uncircumcised children. Some respondents believe that the absence of circumcision could increase the risk of infection of the foreskin and still others think that there is a risk of developing phimosis. This is why it is very important to do circumcision in a boy child. To prevent certain risks.

Perception of street children regarding the consumption of toxic substances in the city of Bunia

Amos, Suga Savo — 2025-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study was conducted to explore the perceptions of street children regarding the consumption of toxic substances in the city of Bunia. The research employed an ethnographic approach and was supported by semi-structured interviews and focus groups. It involved a sample of 42 children. Data analysis was performed using content analysis techniques and thematic framework development. The study revealed that street children mentioned various types of toxic substances they use, including paste, alcohol, gasoline, cannabis, Valium (diazepam), and cigarettes. They also cited different reasons for their substance use, such as forgetting past events and avoiding thoughts of their parents. Additionally, the children identified several risks associated with substance use, including lung disease, liver disease, heart disease, and death. Therefore, it is crucial to consider implementing strict measures to prohibit substance use among these children, as it poses significant health risks.

Estimation of biomass and carbon sequestration potential by the Mambala forest massif in Kikwit in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Ngangwan, Jean Louis Ipumi — 2025-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The emission of greenhouse gases can be reduced either by reducing the rate at which they are emitted into the atmosphere or by increasing the rate at which gases are removed from the atmosphere through carbon sinks. In this context, the evaluation of biomass and carbon sequestration potential by the Mambala forest massif to the east of Kikwit was studied. The general objective is to estimate the contribution level of the forest massif to the regulation of the climate system through a diagnosis of the quantities of sequestered carbon. The floristic inventory was carried out on an area of 1 ha delimited in the Mambala forest, made up of 5 strips of 100 m x 20 m within which, the dbh ≥10cm of the trees were measured. The non-destructive method was employed and allometric equations developed by authors were used for this purpose. 439 trees with a diameter at breast height greater than or equal to 10 cm were inventoried, identified into 56 species, divided into 28 families, the most represented of which is that of Fabaceae. The carbon contained in the biomass is 616.93t/ha. The quantity of sequestered carbon and the carbon equivalent obtained were respectively 317.05 and 984.58t/ha; the basal area was 52.07m2/ha. Based on these results, we can affirm that this ecosystem is a real natural carbon sink which must be well managed, because it can contribute to the mitigation of greenhouse gases if it is well managed.

Zoonotic risks at human-chimpanzee-livestock interfaces in Pencely-Soyah-Sabouyah National Park, Republic of Guinea

Diallo, Amadou — 2025-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Human-chimpanzee-livestock interactions in Pencely-Soyah-Sabouyah National Park pose increasing risks of zoonotic disease transmission and ecological degradation. Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus), listed as endangered, are particularly vulnerable, as are local human communities that share their habitats. This study examines major zoonotic diseases (anthrax, yellow fever, tuberculosis, malaria, enteric diseases, and monkey measles) in the context of competition for vital resources and increasing human development. Combining ethnobiology, statistical analyses, and qualitative and quantitative social research methods, the results show that the main foci of zoonotic transmission are located near water points, markets, butcheries, and ecological corridors frequented by chimpanzees. The study identifies several levels of threats: very low (presence of panthers: 11.38%), low (damage to crops and livestock: 13.05%), moderate (injuries and deaths related to human-chimpanzee interactions), high (decline of traditional conservation practices: 16.38%), and very high (transmission of zoonotic diseases: 20.55%). The most critical threat remains anthropization, which leads to a scarcity of essential resources (24.72%). The transmission of emerging diseases and the deterioration of ecosystems represent major risks to public health and biodiversity. A proactive approach involving an epidemiologist is essential to monitor transmission modes, implement epidemiological intelligence strategies, and reduce the risk of contamination in this key region.

The determinants of a peaceful electoral climate in Togo: An analysis based on the example of the elections of 2007, 2010 and 2013

Essossinam, Adjeta — 2025-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Since the start of democratic transitions in 1990, African states, including Togo, have often experienced violence during electoral periods. This concerns violence before, during and after the elections calling into question the organizational conditions or the results proclaimed by the competent institutions. As a result, the organization of free, transparent, peaceful elections, the results of which will not be questioned or contested in the streets, becomes for African States both a challenge and a requirement. Despite the violence observed during certain electoral consultations, Togo succeeded in meeting the challenge of organizing peaceful elections. The present research aims to analyze the determinants of the peaceful elections of 2007, 2010 and 2013 in Togo. To achieve this objective, we used a mixed methodology which combined documentary research and empirical research carried out in the field through observation and individual interviews with the target population. The results of the research reveal that the assistance of international bodies, the reform of the conditions for organizing elections and the establishment of the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission (CVJR) made it possible to pacify the political climate and avoid the violence.

Characterization of families of cocoa hybrids (Theobroma cacao L.) for productivity, vigor, technological quality of beans and field resistance to brown pod rot in Ivory Coast

Goure, Vanié Bi Firmin — 2025-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article addresses an agronomic characterization of 11 hybrid cocoa families established in 2001 at the Divo Station. Objective. This study aims to determine the characteristics of CNRA Guyanese cocoa hybrids. Eleven hybrid families including six Guyanese hybrids were evaluated in the field at the Divo station for seven parameters relating to production, vigor, pod filling and graining. The experimental design was a total randomization of single-tree plots. The Guyanese hybrids F1 (P7 x GU123-B) and F2 (P7 x GU284-B) with 1.5 kg/ha/year were more productive and resistant to black pod disease with 7% rotten pods. Concerning the technological character of the beans, three guyanese families F3 (IMC57 x GU123-B), F1 (P7 x GU123-B) and F7 (IFC11 x GU123-B) and were among the best families for the average weight of a commercial cocoa bean with respectively 1.30 g; 1.28 and 1.27. Multivariate analyses highlighted three groups, the first of which is composed of three hybrids F1, F2 and F200 (including two guyanese) productive and resistant to black pod. The second group is composed of seven hybrids F3, F4, F7, F13, F10, F14, F209 including four guyanese which were moderately productive and less vigorous and the third group includes a control hybrid F203 with good graining. This study shows that the Guyanese families F1 and F2 presented the best yield and resistance to brown pod rot. These promising results constitute an indicator for the breeder in the choice of genotypes to use as parents in the context of improving cocoa trees for certain traits of agronomic interest. The best trees of this family could be introduced into the cocoa genetic improvement program in Côte d’Ivoire.

Pottery activity and tourism in the village of tanou-sakassou (Central Ivory Coast): Between preservation of ancestral know-how, modernism and preservation of the environment

Fulgence, N’Goran Kouamé — 2025-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Present in traditional African societies and essentially focused on satisfying family needs, pottery is experiencing a craze at the pace of the evolution of contemporary societies. In Côte d’Ivoire, the center and north of the country are experiencing a dynamism in the pottery sector, closely linked to the dynamism of human interactions and the growth of tourism. In Tanou-Sakassou, a village located in the commune of Bouaké, in the center of Côte d’Ivoire, pottery occupies an important place in the socio-economic activities of the said village. As an integral part of its identity, pottery stimulates the tourist attractiveness of the village of Tanou-Sakassou, while de facto guaranteeing the sustainability of the practice of pottery activity within this village. However, the dynamism of this activity, thanks in particular to the adhesion of a new generation inclined towards modernism, has negative impacts on the natural environment. Based on this, this article aims to analyze the changes in the practice of pottery activity due to tourism as well as its impacts on the natural environment in the village of Tanou-Sakassou. To achieve this, we opted for a methodological approach composed of a bibliographical research and a field survey.

Structural Petrology of Granitoids in the Kanyiki Bakwa Bowa Region, Lomami Province, DRC

Kambaji, Alphonse Tshimanga — 2025-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The formations of the South-West of the city of Mbujimayi are mainly magmatic intersected by contact metamorphic intrusions and covered by some recent alluviums. These are particularly Archean formations whose characteristic lithologies are: Sandstone, gneiss and granitoids. Regional tectonics has affected this sector generating brittle and planar microstructures which attest to the compressive and extensive phases that this terrain zone has experienced, confirmed even in the study of stresses by WIN TENSOR. The preferential orientation of planar magmatic fluidities and NNW-SSE foliations recorded on the formations of this zone would justify the existence of a vast regional folding, while the double orientation of the breaks reflects two phases of local deformations that affected this sector.

Lithostratigraphic Correlation between the Bushimay Watershed (Eastern Kasai Province, DRC) and the Lomami Watershed (Lomami Province, DRC)

Kambaji, Alphonse Tshimanga — 2025-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

This research work focuses on the lithostratigraphic correlation between the Bushimay watershed (Kasai Oriental Province, DRC) and that of Lomami (Lomami Province). The two study areas are located in the northern part of the central core of the Kasai Block of the Congo Craton. The drilling work made it possible to specify the lithostratigraphy and de facto the geological correlation. The set of stratigraphic logs calls for the following comment: A lithostratigraphic succession from top to bottom of the series, with variable thicknesses, of: ochre clayey sand of the Kalahari, top of cover formations consisting of sandstone with variable grain size and thin intercalary layers of argillites, breccia mainly with sandstone matrix, calcareous and/or granitic pebbles, Intrusion of a kimberlitic breccia whose age would be the same as that of the Bakuanga breccias, i.e. nearly 70 Ma classified in group 1, Proterozoic limestone and dolomite quasi-contemporary in sedimentation with the doleritic and basaltic magmatic pulses, an Archean basement consisting of ultrabasic rocks, in this case serpentinite and pyroxenite in contact with the granitoids. The transition from ultrabasites to the granitoids is characterized by a zone with quartz veinlets. This lithostratigraphic succession is similar in both the Bushimay and Lomami basins, with the only difference being that the basement (f) has not been intersected by drilling or identified in outcrops in the Lomami basin. This fact is probably justified by the increasingly greater thicknesses of the cover rocks from the W to the E. This basement outcrops to the W of the Bushimay basin and plunges towards the E from Boya. Everything appears that from Boya towards the E we move towards the interior of a sedimentation basin that becomes deeper and deeper and thus promotes deposits of increasingly thick sediments.

Socio-economic impacts of community resilience-building activities based on the restoration of sylvopastoral sites in the Ouallam department, western Niger

Abdou, Ousseini Moussa — 2025-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

For decades, development initiatives aimed at strengthening the resilience of rural populations in Niger have focused on restoring degraded land. The aim of this study, carried out in the Ouallam department in western Niger, is to determine the impact of sylvopastoral site management in improving the living conditions of the beneficiary populations. The methodology involved interviews with a sample of 384 beneficiaries in the rural communes of Simiri and Tondikiwindi. The assessment of the socio-economic impacts of silvopastoral site development activities analyzed the elements of security of household living conditions, namely food, health, education, water, income and social cohesion within the population. The results show that food security and nutritional status have been improved by the food distribution operations. Access to water, technical capacity, income and social cohesion have also been improved. Rural exodus has also been reduced. The restoration of silvopastoral sites and capacity-building activities have helped to improve living conditions and community resilience.

Effects of organo-mineral fertilization on the growth and yield of seed corn at the ISAV Faranah

Boubacar, Diallo — 2025-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present study aims to determine the best organo-mineral fertilization formula for increased production of seed corn at the Faranah/ ISAV. A Randomized Complete Block experimental design comprising variants (D0; D4+50; D6+75; D8+100; D0+150 and D12+0) each repeated three times was carried out. During the vegetative phases the findings revealed that the highest Daily Growth Rates obtained on the 35th Day After Sowing (DAS) with D0 (2.30 cm/day); on the 45th and 55th DAS with D0+150 (2.00 and 4.97cm/day) respectively. At maturity, the tallest plants were obtained with the doses D12+0 (233.00 cm) and D8+100 (232.67 cm) and the shortest plants with D4+50 (192.83 cm). Respective gains of 480kg/ha; 1050kg/ha, 1340kg/ha; 1360 kg/ha and 1880 kg/ha of seed corn yield were obtained with the increase in doses and types of fertilizers used compared to the control. The highest corn seed yields were obtained with the D12+0 and D0+150 inputs, either 4870 and 4350 kg/ha respectively compared to the unfertilized control which obtained 2990 kg/ha. As part of the sustainable improvement in seed corn productivity at ISAV in Faranah, organic manure fertilizer such as cow dung at a dose of 12 000 kg / ha (D12+0) and Triple 17 mineral fertilizer at a dose of 150 kg/ha (D0+150) would be a practice to be popularized.

Growth, carcass yield and 5th quarter of mixed breeds Brune des Alpes compared with the local Azawak breed in Niger

Nafissatou, Halidou Maiga — 2025-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Niger’s local breeds have low production parameters. The Azawak breed was selected for genetic improvement at the Toukounous station. Research has introduced crossbreeding through artificial insemination, importing semen from the Brune des Alpes bull to improve the breed’s performance. The study involved 75 crossbreds and 13 Azawak males. The aim was to determine the weights (at birth, typical age and live weights) and the weights of the different parts of the animal’s 5th quarter, as well as the carcass yield of the males (crossbred and Azawak). Birth weights for crossbreds and Azawak were 29.82  4.76kg and 22.78  1.78kg respectively. Live weight was 459.25  92.74kg for Azawak and 591.09  55.59kg for crossbreds. Carcass yields were 46.72% and 47.82% respectively for crossbreds aged 2 to 3 years and Azawaks aged 5 to 9 years. All this shows that crossbreeding gives a better vision to be continued to see the performances since this study is only one part of the research to draw the final conclusion on crossbreeding in Niger.

The Evolution of Cryptocurrency: From Bitcoin to Advanced Blockchain Solutions

Gupta, Ayushi — 2025-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Cryptocurrencies have gained extreme popularity in recent years. With the advent of Blockchain technology and Smart Contracts, the need for third parties or intermediaries for regulation and management has been eliminated. This has resulted in the growing adoption of digital currency and decentralized applications based on them. This article talks about the evolution of cryptocurrency and its advancements since the idea was introduced in 1983 by David Chaum. It also states about the cryptographic principles, several layers in the Blockchain technology, the smart contracts written in Solidity on Ethereum platform, and Decentralized Applications based on them. Some of the popular cryptocurrencies including Bitcoin and other Alternate Coins are also mentioned. However, there exist several legal and regulatory issues which are associated with the use of cryptocurrencies. These issues must be taken care of before moving towards the complete acceptance of these digital currencies. Hence, such issues are also highlighted in this study. Further, cryptocurrencies have found many applications including cross-border transactions, decentralized financial systems, and supply chain tracking, which are also discussed. Finally, the history and current status of cryptocurrency in India has been explored and the platforms where investors can buy and sell them are mentioned. This paper will serve as a guide for understanding the key concept of cryptocurrency, while also highlighting its practical applications. Further, the research community can study user behaviour and market ecosystems in different cryptocurrency platforms.

Prediction of the probability of success in computer science and departmental orientation

Richard, Mavuela Maniansa — 2025-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Through an observation of student’s performance in computer science, we want to reveal that the factors influencing success can be identified and modeled using advanced machine learning techniques.

Algebraic formalization of the sieve of eratosthenes

Zaluka, Mushiwalyahyage — 2025-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper presents, in algebraic form, the set of prime numbers as obtained by the sieve of Eratosthenes and as contained in an arithmetic progression. In this way, it unifies old and recent studies on prime numbers: Euclid’s theorem, Dirichlet’s theorem, Green-Tao’s theorem, the conjecture of twin primes (generalized by Polignac) and Chebyshev’s Bias Phenomenon. It re-demonstrates the three theorems, solves Chebyshev’s Bias Phenomenon, demonstrates the twin primes conjecture and elucidates Polignac’s conjecture.

Factors associated with maternal deaths at the General Referral Hospital of the Rural Health Zone of Bunia, Ituri province in the RD Congo

Chantal, Anzasiloko Tabo — 2025-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this study is to determine factors that are directly and indirectly associated with maternal death. This is a quantitative study with a retrospective approach carried out on an exhaustive sample of 26 cases of death recorded at the General Referral Hospital of the Rural Health Zone of Bunia from January 2023 to July 2024 by the cross-sectional method supported by the documentary analysis of Antenatal records, partograms and maternal death review records. After analysis, it was observed that 23.1% of maternal deaths are linked to postpartum hemorrhage whose associated factors are direct and 57.7% of maternal deaths have unknown indirect associated factors. Based on these results, it is observed that maternal death remains a problem in the rural health zone of Bunia, despite the multiple steps and actions taken to avoid or reduce it, we wish that the government, not only supports the General Referral Hospital of Bunia in its fight against maternal death by strengthening the health providers’ capacity in the care of women but also, that women put into practice all the orientations offered to them during antenatal consultations.

Assessment of bird damage to the sowing of three food crops (maize, peanuts and rice) under ecological conditions in Kinshasa/Mont-Amba

Evariste, Mununu Yoyo — 2025-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The importance of pest birds and their identities are still poorly understood by Congolese farmers, yet they cause significant damage to crops. The main objective of this study was to assess the damage caused by predatory birds on the sowing, germination, and vigor at emergence of three staple crops: maize (Zea mays), peanuts (Arachis hypogaea), and rice (Oryza sativa), under the ecological conditions of Kinshasa/Mont-Amba. Our results showed significant differences in damage during sowing, with a notable average of 40% more damage to maize compared to rice and peanuts, and an average of 48% for rice, leading to a general average of 106% damage across the three crops at emergence. For developing seedlings, a remarkable average of 44% damage was observed in maize. A preliminary identification of predatory birds was also conducted. The bird species recorded during this study include: Quelea quelea (red-billed weaver), Ploceus cucullatus (masked weaver), Passer luteus (yellow sparrow), Quelea erythrops (red-headed weaver), Ploceus spp., Lonchura cucullata, and the crow. The experimental work revealed considerable damage caused by birds to maize, peanut, and rice crops in Kinshasa. Finally, the promotion of appropriate anti-bird control methods would be an effective means of rational management of pest bird populations for these crops, which would consequently help reduce their damage.

Tourist offers of the commune of N’sele in Kinshasa and marketing means used for promotion: Analysis and proposals of managerial strategies for improving tourist demand

Blanchard, Kaki Ngisila — 2025-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study focuses on the analysis of tourist offers and demand in the recreational sites of the commune of N’sele in Kinshasa. Indeed, tourism contributes to the development of cities led by specialist managers and/or enlightened, visionary, environmentalist leaders, endowed with irreproachable moral probity and informed on the environmental issues of the development of sustainable tourism. Furthermore, the commune of N’sele in the city of Kinshasa, although having the natural resources necessary for tourism, does not take advantage of it as it should, in terms of effective development of tourism. However, to conduct this study, a methodological approach was used with the use of the systemic approach, documentary analysis, observation, interviews, field surveys by questionnaire with semi-open questions. The sample of 490 tourists was drawn probabilistically within three categories of recreational sites. Manual and computer processing using software (Microsoft office 2016 and SPSS 22) allowed the processing, presentation, analysis of the results, followed by literary and scientific interpretations. It results from this study that the tourist offers and demand are weak, precarious, random or faltering in these recreational spaces studied. Only the sites of category A and some of type B have at least attractive offers but they are poorly frequented and the revenues do not really meet the understanding of the owners of the sites. Moreover, the comparison of these results with those of other cities or countries engaged in this sector, ours do not represent much. This is why it is imperative that Kinshasa sites opt for modern and sustainable developments, which remain an imperative, the application of managerial strategies, e-tourism, geomarketing, the organization of events, the green price, awareness of tourist culture, the valorization of staff so that these sites are more competitive, attractive and efficient.

Comparative study of the use of lattice towers versus polygonal monopods in SNEL SA’s high-voltage transmission network infrastructure

MIZENGI, Léon MWANDA — 2025-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The comparative study on the use of lattice towers versus conical monopods in SNEL SA’s high-voltage transmission network is of paramount importance in determining the conditions for safety, reliability, operation and maintenance. The main aim is to overcome the growing phenomenon of vandalism, such as the theft of galvanized angles, bolts, copper conductors and earth counterweight wires from electrical infrastructures, which leads to the collapse of lattice towers and the unavailability of SNEL SA’s power transmission lines. The use of polygonal monopole towers offers the following advantages: aesthetic, can be installed in urban areas, small footprint, one-day installation, reduced number of parts for assembly, low maintenance costs spread over several years, resistance to acts of vandalism, no natural aggression and environmental impact. The complete construction cost of one kilometer of line (ratio) is 1.25 k€/km for the conical monopod as opposed to 1 k€/km for the lattice tower, i.e. a 20% difference in investment.

Formulation of kossam and rice porridge enriched with baobab fruit pulp to upgrade the coverage of the nutritional iron and zinc needs of children in the city of Maroua-Cameroon

Tadié, A. Tagne — 2025-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Nutritional deficiencies in iron and zinc remain real public health problems for children in the town of Maroua in the Far North of Cameroon despite it has being a dairy production area. The availability of foods rich in micronutrients including the combination of some of these foods could help to improve coverage of children's nutritional needs. The objective of this work was to formulate a milk product locally called kossam and rice porridge enriched with baobab fruit pulp to cover the nutritional needs in iron and zinc of children in the city of Maroua-Cameroon. A weekly food consumption survey was carried out in the town of Maroua after which samples of the different foods consumed by the children were taken and weighed. The most consumed products (kossam) and rice porridge have been enriched in various doses with baobab fruit pulp powder, resulting in improved products approved by sensory analyses. Sensory analyzes were determined following standard protocols. Sensory parameters revealed a higher panelist preference for the kossam F530 formulation (4.75) not significantly different (p ˃ 0.05) from the preference for the standard F550 (5.00). Also, a non-significant difference (p ˃ 0.05) regarding the general appreciation of the formulation of rice porridge (5.00) and ordinary rice porridge (4.63). Iron and zinc experienced a significant increase in levels (p ˂ 0.05). The daily diet of children coupled with the consumption of the F530 formulation and the formulated porridge makes it possible to cover 100% of children's daily iron requirements, and 51.03% coverage of children's daily zinc requirements.

Gold panning, between risks, precariousness and persistence in the department of Toumodi (central Ivory Coast)

Eli, YAO Kouamé Franck — 2025-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Since the outbreak of the military-political crisis of 2002, gold panning has experienced a new dynamic in Ivory Coast. This activity generates significant income for gold miners. Although it has positive effects, it also has negative effects. Indeed, its illegal nature not only exposes gold miners to legal proceedings, but also to various difficulties, notably accidents. This study aims to map the difficulties encountered by gold miners in carrying out their activity. The study was initially based on a review of previous writings related to the subject. Additional information was then collected through field missions to 220 gold miners spread across seven localities in the study area. The main results of this research revealed that gold panning is structured around several small activities. These are digging, collecting and washing. This activity is part of a strategy to diversify the sources of income of farmers (26%), traders (51%), mechanics (6%), pupils and students (17%). Furthermore, gold miners are exposed to numerous accentogenic risks sometimes leading to loss of human life (17%). The majority (68%) of accident cases concern injuries. Other risks such as landslides (12%) and asphyxia (3%) were also mentioned by the gold miners interviewed.

Challenges and prospects for better functioning of women’s tontinier structures in the department of Katiola (North-Central Ivory Coast)

Jean-Aimé, ASSUÉ Yao — 2025-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aims to understand the difficulties related to the management of women’s tontine associations in Côte d’Ivoire, more specifically in the department of Katiola. Indeed, tontines represent a powerful tool for financial empowerment for women thanks to flexibility in collective contributions. Thus, the study used quantitative and qualitative methods, including a questionnaire addressed to tontine women and interviews with local authorities and financial structures. This study took into account data collected from desk research and field surveys. The field survey questioned 334 tontine farms surveyed in eleven (11) localities of the Department of Katiola. The results reveal that 92.20% have not received any literacy training. As far as poultry farming techniques are concerned, only 5.70% have been trained. Also, tontines (64.40%) have followed other types of training not specified in the data provided. In addition, they also have to face several difficulties, including recurrent disputes in tontine associations, difficult access to credit for tontines from formal financial structures, the risk of mismanagement and difficulties in the management of funds. In addition, with the emergence of the Village Associations for Employment and Cooperation (VSLAs), the Support Fund for Women of Côte d’Ivoire (FAFCI) and the IFEF (Institute for Training and Women’s Education), financial and social assistance is provided to effectively manage tontine structures.

GMM-s Based on Radius Vectors with Directly Included Azimuth

Stamatovska, Snezana Gjorgji — 2024-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Based on radius vectors, a verified new GMM with directly included azimuth has developed. It has been fitted into a generated databank computed by use of an originally developed method-generator of data for regression analysis. Records of strong earthquakes that occurred in 1977, 1986 and both earthquakes that took place in 1990 in the Vrancea zone in Romania have been used.

Design and implementation of a notification and geo-localisation system for the mobility of students and staff at Kimpa Vita-Uíge University

Mpanda, Kundakama — 2024-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this work was to analyse the importance of the feasibility of using a geolocation alert system. With the evolution of technology and its growing importance in people’s lives, existing vehicle tracking systems work with the aim of providing vehicle monitoring along a route. To meet the needs presented by the students, an electronic system was developed that will be installed on the bus, which will have the ability to send its geographical coordinates, based on a GPS system, to the GÊNESIS App and store them, thus enabling enrolled students and staff at Kimpa Vita University to locate a particular bus. The system presented in this research is designed to be a simple and easy-to-use tool, with a sufficient degree of precision to ensure that the results meet the specifications of the requirements.

Avocado Oil Extraction (Persea Americana Mill) by Laboratory and Artisanal Methods

Kinkela, Nswadi — 2024-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this study was to extract avocado oils using the laboratory method (Soxhlet) and the artisanal method. To achieve the research objective, an artisanal oven was used to dry the avocado pulp and a device was adapted for artisanal oil extraction. The oils obtained by hand were compared to those extracted in the laboratory on the basis of organoleptic, physical and chemical analyses. The following parameters were assessed: colour, density (d), saponification index (IS), iodine index (II), acidity index (IA), ether index (IE), peroxide index (IP) and unsaponifiable matter. Volumetric methods were used for the quantitative determination of these indices. The oil analyses were carried out in duplicate and the following results were obtained: The oils extracted in the laboratory and by hand showed a dark green colour. With regard to the physical and chemical parameters, the following averages were obtained: density - laboratory oil (OL): 0.912 g/cm3; artisanal oil (OA): 0.911 g/cm3; -acidity index OL: 5.609 mg KOH/g; OA: 4.515 mg KOH/g; -iodine index OL: 88.706 g I2/g; OA: 82.357 g I2/g; -saponification index OL: 190.68 mg KOH/g; OA: 189.14 mg KOH/g; -ester index OL: 185.071 mg KOH/g; OA: 184.62 mg KOH/g; -peroxide index OL: 10.12 mEqO2/kg; OA: 9.89 mEqO2/kg; -unsaponifiable matter content OL: 1.506%; OA: 1.5204%.

Long-term effects of phosphate amendments on iron dynamics in acid rice soils affected by iron toxicity in west-central Côte d’Ivoire

ADOU, Kouassi Pla — 2024-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the tropical acidic soils of Gagnoa, Côte d’Ivoire, rice cultivation is hindered by phosphorus immobilization due to iron and aluminum oxides. Phosphate amendments, such as phosphate rock (RP) and triple superphosphate (TSP), are used to improve phosphorus availability but can remobilize iron, particularly in temporarily flooded lowland rice fields. This study evaluates the effect of eight phosphate amendment formulations on iron dynamics in acidic rice soils. Tested on five plots over three crop cycles, the formulations showed a significant reduction in leaf yellowing symptoms and brown spots, with a decrease of 50% in yellowed leaves and 43 to 67.6% in brown spots compared to unamended plots. Additionally, grain and straw yields increased due to reduced infertile tillers and panicle sterility. Regarding iron dynamics, the amendments reduced soluble, exchangeable, acid-soluble, and bioavailable iron fractions, leading to better yields and reduced iron toxicity. TSP, with its rapid solubility, proved effective in the short term, but its effects diminished over time. In contrast, RP, with its slow phosphorus release, maintained stable yields and reduced toxicity symptoms. These results highlight the importance of choosing the appropriate phosphorus form based on soil conditions to optimize long-term rice productivity.

Analysis of psychological factors influencing the motivation of Bembéréké CEG students towards mathematics

HOUEHA, N. S. — 2024-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

This research explores the psychological factors influencing students’ motivation in mathematics at General Education Colleges (CEG) in Bembérèké, Benin. The main objective is to identify the psychological dynamics that affect student engagement in this subject. A qualitative approach was adopted, involving 170 students and 33 teachers. Data were collected using questionnaires and analyzed through a combination of thematic and statistical analyses. The results show that the majority of students perceive themselves as having average or below-average competence in mathematics, which negatively impacts their motivation. Additionally, a high level of math anxiety was observed, constituting a major obstacle to learning. Despite moderate to high interest in mathematics, students’ intrinsic motivation remains low, limiting their long-term engagement. The findings suggest the need to rethink pedagogical strategies to better meet students’ needs by integrating psychological support programs and more interactive teaching methods. This research makes a significant contribution to understanding students’ motivation in mathematics in underrepresented educational contexts and proposes ways to improve student engagement and academic performance.

Modeling and simulation of a Double Feed Asynchronous Machine

ALIHONOU, Agnimoan Constant — 2024-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The double feed asynchronous machines are increasingly used in modern wind farms to optimize wind turbine performance. These machines have the ability to adapt to variations in wind speed and also contribute to the stability of the electricity network. In this article, the modeling and simulation of the double feed asynchronous machine has been done. The different machine parameters such as speed, torque, flows and currents were analyzed. The results showed that all the quantities of the machine have an oscillating transient regime. Thus, the very unstable open-loop nature of the double feed asynchronous machine appears very clearly. In order to resolve this problem, the use of looped commands becomes essential.

Characterization of the Issia granitic complex (Central-West of Côte d’Ivoire) by the portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) method

Joseph, Brou Koffi — 2024-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

In recent decades, the use of new field technologies used in the mining world and very little used in academia has become very important in several research disciplines. The recent development of portable field measuring instruments makes it possible to acquire a large amount of data without the need for costly sampling and analysis campaigns. As part of the «Geochemistry Geophysics Technology in Mining Exploration (T2GEM)» project, the acquisition of a portable X-ray fluorescence at the Petrology-Metallogeny laboratory at the STRM UFR of the Félix Houphouët-Boigny University (Côte d’Ivoire) has made it possible to promote the use of these new technologies as part of a scientific project whose research focus is the distribution of rare metals in columbian-tantaliferous placers in the Issia region. This study is therefore based on the contribution of x-ray fluorescence in the characterization of Nb-Ta placers in the Issia region by the analysis of rare metals in the surrounding formations. This technology provides real-time decision support for operational decisions in the field (exploration, mining), offers a cost-effective alternative to conventional laboratory analysis programs, and effectively addresses remote or difficult field conditions. The ability to rapidly collect large numbers of samples and replicate analyses facilitates the acquisition of higher data density.

Plastic pollution of Kinshasa rivers: Highlighting microplastic contamination of the Malebo Pool hydrosystem (Congo River) in Kinshasa (DR Congo) and risk to the health of tourists

Basile, Masua Tchomba — 2024-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Several factors threaten the integrity of aquatic ecosystem resources in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The banks of the Pool Malebo (Congo River) are also vulnerable to the presence of plastic pollution in its waters. This study aims to inventory the different types of microplastics in three compartments (water, sediment and fish) of the Congo River in the part of the Pool Malebo between the fishing stations of Maluku and Kinsuka in Kinshasa. The search for microplastics was carried out by trapping with the Manta net. The identification and classification of plastic debris recorded in the three compartments of the Congo River were done on the basis of the density of microplastics. The results obtained showed that the physical and chemical parameters of the waters of the Congo River in the Pool Malebo generally contribute to the disintegration of macroplastics into microplastics. All the digestive tracts of the sampled fish have microplastics and the consequences on the food chain are obvious especially tourists and other populations consuming these fish. From the point of view of relative abundance of waste, PELD with 35 debris or 79.5% are the most numerous than PP with 9 debris or 20.4%. Given the danger that microplastics represent for aquatic animals and human health, further research based on the characterization of plastic waste by more advanced techniques will provide additional information on the composition of microplastics present in the Malebo Pool.

On the Measurability of Consciousness: Perspectives from Product Design and Philosophy

Pradhan, Satya B. — 2024-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

With recent advances in the science of consciousness, there is an increased interest in the measurement problem of consciousness (MPC). The development of consciousness measurement systems (CMS) is still in its infancy without a formal framework and established design approach. This article presents a novel consciousness measurement framework that uses measurement workflow, design principles, the concept of observability, consciousness theories and technologies, and philosophical arguments. The framework proposes measurability criteria, applies them to different use cases, and identifies whether existing theories and technologies can measure consciousness attributes for specific use cases. Researchers and engineers can use the framework to develop CMS for individual use cases without being bogged down by the complexity of unknowns in the field of MPC.

How does the entrepreneurial ecosystem influence SME development? An exploratory study in the Guinean context: An analysis based on Daniel Isenberg’s model

Sidibé, Idrissa Faren — 2024-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this study was to understand the influence of the entrepreneurial ecosystem in the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in the city of Conakry. To this end, based on a qualitative approach, by interviewing 10 entrepreneurs, 4 incubators and 1 accelerator, we examined the role of actors in the formation of a dynamic and evolving entrepreneurial ecosystem. The results revealed ineffective institutions, lack of laws in case of contractual disputes, politically oriented leaders, difficult access to financing, lack of entrepreneurial skills, absence of entrepreneurial themes in the school curriculum, insufficient infrastructure, unfavorable market conditions and the development of entrepreneurship in public higher education institutions.

Implication of sustainable agriculture for the sustainability of Congolese gastronomy and culinary authenticity in recreational sites in the commune of N’sele in Kinshasa (DR Congo): Analysis and perspectives

Blanchard, Kaki Ngisila — 2024-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Gastronomy concerns all travelers throughout their stays. Culturally speaking, across cities or countries considered as major recipients of international tourism, there are internationally recognized tourist culinary specialties and certified according to their authenticity, originality and preserved and conserved qualities. In addition, the Kinois often consume traditional tourist meals improved in different recreational sites scattered throughout this capital of more than 17 million inhabitants, especially in the tourist commune of the commune of N’sele. However, all these products are of agricultural origin, a significant quantity of which is imported or produced internally but under unknown conditions, often non-ecological. The overall objective of this study is the promotion of sustainable agriculture which is the basis of sustainable and perennial gastronomic tourism. The methodological approach used for this study is diverse and multidisciplinary. Documentary analysis, systemic approach, comparison, observation, field survey, probabilistic sampling of 490 tourists in different sites, computer processing of data (Word and Excel 2016), statistical approach and literary and scientific interpretation allowed the realization of this article. However, it results that Congolese gastronomy attracts 95% of tourists in these recreational sites located in the commune of N’sele and only 5% come for foreign meals. Of these dishes, freshwater fish occupy the first position, especially the form of cooking in papillote with freshwater fish leaves, called «liboke or maboke». Reason why, in the concern for health and tourism sustainability, the Congolese State must commit to the culinary certification of local meals, their promotion throughout the world, the financing and promotion of sustainable agriculture to support local agricultural products and sustainable culinary tourism. Tourists and investors in the sector must advocate for the preservation of our cultural and culinary identity through the consumption and promotion of our own meals.

Prevention of infectious risks in dental prosthesis offices and laboratories in Bamako

Ba, Ahmed — 2024-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Dental impressions for prosthetics are a vector of contamination due to contact with the mucus and serous fluids of the oral cavity. The objective of this work was to assess the knowledge and practices of dental prosthesis practitioners regarding contamination via impressions in the dental office and in the dental prosthesis laboratory. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study of 40 volunteer practitioners who take or manipulate dental impressions in dental prosthesis offices and laboratories in the district of Bamako. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS statistics version 25.0 software. The male sex represented 82% of cases with an average seniority of 8.75 years. Private structures accounted for 60% of cases. Dental offices accounted for 82% of cases. Alginate was used as impression material in 97.5% of cases. Rinsing with water as a decontamination method was used in 42% of cases. Sodium hypochlorite was used as a disinfectant in 25% of cases. The training of the actors of the prosthetic chain, the development of the procedures of the decontamination and individual protection of each prove to be essential.

Impacts of gold mining on the biophysical components of the environment at Aouzegueur in the rural commune of Tabelot (Agadez, North-Niger)

Tahirou, Hassane Yaou — 2024-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Niger, artisanal and scale mining contributes to reducing the poverty of populations in rural areas by injecting considerable monetary income but creates many environmental problems. This study aims to analyze the environmental impacts of artisanal and small-scale mining at the Aouzegueur mining sector, with a view to helping reduce the environmental risks associated with the activity. The methodological approach consisted of field observations, surveys and interviews with stakeholders directly or indirectly associated with gold mining. Furthermore, a diachronic analysis of changes in the landscape of the Aouzegueur sector was carried out on the basis of satellite images. The results show, on the one hand, a significant regression in the areas of natural vegetation, hills and rocky terrain in favor of sand dunes. On the other hand, they show that gold mining has considerable negative impacts in the study area, particularly on soil, water, air, fauna and flora. Implementing an effective environmental management plan will limit the impacts of gold mining activities on these environmental components.

Seasonal contamination level of the Lobo River (Daloa, Ivory Coast) by pesticides

Kone, Amadou — 2024-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this study was to assess the seasonal contamination of the Lobo River by pesticide residues from surrounding crops. Water samples were taken eight times, in the dry and wet seasons, at the exit of agricultural plots (upstream) and in the watercourse (downstream). These samples were analyzed using a SHIMAZU liquid chromatograph. The analyses revealed the presence of nine different pesticides in the samples. Mancozeb, 2, 4-D and deltamethrin were the most detected at respective mean concentrations of 0.767 µg/L; 9.437 µg/L; 10.953 µg/L upstream and 0.326 µg/L; 8.579 µg/L; 9.160 µg/L downstream. Furthermore, the measured concentrations generally exceeded the international standards recommended by WHO, both for the total pesticides and for most individual molecules. The results also showed that agricultural activities exerted significant pressure on the water quality of the Lobo River, especially during the rainy season. Pesticides used in crops were drained by runoff into the watercourse, contaminating the aquatic ecosystem.

Inventory and availability of non-timber forest products from the Nangui Abrogoua University (Côte d’Ivoire)

Koffi, Missa — 2024-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

In southern Côte d’Ivoire, the situation in most of the forests in the Abidjan District is far from rosy. The case of the forest relic located within the Nangui Abrogoua University is even more alarming. To avoid the loss of floristic diversity and the negative repercussions on the nutrition and income of the populations, it is important to take stock of the plant resources available in this forest. The objective of this work is to assess the diversity of species that are sources of Non-Timber Forest Products exploited by local populations. The surveys carried out among the university’s populations made it possible to inventory 42 plant species, either. 24.85% of the species inventoried by the surface and itinerant survey methods. They are divided into 40 genera and 27 botanical families. Concerning the parts of the plant used, the results obtained showed that leaves are, by far, the most common non-timber forest product The evaluation of the ethnobotanical use values for the different source species of Non-Timber Forest Products showed that three (3) categories of uses have been identified, of which the field of scientific research is the most important. However, all the species collected are at different levels of importance and do not have the same social and economic value.

Plato and Education through Fiction

Charfaoui, Mustapha — 2024-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this study which focuses on the theme of education, we propose to take a detour into the distant times of Greek Antiquity, to question ourselves and to educate ourselves. If we must justify such a digression in time, the reason is that the merit of this people lies, among other things, in their restoration of a close link between humanity and Education. The ideal that they envisaged during the golden age is at the origin of humanism in the sense that humanity is seen as a value. Let us not forget that Renaissance humanism is characterized by a return to ancient sources following the equation of equivalence between education and humanism. Following the belief that humanity is based on the full development of man’s faculties, Plato seems to be one of the scholars who reflected on the multiple ways, through multiple voices, of becoming a Man: erudition, wisdom, physical beauty, virtue, temperance, knowledge etc. We suggest drawing a thread from the fabric of this complex theme. It is a question of putting into perspective the Platonic debate on education via poems, fables... This subject is part of the famous crusade that Platonic philosophy leads against art and which is often read and treated in a manner univocal and sterile, this is why we will focus not only on the affinities of the philosopher’s analysis but also on the gray areas which make the Platonic point of view a fruitful thought in the educational field.

Assessment of atmospheric contamination by inorganic chemical elements contained in PM 10: Case of the city of KOLWEZI

MBWEB KATSHIL, Patrick — 2024-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The evaluation of atmospheric contamination by metallic trace elements in a given environment is carried out by several techniques and methods that can make it possible to retain certain inorganic and organic chemical elements that we find in our environment. This work allowed us to characterize the samples of aerosols collected from different places in the city of Kolwezi using the aerodynamic principle to sample them from a Dichotomous type device. During our research, we sampled twice a day; in the mornings and afternoons for a period of 2 hours per sampling. As a result of industrial and artisanal mining activities releasing gaseous, liquid and solid waste into the environment associated with natural phenomena which at times concentrate contamination depending on the weather related to sudden climate change; we opted for a study based on the evaluation of atmospheric contamination by inorganic chemical elements contained in the PM 10 cases of the city of Kolwezi using portable X-ray fluorescence as a non-destructive analysis technique for aerosols fixed on the filter paper and as gravimetric sampling methods for collecting aerosols by impacting on filter paper. After analyzing the filters, we noticed that all the districts of the city that were the subject of our study have an excessive concentration of air particles with a size of less than 10 microns. The results obtained after the sampling work shows that the concentration of the particles sampled is 52 times greater than that published in 2012 by the WHO (i.e. 2623.524 micrograms/m3 in 2 hours of PM 10 particles which are greater than the limit value of the WHO, i.e. 50 microgram/m3). And after chemical analysis, we detected the following elements: Si, Mg, Al, Fe, Ca, Cu, Co, P, Zn, Cl, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Pd, Ag, Cd, P, Col, K, Sb, Re, Mb, Cu.

IPO decision: Explanatory models

Ait Jillali, Sanae — 2024-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Many companies are spurred on by the reward of the decision to go public. Following the objectives they pursue and the problems they want to solve with it, they can decide whether they want to go public or not, it is also a decision related to the degree of tolerance of the company’s owners regarding the information shared with the public and shared ownership. So it is interconnected with three crucial elements, namely; information, profitability, organization, or capital structure. The purpose of this article is to provide a review of the literature that highlights the explanatory factors of an IPO decision. In particular, through the theoretical foundations underlying the decision to go public and its effect on control, capital structure, and other characteristics of companies. This article provides a more holistic and integrated view of the IPO as a corporate event and a strategic and managerial decision, and the way companies judge it when deciding whether or not to go public, and the conclusion offers avenues for future research.

Reverse Engineering as a Contemporary Perspective for Producing Contemporary Ceramic Models Inspired by Saudi Heritage

Al-Saleh, Manal Saleh Othman — 2024-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Reverse engineering involves identifying a set of specifications for a product or design originally created by the designer and dismantling it by analysing its components. It follows a series of steps to extract methods for classifying these components, making it a useful approach for solving problems related to assembling, mixing, or producing the reverse-engineered product. While many studies have explored the applications of reverse engineering in developing or reproducing industrial products, its use in the arts, particularly ceramics, remains largely unexplored. This study addresses this gap by posing the following question: Can reverse engineering, as a contemporary approach, produce ceramic models inspired by Saudi heritage? The study aims to test the hypothesis that the reverse engineering mechanism can be applied to create contemporary ceramic models inspired by Saudi heritage. The study found that reverse engineering can generate new shapes from a single reference, living or non-living, for use in contemporary ceramic designs. It was also found that the Saudi heritage possesses qualities well-suited for reverse engineering applications.

Study of the eating habits of households living in a context of malnutrition in Miti-Murhesa Heath Zone (South Kivu, Eastern DRC)

Alexis, Galibwa Kulimushi — 2024-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

This reseach was initiated to study the eating habits of househods living in a context of malnutrition in the Miti-Murhesa heath zone, with the aim of contributing to the improvement of eating habits. To achieve this, three Heath areas were chosen. The households are those with at least one member suffering from severe acute malnutrition was being treated in a severe acute malnutrition management program (are cases), their direct neighbors without a story of malnutrition were selected as controls. A survey questionnaire was admimistered to mothers (preferably). The results show that illiterale fathers are numerous among the cases, 47 compared 22 among the controls. The control households have more properly than the cases (p=0,00154) and are also the control households which have a higher monthly income than the cases (p=0,00191). Most foods were consumed more in the control group than in the cases and frequency of meals was also lower for cases than their controls. There is thus a positive association between the socio-economic level of households and food consuption.

Improvement of solar water disinfection by photosensitization of plant extracts

SUNDA, Teddy Makuba — 2024-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aimed to improve solar water disinfection through the use of photosensitizing substances (coumarin extracts of Citrus reticulata, Citrus aurantium and Citrus maxima). Solar disinfection shows negligible inhibition of fecal coliforms after 60 minutes of exposition to the sunlight. On the other hand, for photodynamic disinfection, complete inhibition is noted after 60 minutes of exposition. Regarding fecal enterococci, negligible inhibition is noted after 30 minutes for solar disinfection. On the other hand, for all coumarin extracts (Citrus reticulata, Citrus aurantium and Citrus maxima), complete inhibition is noted after 30 minutes of exposition to the sunlight. These results show that the use of coumarin extracts of Citrus reticulata, Citrus aurantium and Citrus maxima significantly improves solar disinfection. Additionally, these results show that fecal enterococci are more sensitive to photodynamic disinfection than fecal coliforms. This difference in sensitivity is due to the constitution of their cell walls. The wall of fecal coliforms (Gram-) is rich in lipopolysaccharides. These constitute a barrier to the passage of singlet oxygen. Whereas, the wall of fecal enterococci (Gram+) is easily penetrated by singlet oxygen (1O2) because it lacks lipopolysaccharides. After its passage, singlet oxygen destroys cellular constituents. This leads to the death of the bacterial cell.

Technological fetishism in the age of enlightenment and contemporary times

Salifou, Amara — 2024-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

How can technology, perceived by the general public as the crucible of rationality and impartiality, become an obvious source of submission to uncompromising power? This article attempts to shed some light on this fundamental question, taking the Enlightenment and the contemporary era as its starting point. The study reveals the fetishising of technology during these two periods, which were marked by technico-industrial dominance and a kind of reversal of thinking that placed individuals and the whole of nature under the dome of domination. How did we manage to reconcile technology and fetishism? What impact did this technology of divination have on the Enlightenment and the modern age? How can we break free from this technological spell? Using a historical and critical approach, this paper seeks to shed some light on the subject. The aim of this incursion is to deconstruct the mythical and mystical forms at work in technological deployment. In terms of results, the aim is to achieve a genuine culture of the technical object and to escape from any spellbinding universe.

Lived experiences of pregnant women with children under 24 months in Bunia town, Ituri Province, North-Eastern DR Congo

Dieu-Merci, Amuda Baba — 2024-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study conducted to explore the experiences of pregnant women with children under 24 months in Bunia town. The phenomenological method was used to carry out this study. Given the qualitative nature of this study, its sample was made up of 41 pregnant women with children under 24 months in Bunia town, selected intentionally and occasionally. Data was collected using semi-structured interview and analyzed through thematic analysis, supported by the development of a thematic framework. After the analysis, the study revealed that the respondents reported having become pregnant before returning monthly period, but also, they did not use contraceptive methods. Furthermore, women had a lot of attachment to their infants. They showed love, affection, trust. However, other infants showed the sign of contempt to parents. The respondents showed good progress despite a difficult start. The reactions felt were illness, pain and weakness. They reported that they do not have a positive opinion on close pregnancy, although for some, close pregnancy was viewed positively. Despite their condition, they fulfilled their marital responsibility without problem. On the other hand, for those who did not fulfill this responsibility, the husbands understood their situation well. Finally, the respondents had mixed behavior, positive and sometimes negative towards their loved one. Closely spaced pregnancy still remains common among Bunia town population and seems to be associated with a higher risk of certain complications (prematurity, low birth weight of the baby). There is therefore reason to develop new contextual awareness-raising strategies.

Viability of new forms of agricultural entrepreneurship in the outskirts of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

ILUNGA, Augustin TSHILUMBA — 2024-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of which is to understand to what extent the motivations of agri- entrepreneurs influence the viability of new forms of agricultural entrepreneurship in the periphery of Kinshasa. In total, 20 agri-entrepreneurs operating in the area were contacted. The main results of this research showed that the positive factors which lead public and private agri-entrepreneurs to seize profitable business opportunities or to increase income are more oriented and limited towards improving the quality of personal life and they thus succumb to the practice of hoarding land which limits the agricultural production necessary to supply the city; the negative factors of entrepreneurial motivation are essential for the viability of the agricultural activities of the agri-entrepreneur trader who has no other sources of income. Thus, to remedy the viability of agricultural entrepreneurship in the context of promoting family farming, the article draws attention to agricultural entrepreneurship, the role that peri-urban agriculture had to play through family farming. in the supply of the city of Kinshasa with foodstuffs and its contribution to socio-economic development but also, proposes to state decision-makers to review the policy of granting long lease, facilitate the social balancing of agricultural land, promote female entrepreneurship and encourage farmers to practice agriculture as a business.

Effects of organic fertilization on soil nutrient dynamics in Ngandajika

Mupala, Georges Muyayabantu — 2024-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The study of organic manure should not only be limited to the analysis of its effects on crop development and yield, but should also extend to the examination of its impact on maintaining or increasing soil fertility. A trial was conducted in Ngandajika on the residual effects or nutrient dynamics of two organic materials, cow dung and Tithonia diversifolia. At the end of this trial, the following results were recorded, the T2 treatment or the dung nutrient dynamics gave the yield of 2.87 T/ha and 3.16 T/ha respectively in maize monoculture and in maize-cowpea association, which are significantly higher than that achieved with T1 or Tithonia diversifolia nutrient dynamics 2.27 T/ha and 2.55 T/ha and the latter more than the control (1.41 T/ha and 1.63 T/ha). Thus, we can therefore remember that the nutrient dynamics of cow dung are stronger than those of Tithonia diversifolia on the maize crop more than on the control. Both organic manures with their element dynamics not only increase the yield of maize cultivation, they also increase soil fertility.

Effects of the interaction between cropping system and soil fertility management on Dumaïs and Cowpea production

Mupala, Georges Muyayabantu — 2024-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this trial was to evaluate the impact of the combination of manure (cow dung + DAP) and (Tithonia + DAP) on the growth and yield of the maize crop in monoculture and in association with cowpea compared to that of DAP + Urea. To assess this impact (the effects), measurements were made on the crop’s growth parameters including emergence rate, crown diameter, plant height and number of leaves. As far as production is concerned, measurements were made on the following parameters: the number of ears per plant, the number of rows per ear, the number of grains per row, the weight of a thousand grains and the yield. At the end of this study, the following results were recorded. Compared to the two cropping systems, there is no significant difference between maize monoculture and maize-cowpea combination. As for production parameters, the monoculture has a yield of 2.30 T/ha higher than the maize-cowpea combination with 1.39 T In terms of manure, it is the Tithonia + DAP combination that gives a higher yield than all the other monoculture treatments, while in the maize-cowpea combination, all the treatments show the same higher yield than the control.

School education in Morocco: Current situation and perspectives

EL MAHZANI, Hanane — 2024-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Education is a fundamental lever for the socio-economic progress of nations, shaping their future through the development of skills and abilities of individuals. This article aims to explore the different facets of school education in Morocco, its current state, the reforms undertaken, and its future prospects to ensure sustainable and equitable educational development. It offers an in-depth assessment based on government reports and academic publications. The objective is to contribute to a better understanding of the issues and challenges of the Moroccan education system, while highlighting the opportunities and avenues of action to ensure quality and equitable education for all. The results show significant progress, such as increasing enrolment rates and improving infrastructure, but also highlight persistent challenges, including inequalities in access to educational resources, regional disparities in the quality of education, and the need to adapt to technological developments to ensure modern and inclusive education.

Social Innovation and Inclusive Rehabilitation: A Review of Best Practices

Iraqi, Ahmed — 2024-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

In a context where the life expectancy of people with disabilities is significantly increasing, largely due to greater awareness of the importance of early intervention and the development of tailored medical treatments, specialized rehabilitation programs often remain limited. These programs primarily rely on a traditional approach focused on reducing functional autonomy deficits and developing language skills, while frequently neglecting professional inclusion and its crucial impact on the social life of individuals with disabilities. This paper presents a review of contemporary best practices in social inclusion, addressing various types of disabilities and exploring initiatives developed in academic, associative, and corporate environments.

Topographical Influences on Soil Phosphorus Content in a Lowland: Insights from Random Forest Analysis

Philippe, Guety Thierry — 2024-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Soil nutrient analysis is crucial for understanding the dynamics of agricultural fertility and productivity. Phosphorus (P) stands out among soil nutrients for its fundamental role in vital biological processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, and cell division. The study of variations in phosphorus content along toposequences, according to the specific topography of the lowlands, is proving to be a relevant approach to elucidate the complex interactions between abiotic factors and biogeochemical dynamics that govern soil fertility. This study aims to characterize spatial variations in soil assimilable phosphorus (P2O5) content as a function of edaphic parameters, using a multidimensional approach along the longitudinal and transverse axes of the lowland. This study was carried out in the locality of N’Zoupouri, in the department of Botro, about 40 km from Bouaké, in the Gbêkê region of central Côte d’Ivoire. The physicochemical analyses of the soil samples were carried out by French and international standard methods. The BORUTA algorithm used in this study can select the truly significant characteristics while ranking their importance. The result shows that potassium (K) content is a determining factor directly influencing this essential nutrient’s spatial variations and temporal changes. The close relationship between potassium and phosphorus in the soil highlights the importance of optimized agronomic management, in which potassium not only plays a supporting role but also acts as a key element in the release and stabilization of phosphorus that is available to plants.

Analysis of musculoskeletal disorders among workers of the National Electricity Company of Senegal

Diédhiou, Bocar Baïla — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Objectives: Analyze MSDs among workers of the National Electricity Company of Senegal. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study, carried out from April 2 to May 15, 2022. The INRS TMS questionnaire version 2000 was used. The analysis was carried out with Excel 2016 and R version 4.1.1 software. During the bivariate analysis, the Chi2 test was used. The p was considered significant if it was less than 0.05. Results: The average age of the sample was 42.4 years ± 9.5. The sex ratio (M/F) was 3.16 in favor of men. The prevalence of MSDs was 91%. The average number of MSD locations per affected worker was 3.1. Low back pain (58.8%) and back pain (54.2%) were the most frequently reported MSDs. When working, the sitting position and prolonged standing position were adopted respectively by 57.7% and 39.4% of workers. Break time, work requiring work very quickly, work under deadline, risk of error in work in the event of lack of concentration and the latitude of being able to work at the desired speed had a significant link with occurrence of MSDs (p<0.05). Conclusion: MSDs constitute an occupational health problem within the National Electricity Company of Senegal. This study proves the need to strengthen, on the one hand, awareness, training of workers and on the other hand, the review of the organization and management of personnel.

Galactagogues blocks characteristics made from plants species considered as galactagogues for improving dairy cows feeding technique in Burkina Faso

Irène, SAWADOGO Rayinwende — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Feeding dairy cows during the dry season is still a bottle nec for milk production in Burkina Faso and farmers use their indigenous knowledges for improvement. The research question is how to ¶The better handle thoses indigenous knowledges by improving methodologically the making process of galactagogues blocks which could be used as supplementary feed for lactating cows. The objective was to make two galactagogue blocks, one contains small millet and monkey’s bread (called BAMPS) and the other one, Vigna unguiculata (Soy bean) and Euphorbia hirta (called GALACTO) to increase dairy cows milk syhthesis. The method has been to collect forage and concentrate ingredients in urban and peri-urban area of Ouagadougou in 2023. Samples were run for chemical analysis, total proteins and carbohydrates contents. At the same time, total coliform and toxicity test of aflatoxines were also done on the initial solutions in 2024. Samples were all free from total aflatoxines and aflatoxines B1 in 2024. The total bacteria count was 10 UFC/g Adansonia digitata’s powder and 2.1x105 UFC/g, 4.6x104 UFC/g, 3.3x104 UFC/g for Vigna unguiculata, Pennissetum glaucum and Euphorbia hirta (whole plant), respectively. The data were subjected to descriptives statistics using Excel 2016. The previous results contributed to produce square dries galactogogues of 100, 200, 300 and 400 grammes (made june 2024). Zea mays bran was used as support-structure in the current experimental conditions. The results showed good hardness by pressing with thumb and consistance under full hand-pressure. BAMPS was a white-dirt colour with Zea mays smell. GALACTO was clear-green colour with Vigna unguiculata smell. It could be concluded that, it is technical possible to make galactogogues blocks from above animal feed ingredients for feeding system in Burkina Faso. The hypothesis of the current study was verified and the objective met for the upcoming experimental test on animal.

Analysis of the functioning of the livestock market chain in the Dosso region of Niger

MAHAMADOU, Ali — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

In West Africa, the livestock sub-sector contributed around 12% to regional GDP in 2014. This strong contribution to economic growth is based on the livestock-meat sector, particularly the marketing of live cattle. The aim of this study is to analyze the operating status of livestock markets in the production zone. The data covers the organization, supply, demand and price of livestock from 2011-2020. Economic analyses were carried out to analyze operating accounts and the contributions of livestock markets. A total of 129 players were surveyed, and this sample was selected because these four markets were the most frequented by livestock buyers and sellers in the Niger regions. The analysis revealed that the livestock market circuits are supplied with livestock by extensive livestock breeders and livestock fatteners. In terms of cattle supply, the Mokko livestock market more than doubled its supply from 79,208 to 38,108, while the Bella market from 38,409 to 19,188 and the Kargui-bangou market from 15,601 to 15,961 head of cattle from 2011 to 2020.

Assessing patient satisfaction with the services provided under the National Health Insurance at the Outpatient Department of the Levy Mwanawasa University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia

Mwambazi, Wesley Kapaya — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Background: Despite the introduction of the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) in 2019 to improve healthcare financing and services, the healthcare system in Zambia still faces challenges that negatively affect patient satisfaction. Aim: Assess and investigate the factors influencing patient satisfaction with NHIS-provided services at a third-level tertiary public hospital. Setting: The study was conducted at the OPD of Levy Mwanawasa University Teaching Hospital (LMUTH) in Lusaka, Zambia. LMUTH was purposefully chosen because it was one of the first NHIS-accredited facilities and because of its importance as the second-largest publicly financed tertiary referral hospital. Method: This was a mixed method cross-sectional survey and data were collected from a systematically chosen sample of 270 respondents using an interviewer-administered modified SERVUAL 5-point Likert scale questionnaire in May 2024. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential analysis. Results: 83 percent were satisfied with the NHIS-provided services. Education level, duration of NHIS enrollment, communication from NHIMA, drug availability, staff attitude, and waiting time were identified as significant factors. However, key predictors identified were employment status (OR = 0.237, p = 0.030), and communication and feedback from NHIMA (OR = 2.922, p = 0.001). Conclusion: Findings show a high NHIS satisfaction level identifying significant factors and key predictors. Future research should explore the long-term effects and satisfaction levels across various demographic groups and regions. Contribution: This study suggests improved NHIS communication, staff training, patient education, reduced waiting times, fostering courteous patient/staff interactions and enhancing diagnostic and pharmacy services.

Occupation of the high-voltage overhead power line corridor in the town of Daloa (Côte d’Ivoire): Analysis of health and safety risks

Ferrand, Koffi Bouadi Arnaud — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Overhead high-voltage power lines are visible and supported by high poles and pylons, at heights that allow people to walk under them without snagging them as they pass. The corridors of overhead high-voltage power lines are occupied illegally, with serious consequences for people’s health and safety. Knowing the reasons for the occupation of the high-voltage overhead power line corridors in Daloa is the focus of this study, the aim of which is to identify the health and safety risks for people occupying the corridors of high-voltage overhead power lines. The methodology adopted is based on documentary research and field surveys. A questionnaire was drawn up for 408 occupants of the high-voltage power line corridor, and interviews were successively conducted with the head of the Ivorian electricity company (C.I.E.) and the head of the technical department of the mayor of the town of Daloa. This approach shows that the occupation of the power line corridor in the town of Daloa is due to a number of regulatory, institutional, economic and social factors. The regulatory and institutional factors concern the land administration and the local authority, while the economic factors are linked to the high cost of shops, the high cost of land, the need to remain in the information society and the lack of information on the subject.

Situation of Ganoderma sp. disease in Lokondola plantations in the Democratic Republic of Congo

François-Joseph, Ikaa Lifeta — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study was conducted with the aim of taking stock of Ganoderma sp disease in oil palm plantations in the Lokondola division of Boteka. This disease causes significant losses and constitutes a major obstacle to the sustainability of replantings. Ganoderma, which is increasingly growing in the DRC, deserves particular attention, in order to develop methods that can limit its spread in the different production areas. Our analyzes showed different results. From a pathological point of view, all blocks presented at least one diseased foot. The disease was higher in bocs 111a and 112a with average incidences ranging between 10.2 and 8, and a little less in the rest of the blocks with averages of (3.2 to 4.7). The disease situation in different block plots of the division indicates that the disease is important in plots 23 and 18 of block 111a, with 14 and 11 sick subjects respectively. As for block 112a, the disease is higher in plots 14 and 15 (10 and 8 sick subjects) and lower in plots 24a and 25 (6 and 8 sick subjects). The assessment of the disease levels in the rest of the blocks of the plantation shows a situation comparable to the previous ones with values between 3 to 7 sick subjects.

A Review of the Evaluation and Potential Genotoxicity of Sodium Benzoate and Potassium Benzoate as Food Preservatives in Health and Various Applications

Yewande, O. Ajayi — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Food preservatives such as sodium benzoate (E211) and potassium benzoate (E212) are widely used to prolong the shelf life of various food products by inhibiting microbial growth. Despite their prevalent usage, concerns regarding their potential genotoxic effects necessitate a thorough evaluation of their safety. This review provides a comprehensive assessment of the genotoxic potential of sodium benzoate and potassium benzoate, synthesizing findings from in vitro, in vivo, and human studies. Sodium benzoate, a sodium salt of benzoic acid, is primarily metabolized in the liver to hippuric acid, which is excreted in the urine. In vitro studies on sodium benzoate have shown mixed results, with some indicating DNA damage at high concentrations while others report no significant genotoxic effects. In vivo studies in animals have similarly provided conflicting evidence, with genotoxic effects observed at high doses but not at levels relevant to human consumption. Human studies are limited, but in vitro assessments using human cell lines have not conclusively demonstrated genotoxic effects at typical dietary exposure levels. Potassium benzoate, the potassium salt of benzoic acid, shares a similar metabolic pathway with sodium benzoate. However, specific studies on the genotoxicity of potassium benzoate are less abundant. Preliminary in vitro studies have not indicated significant genotoxic effects at commonly used concentrations and limited in vivo animal studies suggest no significant genotoxic risk at doses relevant to human exposure. The absence of direct human studies on potassium benzoate necessitates reliance on extrapolations from sodium benzoate data, which are not entirely conclusive. Regulatory authorities such as the FDA and EFSA have established acceptable daily intake (ADI) levels for both preservatives based on available toxicological data, considering them safe for use in food products within these limits. Potential genotoxic mechanisms may involve oxidative stress and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), but the evidence remains inconclusive and warrants further investigation. High concentrations of sodium benzoate and potassium benzoate may pose genotoxic risks, their use in food products within the regulatory limits is considered safe. Continuous monitoring and research are essential to confirm these findings and ensure consumer safety considering long-term and cumulative exposure. This review underscores the importance of ongoing evaluation of food preservatives to maintain public health standards.

Effectiveness of the rights recognized for Congolese women through the theory of enjoyment

Patient, Barhuze Basimike — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The problem of the effectiveness of the rights recognized for women is not new. Its existence is attributed to very early years. After several analyses, we were able to note that the protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, relating to the rights of Women in Africa, greatly prioritized women’s rights. Certain laws in the DRC have not remained unanimous on this subject. However, the Constitution recognizes the rights and freedoms of all Congolese citizens. In addition, the Vienna Declaration and Program of Action adopted on June 25, 1993 by the World Conference on Human Rights; aims to strengthen the determination of the international community with a view to achieving significant progress in action in favor of human rights through an increased and sustained effort of international cooperation and solidarity. Here we must see in particular articles 36 to 44 which deal with equality of condition and fundamental rights of women.

Caracterization of Abidjan longshore sands (Côte d’Ivoire)

Aimé, GBAMBLE Bi Youzan — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Coastline in Abidjan has a plant of economic potential. Many previous works have been carried out there. However, few or rare are the studies which mainly address the petrosedimentary processes of these detrital deposits in their transfer to Abidjan coast. Granulometric approaches made it possible to characterize these detrital deposits of the coast. The petrosedimentary characterization made it possible to highlight a decrease in the size of sediments along Abidjan beach and an alternation or individualization of sandy facies. These sediments have a coarse asymmetry or are almost symmetrical. They are well to fairly well ranked.

Contribution of transfusion safety in the prevention of HIV/AIDS contamination in the Gemena health area from 2020-2022

TANAKULA, Richard DEGULIGO — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Which focused on the contribution of blood safety in the prevention of HIV/AIDS contamination; it was used in the health zone of Gemena, we set ourselves the overall objective of observing and verifying whether the people involved in this chain of activities normally respect the application of the tests in relation to the biological qualification and the counseling before and after blood collection from donors. How they refer donors found to be HIV positive to a care service. The results from this study are as follows: We found that out of 30 subjects surveyed: - 50% have followed the training on biological diagnosis; - 60% have taken training in transfusion safety; - 73% of our respondents had not received training on voluntary counseling and testing, which meant that 83% thought only of the strategy of maintaining confidentiality, and not using DCIP; - It appears that 100% of our health facilities do not have donor files to allow rigorous selection; - 100% of our respondents use the correct biological qualification while applying immuno-haematologist and immuno-serological tests. Significant statistical relationships were observed between gender with VCT training; the professional category with training in biological diagnosis; seniority with health facilities; sex with keeping donor records and preventive measures; finally the level of study with training on transfusion safety.

Rare association of the ovarian low-grade invasive serous carcinoma with pregnancy: A case report

Bennaceur, Samia — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The association of ovarian malignancy with pregnancy is rare; accounting for 3–6% of ovarian masses of which malignant germ cell tumors represent the type most frequently associated with pregnancy, whereas the incidence of epithelial ovarian cancer is only 1/12,000 to 1/50,000 of pregnancies. The diagnosis and management of ovarian cancer in pregnancy remain poorly codified because of the rarity of cases and the limited data available on this pathology. We report here the case of a 33-year-old woman with a low-grade invasive serous carcinoma of the left ovary diagnosed during pregnancy, identified by ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. The patient was treated by surgical resection followed by adjuvant chemotherapy without interrupting the pregnancy because she refused to. A c-section was programmed at 36 weeks of gestation with complement of surgery.

3D modeling of the lithology and stratigraphy of the Ivorian onshore sedimentary basin of the Dabou area

Marcel, KESSE Touvale — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective is the 3D modeling of the Dabou onshore sedimentary basin based on data from 7 surveys. To do this, a lithostratigraphic reconstruction from gamma ray data was carried out. This reconstruction made it possible to establish a correlation between the formations and build the 3D geological model using RockWorks software.The lithological reconstruction reveals the presence of layers of sand which are intercalated by clay banks which constitute the Continental terminal. These formations are topped by two layers of barren earth, the upper layer of which is eroded in places. The correlation indicates lateral facies changes. In general, there is a decrease in the thickness of the bar earth and a considerable increase in the thickness of the Continental Terminal formations from the north to the south of the Dabou region. In places, we observe the absence of clay banks which can be explained by erosion phenomena and sedimentation gaps.The three-dimensional model makes it possible to better appreciate the evolution of the formations in the area studied. The model is mainly occupied by sands in which the clays are beveled. It highlights areas of erosion, areas of depression and elevation as well as the volumes of the formations. It reveals that the Dabou area is made up of a good sandy reservoir.

Extraction and comparison of phenolic compounds obtained using three different methods on Momordica leaves and stems charantia linn

FAYE, Papa Guedel — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this work is to evaluate the content of total polyphenols in the leaves and stem of M. charantia. Three extraction methods (decoction, infusion and maceration) were used for a period of 60 minutes with a sample every 20 minutes. The conductivity and the coloring were evaluated on these different extracts. The total phenolic content of the extracts was estimated by Folin’s method. The color of the samples was measured based on the CIELAB color system using a colorimeter (KONICA MINOLTA-Japan). The results were processed with R software version 3.2.4 Revised (2018-03-16, R-70336) and Minitab 18 software. The results showed that decoction is the best method for extracting total polyphenols with 1.69 gAG.100.g-1 of extract, followed by infusion and maceration respectively 0.61 gAG.100.g-1 and 0.32 gAG.100.g-1. The analysis of the color of the extracts reveals that the intensity of the yellow color is more accentuated in decoction. The comparison of the content of phenolic compounds in the leaves and stems showed that the leaves and stems of M. charantia from the Fatick region are richer in total polyphenols than of M. charantia from the Dakar region.

Knowledge, attitudes and practices of health personnel in the Sangalkam Health District on blood exposure accidents (BEA)

Diédhiou, Bocar Baïla — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Objectives: assess the level of knowledge, attitudes and practices of health personnel in the Sangalkam Health District on blood exposure accidents. Methodology: We conducted a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study, from April 1, 2023 to May 30, 2023. A standardised, anonymous questionnaire was drawn up and sent to healthcare staff. Results: A total of 60 carers took part in the study, 88.3% of whom were women. Midwives were more represented (31.7%). Hepatitis B vaccination coverage was 69.6%. 31.7% of respondents were aware of the viruses most feared in the event of a blood exposure accident (HIV, HBV and HCV). They claimed to know the principles of universal precaution in 91.5% of cases. The prevalence of blood exposure accidents was 61.7%, i.e. 27% reported. Washing with soapy water was carried out immediately after the BEA in 56.8% of cases. Needles were recapped by 28.3% of respondents. Where there was a risk of splashing of biological fluid, personal protective equipment (gown, mask, goggles) was worn by 23.3% of respondents. Overloading of safety containers was reported in 11.7% of cases. Respondents’ knowledge and attitudes were not significantly related to socio-professional characteristics (p>0.05). Conclusion: Compliance with standard precautions and the use of safety equipment could significantly reduce the risks associated with AES. In addition, awareness-raising and vaccination of healthcare workers against hepatitis B should be encouraged.

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis in Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic in Bunia Health District, Ituri Province, DR Congo

Merci, Amuda Baba Dieu — 2024-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

It is estimated that around 3.5 billion people worldwide are affected by toxoplasmosis, the prevalence of which depends on geographical, climatic and socioeconomic conditions. This study was conducted to determine de sero-prevalence of toxoplasmosis among pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic in Bunia Health District. Cross sectional method supported by questionnaire was used in this study. The sample was made up of 375 pregnant women, through multi stage sampling. Content analysis supported by percentage calculation served to analyse data. After analysis, this study revealed that sero-prevalence of toxoplasmosis among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in Bunia health District is 5.07%. Women aged 15-19 years were the most affected by toxoplasmosis in Bunia Health District, the pregnancy age was of 3-5 months, respectively to primiparous and multiparous. From these results, there is a strong need to strengthen pregnant women awareness on preventative means of toxoplasmosis using contextual strategies in Bunia Health District.

The performance of banking system in Kosovo: Analysis of financial indicators (2010-2022)

Kllokoqi, Arbenita — 2024-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The role of banking institutions in the Republic of Kosovo remains on transferring of funds from those who have a surplus to those who have a deficit. Banks make significant contribution to increase the economy in order to provide an increase on consummation, investments, savings, contributing directly to the increase in the well-being of families and the economy in general. The individuals and families encounter financial constraints or aim to expand their investments, they frequently seek support from banking institutions. Despite the small economic growth in the Republic of Kosovo, the banking sector has expanded, witnessing an increase in profits and deposits over the years. This paper reflects the financial indicators in the years from 2010 to 2022. The study utilized data sourced from the Central Bank of the Republic of Kosovo, and for analysing the impact of these variables on banking system profit, we used econometric methods such as OLS, analysis of correlation and trend analysis. The selected indicators for analysis include Profitability, ROA, ROE, Deposits, Loans, NPL, Employees, Branches, and GDP. The results show that increases in deposits lead to increase profitability, whereas increases in loans have a negative impact on profitability within the banking system.

The effect of labour migration pre-departure training on performance of migrant workers: A case of Kenyan workers in United Arab Emirates

Vincent, Kigen Cheruyot — 2024-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Nearly 200 million people live in countries they are not citizens by birth. This is fueled by insecurity and human right violations, poverty and environmental degradation, economic disparities and absence of peace. Due to increased selective and varied migration policies, there is demand for migrants who are able to respond better to labour market needs and able to integrate easily with communities. This necessitates a need for training that improves worker competency and strengthens their capacity to deliver better services, which leads to continuing growth and development of the institutions they will be serving. The study sought to examine the effect of labour migration pre-departure training programs on the performance of Kenyan migrant workers’ in UAE. Specifically the study was to establish the effect of cultural awareness training, language proficiency training, legal awareness training, and job specific skills training on migrant workers’ performance. The study was anchored on Migration Systems Theory, Cross-Cultural Adaptation Theory, the Human Capital theory and the Role theory. This study employed a descriptive research design. The target population was 60,626 migrant workers in UAE and the sample size was 384 respondents. The study findings showed that pre-departure training programs of (cultural awareness, language proficiency, legal awareness and job specific skills training) have a significant and positive influence at (P value = 0.000) on performance of Kenyan migrant workers’ in UAE thus improving their probabilities of enhanced results. The study recommends the policy makers to strategically put emphasis on the four pre-departure training programs (cultural awareness, language proficiency, legal awareness and job specific skills training) to further enhance performance of Kenyan migrant workers in the host countries.

Concentration level of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the surface sediments of the Digboué lagoon (South-West of Côte d’Ivoire)

Marie-Claude, Toalo Lou Kala — 2024-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The contamination of aquatic environments by organic pollutants such as PAHs constitutes a worrying threat to water quality, but also to the survival of aquatic biodiversity. The present study aims to assess the risk linked to the presence of such contaminants in the surface sediments of a lagoon subject to urban influence. The method used for this purpose first consisted of collecting eighteen (18) representative samples of sediment at the bottom of the water using a grab. Then, an analysis of their PAH content was carried out using the gas chromatography technique coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in the laboratory. The different concentrations obtained of each PAH were finally compared with corresponding LEL and SEL tolerance threshold values. These analyzes reveal the presence of 8 main PAHs in the sediments studied with a range of concentrations going from 0 to 32.08 μg/kg. Among these, light PAHs such as Fluoranthene and Pyrene with respective maximum contents of 6.25 and 32.08 μg/kg. Heavy PAHs such as: Benzo (b) fluoranthene, Benzo (k) fluoranthene, Benzo (a) pyrene, Indeno (1, 2,3-cd) pyrene, Benzo (a) anthracene and Benzo (g, h, i) perylene, with concentrations ranging between 0 and 31.46 μg/kg. All the PAH values obtained were well below the usage rights thresholds. From the analysis of the various results, it appears that all of these quantified organic compounds did not currently represent a danger for the lagoon environment due to their very low levels.

Assessment of Genetic Variability and Forage Potential in Eight Morphotypes of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea)

Abdel Kader, NAINO JIKA — 2024-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Vigna subterranea (commonly known as bambara groundnut) is a neglected and underutilized crop, predominantly cultivated by women on small plots in West Africa. Despite its importance in rural areas, no improved varieties are available in the Sahel countries. Although used for both its edible grains and as forage by rural farmers, very few studies have focused on the forage potential of this species. This study aims to assess the genetic variability and heritability of biomass production traits in eight morphotypes of Vigna subterranea collected from southern Niger. The traits studied include plant height (PH), number of leaves (NL), number of branches (NB), and fresh biomass weight (FBW). The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three replications. The Kruskal-Wallis test revealed a significant difference between the morphotypes only for fresh biomass weight (P = 0.002). However, substantial variability was observed for all traits studied. The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation (CVG) were particularly high for FBW (PCV = 79.78%, CVG = 64.4%) and low for PH (PCV = 13.07%, CVG = 5.99%). Broad-sense heritability ranged from 21% for PH to 65% for FBW, while genetic gain ranged from 1.36 for PH to 52.12 for FBW. These results indicate significant potential for the genetic improvement of these traits, which could enhance biomass productivity and resilience of Vigna subterranea. The implications of these findings for breeding programs are discussed.

Artisanal processing of cassava and degradation of the living environment in the Guemon region-Côte d’Ivoire

Rokia-Coulibaly, Ouattara Yagnama — 2024-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The processing of cassava in an artisanal manner remains the preferred means for better valorization of this product in Côte d’Ivoire and particularly in the Guémon region. The management of the waste that comes out is one of the concerns of environmental management, because it is one of the problems faced by all human establishments, particularly those in the informal and artisanal sector. This artisanal transformation of cassava into attiéké, paste (placali), tapioka, flour, gari, attoukou and starch induces the production of organic and liquid waste which is difficult to control in an urban environment. The objective of this study is to evaluate the management of waste from these artisanal cassava processing units and their impact on the living environment in the Guémon region. The method used was based on the use of documentary data, direct observations enriched by field surveys based on a questionnaire addressed to the population and semi-directive interviews with cooperatives. It appears from field investigations that these artisanal units are faced with the problem of managing solid waste and wastewater resulting from their activity. There is no involvement of local authorities, nor of the national waste management agency, the institution in charge of waste management. Only 20% of solid waste consisting of cassava peels is reused and the rest, as well as wastewater, are dumped uncontrolled into the natural environment. This management model impacts the living environment and induces environmental problems such as foul odors, unsanitary conditions, soil degradation and air pollution.

The dimensions of informal apprenticeship in masonry on construction sites and the transfer of skills to apprentices

Kasula, Florent Kambasu — 2024-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

In several sub-Saharan African countries, informal apprenticeships are the preferred route to wage employment. Thus, it is a question of studying the different registers of transmission of skills regarding informal professional apprenticeships in the building careers, mainly masonry, in the region of Butembo, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. On construction sites, the learning of masonry is organized through a social and economic logic, while the pedagogical logic of transmitting skills is more based on the analogy and proceduralization of the site. These different patterns are often reflected in the motivation for recruiting apprentices or the motivations to learn masonry.

Study and prototyping of a New Device for Acquisition of Maritime Environment Data and transmission to an Android Monitoring Terminal

OWONA, Thérèse R.F. ATSA’A — 2024-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The most popular device used for safety in the sea medium is.a life-jacket. Its main technical usage is to maintain the wearer on the sea surface while waiting the arrival of a safety staff. In this paper, an Electronic-Textile device to be embedded to a life-jacket model is proposed, for signalization of the environment ambient data of the jacket wearer. His device is implemented using a mixed of SMS (short message Service) and GPS (Global positioning System) communication technologies. In this paper, the proposed model of life-jacket, the leaders will discover the design policy, the experimental study steps, as well as relevant results obtained when successfully testing a first prototyping realization.

Study and Prototyping of a New Device for ESP32-Based Detection and monitoring of the Back Posture State of an Employee in a Workstation

Charnelle, Njonogo — 2024-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this project is to prototype an automatic posture corrector device using an ESP-32 microcontroller, with a sensor integrated into the electronic-textile device. The sensor senses both the back posture of a person and his/her temperature and gives out a beep output to notify that the sitting posture is incorrect. Once the sitting posture is adjusted correctly, the beep stops. Information on the posture and the temperature is equally displayed on a Smartphone or a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) via a Bluetooth wireless connection. The main goal is automatically correct the sitting posture of an individual.

Improving mineral fertilizers agronomic efficiency in paddy rice field: Case of Sindou’s irrigated perimeter, western’s Burkina Faso

Kissou, Jacques O. — 2024-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study examined agronomic efficiencies chemical fertilizer NPK (14-23-14) pearled urea (46% N), super granulated urea (USG)) and their splitting period on FKR84 rice variety agronomy parameters in Sindou’s irrigated perimeter. The experimental design was a split-plot with three replications using two studied factors. NPK applied as bottom fertilizer and urea as top fertilizer. Each replication was divided into three mains plots corresponding to the three doses of NPK (NPK1, NPK2 NPK3). Each one subdivided into four secondary plots represented by (U1, U2, U3, U4). The combined doses of NPK and urea gave twelve treatments where NPK2*U1 is the control. The three doses of NPK, 150 kg.ha-1, 200 kg.ha-1and 200 kg.ha-1 were applied at transplanting. The U1 and U3 plots received 50 kg.ha-1 of pearled urea 15 days after transplanting (DAT) and 100 kg.ha-1 at panicle initiation as the control received over 200 kg.ha-1 of NPK at transplanting. The U2 and U4, 72 kg.ha-1 of upper granulated urea 10 DAT. At panicle initiation, only the plots U1 and U2 got 100 kg.ha-1 of pearled urea. At heading, the second and fourth secondary plots received 50 kg.ha-1 of pearled urea against 50 kg.ha-1 of NPK applied on the first and thirst mains plots. The results shown that the application of 50 kg.ha-1 of NPK at heading stage over the control dose, allowed to harvest 5484 kg.ha-1 of paddy rice, yield with a recovery rate of 3,45 kg.kg-1 in year 2020 against 4976.6 kg.ha-1.ha-1 like paddy yield, corresponding at recovery rate of 4,71 kg.kg-1 in year 2021. This practice could be a strategy for chemical fertilizer management for rice yield increasing.

Study of the lactogenic power of squash seeds (Citrullus Lanatus) in female rats

Alassane, Méité — 2024-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Exclusive breastfeeding is the best nourishment for an infant. However, the rate of exclusive breastfeeding remains low to this day. The present work aims to improve the care of women suffering from hypogalactia through the use of pumpkin seeds. Indeed, squash seeds from the Cucurbitaceae family possessing elements characteristic of lactogenic plants are used for the production of milk according to nutritional surveys. To verify this claim, biochemical analyzes concerning proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, ashes, dietary fibers were carried out. Also, the phytochemical parameters were measured. Furthermore, the prolactin level in treated female rats was investigated. The study revealed significant levels of proteins (22.31 ± 0.02 g/100g), lipids (50.56 ± 0.02 g/100g), carbohydrates (9 ± 0.12 g/100g), ash (3.33 ± 0.08 g/100g), dietary fiber (11.04 ± 0.02 g/100g). The results of the phytochemical screening reveal that the polyphenol content is 20.12 mgEQ/gDM) and that of flavonoids is 11.74 mgEAG/gDM. Furthermore, animal experiments revealed a significantly higher prolactin level in female rats having received Citrullus lanatus powder (57.44 ng/ml) compared to those treated with distilled water (5.38 ng/ml) and those who received galactogil (22.27 ng/ml). The results obtained could allow the use of the Citrullus lanatus plant through its seeds as a nutritional and lactogenic plant to combat malnutrition in infants.

Main biological characteristics of Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass.: An invasive weed in the Mé region, South-Eastern Côte d’Ivoire

KPLA, Ahia Christine Florence — 2024-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The difficulties associated with effective weed control methods are conditioned by the biology and ecology of the weed species present. With a view to the sustainable control of weeds, we have been interested in understanding the main biological characteristics of Porophyllum ruderale, an invasive weed recently observed in various forest regions, including the Mé region. What potential does this exotic species have for adapting to new environmental conditions? To do this, the biological cycle was observed and experiments were carried out on plots that had been heavily weeded by this weed. The data collected was processed using Excel and XlSat software (Kruskal-Wallis, Mann Whitney, PCA). The germination capacity of Porophyllum ruderale was 80%, with 55% emergence in the first week (7 days). For a life cycle of approximately 6 months, average seed production is estimated at 68,931.400 ± 34,419.749 seeds/individual and the average size of individuals is 288 ± 61.776 cm. Although the seeds of this weed are highly volatile (dispersed by the wind), it has a storage potential in the soil. This is estimated at between 4,514 and 5,381 seeds/m2. The biological characteristics of this weed are better known and this work has shown that Porophyllum ruderale has developed exceptional capacities for acclimatisation in this region.

Collection of the documentary fund of the Library of the Higher Institute of Medical Techniques of Bunia: Collection report

Innocent, NGONE DZ’BA — 2024-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study is part of the analytical collection report with the objective of presenting the ISM/Bunia Library and its documentary collections. To have a topographical overview of this library and the collection of its documentary content, four technical aspects were retained, namely the number of works, classification, age of the collection and language of publication. The collection and presentation of the related data was made possible thanks to the registration and topographical registers established taking into account certain requirements of decimal classification. After analyzing the summary of this report on its geographical area and the collection of documentary resources, it is essential that the program of the said structure be reinforced to the international standard of a modern library with all the classic compartmentalized services; followed by the increase in the collection of its documentary resources in compliance with UNESCO standards; finally, that it strives to acquire the most recent collections of class 600-699 linked to organized training.

Impact of rainfall variability on four major crops in the Bagoué region, Côte d’Ivoire

Diabate, Wagnimè — 2024-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The agricultural production plays an important role in food security. However, crop yields are influenced by climatic factors, particularly rainfall. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of rainfall variability on peanuts, maize, cotton and cashew nuts in the Bagoué region. Rainfall data, agricultural data and information from 300 households, including 100 in Boundiali, Kouto and Tengrela respectively, were collected. The results show that the annual production and surface area of these crops have gradually increased over the years. However, average annual groundnut and maize yields remain low, while cotton yields are consistently higher. Indeed, average annual groundnut yields remain low per hectare, at 0.0003, 0.0004 and 0.001 t/ha respectively from 1990 to 2000, from 2000 to 2010 and from 2010 to 2020. Maize yields were 0.001 t/ha from 1990 to 2000, 0.002 t/ha from 2000 to 2010 and 0.002 t/ha from 2010 to 2020. Cashew nut yields are 0.4 ± 0.11 t/ha from 1990 to 2000, 0.56 t/ha from 2000 to 2010, and 0.59 ± 0.01 t/ha from 2010 and 2020. In addition, cotton yields are higher, with values of 1.43 ±0.44 t/ha, 1.49 t/ha and 1.95 t/ha respectively from 1990 to 2000, 2000 to 2010 and 2010 to 2020. The study reveals a negative correlation between rainfall and yields for all four crops, which suggests that the yields of cotton and cottonseed are higher.

Macrophytes and macroinvertebrates species composition, distribution and diversity in wetlands in Bamenda (North-West Region, Cameroon)

Ebenezer, Soh Kengne — 2024-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Knowledge of macrophytes and macroinvertebrates composition in a changing environment is essential for wetland monitoring. This paper assesses the biodiversity in two wetlands of different trophic levels in the Bamenda town at three different stations. Macrophytes and macroinvertebrates diversities were assessed respectively through Braun-Blanquet and multi-habitat approaches. The water physico-chemistry of these wetlands was also determined following standard protocols for water analysis. Based on the water quality, the principal correspondence analysis showed that station 3 stands out from the others with high organic and mineral parameters. A total of 19 families of macrophytes belonging to 35 genera and 42 species were identified. The Shannon –weaver’s Diversity index varies from 2.48 (station 2) to 1.90 (station 3) indicating a reduction of the plant diversity with the increase of human pollution. The dominant and common species identified in the study sites are: Alternanthera sessilis, Commelina benghalensis, Echinochloa pyramidalis and Pennisetum pupureum. These species tolerate the organic pollution, and could be used in the context of bio-purification of wastewater. Concerning macroinvertebrates, they belong to 1 phylum, 4 classes, 9 orders, 35 families and 55 genera. The most abundant class was the insects with 97% of the total fauna followed by the class Annelids which represented 3%. The abundant family was Gerridae represented by 7 genera. A negative correlation was found between water pollution and biodiversity meanwhile a positive correlation was found between macrophytes presence and macroinvertebrate diversity.

Availability, accessibility and consumption of fruits and vegetables in households in the Miti-Murhesa rural health zone, South Kivu, Eatern DRC

Alexis, Galibwa Kulimushi — 2024-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

A study on the availability, accessibility and consumption of fruits and vegetables was carried out in the Miti-Murhesa heath zone, with the aim of contributing to knowledge on safety and eating habits based on fruits and vegetables in households. To do this, a households inquiry was carried out. A sample of 384 households was formed and divided into axes while retaining all the Health areas in the zone. The results on availability, accessibility and consumption show that 38.8 % of households have the fruits, 51.8 % have access to fruits and 82.0 % consume the fruits with an average of 3 days per week. Regarding vegetables, 74.2 % of households have them, 81.0 % have access to them and 96.1 % consume them with an average of 4 days per week. A correlation was observed between the father’s profession, the level of education of the parents and consumption fruits and vegetables in the households. Averall, if we also take into account the frequency, the availability, accessibility and consumption of fruits and vegetables one records that they are low in Miti-Murhesa Heath zone.

CHARACTERIZATION OF WASTE (PALM KERNEL SHELL AND MAIZE COB) FOR FUEL ENERGY GENERATION

Oginni, Olarewaju T. — 2024-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The short- and long-term properties of palm kernel shell (PKS) and maize cob, biomass waste, and crops with energy potential for use as fuel pellets in industrial and residential settings, are examined in this study. A thermogravimetric investigation was conducted to determine the distinctive thermal behavior of the biomass above plants in an air and inert environment at room temperature to 700°C for the heating rate of 10°C min-1. It was discovered that the weight loss trends in the two biomass samples were identical in trend. Three reaction zones—char degradation, dehydration, and breakdown—that generated volatility were seen when the samples were being tested in a nitrogen atmosphere. Dehydration, devolatilization, and char burning occurred in three reaction zones in an air environment. The proximate study revealed that PKS has 9.7% more volatile matter than maize cob whereas biomass has a 0.7% difference in carbon combustion value (15.1% for maize cob and 14.4% for PKS). The final study revealed that PKS had a greater heat value per kilogram than maize cob, which has heat of 16.4 MJ/kg and contains 47.6% carbon, 5.3% hydrogen, 44.3% oxygen, and 6.2% water. The findings of theoretical and experimental techniques showed that palm kernel shell has the highest calorific value, making it the best for biomass energy generation and fuel pellets for both residential and industrial use to power machinery and create income for investors.

Integration of psychomotor objectives in the teaching of life sciences from the seventy basic education to the second of the humanities in Bukavu

Roger, Muhunga Matumwabiri — 2024-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article aimed to determine the rate of integration of psychomotor objectives in the teaching of Life Sciences (SV) from the seventh basic education to the second humanities in Bukavu. Also, it aimed to identify the reasons for inability to formulate said objectives and the intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics of the teacher likely to influence this formulation. The analysis of educational objectives and the questionnaire survey showed that only 38.2% of teachers formulated psychomotor objectives. Lack of a proper teacher guide and lack or insufficient training of teachers were the main reasons. The Chi-square test and univariate logistic regression analysis at the significance level of 0.05 revealed that no intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics of the teacher had a significant relationship with the formulation of psychomotor objectives (p> 0.05).

Sustainability Theory of Business

Jonas, Ketha Unencan — 2024-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The added value of the company is distributed among the stakeholders: staff, capital providers, etc. shareholder remuneration determines the efforts of managers. The low remuneration pushes them to withdraw and the absence of entrepreneurial spirit on the part of the employees is that they do not perceive that their own performance depends on that of the company. However, the surrounding world is defined by equivalent interest. The presence of capital debt in the entity. The theory of subsistence of the company is the fact that at the beginning of the activities, the entity is in a state of insufficiency following the various debts including the equity, it will pass to the possession only after the clearance for the sharing. Correct knowledge of possession within entities. The financial state of the company would be in insufficiency at the start and then the elimination of this, making them smaller and smaller for another point of growth: ownership. And correcting employee inefficiency is justified by the slogan «it’s for them». We can be greater when we come together. The solution is group agreement. The entity is the fruit of the organization: collective cleanliness to be exploited collectively. The loss can therefore only be overcome by collective tightening and organizational solidarity and the life of the entity in the event of loss is the loan or aid, while waiting for the situation to improve and be reconstituted. Profit as a driving force. Profit goes with individualism, which goes to everyone. So, live together to produce.

Safety risks and environmental implications associated with Lauzoua manganese mining activities (South-west of Côte d’Ivoire)

Alfred, Kouassi Kouamé — 2024-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The current work deals with the monitoring and control of exploration and exploitation activities at the Lauzoua manganese mining (LMM) located in the Guitry department, in the southwestern tip of Côte d’Ivoire. In order to prevent and reduce the risk of accidents associated with the mine’s activities, we undertook a safety audit of the working environment, i.e. to identify the inadequacies and dangerous situations present during exploration and mining activities. Our work focused first on identifying and listing the mine’s activities through a field survey and visual observation, and then on assessing the risks associated with these activities using the Failure Modes, Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) method. Our study reveals different risks of which we have categorized them in order of dangerousness, i.e. dramatic, serious and limited risks, with a serious risk percentage of 80% for exploration activities, compared with 28.57% for operating activities. The results show that the highest unsafe risk encountered during exploration campaign are caused by the injury or fracture in the event of a fall into the deepest shafts, and the highest unsafe risk encountered during operational activity are caused by driver distraction or lack of adequate lighting on site are the highest. These results clearly show that exploration and mining activities are not risk-free, and need to be carried out in accordance with strict safety monitoring and preventive measures. A strict environmental and safety assessment should therefore be carried out prior to mining activities, to prevent any risks that could impact and compromise the successful completion of the work.

K-mean Clustering Scheduling Algorithm for Cloud Computing Containers

Saeed, Amany AbdElSamea — 2024-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Containers are effective lightweight virtualization technology due to their common host operating system, rapid launch times, scalability, portability, and quick deployment. With the help of containers, programs can create run-time environment that is independent on the platform that boosts mobility and efficiency by encapsulating all required dependencies (code, running time, system libraries, and tools) into a virtual environment. The scheduler is an essential and critical part of optimizing performance and decreasing the cost of container services. Conventional Scheduling methods which are single-criteria-based algorithms (i.e. First Comes First Serves (FCFS), Round Robin, and Shortest Job First) cannot meet the demands of cloud computing. Multi-objectives-based container scheduling algorithms are therefore required to satisfy efficient resource usage optimization by optimally mapping containers to VMS. A novel methodology to the aforementioned issue may be provided by clustering-based task scheduling algorithms, which facilitate the efficient scheduling of a huge number of containers depending on container multi-criteria. This paper suggests a k-mean clustering algorithm for containers to enhance the load balancing that shortens resource execution times while also boosting the resource utilization rate. According to the experimental findings, the suggested algorithm outperforms FCFS algorithm in with respect to the execution time and maintains significant improvement of resource utilization among virtual machines and physical machines.

Evaluation of the Availability of Exchangeable Soil Bases Under Cotton in the Ouangolodougou Production Basin (North of Côte d’Ivoire)

Samuel, Kouassi Koffi Djinkin — 2024-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Ongoing soil degradation under cotton is a constant concern for farmers in cotton-growing basins. The aim of the study was to assess soil fertility under cotton in the Ouangolodougou production basin. To do this, soil sampling of the 0-15 cm horizon was carried out in the 15 sections that make up the Ouangolodougou production basin over four (4) successive cropping campaigns from 2017-2018 to 2019-2020. Chemical analyses of soil samples were carried out on the following parameters: exchangeable calcium (Ca2+), exchangeable magnesium (Mg2+), exchangeable potassium (K+) and Ammonical Nirogen N-NH4+. Results indicate that the levels of N-NH4+ and exchangeable bases (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+) are below the average threshold values over the 4 successive tracked campaigns. Also, results demonstrated a sectional basis effect of cotton cultivation on N-NH4+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+.

Study of the phenotypic diversity of squash (Cucurbita sp) sold in Kisangani, Tshopo Province (DRC)

Okenge, Jules Lokonga — 2024-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this research, the genetic diversity of squash (cucurbita sp) sold in Kisangani (R.D.Congo) was studied. To do this, we carried out ten field trips along the city’s various main roads, including kilometre point seven (PK7) towards the airport, the central market and the military headquarters. We made the following observations for each fruit: shape, colour, length, weight and width. All the results of the analysis were used to identify the 4 botanical forms of squash in Kisangani (elongated green, flattened yellow, round yellow, round green). The elongated green phenotype was the most represented (33%), followed by round green (31%), round yellow (21%) and flat yellow (15%).

Wood energy exploitation in Bamanya: Understanding the socio-environmental impacts and the contribution of NTIC in the fight against deforestation

Alain, Bopingi Aumakale — 2024-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The exploitation of wood energy has grown in scale in Bamanya to the point of reaching a situation of advanced irreversibility. Due to poor manufacturing and assembly practices for carbonization ovens. The large dense forest has disappeared, giving way to a grassy savannah. Timber exploitation has led to the availability of non-timber forest products (NTFP), environmental degradation as well as loss of livelihoods, migration, poverty and social conflicts. the disappearance of biodiversity, the modification of the aquatic ecosystem (Ruki). a more balanced approach which takes into account the dynamics of supply and demand as well as the contribution of NICT through GIS technology would help substantially.

Expansion of tree cultivation on farmland in the Kaziba chiefdom in South Kivu: What impact on household food security?

NTASIMA, Hefsiba AKSANTI — 2024-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study provides an illuminating insight into the complex dynamics between afforestation, food security and land tenure patterns in South Kivu. Comprehensive data was collected from households in 8 of the 15 administrative groupings in Kaziba. There has been a significant expansion of afforestation on agricultural land, fuelled by factors such as the creation of income from trees (37.5%), soil degradation and low field productivity (34.6%), the generation of tree-related employment (22.7%), and even rural exodus (5.2%). These changes are closely linked to key variables such as the age of the heads of household, their modes of access to land, and the year in which agricultural land was converted to afforestation (P-Value ≤ 5). Plantations generate higher incomes, which households use astutely to send their children to school, support commercial activities, repay previous debts, invest, purchase productive assets and, of course, buy food. Agricultural food production is relatively low, with 75% of households relying on local markets for their food supplies. This exposes them to high prices and cash shortages, due to the long planting cycle. The study highlights that 81.7% of households in Kaziba currently face food poverty, reflected by a food consumption score of between 0 and 21 points. Their average dietary diversity is based on three food categories: white roots and tubers, vegetables, and oils and fats.

Sultan Timimoune Souleymane, builder of the city of Zinder, capital of Damagaram Kingdom

Djardaye, MALAM ISSOUFOU — 2024-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Born in the first half of the 18th century, Damagaram was an appendage of Borno until the accession of Tanimoune Dari to power in 1851. This energetic, daring sovereign and fine diplomat took decisions which allowed him to create the Independent state of Damagaram, starting with the capital, Zinder. To write this article we first read the scientific writings on this kingdom. Then, we used documents from colonial archives and information collected following our field survey. This article shows that the sovereign Tanimoune was an exemplary, courageous and daring statesman who knew how to build a city which acquired great fame. This city emerged thanks to the different districts that this sovereign created. These are the Birni, Zongo and Grain Malam districts. The Birni district symbolizes the independence of Damagaram. The Zongo district symbolizes commerce and the Garin Malam district refers to the «modernization of Islam which has become the state religion.

Study of some biologic parameters of Antigastra Catalaunalis in Burkina Faso

Kere, Wendata Adizatou — 2024-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The survey, achieved in the west of Burkina in laboratory conditions (average temperature of 28,21°C and average relative humidity of 73%), aimed to value some biologic parameters of Antigastra catalaunalis. Thus, twenty couples of the pyrale have been followed for the survey of the punter and sixty larvas for the survey of the features and the lengths of the different larval stages. Besides, the bursting rate of the eggs, mortality rate of the larvas, chrysalisation rate of the larvas and emergence rate of the adults have been valued. The results reveals that the females of A. catalaunalis lay 299 eggs on average during 5,5 days with a rate of bursting of 67,06%. Besides, the pyrale passes by five larval stages and has an average development cycle of 21,95 days for the males and 24,45 days for the females. It is necessary to note that the sex-ratio is 1: 1,58. the L1 larvas presented the strongest mortality (23,33%). otherwise, the chrysalisation rate of the larvas was 90,37% and the emergence rate of the adults was 81,57%. At last, it would be interesting to quantify the impact of A. catalaunalis on the different varieties of sesame popularized in Burkina.

Study of the influences of the parameters on an asynchronous motor on starting phase

Yapele, David — 2024-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper deals with the influence of parameters of an asynchronous motor on its starting phase. Five electrical parameters of the asynchronous motor are concerned by the present study. These are the stator resistance (Rs), the rotor resistance (Rr), the stator inductance (Ls), the rotor inductance (Lr) and the mutual inductance (M). Two mechanical parameters are also studied. These are the moment of inertia (J) and the number of pole pairs (P). The simulation results show that the starting current decreases with increasing values of each of the parameters such as stator resistance, rotor resistance, stator inductance, rotor inductance and the number of pole pairs. On the other hand, the starting current increases with the increase in the mutual inductance and the moment of inertia. The torque decreases with increasing parameters such as stator resistance, stator inductance, rotor inductance and mutual inductance. On the other hand, the torque increases with the increase in rotor resistance, number of pole pairs and moment of inertia. The variation in the values of the different parameters influences the behavior of the rotor speed differently. Increasing the values of parameters such as stator resistance, stator inductance, rotor inductance and moment of inertia influence the rotational speed of the rotor such that the motor takes more time to reach steady state. Increasing the values of rotor resistance, mutual inductance influences the rotor speed such that not only does the motor take longer to reach steady state, but the speed drops in steady state when the motor is loaded. Increasing the values of the number of pole pairs lowers the rotor speed and the motor takes less time to reach steady state. On the basis of the various results obtained from the simulations, we proceeded to optimize the parameters studied in order to reduce the current and obtain a smooth start but with a minimized start-up time. For this purpose the values obtained are as follows: Rr=5.85Ω; Rs=13.805 Ω; Ls=0.300 H; Lr=0.299 H; J=0.031 Kg.m2; f=0.001136 N.m/rad/s; P=2; M=0.255 H.

Congruence between psychomotor objectives and evaluation questions in the teaching of life sciences from the seventh basic education to the second year of humanities in Bukavu, RD Congo

Roger, Muhunga Matumwabiri — 2024-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

This research aimed to determine the rate of teachers formulating evaluation questions congruent with the psychomotor objectives in life sciences from the seventh basic education to the second year of humanities in Bukavu - RD Congo. It also aimed to identify the reasons for inability to formulate said questions and the intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics of the teacher likely to influence this formulation. The methodological approach adopted consisted of the analysis of the educational objectives, the evaluation questions and the questionnaire survey. Six intrinsic antecedent characteristics (sex, level of studies, field of training, seniority, professional training, multiple functions) and five antecedent characteristics extrinsic to the teacher likely to influence this congruence were taken into account (management regime, teacher’s guide, student manual, teaching materials, number of students in the class). The results showed that only 25.5% of teachers formulated questions congruent with the psychomotor objectives. The results of the Chi-square test and those of the univariate logistic regression model revealed that, apart from the characteristic «Management regime» which significantly influenced congruence (p=0.0270), the other antecedent characteristics did not did not have a significant link with said congruence (p>0.05).

Strategy for integrating the competency-based approach into the LMD system of the Higher Institute of Medical Techniques of Gemena/DRC

MANIAMA, Judith DJEKEMBE — 2024-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The study we undertook is part of an evaluative research aimed at improving the quality of health sciences teaching at I. S.T.M.-Gemena in the South Ubangi Province in the South Ubangi Republic in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Indeed, for several years of existence of the I.S.T.M.- Gemena, teaching has been done according to the objective approach which is based more on the behaviors to be adopted by the learners but practical skills have always been the business of the areas of professional life (hospitals, health centers) through advanced training courses, contrary to the expectations of the population at the end of higher education. This situation has never been the subject of any study and we believe that the non-integration of the Competency-based Approach in the teaching of health sciences at the higher level can be classified among the causes of the drop in performance. academic that the community deplores today in this school of higher education.

Oligoclonal electrophoretic profile on serum protein electrophoresis in the gamma globulin zone: About two cases

Lassouli, Kawtar — 2024-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The oligoclonal profile of immunoglobulins is reflected by the presence of more than two narrow monoclonal peaks on serum protein electrophoresis, corresponding to the synthesis of several Immunoglobulin (Ig) idiotypes and isotypes by selection of a small number of plasma cells. The aim of this study is to elucidate the etiologies of the oligoclonal profile detected in the gamma globulin zone during the electrophoretic analysis of serum proteins of patients hospitalized and consulting at the Ibn Rochd University Hospital in Casablanca. This is a retrospective study spread over 8 months from January 1 to September 1, 2020, focused on the analysis of electrophoretic profiles of sera collected from hospitalized and consulting patients at CHU Ibn Rochd. The PES was carried out using the capillary electrophoretic technique on a capillarys automated system, and total protein determination by Biuret colorimetric method on an Architect automated system. Immunofixation was performed on agarose gel using the Hydrasys Sebia automated system, and immunofixation on capillarys 2 Flex piercing. Our study revealed 2 oligoclonal profiles: The first from a patient hospitalized in the nephrology department for nephrotic syndrome and renal failure, the results of his work-ups were as follows: serum protein immunosubtraction showed the presence of an IgG kappa immunoglobulin and an IgM lambda, and histopathological examination of the kidney showed glomerulonephritis. IgM lambda, and histopathological examination of the kidney showed glomerulonephritis stage 1. The second patient was admitted to the hematology clinic for anaemia and bone pain, His work-up was as follows: serum protein immunofixation showed IgA kappa immunoglobulin, and urine protein immunofixation showed free kappa/kappa light chain. Myelogram revealed multiple myeloma. The oligoclonal profile must be interpreted on a case-by-case basis according to the context of each patient, to reveal damage to the immune system and ensure immune system and ensure therapeutic follow-up.

Perception of the placement structures of job seekers by finalist students of the Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences at the University of Kinshasa

Etienne, Lana Ngbosindi — 2024-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Most of the Congolese population of working age is not employed in the formal sector. These people are either unemployed or underemployed in rural areas or in the informal sector. And yet, we are witnessing an increasingly remarkable presence of placement agencies for job seekers to which they can refer in the city of Kinshasa. Despite all this, job seekers obtain work at the cost of a thousand and one penalties and are confronted with multiple realities, injustices, tribalism, discrimination and criteria that disadvantage them. This situation discourages and arouses mistrust among job seekers. It is within this framework that our research falls, which focused on 40 finalist students from the Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences of the University of Kinshasa in order to know their perceptions vis-à-vis the placement and check whether these agencies are playing their roles effectively. The results revealed that our respondents have a positive view of the activities of these placement offices and are ready to go there to facilitate their recruitment; but believe that these agencies are not playing their roles effectively. In view of these results, our first hypothesis is confirmed and the second is partially invalidated.

Registration of newborns in the Civil Registry: A right for the child and a duty for the parents (Case of the former city of Tshela, Territory of Tshela, Kongo Central Province in the DR Congo)

Donat, Kumba Kulungu Fiston — 2024-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The former city of Tshela is one of these towns in the DRC. who have a major problem with quality or reliable statistical data from the registration of newborns at the Civil Registry. To this day, there are still parents who do not register their children with the Civil Registry at birth and many questions remain unanswered. According to law n°9/001 of January 10, 2009 on child protection, article 14 states: «every child has the right to an identity from birth». Without prejudice to the provision of articles 56 to 70 of the family code, identity consists of name, location, date of birth, sex, parents’ names and nationality. Article 7 of the International Convention on the Rights of the Child specifies that all children have the right to registration from birth, without discrimination. The Congolese State allows parents to register their children free of charge with the Civil Registry within three months following birth. This research aims to popularize this law so that every parent knows that it is an obligation and a duty to register the birth of their child as soon as born. Thus the child will have: to know his parents and to have the privilege of being raised by them, a name and a nationality, to have the right to inheritance and the possibility of identifying the place of his birth. This registration allows the Civil Registry to have reliable statistical data on the birth rate. He will have the possibility of obtaining a passport or a driving license, see the voter card. Considering the advantages of this simple beneficial gesture for the child, every parent should subscribe to it or get involved in it. On the other hand, the observation is very regrettable, because many parents are still unaware of this act, and these children’s rights are encroached upon and sacrificed. After the deadline set by law, a supplementary judgment on the birth certificate is necessary, payment of legal costs to the children’s court and a fine for late declaration so that the child can be rehabilitated in his rights. Taking this analysis into account, we can say that the registration of newborns in the Civil Status is a right for the child and a duty or obligation for the parents because this gesture is of capital importance for a country or nation.

Insecticide activities of neem (Azadirachta indica A Juss.) against corn weapers (Sitophilus zeamais Mostchulsky) in storage at Kinshasa (DR Congo)

Hilaire, NDJU ESSAHO Pene DJOLO James — 2024-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The excessive use of chemical pesticides causes collateral damage to the environment with unimaginable consequences. In search of an alternative solution based on a biopesticide of plant origin (Azadirachta indica A Juss) and its insecticidal action, a trial was conducted against Sitophilus zeamais Motsch at the Laboratory of Food Chemistry at the National Pedagogical University. The aim was to determine the effectiveness of the natural bio-insecticidal effect of A. indica. By comparing the bio-insecticidal activities at various levels of powder formulation: 15, 25, 35 g in the protection of shelled maize. And the completely randomised setup was used in maize (Zea mays L.) storage. The bio-insecticidal activity was efficient with 15, 25 and 35 g of neem powder formulation proved to be more insecticidal with 13 and 14 dead insects against 0 dead insects for the control after 42 days of storage. It was observed that time, temperature and humidity play an important role in post-harvest storage.

Sizing of the equipment fleet for the operation of Massif 1 in the first two five-year years of the MIBA recovery plan

Mutombo, Joseph Kazadi — 2024-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Congolese State provides 435 million dollars for the effective relaunch of mining activities at MIBA. The investment of these millions of dollars is spread over 5 years, including 161 million for the first two years of the five-year term and the difference in the next three years. While waiting for the first installment of the investment budget, MIBA intends to timidly start mining the kimberlite from the Massif 1 site in the first two years of the five-year term. This kimberlite will be fed to the three processing plants to be operationalized sequentially, and having a CUP of 0.49. Based on the CUP of the factories and the fleet of available machines, we have sized the machine park for the partial relaunch of mining activities. This machine park will consist of 2 probes, 3 excavators, 2 loaders, 6 trucks, 1 dozer, 1 grader, 1 compactor, 200-meter-long piping in place of a tanker truck, a machine refueling pump on site, movable on board a vehicle and safety equipment.

Intra-seasonal instability of the rainy-agricultural season March-April-May (MAM) in the Republic of Congo (1951-2010)

MAV, Achille Patrick BATCHI — 2024-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this research is to analyze the spatio-temporal characteristics of the rainy-agricultural season March-April-May (MAM) in the Republic of Congo (1951-2010). Two methods were chosen using daily precipitation, namely: agronomic criteria and frequencies. The main results show an instability in the start and end dates of the season, the shortening of its length and a dominance of dry episodes, in this case those of 2 to 5 days within all synoptic stations studied. It is found that latitude is the most determining parameter for the distribution of the start dates of the rainy-agricultural season. This evolves according to the South-North gradient.

System of information of management and follow-up of the patients with SMS notification: Conception of a computer model

Daniel, S. Maki Mugenyi — 2024-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The new technologies of information and communication (NTIC) know, since decades, a fast development. The sector of health, in particular, saw to increase of very numerous applications. The notification by sms, television-medicine, television-diagnostic, telemonitoring, modify in depth the medical practices and the relation between the practitioner and his/her/its patient. Of what precedes, the application that we put in place has like elements of the bases to digest the conservation of the information of patients efficiently and to facilitate the access of it but also to permit a follow-up of the patients of chronic illnesses with a system of notification by SMS. We had for main objective to help the clinic to solve his/her/its problem of management of follow-up of patients any. The points summarize the gotten results below: We proposed some forms for the harvest of the relative data to the patients, personal, consultation, treatment, and to the medical prescriptions that will be the subject of notification then to the patients by the physicians. These forms replace the pre-printed matters cards of the former system validly; Does our application permit? the user to modify, to suppress and to search for the information easily; We proposed an algorithm of the opening of the session that allows the accés solely to functionalities of basis of the system if one authenticate itself/themselves in order to guarantee the security and the confidentiality of the information.

Study on the Influence of Computer Simulation on the Acquisition of Electrical Skills among Students at the Higher Institute of Applied Techniques (I.S.T.A.) in Kinshasa: Analysis of the «Circuit Wizard» Software among Future Congolese Engineers

N’Djoli, Jacques — 2024-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Computer simulation offers several advantages for electricity learning, such as visualization and interactivity. Computer simulation enables learners to interactively understand electrical phenomena by visualizing them. As a result, abstract concepts become easier for students to grasp. This study aims to determine the impact of computer simulation on students’ understanding of electricity concepts at the Higher Institute of Applied Techniques (ISTA). To achieve this objective, we employed the ‘Circuit Wizard’ software, which was tested with 65 students randomly divided into two groups: a control group (n=30) and an experimental group (n=35), both supervised by four experienced instructors. Prior to the start of their respective courses, a pre-test was administered to each group of students. After the course period, they underwent a post-test to assess their knowledge acquisition. The first group followed the traditional approach to electric circuit learning. The second group, however, underwent the same course but with the ‘Circuit Wizard’ simulator. Data were collected using questionnaires and tests, which were analyzed using SPSS software. The results obtained from the Wilcoxon test, as well as the calculation of normalized learning gains for both groups, indicated a better improvement in terms of conceptual comprehension rate among students in the experimental group during the post-test (Normalized gain is 0,81 for the experimental group and 0,39 for the control group). As evidenced by the results of the Wilcoxon test, this improvement is statistically significant with p < 0.05 for both groups, meaning the p-value is 0.000 for each of the two groups. Consequently, we concluded that the use of computer simulation, such as ‘Circuit Wizard, ’ in physics teaching-learning enables a better understanding of electricity concepts compared to the traditional approach.

Assessing the microbiological quality of borehole and well water in Ferkéssedougou, Côte d’Ivoire

Mohamed, Ouattara — 2024-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Because of the high subscription costs to the distribution network and water bills, access to running water for domestic use remains unaffordable to many inhabitants in cities and villages in the northern regions of Côte d’Ivoire. Thus, borehole and wells water is thus used as alternative to meet daily water needs, most often without a proper knowledge of the quality of such waters. This study aimed at evaluating the microbiological quality of borehole and well water in Ferkessédougou, one of the major cities in north Côte d’Ivoire. Chemical analyses were carried out on water sampled from 7 wells and 3 boreholes randomly selected across the study area. The results indicated that the average static level of the wells ranged from 0.5 m to 7.0 m. Water pHs were acidic to neutral and varied between 5.1 and 6.9. Faecal coliforms, Escherichia coli and intestinal enterococci were the main bacteria found in wells water, with proportions ranging between 2100 and 19000 CFU/100 ml, 120 and 5200 CFU/100 ml, and 30 and 240 CFU/100 ml, respectively. Only one borehole reported the presence of faecal coliforms (150 CFU/100 ml) and E. coli (15 CFU/100 ml). This faecal water pollution highlighted the poor sanitation conditions and unsuitability of water sourced from boreholes and wells to human consumption, indicating the need for adequate treatment of water prior to its use to avoid public health issues.

Cutaneous Loxoscelism: A Moroccan observation

Kouskous, Faical — 2024-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Loxoscelism is a medical condition due to bites and envinemation by recluse spiders of the genus Loxosceles that may be the cause of polymorphus skin or visceral manifestations up to shock, coma, and death. General practitioners know very little about this condition, which is why it is important to highlight it in order to plan appropriate treatment and prevent complications. Case report: This report is related to a 2-year-old infant female who is admitted to the emergency room with a large, red, and painful lower limb against a backdrop of fever due to the bite of a spider 48 hours before. Conclusion: Cutaneous oxoscelism is a poorly diagnosed condition. As identification of the spider is not always possible, the diagnosis must then be made on the basis of epidemiological, clinical, and biological evidence after eliminating other causes in order to prescribe appropriate treatment.

Effects of incorporating palm weevil (Rhynchophorus phoenicis) larvae meal into feed on growth of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linneaus, 1758) « brazil strain » fry in Côte d’Ivoire

SILUE, Kolotcholoman — 2024-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

With the aim of using less expensive animal protein sources in fish feed, a growth study of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus was carried out following the incorporation of insect larvae meal into its feed. Three diets with incorporation rates of 15% (R15), 20% (R20) and 25% (R25) of Rhynchophorus phoenicis weevil larvae meal were prepared using a feed based on agricultural by-products as a control diet (AT). The basic composition of the diets was: soybean meal, cottonseed meal, rice bran, wheat bran, vegetable oil and premix. 480 fish with an average weight of 14 ± 0.1 mg were distributed in eight aquaria at a density of 60 larvae per aquarium in duplicate. They were fed to satiation for the first month, then at 10% of their total live weight for the second month. After 60 days of rearing, the best feed conversion (0.22 ± 0.03) and final weight (5.06 ± 0.85g) were obtained with the R20 diet, followed by the R15 diet (0.32 ± 0.11; 3.86 ± 1.5 g) and R25 (0.36 ± 0.07; 3.15 ± 0.69 g). The lowest daily growth (0.06 ± 0.01 g/day) and highest conversion index (0.41 ± 0.08) were recorded with the control. Survival rates were 91.86% or higher. At the end of this study, weevil larvae meal could be used as a protein source for tilapia feed.

Chemical composition of essential oil of Ageratum conyzoides L

Djibo, A. K. — 2024-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Ageratum conyzoides is a plant used as an insect repellent against Vigna unguiculata (L.) bruchids. This plant is also in traditional Nigerien medicine. The chemical composition of essential oil of Ageratum conyzoides from Niger has been analysed by CG/MS. Forty-four components were identified. Among the identified components, 6-demethoxyageratochromene (precocene I) 64.71% and β-caryophyllene 14.49% were the most abundant.

The impact of the imaginary coastal landscape in the shaping of seaside resorts: The case of the Sahel of Bizerte

Ghada, Ben Abdesslem — 2024-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Imaginations are essentially made up of shared representations and fed in some way by material images or immaterial that are worked by the imagination. these two bases play an eminently important role in structuring the imagination of the coastal landscape in a contemporary societal context where the primacy of the image prevails. undoubtedly, the discovery of emblematic places was once limited to artists, travelers or writers who reveal the landscape assets of different places of the world. currently, other propagandist occupants have taken over: journalists, columnists as well as social networks that play a key role in promoting of the places. over time, the perception of the coastal landscape is charged with a certain number of affective, material and imaginary values that allows and deviates from reading it. to question this relation to a specific landscape of the sea, an exploratory and qualitative research was conducted on the coastal fringe of the sahel of bizerte through a corpus of images, broadcast speeches and land sales ads published on the internet, crossed with a series of surveys conducted among 15 secondary residents. the first results show that the sea landscape influences the market value of land and real estate and helped to redraw a new configuration of the coast of the sahel of bizerte. our study area is an imaginary place, which, besides its own geographical existence, is a focus of desire and expectations of an idyllic shoreline image.

The mammalian fauna of the salt licks in the savanna zone of Mont Sangbé National Park, western Côte d’Ivoire

Gagbe, Boris Gagbe — 2024-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Medium and large-sized mammals worldwide are facing a critical survival challenge due to human activities. In Mont Sangbé National Park (MSNP) in western Côte d’Ivoire, medium and large-sized mammals are frequently sighted in the natural salt licks of the savanna zone, yet there is limited knowledge regarding this fauna. This study seeks to assess the diversity of mammals in the park’s natural salt licks and evaluate potential threats posed by human activities. We employed camera trapping and reconnaissance walks at these natural salt licks to collect data. During reconnaissance walks, 58 signs of medium and large mammals were observed, including feces, footprints, feeding remnants et burrows. A total of 19 species of medium and large-sized mammals, distributed across six (06) orders and 11 families, were identified. Among these species, six (06) were directly observed during reconnaissance walks, and 16 were observed with camera traps. Fifteen of the observed species are classified as least concerned, one is near threatened and three are vulnerable according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Furthermore, we documented evidence of human activities near the salt licks, underscoring significant anthropogenic threats to these species. Comprehensive research covering all MSNP natural salt licks and accounting for seasonal variations is essential for gaining a deeper understanding of the ecology of mammals frequenting these areas and ensuring their preservation.

Effects of « Rapid gro » liquid Bio-fertilizer and NPK 12-24-12 chemical fertilizer on pepper (Capsicum annuum) production in Kinshasa/Mont-Amba conditions

NKOLOMA, Nickson YOAMBALE — 2024-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The promotion of agroecological approaches to fertilization include the use of liquid biofertilizers, which contribute to improving the income of producers but also to sustainably preserving the soil. It is with this in mind that this study specifically aimed to compare the effects of liquid biofertilization and chemical fertilization on vegetative growth and pepper production, with a view to establishing practical guidelines for market gardeners in Kinshasa/Mont-Amba. To achieve these objectives, a Randomized Complete Block device was installed with three treatments, namely the liquid biofertilizer Rapid Gro, the chemical fertilizer NPK 12-24-12 and the control without fertilizer in order to collect the data to be used for statistical analyzes to infer the necessary trends. At the end of the data analyses, the results showed that from the point of vegetative growth, the fertilizers used induced significant effects on shoot growth. The height obtained with the treated plants was greatly significant compared to that obtained with the untreated plants (except Rapid Gro). No statistical difference was obtained from the point of view of plant vigor. From a production point of view, the fertilizers used had significant effects on the yield components. Plots treated with Rapid Gro liquid biofertilizer showed significantly high production compared to plots treated with NPK 12-24-12 chemical fertilizers and those not treated in terms of average number of fruits per plot and average weight of fruits per plot.

The school-based LLIN distribution campaign in 4 provinces of the Democratic Republic of Congo: Evaluation and future prospects

Ngombe, Nono Koka — 2024-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: The main vector control tool in most malaria-endemic countries is insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs). In the DRC, the rapid loss of coverage in the months following mass campaigns as a result of reduced durability and quality of LLINs within a year, has led to a strategy of distributing LLINs through schools to maintain coverage. This study aims to evaluate the results of the campaign’s implementation in the 4 provinces that have organized school-based distribution of LLINs. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in 104 EPST sub-divisions in 4 DRC provinces (Equateur, Kongo Central, Lomami and Maindombe) that organized school-based distribution of LLINs between November 2021 and June 2022. The sample was exhaustive of all pupils in primary grades one to six, then of schools, COPAs and administrative staff. SPSS Statistics 22 software was used for bivariate variables and P-value calculation with a significance level below 0.05, Excel 2019 for univariate variables. Results: The average duration of the process was 6 months ± 3 months in the 4 provinces. Only Equateur province served 100% of LLINs. Male students were served more than female students, and the proportion of LLINs served to students decreased from first to sixth grade in all 4 provinces. There was no significant difference between the statistical data and the student reports. In addition, a significant difference was noted for schools and students between the state and distribution data. Discussion: A baseline survey is not a prerequisite for the distribution of LLINs in schools, as the statistical data and the baseline survey were almost identical. Hence the statistical data remain valid for planning and also for implementation. Conclusion: We suggest eliminating the inventory stage to reduce the average duration of the school-based LLIN distribution process to less than 3 months.

Geological features of quartz veins in the southeastern part of the Comoé Birimian basin (Southeast Cote d’Ivoire, North Alépé)

Adingra, Martial Pohn Koffi — 2024-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The study area is located in the southeastern part of the Comoé basin (southeast of Côte d’Ivoire, north of the town of Alépé). The geology of this study area is marked by granitoids (two-mica bearing granites, granodiorites, microgranites and pegmatites) and metamorphic rocks (gneiss, micaschists, metawackes and schists) which are crossed by several quartz veins. The aim of this study is to identify the petro-structural and metallogenic features of the quartz veins in this part of the Ivorian birimian. The methodology used focused on geological surveys, petrographic descriptions (macroscopic and microscopic), structural analysis and metallogenic analyzed. The petro-structural study revealed the presence of saccharoid quartz veins, tourmaline bearing quartz veins, banded tourmaline quartz veins, biotite bearing quartz vein, translucent quartz veins, smoky quartz veins, white to milky white quartz vein. The morphology of the veins is variable: rectilinear or fusiform with a main NE-SW orientation and secondary orientations NNW-SSE and E-W. In addition, these veins are generally deformed in the form of folds, tension slots, sigmoidal figures. These structures demonstrate the existence of shear corridors. The presence of rolling extinction and quartz subgrains were highlighted by microscopic observations, confirming the dislocation creep mechanism. This mechanism indicates high temperature and differential stress conditions. Observations with metallographic microscopes coupled with geochemical analysis data show that sulphides and gold are present in the fracture planes and quartz subgrains and generally associated with the quartz-tourmaline veins. Hence, the interest in taking into account the quartz-tourmaline association in gold prospecting in the Birimian rocks.

Attitudes of physics and chemistry teachers in the middle secondary school towards employing the inquiry approach in teaching educational-learning activities: Ouarzazate District as a model, The Kingdom of Morocco

Ouahab, Zakaria Faik — 2024-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aims at identifying the attitudes of physics and chemistry teachers in the middle secondary school in the Ouarzazate Directorate - the Kingdom of Morocco - towards employing the inquiry approach in teaching educational-learning activities. For this purpose, a questionnaire of 31 statements was designed to determine the nature of trends and the degree of difficulties from the point of view of teachers. After confirming its validity and reliability, the indicators were applied to a sample of 32 randomly selected teachers, distributed among ten middle secondary schools. To answer the study questions and examine the hypotheses, we statistically processed the data using SPSS, to extract frequencies, arithmetic means, and standard deviations. The adopted tests are the following: t-test; One-way analysis of variance test; and the chi-square test. The results of the study indicated that teachers of physics and chemistry in secondary middle school have positive tendencies. The results also showed that there were no statistically significant differences in their tendencies towards employing the inquiry approach in the teaching-learning activities regarding the variable of gender, university degree, the professional certificate, or the years of teaching experience.

Formulation of a coconut fiber-based concrete for building pathology correction

Serifou, Mamery Adama — 2024-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The use of fibers has proven to be an effective solution for correcting certain building pathologies. This is particularly true for plant fibers such as coconut fibers. Their use contributes to the improvement of mechanical performance. This study was conducted to investigate the influence of the length of coconut fibers on the physical and mechanical properties of micro-concrete used for correction. This mortar was prepared with grade 1/5 gravel and 0/1 sand. The fiber lengths are 20 or 40 mm. From the experiments, it is evident that the presence of coconut fibers in the mortar reduces compressive strength, delays setting, and makes it firmer. Regarding fiber length, it varies inversely with the aforementioned delay and workability. However, the increase in length corresponds to an increase in porosity and compressive strength.

Problems of solid household waste management in Kinshasa and ways of their recovery or recycling: Case of the Mbuku district in the Municipality of Kisenso

Olivier, Lokango Okintambolo — 2024-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The choice made on this subject is explained by the mismanagement of solid waste in the city of Kinshasa which constitutes a major problem for the latter. This is how we assessed the knowledge of the population of the Mbuku district in the Municipality of Kisenso on the management of solid household waste, with a view to trying to set up an integrated management system for this waste through the recovery or recycling. This led us to organize a separate collection of solid waste in 21 households in this neighborhood. The solid waste thus collected was categorized into organic and non-organic waste, then weighed separately according to the fractions. The organic waste was recycled into compost and the non-organic waste sent to the various respective recovery sectors. In this district, as the average household size is 17 people, waste production is estimated at 0.3 kg/person per day. The results of the physicochemical analyzes of the compost produced comply with standards and literature for mature, good quality compost. The compost produced played a big role in the fertility of the soil for growing amaranths which we used as a test. To remedy this situation, a diagram summarizing the systems to be implemented for integrated and sustainable management of solid household waste in the district was proposed as a project.

Study of the valorization of soils from the Bakwanga diamond mining site, zone 4 of Miba, according to their use in engineering works

Mutombo, Joseph Kazadi — 2024-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this work was to valorize the waste rock from the Bakwanga Colline Zone 4 mining site of the MIBA with pockets and layers of gravel containing more than 10 carats of diamonds per cubic meter, but abandoned because of the large volume of waste rock to excavate and move. To recover this waste rock, it is important to identify them and classify them in a category of construction materials. Soil identification and classification work based on the USCS, AASHTO, LCPC systems and many other classification standards (XPP 94-011) incates that these are SP sands or poorly graded sands or still group A-3 sands, non-plastic, non-organic, non-marly and compact. These soil classification systems indicate that the soils studied are among the soil classes with the best behavior as road infrastructure materials. They are also used in civil engineering works such as compacted earth dams in the shoulders and in the foundations. Studies made on the same types of soils in certain corners of the city of Mbuji-Mayi indicate that these soils can also be used for the manufacture of baked bricks or stabilized bricks.

Social representation of blood donation in Togo: Descriptive study on the populations of Lomé

Dom, Atsu Dodzi — 2024-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Several recent studies have aimed to identify and better understand the psychosocial factors that would make it possible to predict health-related behaviors. With this in mind, different psychosocial theories, such as the theory of reasoned action (Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980), the theory of interpersonal behavior (Triandis, 1980), the social cognitive theory (Bandura, 1982) and that of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1985, 1988, 1991) have been regularly applied. The application of these aforementioned theories for the study of social behaviors linked to health (Godin and al., 1996) is validated by a number of studies.In the same logic, realizing that despite the universal need for blood, access to it still remains difficult and very limited, the study of social representations of blood donation was essential to us.In order to explore and then determine the central and peripheral cores of social representations of blood donation among the populations of Togo, 122 subjects including 53 women and 69 men, using the simple random sampling technique, were interviewed. The evocation questionnaire and the interview made it possible to collect the data. The Evoc 2005 software allowed the processing of the information collected; The intergroup structural analysis of the data shows that the items: «save life», «help» and «serious illness» constitute the central elements of the social representations of blood donation. The populations surveyed have a fairly valued representation of blood donation; there is a real interest in blood donation among the population.

Congolese mining, lake, oil and forestry exploitation against the backdrop of the Mobutu-Kaunda treaty at the heart of cross-border conflicts between the Democratic Republic of Congo and Zambia

Kanke, S.M. — 2024-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The populations of the Zambia-Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) cross-border area are under community tension. This situation endangers peace and peaceful cohabitation between these communities. The major issue remains the desire for the DRC’s mineral, oil, lake (Lakes Tanganyika, Moero, etc.), forestry and soil riches. Zambia no longer accepts its colonial borders and annexes several localities and villages in the chiefdom of Moliro (DRC) to its national territory. Several incursions by Zambia into Congolese territory leading to human rights violations (killings, forced displacement of the population and the replacement of Congolese customary leaders by Zambians, etc.). Mediations in favor of a return to peace between these two countries remain without results. The last is that under the aegis of the Southern African Development Community (SADEC), the objective was to implement the treaty of September 18, 1989 signed by these two countries. On the ground, once again the application of this treaty showed weaknesses in its materialization. This article focuses on the analysis of the effectiveness of the application of the treaty of September 18, 1989 signed by Presidents Mobutu (DRC) and Kaunda (Zambia). The observation is that the geographical coordinates of the different points contained in this treaty are not compatible with the real coordinates of the places in place on the one hand. This treaty, as well as the various attempts to resolve the said conflict, do not integrate local communities into the processes of seeking peace on the other hand.

Assessment of the populations of Cephalophus zebra Gray, 1838, and Cephalophus jentinki Thomas, 1892 in the Taï National Park in the Southwest of Côte d’Ivoire

Monket, Ange Edgar Habib — 2024-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The conservation and sustainable management of forest ecosystems necessarily involves estimating the animal populations that live there. For decades, several studies have been carried out in the Taï National Park (TNP) to provide information on the dynamics of animal species within this forest massif. This study falls within this framework and aims to estimate the abundance of Zebra duiker Gray, 1838 and Jentink’s duiker Thomas, 1892 according to their proportion of occupation of the sampling sites at the TNP. To achieve this objective, 285 camera traps were deployed, following a systemic setup. This work has made it possible to show that the zebra duiker in the TNP is found mainly in three parts (West, Center and South). As for the distribution of the Jentink’s duiker, it occupies almost the entire extent of the park. Regarding their abundance, the zebra duiker population is estimated at 232, between 138 and 390 individuals. While the population of Jentink’s duiker is estimated at 496 with a minimum of 305 and a maximum of 807 individuals at TNP.

Opinions of children on the street situation in the city of Bunia relating to hand hygiene, Democratic Republic of Congo

Amos, Suga Savo — 2024-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Worldwide, according to the World Health Organization, nearly 3.5 million children under the age of five die each year from diarrheal diseases and pneumonia due to non-compliance with hand hygiene. However, hand washing still remains inaccessible for millions of people (around 40%), most often found in places of learning and in schools. Furthermore, deaths of diarrheal origin attributable to water, hygiene and sanitation problems are burdens linked to unsanitary water, the absence of a sanitation system and lack of hygiene, as well as on the latest estimates of infant and child mortality. This study explores the opinions of street children in the city of Bunia regarding hand hygiene. This is an exploratory type study, during which we used the cross-sectional method. Purposive sampling was used to draw our sample. Thanks to a semi-structural interview to collect data. The results obtained state that: The majority of children think that digestive problems are the consequence of lack of hand hygiene, while others have the opinion that lack of hand hygiene results in respiratory illnesses and finally the majority have the opinion that diseases from dirty hands come from the products contained in the water prepared for hand washing (alluding to chlorine 0.05%). In short, we found that the hand washing devices are non-existent in public places; the consequences of which are enormous especially among children in Situation de la Rue in the city of Bunia.

Impacts of subsidizing care among children under 5 years in the health zone of Bunia, Democratic Republic of Congo

Merci, Amuda Baba Dieu — 2024-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The population takes care of itself, sometimes abandons first aid structures made affordable for them, and joins informal structures, prayer rooms or alternative medicines, less expensive and considered gentler in rural areas. The situation is becoming more alarming because the population is impoverished, which still does not make the attendance of health centers at the community level always evident. This study aims to describe the impacts of subsidy of care among children under of 5 years in the Bunia health zone. To carry out this work, the transversal method supported by the semi-structural interview made it possible to carry out this work with the 20 ITs in the Bunia health zone. After analysis, we reached the results according to which 85.0% of health structures receive the care subsidy; 55.0% of health structures stipulate the increase in patients as a subsidy advantage; 40.0% of health structures reported the non-treatment of all illnesses as disadvantages of subsidy 35.0% of health structures reported patient satisfaction as socio-economic impacts of subsidy; Health structures reported that the impact of subsidy on quality of service is to offer quality care and not to offer quality care respectively 30.0%; excluding 90.0% of health structures are motivated by the care subsidy; 50.0% of health structures reported the reduction in maternal and neonatal as a subsidy impact on the operation of services; 45.0% of health structures reported the supply of medicines as a type of motivation for care; 60.0% of health structures reported not having a maintenance subsidy of building. Given these results, we believe that the subsidy significantly increases the use of healthcare services and allows the entire population to have access to healthcare.

Epidemiological profile of low birth weight newborns at HGR Bunia in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Amos, Suga Savo — 2024-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Low birth weight constitutes a major public health problem, both in developed and developing countries, due to its magnitude and its strong association with infant morbidity and mortality. Nearly 40% of deaths before the age of 5 occur in the neonatal period. Low birth weight is the 3rd cause of death in neonatology, after infections and prematurity. This aims to describe the epidemiological profile of newborns with low birth weight at the HGR/Bunia. results stipulate that the frequency of newborns with low birth weight was 24.45% and this trend is more observed in the month of September, i.e. 43.33%; our studies show that 17.37% of newborns had had Stabilization in an incubator as the main nursing care, 18.13% of newborns had had Ampicillin and gentamicin as the main medical care; in 33.68% the great multiparity was the favoring factor low birth weight linked to the mother; prematurity was the factor favoring low birth weight linked to newborns 45.26%; and 54.21% of newborns with low birth weight were cured. In fact, most of our cases were treated with antibiotics and the majority were cured.

Design and simulation of a WLAN in a higher education and university establishment: Case of the Higher Institute of Medical Techniques of Tshela (ISTM/Tshela)

Grace, Lusiku Muabi — 2024-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of our work is to set up a network structure that would be capable of connecting the different digital systems in order to allow easy, reliable and permanent secure access to the establishment's information. To do this, the implementation of a WLAN which should allow us to obtain a secure connection at a lower cost and thus reassure: - The integrity of the information; - Authentication of positions; - Protection of interconnection terminals; - Management of quality of service and deadlines; - Failure management. To do this, all entities are virtually connected to the local network as if the interconnection to the node (Hub) took place using physical media (cables). Communication is established using the TCP/IP Protocol and you can contact hosts with IP addresses or non-specific ones committed to the local network. Also, our specific problem in our present research will be to know how to put in place a technical solution to allow access to the information or applications of the administrative office of the ISTM / Tshela in the City of Tshela in the Territory of Tshela and District du Bas-Fleuve from any computer connected in wireless mode (Wifi) under the configuration of the local network of this higher education establishment. These are the issues that concern us motivating this work.

Digital Transformation and Telework: Contingent Solutions to Enhance Knowledge Sharing and Organizational Resilience in Crisis Situations

EL BAZ, Khalid — 2024-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted many aspects of our lives, including the world of work. Teleworking and the use of digital tools have become essential contingent solutions for many organizations, allowing employees to continue their professional activities while respecting social distancing measures and travel restrictions. Indeed, teleworking supported by digital tools has helped maintain organizations’ activities and reduce the risk of virus transmission. However, its effectiveness depends on various factors, such as the nature of tasks, available technologies, employee characteristics and specific job requirements, as well as knowledge capitalization and transfer. Moreover, the results of our research based on an empirical study conducted in the banking sector highlighted how digital transformation encourages knowledge capitalization and sharing within an organization, through facilitated collaboration based on the fluid sharing of data and expertise between teams. The purpose of this article is to explore teleworking and the use of digital tools as contingent organizational responses to the Covid-19 crisis, also focusing on knowledge capitalization and transfer. The aim is to examine both the benefits and challenges induced by these practices, as well as their impact on employee well-being.

Anesthetic effect of clove essential oil and 2-Phenoxyethanol on Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Piscès; Cichlidae)

Costa, K. S. Da — 2024-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The anesthetic effect of clove essential oil and 2-Phenoxyethanol on tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is evaluated. For this study, 200 specimens measuring 103 to 169 mm SL and weighing 29 to 135 g were collected from ponds at the CNRA continental fishing and aquaculture research station in Bouaké and stored at 27°C in two thermostatically controlled tanks supplied by a closed water circuit. These specimens were fed with the ternary compound food 3A, at a rate of 110 g/d. After one week of acclimation, the fish were kept fasting for 30 h before the experiment. For the anesthesia tests, a device of three tanks was used per anesthetic, one for the control solution (Water + 90% Ethanol), one for the anesthesia and one for waking up the fish. The doses tested are 0.02, 0.04 and 0.06 ml/L of water for clove oil and 2.5, 5 and 10 ml/L of water for 2-Phenoxyethanol. Clove oil is previously dissolved in a solution of water and ethanol at a rate of 0.02 ml for 4 ml of ethanol/L of water. A control test without anesthetic was also carried out with the Water-Ethanol solution, in order to highlight the effect of Ethanol. The results obtained show that clove oil has a higher anesthetic power on O. niloticus compared to 2-Phenoxyethanol. The optimal effective dose is 0.04 ml/L of water compared to 0.5 ml/L of water for 2-Phenoxyethanol. The respective time of total loss of reflexes fluctuates between 31 s and 1 min 56 s for the first anesthetic, compared to 1 min 36 s to 4 min 08 s for the second at the minimum doses indicated. Ethanol has no anesthetic power on O. niloticus. The availability of clove oil on the local market in naturotherapist pharmacies and its affordable cost, i.e. 15,000 CFA francs for a 100 ml dose, make it a good candidate for the anesthesia of O. niloticus in aquaculture farms.

LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THE TURONIAN DEPOSITS OF THE ABIDJAN MARGIN (IVORY COAST)

Lassey, Lou Soholy Ange Claverie — 2024-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

In order to gain a better understanding of the Ivorian sedimentary basin and optimize the exploitation of its resources, a number of researchers have begun work there, especially in the offshore part of the basin. However, the Turonian, having been severely eroded and presented as consisting of small thicknesses of rock, has long remained neglected. In order to fill the knowledge gap on the Turonian formations of the Abidjan margin, this study was carried out with the aim of determining the complete lithostratigraphy of the Turonian sedimentary rocks of the Abidjan margin. The work was carried out on 313 samples from five (5) wells on this margin. It involved lithological analysis and study of accessory elements (glauconites, carbonaceous debris and pyrites) using a binocular magnifying glass, as well as calcimetric study of the sediments using a Bernard calcimeter. Diagonal analysis was used to identify the lithology of the formations studied. The Turonian is characterized by dark argillites (for the most part), limestone, sands and sandstones. The sediments are essentially low in calcium carbonate. Pyrites, carbonaceous debris and abundant glauconites are found. The sediments were deposited in a shallow, semi-confined marine environment close to the mainland.

Sociocultural factors and early school dropout among students: Case of the Ndikinimeki district (Center-Cameroon)

Ebanga, Yannikc François — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the district of Ndikiniméki, many primary school students are unable to complete their primary cycle and obtain their CEP. They drop out very early and abandon their studies early. To this end, the question we asked ourselves is the following: is there a link between socio-cultural factors and the early school leaving of primary school students in the locality of Ndikiniméki? This being said, we wanted to verify the hypothesis that there is a link between sociocultural factors and early school leaving among primary school students in the Ndikiniméki district. Our study allows us to note that there is a link between the socio-economic level of the family and early school leaving and that there is a link between family cultural capital and early school leaving.

Analysis of the epidemiological evolution of new confirmed cases of Covid-19 in Senegal from March to August 2020

Bondha, Alyette Carêne — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: The coronavirus of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 2 was discovered in 2019 in the city of Wuhan, China. The preliminary reproduction rate of SARS-CoV-2 was estimated to be between 1. 4 and 2. 5 by WHO on 23 January 2020. Senegal has positioned itself among the countries most affected by the pandemic in Africa. Strategies for the response to the COVID-19 epidemic have been put in place to ensure an operational and effective response in Dakar and the provinces. The overall objective of this study is to analyse the epidemiological evolution of new confirmed cases of Covid-19 in Senegal in 2020. Methodology: This was a time series analysis of Covid-19 during the period from March 02 to August 31, 2020. The study population was people tested by RT-PCR for covid-19. The data was aggregated from the publications of the Ministry of Health on the Covid-19 Senegal site and from the WHO. The data collected was analyzed using R software, for description and modeling with ARIMA and Prophet. Results: This study showed that the total number of Covid-19 cases recorded during the period studied was 13,611, a median of 3,740 was recorded on June 1, 2020; on average, 4810 cases were registered. New confirmed cases had a median of 79 and an average of 73.9 new cases recorded. On average 3050 cured cases were recorded with a median of 1860. On average 3940 cases were transmitted locally. March recorded the highest positivity rate at 13.56% with a sharp decline to 8.49% in August. An attack rate of 1.05 per 100,000 populations was recorded in March, this rate reached 20.98 in August. The reproduction rate was at 1.96 at the start of the state of emergency on March 23, 2020; this rate increased to 1.11 at the end of our study, on August 31, 2020. Conclusion: The predicted and actual data had shown an upward record of new confirmed cases at the end of 2020. But the data may change in reality due to some changes. In the absence of change, despite the measures put in place, the hope is that the vaccine can provide a solution.

Assessment of the competitiveness of Moroccan industry through specialisation in Moroccan Global Trades

AL ASSIMI, Mohammed — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The efforts that have been made in Morocco within the framework of the Emergence Plan and the National Pact for Industrial Emergence are worth noting given the dynamics that have been triggered, and the measures brought by these plans to Moroccan industry, namely the approach to approach to Morocco’s Global Trade. However, the analysis of competitiveness that we implemented during the period 2005-2014 shows that this relates to a few sectors (automobiles and aeronautics) and this was not the case for others: industrial sectors. However, the results obtained from the analysis of the main competitiveness indicators of these sectors reveal mixed performance of the industrial sectors. This also confirms that the measures adopted did not generate the expected effects, particularly in the implementation of a sustainable and efficient industrial development model capable of contributing effectively to improving the international competitiveness of Morocco such as sustained performance achieved by countries which were at the same industrial development level as that of our country. It is therefore necessary to question the determinants of this low competitiveness of the industry.

Relationship between roll fronts redox and mineralization in a «West flexure-fault» context (Tim Mersoï Basin, Northern Niger)

Abdoulwahid, Sani — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

This research work focuses on the redox map of the Akola West sector. In the Akola sector of Arlit, uranium mineralization is hosted by the Guezouman, an originally reduced sedimentary formation. The presence of oxyhydroxides in this formation in the Akola West sector bears witness to the circulation of oxidized fluids. Mapping the distribution of the various redox parameters revealed the existence of redox fronts. Analysis and interpretation of these results also revealed the factors that controlled mineralization in the Akola West sector. These include tectonic, lithostratigraphic, paleogeographic, redox facies and fluid flow. To this end, a fluid flow hypothesis has been proposed for this sector.

Computer system conceptual approach

Mpoyi, Barthelemy — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

A «Computer Obscurantism» hovered dangerously on applications in Computer Sciences in the domain of networks and telecommunications in Africa, specially in Democratic Republic of Congo. The using of extrinsic methods to Computer Sciences sake in majority events the realization of prevaricated results. Inclined by the desire to see the Computer Sciences be really vehicled in their Africa’s quintessence in general manner and specifically in Democratic Republic of Congo, we have chosen to redact this article which is about the «Conceptual Approach of Technique System», gage of the emergency of a good economy based on local talents and no comes from the stranger. The choice is taken from the Structured Analysis Design Technique method for the case of application «Unified Computing System». It’s about on this example to present the conception’s steps for the system integration of unified Informatics Cisco in the network answering to the principle disponibility; That’s to say, predict the rendonduncy of interconnexion equipments and to separate the traffics by the creation of the network segments vituals privy. Design’s tool: Edraw Max.

Morpho-pedological characterization of the soils of the Banco National Park and identification of preferential environments for the invasion of Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King and H.Rob. (Compositae)

Gnanazan, Zinsi Roseline Gouli — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present study was carried out to improve knowledge on the preferential environments for invasion of C. odorata with a view to combating the species. Four biotopes were selected: closed forests, ruderal areas without C. odorata (by the side of roads, under wires), ruderal areas with a young invasion of C. odorata (populations invaded by young C. odorata plants) of less than one year and ruderal areas with an old invasion of C. odorata (populations invaded by C. odorata plants with lignified stems, well-developed and massive shrubs) from one to three years. Floristic inventories and soil samples from 0 to 20 cm depth were carried out in quadrats of 4 m2 (2 m × 2 m). A total of 36 quadrats were placed using 9 repetitions per biotope. A morpho-pedological description of the BNP soils according to the toposequence was also carried out. The results showed that theBNP soils belong to the class of ferrallitic soils or Ferralsols. The summits are not preferential growth environments for C. odorata. The species adapts with difficulty to this type of environment. Mid-slopes are environments where we can observe the growth of C. odorata. The species manages to adapt to this type of environment. Finally, the bottom of slopes are preferential environments for the growth and proliferation of C. odorata. The species grows easily, proliferates and even becomes invasive.

Petro-structural characterization of geological rocks in the Soubré sector (Sassandra-Cavally domain, Southwestern Côte d’Ivoire)

Koffi, Augustin Yao — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Sassandra-Cavally (SASCA) domain (SW Côte d’Ivoire) marks the transition between the Archean Kenema-Man craton and the Paleoproterozoic Baoulé-Mossi domain. The methodology applied to study the rocks of the Soubré area considers both field and laboratory work. The Soubré area of the SASCA domain is characterized by migmatitic gneisses, metagranites and garnet micaschists. Migmatitic gneisses are composed of quartz, feldspar, biotite, chlorite, muscovite and opaque minerals, with occasional amphibole rods. Metgranites, on the other hand, are composed of quartz, feldspars such as plagioclase and microcline, biotite, accessory minerals and opaque minerals. Garnet-bearing micaschists are composed of quartz, biotite, muscovite, garnet, plagioclase with accessory and opaque minerals. Structural observations in the Soubré area reveal a first foliation (S1) trending NW-SE, dipping between 40° and 85° towards SW and associated with a N080-trending shear with a sinistral component, as well as folds whose axial planes are parallel to S1. This first foliation is intersected by a second (S2) trending NE-SW with dips of 60-85° either towards NW or SE. The S2 foliation is associated with a N166 shear with a sinistral component and folds whose axial planes are parallel to S2. All these structural observations in the Soubré sector would be compatible with the structures observed in the SASCA domain on the coast from Grand-Béréby to Tabou.

Psychosocial experience of COVID-19 among healthcare professionals in Senegal

Ibra, DIAGNE — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented global situation, which has turned all systems (economic, political, social, and health) upside down. It has paved the way for psychological and psychosocial morbidity among the public and healthcare professionals both directly and indirectly involved in the response. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the difficulties associated with the psychosocial experience of COVID-19 among a population of healthcare professionals. Method: A qualitative, cross-sectional descriptive study of a population of healthcare professionals who had used a listening and support line was conducted in Dakar from May 2020 to July 2020. Results: A total of 236 calls were received by the hotline, of which 20 were from healthcare professionals, representing a rate of 8.5%. 08 calls were received from female healthcare professionals, representing a rate of 40% of the total study population. According to healthcare professionals, the most common themes were emotional difficulties, family difficulties, work overload, and lack of support from superiors. Discussion: At the end of our work, we noted that the mental health of health professionals deserves special attention for early detection of COVID-19 psychopathological disorders. Thus, it is important to systematically institute support structures for healthcare professionals when responding to health emergencies.

Design of a generator using wood chips as fuel

DONATIEN, NGAKANGA MUKUMU — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

We want to supply electrical energy to a science with a required power of 110 KW using a micro thermal steam power plant, using wood chips as fuel. The goal here is the recovery of waste and the various means of producing electrical energy. We are in the logic of local and decentralized production.

Implementation of a fire safety system equipped with sprinkler technology within the Mzee LDK freedom market in the municipality of Masina (City of Kinshasa)

Jordan, Kondatata Mbambu — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

A fire is a large fire that spreads causing significant damage. It is considered one of the disasters that affects public infrastructure. In fact, the MLDK market in the municipality of Masina has experienced cases of fire of unidentified origin that have caused huge losses to small traders and even, caused huge expenses of rehabilitation work for the state and some pavilions have remained unrehabilitated to this day. The objective of this article is to set up a fire detection and extinguishing system equipped with networks, thermal sensors and sprinklers to prevent fires in order to protect people and their property. In addition to the literature review, which is upstream of all the methods used, this approach was based on direct observation and experimental methods supported by a field survey. The results obtained show the interest of this project on fire detection, especially in non-working hours. Automatic fire detection and extinguishing is a very complex and delicate process, which requires appropriate and efficient equipment.

Impact of the Performance-Based Financing Project on the autonomy of financial management at the Gemena General Reference Hospital from January to December 2021

KPALAWELE, Remy ALENGE — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

At the end of our study, it should be remembered that our ambition was to evaluate the financial management autonomy of Performance-Based Financing, then see the reasons and remedies to propose for the improvement of the services offered to the ‘HGR Gemena. In carrying out this work, our main objective is to evaluate the level of management autonomy of the HGR/Gemena in the performance-based financing approach. Through this evaluation, this study will explain the mechanisms likely to guide this institution towards the performance so desired in the Performance-Based Financing approach. To carry out this study, we used the descriptive and documentary method, supported by observation and documentary review for this study it is based on the autonomy of financial management, to collect data on the variables of the study, namely: Human resources management, Material management, Financial management, MEG management and other inputs, Flat rate pricing. To achieve these objectives, it was useful for us to use different techniques to collect data and information, including the documentary review. In the data analysis the following methods were used analytical methods, structural-functionalist method, statistical and dialectical method. Indeed, the results of the present study reveal that the contribution of Performance-Based Financing to the financial management autonomy of the HGR/Gemena takes into account distribution keys in relation to the contract signed by the EUP: drug purchase, performance bonus, investment, operation, social marketing and bank reserve which led to the financial management autonomy of the HGR/Gemena.

Diet analysis of Zanobatus schoenleinii (Müller and Henle, 1841) in artisanal fishing landing sites off Dakar, Senegal

Badji, Luc Bonaventure — 2024-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Stomachs of 852 individuals of Zanobatus schoenleinii were sampled at three fishing stations located in the Dakar peninsula to determine diet composition. Three indices (If, Cn and Cp) were used to determine prey occurrence. A feeding coefficient (Q) was used to classify prey into different categories and define the feeding strategy of the species. The results showed a high vacuity in the species, which is thought to be related to the maturation of the gonads and digestion ongoing after the capture of the animal. The food spectrum consisted of nine prey groups including crustaceans especially shrimps which were preferential prey in both cold (Q= 628.31) and warm seasons (Q= 1067.60) and annelids of the genus Nereis as secondary prey during both seasons. Other prey groups such as fish and mollusks were incidental. Comparisons between individuals of different sex, size and fishing area indicated an absence of sexual segregation due to similarities between the diets of males and females. On the other hand, differences between young and adult individuals would indicate a distinct spatial distribution between individuals of different size. With respect to the landing stations, the differences noted between Soumbédioune/Ouakam and Hann allowed to affirm that although the tiger ray feeds selectively on typical prey, it has the capacity to adapt its diet in response to variations in prey availability.

Next Generation Sequencing and its Future

Suchindra, Suchindra — 2024-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has the capability to produce hundreds and thousands of DNA / RNA sequences per analysis. This ability to sequence thousands of sequences at a time has brought about profound changes in genomic research. The primary aim is to see regions of similarity or variation / mutation amongst many sequences at hand. Today, NSG has reduced the time and is cost effective. This reduction of cost and time to obtain genomic data quickly has provided information on gene structure, protein structure, protein expression, genetic variations, gene expression profiles and others. This range of information has now expanded genomics research from analyzing and studying rare genetic disorders, cancer, infectious diseases like COVID, Phylogenetic trees, animal research, disease and control in husbandry, oral diseases, and metagenomic studies. The analyzed information has enabled diseases diagnosis, prognosis, targeted therapies, precision medication and other methods. The scope is not only restricted to human genome analysis but is used in disciplines like animals, and agriculture in detecting pathogens and developing new diseases resistant crops and animal breeds. Moreover, the NGS capacity to use massive parallel processing to sequence has had a major impact in pharmaceutical industry. New drugs discovery uses DNA / RNA sequencing methods to first identify mutations, to develop targeted medicine / drug development. NSG has a bright future in unlocking various mysteries and providing insights into genomic information which we have still not been able to uncover. This paper first talks about NGS techniques, challenges, techniques used, NGS uses currently, future development directions in sequenced data quality, cost, and analysis techniques.

SARS-CoV-2 vaccine for protecting health professionals: Experience of university hospital of Casablanca

Elfadel, O. — 2024-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: The control and prevention of SARS-COV-2 infection is based on both the respect of individual protection measures and distancing, but also on vaccination. This work aims to evaluate the impact of vaccination on SARS-CoV-2 infection among health professionals at CHUIR and to correlate with the positivity of screening tests. Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted over the period from 15 June 2021 to 1 September 2021. The diagnosis was based on RT-PCR defined and the antigenic test. The healthcare professionals were divided into 2 groups: G1-vaccinated / G2-non vaccinated. The comparison concerned the viral load in positive cases by means of the threshold values (Ct) of RT-PCR and the positivity of the antigenic test. Results: During the study period, 1658 healthcare workers were tested of which 638 were positive, representing a positivity rate of 39%. Clinical symptoms were present in 99% of all positive cases. G1: contains 440 health professionals representing 69% of all positive cases. G2: presents 198 positive non-vaccinated subjects, representing 31%. The average Cts in vaccinated and non-vaccinated subjects was n=24. Conclusion: Understanding the determinants of transmission, including human behavior and vaccine efficacy, is essential for the development of prevention strategies.

Economic analysis of the impact of the February 2023 floods in the agricultural sector of the Karhongo/Nyangezi group in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Ildéphonse, Balungwe Birhashirwa — 2024-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper presents the analysis of the economic impact of flooding in the agricultural sector of the Karhongo/Nyangezi group. The data were collected from a sample of 100 people (79 women and 21 men) drawn by snowball in the 10 villages of the Karhongo group in Nyangezi, Ngweshe chiefdom, Walungu territory, South Kivu province in Democratic Republic of Congo; which villages are often victims of flooding. Other data were collected by field observation, documentary means and survey questionnaire. These data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (calculation of average, numbers and percentages, cross tables, etc.); Excel and SPSS 20.0 software were used for this. The results indicate that the floods of February 2023 worsened the crumbling of the economic situation of the population of the Karhongo group. Total or partial destruction was helplessly observed on national road no. 5 (Cihanda bridge completely collapsed with all the consequences on local, provincial and international commercial transactions), agricultural service roads cut, houses flooded or destroyed, fields of cassava, beans, banana plantations and brickworks flooded or destroyed, etc. The results of this study also reveal that the prices of basic foodstuffs (cassava, corn, bananas, beans, etc.), after flooding, have experienced an exaggerated increase of around 84.25% on average. Finally, the study shows that humanitarian aid (from the government or NGDOs) to disaster victims is always insufficient and late. Partial solutions are recommended: dredging or drainage of the Cihanda and Bishalalo rivers, the floods of which cause serious flooding, and the reforestation of the hills, etc. to reduce these disasters as little as possible given that they cannot be completely avoided.

Implementation of an electronic system for detecting and quantifying atmospheric pollutants in an industrial environment, connected to a remote server

Jordan, Kondatata Mbambu — 2024-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Air pollution is a major public health issue worldwide, particularly in the provincial city of Kinshasa, and environmental protection has become a duty for all governments in recent years. Global warming and air pollution are the main reasons for this. Indeed, the study of air pollution aims to understand its particularities in order to limit its effects as much as possible. To achieve this goal, we will be setting up a measurement station equipped with MQ-135 sensor networks to collect useful data and send it to a remote server. In addition to the literature review that preceded all the methods used, this approach was based on the direct observation method supported by a field survey. On the one hand, the results of this study showed that the city of Kinshasa is much more affected by the nitrogen oxide pollution emitted by industry. On the other hand, since the mission of any State is to guarantee the safety of people and their property, to help the relevant State services to have adequate technical resources for permanent monitoring of the said environments, in order to combat any possible spillover of harm. We would also like to support these services in the organization of cells to combat any nuisance, and to include a heading reserved for this purpose in state taxes. These costs continue to elude the public coffers of the city of Kinshasa, representing an enormous loss of revenue for the State.

Inheritance of seed yield and its components in oleaginous gourd Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl

Georges, Yao Kouakou Abessika — 2024-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

To study the nature and magnitude of inheritance of seed yield and its components in three crosses of L. siceraria (Molina) Standl accessions involving four diverse parents under two environments, generation mean analysis was used seed yield and its components. Generations developed six generations, (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1P1 and BC1P2) were planted for evaluation in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The result showed that the additive-dominance model was adequate in explaining the inheritance of seed yield and its components. This was ascribed to a non significant estimate of A, B and C scaling tests. The results of the generation mean analysis indicated that the additive genetic effects (d) significantly accounted for a large proportion of variability observed for fruit weight, seed number and 100-seed weight in the crosses evaluated. An additive genetic effect suggests that selection among segregating population could provide an average improvement in the performance of seed yield and its components in subsequent generations. Broad and narrow-sense heritability was estimated to be high (≥ 0,5) for yield and its components at Abidjan and Manfla. That indicate a great genetic effect on these traits expression. Additive components played a major role in improving the yield component that shown strong heritability whatever environment. The number of quantitative factors revealed multigenic appearance. These results confirm the appropriateness of these yield components in improving plant efficiency. A recurrent selection scheme has proposed as an effective selection strategy for improving oleaginous gourd Lagenaria siceraria.

Sedimentary hydrodynamics of the beaches adjacent to the mouth of Assinie (South-Eastern of Côte d’Ivoire)

Kpan, Casimir Beh — 2024-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this work is to characterize the sedimentary hydrodynamics responsable for the morphological evolution of the beaches adjacent to the Assinie Passe. We opted a posteriori for a sedimentological approach based on granulometric analysis, for which fifty-four sand samples were taken from the three levels of the beach foreshores at varying depths, following four profiles of the two squares. These samples, subjected to physical and numerical processing, yielded graphs whose analysis reveals three granulometric stocks transported by rolling, graded suspension and saltation from coastal dunes and rivers. These predominanttly fine sandy facies are « well classified«, with acuity indices in the mesocurtic, platycurtic and rarely leptocurtic intervals. This approach shows that the beaches adjacent to the Passe of Assinie are governed by a relative sedimentary hydrodynamics, dominaded by the combination of marine currents (tide and swell) and the contribution of fluvial currents. Knowledge of the sedimentary hydrodynamics of beaches adjacent to river mouth is fundamental to the monitoring of coastal erosion and the sustainable management of the evoluting coastal environment.

Impact of two organic manures on the productivity of maize crop in the region of Ngandajika, Province of Lomami, DR Congo

Nkongolo, Michel — 2024-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study was carried out with the aim of evaluating the impact of the contributions of organic fertilizers (Tithonia diversifolia, Batguano) on the growth and yield of maize cultivation in monoculture and in association with cowpea. From this study, the following results were recorded: In monoculture, Bat-guano gives a yield of 4.18 T/Ha significantly higher than Tithonia diversifolia with 3.73 T/Ha in the QPM3 variety; 3.82 T/Ha against 2.43 T/Ha with the Mus1 variety. In maize-cowpea association, Bat-guano gives the yield of 3.19 T/Ha significantly higher than Tithonia diversifolia with 2.77T/Ha in the QPM3 variety, 2.89 T/Ha against 1.40 T/Ha with the variety Mus1. The study that was conducted highlights a clearly beneficial effect of the use of natural fertilizers, namely Tithonia and bat guano, on the cultivation of maize in monoculture as well as in association with cowpea. Data analysis indicates that the treatment with bat-guano was found to be the manure capable of significantly improving the vegetative and yield components of grain maize compared to tithonia. In general, both treatments had higher yields compared to the control (F0).

Assessment of the zootechnico-economic performances of broiler chickens feeded on Vigna Sinensis compared with Soybean (seed) and QPM corn with common corn

Ilunga, Charles — 2024-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article is a contribution to increasing the profitability of broiler breeders in Kasaï in general and in Mbujimayi in particular, by developing a feed that would cost less compared to imported commercial feed. And to consider the possibility of replacing conventional protein ingredients with Vigna sinensis and QPM maize in the broiler ration. It appears that after 42 days of observation, the commercial food (R0) was better in terms of average live weight, i.e. 2,168 grams, while the food based on corn QPM + Vigna sinensi comes second position with 1,940.7 grams. The trend was further confirmed with regard to the quantity of feed consumed per chicken, the weekly weight gain, the consumption index, the weekly cost of feed. However, it was found that the commercial feed is expensive (18,995.49 FC) and provides a low profit (7,702.98 FC) compared to the feed based on QPM maize + Vigna sinensi whose total cost was evaluated. To 14,340.48 FC and having procured a profit equivalent to 8,997.92 FC. The substitution of Vigna sinensis as a protein ingredient can thus become a basic ingredient in the formulation of Cobb 500 broiler feed to replace the commercial feed which is imported into Zambia and whose price on the market is increasing. For poultry farmers, QPM maize and Vigna sinensis will be a way out to solve food problems in terms of quantity and quality.

Transport management in Kinshasa: Approach focused on the regulation of motorcycle taxis

MUNTIL, Trésor NGEM — 2024-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article aims to analyze the thorny problems of regulating motorcycle taxis in the city of Kinshasa with regard to the abuses and anarchy observed in this transport sector. This study is also intended to be an opportunity to talk about the socio-cultural, economic, security and other impacts of motorcycle taxis in the life of the Kinshasa population, on the one hand; and in the political-administrative management system of this megalopolis, on the other hand. This article establishes the correlation between failing governance of urban authorities and actors involved in the management of motorcycle taxis in Kinshasa, it highlights the need to adapt the means of action to the local economic and political contexts and to operationalize the transport management to remedy this. The analysis centers around the need to promote effective regulation of motorcycle taxis and to create a participation framework based on consultations open to a wide range of stakeholders.

phenotypic and zootechnical characterisation of the ovine breed slaughtered at the Port-Bouët slaughterhouse for butchery in Abidjan city

Youan, Bi Irie Van Dexter — 2024-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this study was the determination of phenotypic and zootechnical characterisation in ovines breeds slaughtered at the Port-Bouët slaughterhouse for butchery in the city of Abidjan. Thus, a study was carried out on 160 slaughtered ovines breeds, including Djallonké and Sahelian ovine. Indeed, before slaughter, individual and direct observations of breeds, sex and coat color characteristics were done. Also, measurements of the height at the withers and the thoracic perimeter were done. Then a descriptive analysis was performed, followed by a Chi-square test for qualitative variables. In addition, an ANOVA was performed for the quantitative variables. The results show that ovines of the Sahelian breed (67.5%) are the most slaughtered. Thus, the most dominant coat colors in Djallonké and Sahelian ovine breed were respectively black-white (34.62%) and white (59.26%). Also, ovine 3 years or older (74.38%) were the most slaughtered. Djallonké and Sahelian ovine breed without horns and pendants were more slaughtered. The breed had an influence on the height at the withers (p < 2e-16) or the thoracic perimeter (p < 2e-16). Similarly, age had a significant effect on thoracic perimeter. However, the sex factor had no effect on the height at the withers and thoracic perimeter. In conclusion, the breeds, sex, ages or coat colors of slaughtered ovines at the Port-Bouët slaughterhouse are diversified.

Genetic diversity and polymorphism of Coptodon zillii from lake Selingue (Mali) using microsatellite markers

Dembélé, Nanourou — 2023-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Sélingué hydroelectric dam is built on the Sankarani River in Mali. It is a fishing production area teeming with many fish species including Coptodon zillii. The species was selected for the study of genetic diversity. The study involved 120 specimens from two landing stages, Carrière in the lake area and Faraba near the Sankarani River. Each sample was subjected to DNA extraction from a caudal fin portion. Ten microsatellite markers were used and the genetic diversity of each locus analyzed. The results showed a number of alleles varying from 2 to 5 per marker with an average of 2.9. The loci were 70% polymorphic at the 95% cutoff. In total, 29 alleles were observed for all the samples with 2 groups on the dendrogram. Group I consists of 5% of the Faraba samples and Group II of the Carrière and 95% Faraba samples. In group II, there is a separation according to landing stages with little differentiation between the samples from the two sites. The expected heterozygosity (He=0.35) is lower than that observed (Ho=0.69), reflecting an excess of heterozygosity, with an absence of consanguinity and less significant gene exchange between the specimens of the two zones. These results show high polymorphism and genetic diversity in the samples studied. They offer basic elements on the knowledge of the genetic diversity of the species. However, the study could be extended to C. zillii populations throughout the lake and rivers.

Are markers of inflammation in COVID-19: C-Reactive Protein, ferritin and LDH reliable predictors of severity ?

El Akkari, Leila — 2023-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: COVID-19 disease is an infectious disease characterized by a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations of varying severity. Biological markers play an important role in its management. The objective of this work is to study the association between the elevation of certain markers of inflammation: CRP, ferritin and LDH, and the severity of COVID-19. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective study carried out at the biochemistry laboratory of HMMI in Meknes, covering a series of 324 patients, hospitalized and declared positive for COVID-19. Patients are divided into 2 groups according to the severity of the disease; severe or moderate form, and all received a complete biological assessment including: CRP, ferritin and LDH. The aim of this study is to determine the role of these inflammatory markers in predicting the severity of COVID-19. Results: In a series of 324 cases, the average age is 33 years with a M/F sex ratio of 5. 40 patients developed the severe form of the disease, in whom the average age and the number of comorbidities, are both significantly higher than in the moderate forms group (age, p = 0.000; comorbidities, p < 0.05). Plasma concentrations of CRP, ferritin and LDH were respectively increased in 164 (25.3%), 128 (19.7%), and 136 (21%) patients, with a statistically significant difference between the 2 groups of patients. . However, statistical analysis shows that only CRP and ferritin levels are significant predictors of severe forms of COVID-19. A CRP level ≥ 31.80 mg/L predicts disease severity with a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 96.5%. For ferritin, the predictive rate of severity is ≥ 295ng/mL, with a sensitivity of 70% and a specificity of 88.7%. Discussion: Despite the limited size of our sample, the results of our study are consistent with those of the literature. They indicate that serum levels of CRP and ferritin are reliable and early predictors of the severity of COVID-19. Some studies have examined the prognostic role of other inflammatory markers, such as interleukin-6 and procalcitonin. However, it is difficult to carry out a large panel of tests in our context, given that they are not widely available. Conclusion: Our study showed that serum CRP and ferritin levels are better than LDH in predicting severe forms of COVID-19. They can be determined easily in almost all laboratories, which would help ensure adequate care and monitoring of patients upon admission.

High-performance liquid chromatography with UV detector (HPLC/UV) of microcystin-LA present in three surface waters in Ivory Coast (Aghien Lagoon, Adzopé water Reservoir and Agboville Seuil)

Yao, Rosine Djeha — 2023-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Cyanobcateria blooms represent a major global concern due to certain toxin-producing species. These toxins are classifies into 3 groips bases on the mode of action: neurotoxins, dermatotoxins and hepatotoxins. Microcystins belonging on the group of hepatotoxins are the most studied, the most dangerous and the most encountered in waterways. It is in this context that we proposed to evaluate the microcystin content specifically LA which is as dangerous as the LR analogue. Monthly monitoring from june to september 2021 allowed us to collect water samples from three surface waters in Ivory Coast (Aghien Laoon, Adzopé Water Reservoir and Angboville Seuil). Microscopic observations made it possible to identify different cyanobacteria, and the determination of microcystin LA (MC-LA) present in the water samples was carried out by HPLC/UV. The results revealed the presence of fifteen (15) genera of cyanobacteria in the three water bodies studied including four (4) potentially producing microcystin. Oscillatoria sp was the most represented with a frequency àf 100% followed by genera Aphanocapsa, Calothrix, Chroococcus, Cylindrospermopsis Merismopedia, Microcystis, and Planktothrix (66,66%). The genera Anabaena, Anabaenopsis, Lyngbya, Phormidium, Pseudanabaena, Snowella and Synechococcus were the least represented (33.33%). The variant LA was identified on the Aghien lagoon and measured at different concentrations, the maximum and minimum values of which were respectively 3.5 µg/L at station 4 and 0.68 µg/L at station 1.

Influence of agricultural waste additives on the mechanical performance and water sensitivity of cement-stabilized compressed earth blocks: Case of Parkia biglobosa pods

Yokopi, Sokohou Josué — 2023-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Cement-stabilized natural clay soils can be combined with agricultural waste decoction to improve the mechanical performance and water resistance of compressed earth bricks. The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanical performance and durability of cement-stabilized compressed earth bricks with the addition of agricultural waste in the form of decoction in order to promote an environmentally-friendly material in the building sector. Based on an experimental campaign, mechanical properties such as modulus of elasticity, flexural strength and compressive strength, as well as durability (open porosity and capillary water absorption), were studied for these bricks. The results show that these properties are influenced by the nature of the soils used, as well as by other parameters studied in this work, such as the percentage of cement and the percentage of Parkia biglobosa pod decoction. Indeed, the addition of 8% cement with at least 10% Parkia biglobosa pod decoction proved beneficial for optimum performance. Moreover, according to criteria such as total open porosity and capillary water absorption, the durability of this material improves with an increase in cement percentage and the addition of at least 10% tannin-rich Parkia biglobosa pod decoction. The use of these waste products (Parkia biglobosa pods) in compressed bricks therefore seems beneficial in terms of improving their mechanical performance, reducing their sensitivity to water and helping to preserve the environment.

Study of the antibacterial activity of aqueous extracts of Boerhavia diffusa and Khaya senegalensis on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

Pascal, Youan Gouanda — 2023-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

With a view to enhancing the many plant species that make up the Ivorian flora, a study on the medicinal properties of two plants, Boerhavia diffusa and Kaya senegalensis, was carried out with the main objective of evaluating their antibacterial activities. Sensitivity tests carried out (MIC and MBC) on two bacterial strains (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) revealed that the aqueous extract of Boerhavia diffusa has bactericidal activity against E. coli and bacteriostatic activity against S. aureus that of Khaya senegalensis is bactericidal against S. aureus but without any activity against E. coli up to the limit of 800 mg/mL of concentration tested. The antibacterial activities of these plants would be due to the active ingredients it contains, in particular sterols and polyterpenes (polyphenols, tannins, saponosides) but the advantage observed in Boerhavia diffusa would be due to the flavonoids it contains.

Participation in decision-making and organizational performance of Small and Medium Enterprises in Benin

DJOHOSSOU, Darius A. Juste — 2023-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

This research seeks to analyse the influence of employee participation in decision-making on the organisational performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Benin. Using a quantitative methodological approach, we targeted our sample of 150 employees and managers who answered the questions. A correlation matrix was used to assess not only the dependence but also the direction of change between several variables at the same time. The linear correlation coefficient and clinical significance allowed us to analyse the data collected. Our results show that the correlation coefficient between the variables «high employee involvement» and «organisational performance» is positive. The higher the level of employee satisfaction, the closer SMEs are to achieving their social and organisational objectives. Finally, the greater the sharing of information between employees, the closer SMEs are to achieving their social and organisational objectives.

Dynamics of the landscape structure of the sub-sudanese sector in a context of increasing anthropic pressures: The case of the Dianra department (northwest Côte d’Ivoire)

Yao, N’Guessan Olivier — 2023-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this study is to map land use and analyse the dynamics of landscape structure through the spatial transformation processes that took place between 1987 and 2017. The analysis, using remote sensing, spatial indices and spatial transformation processes, showed a heterogeneous landscape associated with an increase in the extent of human activity over the period studied. The classes have undergone a number of spatial transformations, the most striking of which are dissection and fragmentation for natural formations and creation for artificial formations. These processes are linked to the combined effect of human activities and the natural dynamics of the region’s plant formations.

Numerical simulation on the effects of fracture parameters on oil and water production in unconsolidated reservoirs

Yamando, Gerald Fediny — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Oil production in unconsolidated reservoirs such as sandstone can be really challenging because of solids coming from the formation. In order to solve problems caused by produced solids, frac-packing is one of the methods used. It aims to maintain or increase production and control produced solids. This research focuses on the hydraulic fracturing part of that method. A numerical model is created using CMG-2015 with data from a given field to analyze the effects of some factors on oil production. Two cases are considered in this research, the first one is a one-layer case and the second one is a two layers case. Water is injected into the reservoirs in both cases. The results reveal that formation damage by its degree (Ks/K) and size can significantly decrease oil production and fracturing treatment can help recover the oil production to almost the initial value. After bypassing the damaged area, keeping increasing fracture half-length and conductivity is not important because there is no significant effect on the production. The results also show that for double layers case, the best way to increase oil production is to fracture the low permeability layer and maintain or leave the formation damage that will naturally happen.

Women’s entrepreneurship in the informal sector: Case of makeshift restaurants called « Malewa » in Kenge-Ville in the province of Kwango, Democratic Republic of Congo

MATUMONA, Reagan IBULA — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study is carried out in the city of Kenge, chief town of the province of Kwango in the Democratic Republic of Congo with the aim of analyzing the mechanisms by which female entrepreneurship in the informal sector focused on fortune restaurants «Malewa» contributes to the survival of a pauperized population. In total, 20 makeshift restaurants according to the criteria for provision of a family workforce or non-working without contract with a monthly remuneration not exceeding the equivalent of $ 30, the absence of the legal documents required to exercise trade and the non-use of a regular accounting organization have been identified. The results obtained have revealed many unknown realities in the sector. The management mode of these units, the quality of jobs created in the sector, the quality of the dishes presented to the clienteles and the craze that is observed leaves to be desired.

Conflictuality in the G5 Sahel region: The Role of Economic Factors and Regional Resilience

Ammari, Fadoua — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The G5 Sahel, a region marked by its rich history and vast potential, confronts a myriad of socio-economic challenges and opportunities. This article delves into the intricate economic landscapes of the G5 nations, highlighting the pivotal role of resource-driven conflicts, with a focus on the significance of uranium in Niger’s affairs. As the region grapples with external economic dynamics, the enduring economic influence of colonial powers, notably France, is evident. The burgeoning economic engagements of China in the Sahel further complicate the geopolitical canvas. However, the region’s resilience shines through indigenous solutions, emphasizing the importance of traditional economic systems. Examples such as Mali’s ‘Tontines’ and women-led cooperatives in Niger underscore the potential of grassroots initiatives in fostering stability. Furthermore, the prospects of regional economic collaboration among the G5 Sahel nations present a pathway to harnessing collective growth and reducing tensions. The article advocates for a balanced approach: leveraging external partnerships while prioritizing local solutions and regional collaborations, as the G5 Sahel charts its course towards a sustainable future.

A literature review on the success of information systems: A multidimensional concept

BAZINE, Imad-Dine — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

This research work addresses the topic of the success of information systems (IS) as a multidimensional concept that requires evaluation based on four characteristics. These are the unit of analysis, the object of analysis, the timing of evaluation, and the type of IS evaluator. A literature review is presented, focusing on the various dimensions of IS success, whether tangible or intangible. These dimensions include IS quality, its usage, user satisfaction, customer satisfaction, organizational context, and performance. The objective of this article lies in highlighting the interdependent characteristics and dimensions that must be considered to measure IS success. This will enable the selection of the most appropriate criteria based on the context and the research problem.

Impacts of gold pancing on agricultural production in SEKE-BANZA (DRC) territory

Lungu, Théophile Keni — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Artisanal gold mining, which is booming in the Seke-Banza Territory, has adverse effects on the agricultural production of the main speculations, in particular cassava, maize, groundnuts, paddy rice and beans. This article analyzes, from a field survey and bibliographic and documentary research, the effects of artisanal gold mining on agricultural production in Seke-Banza. The results obtained indicate that artisanal gold mining has favored the reduction of food production areas, the flight of agricultural labor to the benefit of this new conquest for gold, the reduction of agricultural work time and the agricultural land degradation. This results in a decrease in agricultural production due to the deterioration of factors of production. The mitigation of these effects requires the implementation of certain actions proposed by the gold panning actors met. These actions are summarized by good governance (laws that protect highly productive agricultural areas, commonly called «agricultural production basin») the revaluation of agriculture (rehabilitation of the National Agricultural Extension Service, rehabilitation of agricultural service roads and others related extension support services) and supervision of artisanal gold miners (rehabilitation of the Assistance and Supervision Service for Small-Scale Mining SAEMAPE).

The practice of welding in Lubumbashi in Haut-Katanga

Kapalola, Jean Luc Kashala — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

As a practitioner of Non-Destructive Testing, the control of the weld is one of the most delicate exercises and of great importance considering that, the pooling of two materials of different chemical compositions, by the contribution of another material (formerly) is a demanding operation. Mastering the practice of welding implies knowledge of certain parameters which include welding processes, qualification and certification of welding practitioner’s method and the various related standards. IN Lubumbashi, town of Haut-Katanga, several welding points (stations) are installed, some along major arteries.

Determination of the α-tocopherol content of spirulina produced in Burkina Faso

Savadogo, Boubacar — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Spirulina is a food supplement rich in micronutrients and vitamins. It is called «the ideal food for humanity» and the World Health Organization has considered it a «super food» and the best food for the future due to its high nutritional value. This study aimed to evaluate the levels of α-tocopherol in 20 samples of spirulina before and after sun drying. This was an analytical study aimed at determining the levels of α-tocopherol in fresh and after dried spirulina using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The average α-tocopherol content of fresh spirulina was 3.48 mg/100 g. After drying, the average α-tocopherol content was 4.37 mg/100 g, an increase in α-tocopherol of 25%. Drying and packaging spirulina remains the only means of wide commercial distribution. Nutritional losses were not observed after drying the spirulina. However, it is advisable to consume spirulina fresh or just after drying because prolonged storage could destroy some active ingredients necessary for good human nutrition.

Perception of Guinea cement workers of their physical working conditions

Oularé, F. — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Objective: Evaluate the perception of cement workers in Guinea on their physical working conditions. Materials and methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional survey of 112 workers occupying open offices (5 to 10m2), lasting 6 months from August 1, 2021 to January 31, 2022. The GABO questionnaire (Acoustic Discomfort in an Open Office) was used. Results: 112 workers responded to the survey. The male gender was the most represented with an M/F sex ratio of 10.2. Among respondents, 59% shared the workspace with 2 to 6 people; 8% worked alone. Nearly half were moderately satisfied with their workspace (average of 2.88 out of 5). The perception of the comfort of their workspace was good (average 3.17 out of 5). 68.75% felt that the noise in their workspace was high and annoying or even very annoying. The highest source of noise 68.75% and the most annoying 66.97% was the operation of machines. 78.43% felt moderately or even very tired at the end of the day, among them 70.50% had an average recovery capacity of two working days. Conclusion: The results of the study show that working conditions at Cement of Guinea are unsatisfactory. This study should therefore be extended to other companies to be able to improve working conditions in order to prevent the long-term consequences of the various factors that influence the working environment.

Screening for kidney disease among ASM miners in the urban commune of Siguiri

Oularé, F. — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Objective: Our study aimed to determine the frequency of Kidney Disease among artisanal gold miners in the urban commune of Siguiri. Materials and methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study lasting six (6) months from July 11, 2020 to January 11, 2021. Our study focused on all artisanal gold miners of all ages, regardless of gender. nor from a country presenting an anomaly of the urinary sediment (hematuria, leukocyturia) and/or proteinuria, and/or a GFR ≤ 60ml/min. Results: During our study, of the 250 miners who were screened, 26 presented with chronic kidney disease, a frequency of 10% against 224 non-sick, i.e. a frequency of 90%. The median age of the sick miners was 35.50 years with age extremes of 15 to 80 years; the male sex was the most represented with a sex ratio M/F of 1.88. The main risk factors were nephrotoxic drugs (51.85%), urinary tract infections (27.63%), hypertension (22.22%), and obesity (14.81%). The clinical signs were dominated by headaches (76.80%), physical asthenia (52.80%). The majority of artisanal miners had a creatinine clearance ≥ 90ml/min, i.e. 69.23% according to the MDRD formula. Conclusion: early detection, appropriate care and a healthy lifestyle can reduce the occurrence of complications and the appearance of CKD in the final stage.

Study of occupational risks in the informal sector in Conakry

Oularé, F. — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Objective: Given the importance in Guinea of the informal economy with an estimated share of 43% of GDP and 96% of jobs. The profession of welder, like other professions in the informal sector, is not exercised without risk. Our study aimed to assess the occupational risks associated with welding in the workshops of the municipality of Matoto, Conakry. Method: This was a prospective descriptive study lasting one year from January 5, 2021 to December 31, 2021. Welders from the informal professional sector in the welding workshops of the municipality of Matoto, who were present and who agreed to participate in the study, were included. The data were analyzed using the Epi-info statistical software version 7.2.2.6. Result: We registered 212 male welders. The average age of the welders was 28.33 ± 12.46 years. The age group from 15 to 29 years old was the most represented at 59.3%. Common damage was arc flash 88.2%; followed by skin burns 84.4%, hand cuts/wounds 78.3. Only 0.5% of workshops had a fire extinguisher, 3.3% handling accessories. The occurrence of arc flash was significantly associated with exposure to UV/IR from the welding arc (p = 0.0000). Foreign body in the eye was associated with full-time work (p = 0.0024). Conclusion: The welder’s experienced significant eye and skin morbidity accentuated by the non-use of collective and individual protective measures. Factors such as level of education, income, seniority and full-time work were significantly associated with self-reported injuries and PPE use among welders (p ˂ 0.05).

IPOs performance evaluation: Which methodology to opt for?

Ait Jillali, Sanae — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Each corporate event of interest could be analyzed through several approaches. In the recent finance literature, there are common methods emanating from two notorious approaches, that are: the CAR and BHAR methods belonging to the event study approach, and those that fall into the second approach of calendar time, namely the CTAR, and the asset pricing models; starting with the Fama and French’s three-factor model to the refined multi-factor models. The Initial Public Offering (IPO) is a corporate event that consists of the operation to open up the capital to investors, it is a strategic decision where companies make that step toward the capital market, especially the stock exchange market, and go from private to public. This event can be analyzed and studied through the approaches named above, based on the computation of abnormal returns around the IPO event, which, in turn, could be calculated through the statistical models (Constant Mean Return Model, Adjusted Market Return, Market Model) and economic ones (Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT)). Both approaches (the event study, and the calendar time) have been and still are under criticism, according to many researchers the outcomes and findings depend on the methodology used to evaluate the performance of IPOs from the first step of defining abnormal returns, to the application of methods assembling them, till the test of the null hypothesis. The following paper is a kind of literature review where we tried to assemble a number of theoretical and empirical papers and works containing the pieces of information we need to aid in answering this question of evaluating the IPO’s performance through different methods and arbitrating between them.

Entrepreneur’s resilience process and entrepreneurial rebound: A preliminary exploration of the Moroccan context

Mouatif, Mouna — 2023-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

This research consists in understanding the process through which the entrepreneur arrives to the entrepreneurial rebound, which means rebound from failure and launching new business. Eventually, understanding entrepreneur’s resilience processus includes identifying the dimensions that constitute it. The results of this study emphasize that grief is a common and inherent phase, that entrepreneurs must overcome in order to accept their failure. Acceptance allows them to restore their mental state so that they can make sense of their experience and learn from it, the thing that helps them to reconstruct. And therefore, take action and engage in a new project. The support of the entrepreneur’s environment is essential, according to the results found. It is important for the entrepreneur’s resilience and a rebound condition. The results on this point revealed characteristics specific to the Moroccan context. In this sense, the entrepreneur’s environment is limited to the close environment (family, friends, etc.), the quality of professional social ties, the support of the State and the role of culture. We have concluded that entrepreneur’s resilience is a socio-emotional process that requires analysis at two levels, inter-individual and intra-individual, and that the entrepreneur’s context has a significant impact on his or her ability to bounce back from failure.

Study of the elimination of unbalances and harmonics in a low voltage distribution network by a four-arm parallel active filter controlled by a neuro-fuzzy regulator: Case of the low voltage network in the MAMPALA district

Idriss, KYONI NKULU — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The imbalances experienced by low voltage distribution networks following the individualization of energy consumption among domestic subscribers as well as the presence of non-linear loads in the network, reduce the quality of electrical energy and are accompanied by consequences which can on the one hand reduce the lifespan of certain equipment and on the other hand, lead to a resizing of equipment and cables in the network. However, the objective pursued in this work was to carry out a study that could eliminate imbalances and reduce the rates of harmonic distortions in a low voltage network. Indeed, the processed data were obtained following measurements carried out at the secondary level of transformer number 13 of 160kVA of the distribution network of the Gécamines city (MAMPALA district). These different measurements were carried out over a period of one week for a sampling time of 20 min using an MS2205 three-phase digital clamp multimeter. Analysis of different data has proven that this network is out of balance with imbalance rates of up to 26%. The presence of non-linear loads in this network generates harmonic currents with harmonic distortion rates of up to 13.8 or 14% which leads to the presence of distorting power in the network. The latter reached a peak of around 15kVAD. Different techniques for decontaminating low voltage networks are possible, within the framework of this thesis we have opted for the modern depollution technique, that is to say active filtering. We used a four-arm parallel active filter. The reference currents were identified using the synchronous reference method, the DC bus voltage was controlled by a neuro-fuzzy regulator and the filter was controlled by modulated hysteresis. The results obtained after simulation on Matlab-Simulink proved that connecting the four-arm parallel active filter to the low voltage network eliminated the imbalance and reduced the current harmonic distortion rate from 13.8 to 1.59%.

Contribution to improving the reliability of the electric network of Katanga province RD Congo

Idriss, KYONI NKULU — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

It is following the increase in the population of the city of Lubumbashi on the one hand and the intensification of semi-industrial activity on the other hand that we deemed it appropriate to undertake a study on the estimation of the energy demand of the annex commune of the city of Lubumbashi. The choice of the annex commune was motivated by the fact that it is the belt of the city of Lubumbashi and is currently undergoing spectacular development in infrastructure and will therefore need a significant demand for electrical energy. The city of Lubumbashi is made up of seven municipalities which are: Lubumbashi, Kamalondo, Kenya, Katuba, Kampemba, Ruashi and the Annex commune. The growth rate over the last ten years of sampling is estimated at 42% and clearly shows that there is a need to know the demand trend curve in order to predict future energy needs. The objective of this communication will then be to estimate the energy demand of the Annex municipality. To achieve our objective, we started by mapping the said municipality by listing the different loads (houses, schools, churches, semi-industrial sector, etc.), so to assess future energy demand, we used the Bottom-up model.

Evaluation of treatment with cognitive-behavioral therapies for mental disorders in the city of Goma: From 2021 to 2022

KANANE-Muzinge, AKILIMALI — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

What disorders are treated by Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT) ? Which CBT techniques are most commonly used for treatment? What are the major challenges encountered in the use of CBT? These are the concerns of this research. Some of the mental health facilities in the city of Goma where CBT is applied were targeted. Using the survey method supported by the interview and documentary technique, then accompanied by thematic content analysis, we noted that depressive disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance abuse and addictive disorders, acute stress, generalised anxiety disorder, delusional disorders and social phobia followed by chronic hallucinatory psychosis and PMD are the main psychopathologies dealt with. Cognitive restructuring, modelling, assertiveness techniques and acceptance and commitment therapy are hardly ever used; psychoeducation and relaxation remain the most widely used CBT techniques. The lack of adequate training by CBT therapists, the incompleteness of sessions (some stop after 3 or 4 sessions) by patients, the client’s level of education, the lack of a well-defined institution in the region or in the country as a whole that specialises in CBT training, and patients’ socio-economic difficulties are the main challenges encountered in the use or practice of CBT.

Morphometry and stomach structure of fish of the genus Chrysichthys from five hydrosystems in the Ivory Coast

Ouattara, Coulibaly Tionrotia Alice Sita — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this study was to test the validity of using morphometric data and stomach morphology to differentiate species of the genus Chrysichthys. Forty-one morphological measurements and three meristics descriptors were recorded for each of the 203 specimens sampled in five Ivorian river basins. The stomach structure of around thirty fish was also analyzed. The result confirmed the presence of the species of the two subgenera of the genus Chrysichthys found in West Africa. It is the subgenus C. chrysichthys, represented by the species C. maurus and the subgenus C. melanodactylus whose species are C. nigrodigitatus and C. johnelsi. The results of the examination of fish stomach shapes also showed speciation in individuals of the Chrysichthys genus. Specimens of Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus showed five morphotypes, each specific to the environment of the fish. The species Chrysichthys maurus is characterized by two morphotypes while only one morphotype has been revealed within Chrysichthys johnelsi. The shape of the stomach therefore differs according to the species and the environment of the fish. In the end, the anatomy of the stomach confirmed the differentiations made by the study of morphometric variables.

Influence of the social environment on the questions asked by children aged 3 to 6 in the city of Lodja in DR Congo

Marc, N’SODI BIN DIYONGA — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study investigated the influence of the social environment on the questions asked by 3-6 year olds in the city of Lodja. To do this, we asked ourselves why children aged 3 to 6 ask a lot of questions and how the immediate environment (parents, teachers, brothers and sisters) reacts to the questions asked by the children. To answer these questions, we asked 50 parents whose children were aged 3 to 6. At the end of the analyses, we found that it is curiosity (90%) and the desire to know the realities of the world or the environment around them, so that they can grow up (40%), that pushes children to ask their parents a lot of questions; more often than not, parents do not have the time to answer the questions asked by their children. Only 30% are used to answering them; the refusal to answer the child’s questions can generate the following consequences: deprivation of the information he needs, sadness, trauma, shyness, frustration, revolt against the environment and loss of confidence in the parents.

Correlation between self-esteem and performance in mathematics of 6th grade students in the City Province of Kinshasa

Ferdinanda, GUMEAVUKILI TAWANE — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this study was to identify the degree of correlation between the self-esteem of Grade 6 students in the Provincial City of Kinshasa and their performance in mathematics. To do this, we collected data from 850 students in 14 schools, using a self-esteem questionnaire and the mathematics test. After statistical analyses, we found that self-esteem affects students’ performance in mathematics. Indeed, students who consider themselves strong in mathematics performed well, while those who consider themselves weak performed poorly. Therefore, we need to foster students’ good self-perception, as this can affect their academic development positively or negatively.

Profile of kindergarten teachers in Kisangani, DR Congo

Igumbe, Constance BOYOMBI — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The results of this study, which focused on the profile of kindergarten teachers in Kisangani, show that the teachers working in the schools of Kisangani are qualified. All are trained in the field of teaching. Also, most of the educators had been teaching for between 0 and 10 years (54/80) or in their respective classrooms (66/80). Finally, as compensatory strategies, the majority of the respondents had teacher training, either specific training in the field, ranging from one to nine times.

Correlation between the performance of 5th year primary school students in Kisangani in French spelling and in text comprehension

Shongo, Emile Malamba — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Man is called upon to communicate with his fellow human beings by means of language implemented either by speech or by writing. In undertaking this research, we wanted to identify the level of mastery of 5th grade primary school students in Kisangani in French spelling and reading comprehension and to evaluate the degree of correlation between the performance of these students in spelling and reading comprehension. The data analysed in this study came from the educational planning and evaluation service of the University of Kisangani. After analysis, it was found that the performance of the students was low in both spelling and reading. And, there is a positive and significant correlation between spelling and reading performance. This suggests that a student who can write understands what he or she is writing and vice versa.

Motivations behind the choice of a course of study by secondary school leavers in the city of Kisangani

AKAKA, Matthieu YAFOLA — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this study was to identify the motivations that lead pupils in the 6th year of secondary school in Kisangani to choose faculties and/or courses of study in higher and university education. We therefore estimated that the motivations behind the choice of faculties and/or courses of study by pupils finishing secondary school in Kisangani are essentially based on the possibility of finding a job at the end of their studies. To test this hypothesis, we administered a questionnaire to 100 sixth-grade students in secondary schools in the commune of Makiso, one of the six communes that make up the city of Kisangani. From the data collected, we proceeded to a frequency count, converted into a percentage. At the end of the analyses, we arrived at the results according to which the motivations which push these pupils to choose these faculties or branches of study are based on the aptitudes which they possess and acquired throughout their current secondary school sections. These results invalidate our hypothesis that the possibility of finding a job is the basis for our respondents’ choice of faculties or fields of study at ESU. Thus, educators need to focus on training so that students develop skills that will help them to pursue further studies.

Socio-agronomic characteristics of rice farms and farmers’ perceptions of rice blast control practices in the Kou and Sourou Valleys in Burkina Faso

Ouattara, Souleymane — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this study was to carry out a socio-agronomic characterisation of rice farms and to determine the level of farmers’ perception of rice blast management practices in Burkina Faso. The study was carried out in four rice-growing lowlands in the villages of Dî and Lanfièra in the Sourou Valley and Bama and Tonwogoma in the Kou Valley. A random sample of 120 rice farmers was included in the study. The results of the study indicate a very high level of illiteracy among farmers (≥40%), depending on the site, and a low level of participation by women in rice production. Farming practices are characterised by heavy use of the FKR64, FKR84 and FKR2 varieties and by heavy application of organic manure and chemical fertilisers, depending on the area. The majority of farmers recognise rice blast on their plots and use control methods such as varietal control, chemical and mechanical control and moisture control before storage. None of the farmers uses bio-pesticides in their production system. This study shows that farmers have a good knowledge of blast disease and use endogenous control methods. However, farmers are not very familiar with the use of bio-pesticides. For more efficient and healthier control, it is vital to raise farmers’ awareness of the need to use improved resistant varieties and bio-pesticides, with the support of research structures.

Sickle Cell Disease Thirty-Three Years of Research Experience in Gabon: A Comprehensive Review

Délicat-Loembet, Lucrèce M. — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The extent of the scientific literature on sickle cell disease in Gabon over the last thirty years and the areas of study are not known. However, the exponential growth trend shows that there is an area of research that should be explored. The question here is to find out in which fields studies on sickle cell disease have already been carried out since 1990, 33 years of research. Because the environment can influence clinical signs in different patients, every African country is carrying out scientific research to improve the care of their patients. This review examines the history of research into sickle Cell Disease in Gabon. In Gabon, research into sickle cell disease is being carried out in all areas of epidemiology, screening, medical and psycho-clinical management, and pathologies associated with sickle cell disease and endangering the vital prognosis of Gabonese sickle cell patients. Traditional Gabonese pharmacopoeia plays a very important role in the management of this disease. Ultimately, local healthcare professionals should be familiar with the latest guidelines and resources specific to Gabon for the most accurate and up-to-date information on sickle cell disease management.

Characterization of the hydrodynamic parameters of the Aghien lagoon (south-eastern Côte d’Ivoire)

Antoine, Goe Bi Sehi — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Aghien lagoon is expected to provide drinking water for the population of Abidjan. Hydrodynamic modelling is therefore required to assess the impact of this operation, coupled with the impact of climate change, on the functioning of this lagoon ecosystem. The aim of our work is to determine the hydrodynamic parameters required for this exercise. The methodology consisted of surveying sections of the lagoon and its un-surveyed tributaries using a Work Horse Rio Grande Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP). The results show that the effect of upwelling is clearly evident in sections 1 and 3 of the channel, with velocity vectors directed towards the Aghien lagoon. The mean velocity is around 0.42 m/s at low tide, compared to 0.385 m/s at high tide in section 03. The greatest variation in mean flow velocity was observed in section 02, with values increasing from 0.23 m/s at low tide to 0.18 m/s at high tide. However, the effect of upwelling attenuated the mean flow rates from 57.77 m3/s to 40.29 m3/s in section 2 (Mé section) and from 265.15 m3/s to 237.22 m3/s in section 3 (downstream channel). The flow in the northern part of the lagoon is low (0.007 m/s) and the velocity vectors point in opposite directions.

Analysis of the decision to outsource the accountig function in the SMEs in Cameroon

Fomekong, Donald Fabiol Puitassa — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The purpose of this article is to determine the factors that influence the decision to outsource the accounting function in SMEs in Cameroon. To do this, we propose an analytical model for understanding the outsourcing decision-making process. The approach adopted is exploratory qualitative research based on a sample of 20 individuals, all players in the accounting process (company managers, accountants and chartered accountants. The results revealed that the main factors influencing the decision of SMEs are: cost reduction (salary; tax optimisation), refocusing on the core business, tax pressures and certain structural (size) and behavioural (profile of players) contingency factors.

State of the art on the phenomena involved in belt drive systems

Mbourou, Donald Romarick Rotimbo — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article is a review of the literature aimed at gaining a better understanding of the phenomena involved in belt drive systems. The numerous works on this subject (theory and experimentation) published over the last 2 centuries reveal three main approaches to the problem. In the first, the authors sought to determine the actual cause of the tension difference in the belt strands, through either friction or shear theory. The main objective was an attempt to explain the phenomena at work in the pulley/belt contact zone. Published work advocating the second approach aimed to solve the various equations of motion translating the excitation mechanisms of the belt’s transverse vibrations. This approach deliberately neglected the belt’s bending stiffness. The authors who proposed the latter approach investigated the equations of motion, as in the previous approach, but this time integrating the belt’s physical characteristics (bending stiffness, damping modes, thickness). This literature review finally shows that the various theoretical and experimental studies (notably with test benches) indicate that bending stiffness plays a non-negligible role in belt excitation and generates speed fluctuations at the crankshaft. The existence of this fluctuation results in the different vibratory modes to which the belt is subjected.

Support and funding mechanisms for entrepreneur: Current statut

QADECH, Hayat — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Given that entrepreneurial support constitutes an essential lever in all economic development policies, as it creates a conducive environment for entrepreneurship by providing entrepreneurs with necessary conditions, financing opportunities, and networking to develop their businesses, Morocco has launched several programs and mechanisms to support entrepreneurship. These initiatives aim to encourage and assist young individuals in starting businesses and to support existing enterprises in revitalizing or sustaining their activities. With this in mind, we deemed it important to examine the current state of various entrepreneurial support programs and mechanisms established by the Moroccan government for project initiators and existing businesses To accomplish this, the structure of this paper begins by presenting the conceptual foundations of entrepreneurship, with special attention given to the concept of entrepreneurial support. Subsequently, we will present the results of an inventory of all entrepreneurship support programs and mechanisms, which we conducted through a thorough documentary review involving entrepreneurship stakeholders. This inventory compiles and categorizes these support initiatives implemented by Moroccan authorities since the early 2000s to foster to foster the growth of its entrepreneurial ecosystem.

Flora, structure and uses of woody stand of traditional cocoa Agroforestry Systems in Konankro location (Centre-West, Côte d’Ivoire)

Paul-Alex, Diomande Valouthy — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Cocoa farming makes Côte d’Ivoire the largest producer and exporter of cocoa beans in the world. this leads to the reduction of the forest area to 80%. However, these vegetal formations are a source of many goods and services for the population. Despite the intensification of cocoa production, producers preserve and/or grow woody species in association with cocoa trees. Recent studies reveal that the type and dimensions of species, as well as the ecosystem services provided by Traditional Agroforestry Systems to Cocoa (SAF) are determined by peasants. Our objective is therefore to contribute to a better knowledge of SAF by studying the preserved woody stand in cocoa SAF, in the western area of Côte d’Ivoire, with strong agricultural dynamics. Floristic inventories were carried out in 75 plots of 400 m2 each and ethnobotanical surveys concerned 100 producers. The results showed that the preserved flora is diversified and rich of 48 species with 44 genera distributed among 27 families, among that the most dominant are Euphobiaceae (13 p.c.) and Fabaceae (10 p.c.). The preserved species are useful in 12 uses categories dominated more than 35% by traditional medecine, food, firewood, timber and trade. In the current context of global change, these results make possible to value the resources of SAF but also help to find how to guarantee the resilience of production systems and food security.

Problematic of lubrication of the TIGER engine in the Mbujimayi city

KAZADI, Georges KABAMBA MWENDA — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

This research was focused on the problem of lubrication of the TIGER engine in the Mbujimayi city, which causes harmful problems on this type of engine and which has an impact on the socio-economic life of Mbujimayi’s population. For that we tried to know the causes of the lack or the bad lubrication in the TIGER engine in order to propose some solutions to guarantee the long life of the engine. The results obtained showed that a large part of the people interviewed, 83%, do not know why oil-gasoline should be mixed at the time of purchase and 17% have limited knowledge of this mixture. At the end of this study, it also emerged that 40% of the breakdowns that occur on the TIGER engine are wear and tear and is caused to 71.4% by the lack or poor lubrication.

Problematic of reuse of the used oils on the single-cylinder diesel engines of mill to the walks Bakwa Dianga

MUANISHAYI, Patrick KALALA — 2023-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Lubricating oils are essential to ensure the proper functioning of an engine. They are composed of base oils of petroleum or synthetic origin and additives. The latter confer good properties to lubricating oils. However, these characteristics can be lost after use. The lubricating oils of the engine type become black during its use, and this is due to their degradation because of several phenomena, such as oxidation, contamination, as well as corrosion and other phenomena. The results obtained showed well, that this engine oil degrades quickly, and also remarkable with the change of color that becomes more and more black, contains solid contaminants that can be the cause of engine damage. In addition, of the mills in the Dibindi market, 94% are equipped with single-cylinder diesel engines. Of these 94%, only 29% of the mills reuse the used oil, and 48% of the users do so because of lack of financial means, and 43% prefer to earn a lot of money by reducing the expenses related to the purchase of new oil. 49% do not know the negative consequences that would happen if they reuse used oil; and finally, in the single-cylinder diesel engines targeted, 25% of the breakdowns are due to bad lubrication or bad lubricants.

Use of 5G technology in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Jeancy, Vutu Ngoma — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Advances in communication and data transmission are significantly improving the use of online applications and communication with wireless devices, achieving real-time interaction with remote devices, in this environment, 5G technology allows a very great technological advance in communication means; the study aimed to find out the level of knowledge that local Internet service providers and mobile operators have of this technology, as well as the degree of its implementation and use. 5G technology represents a set of improvements over current 3G and 4G communication technologies, such as greater bandwidth, low latency, short delays, low energy consumption, enabling the implementation of smart cities, home automation and business automation, significantly improving mobile and fixed communication, all of which, combined with the use of optical fiber, will completely change the way we use the internet as a means of communication.

Kantian fundamentals of a political organization

Bateganyi, Jean Rodrigue — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Kant is convinced of the possibility of a peaceful coexistence between individuals and people. In case freedom rises to be judicial, its formalism présumés three a priori conditions to each political organization. They are freedom, equality and independence. Those three a priori conditions highlight the rationality of the reports among people who are determined to live together of the good of all. It’s because they are rational that they are submitted to that venture. It’s because they need the same thing that they are engaged in the achievement of the common purposes through the rule called contract. The later facilitates a peaceful life and wise to be between individuals and peoples.

Management of biological and chemical risks in the pathological anatomy laboratory of the Ibn Rochd University Hospital in Casablanca

Belcaid, Mohamed — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: The Pathological Anatomy laboratory presents risks related to the handling of potentially contaminated surgical, biopsy or cytological samples, as well as the use of dangerous chemicals. The objective of our study is to evaluate the biological and chemical risks incurred by the staff of the PCR laboratory of the Ibn Rochd university hospital center (CHU) in Casablanca and to recommend prevention and protection measures against these risks. Methods: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study over a period of six months, involving all laboratory staff. Our study is based on the use of detailed questionnaires, interviews and observations of working conditions. Results: The evaluation revealed several failures: insufficient training of staff in matters of hygiene and safety in the workplace, medical monitoring is not systematically respected, accidents linked to exposure to biological liquids and products chemicals are relatively common, a lack of maintenance of collective protective equipment such as extractor hoods, a lack of protective glasses and compliant respiratory masks, inappropriate storage of dangerous chemicals, lack of display of certain instructions safety and insufficient compliance with waste disposal requirements. Conclusion: It is imperative to put in place an action plan aimed at preventing and protecting laboratory personnel against these risks.

Africa in global geopolitics: From traditional north-south cooperation to new strategic alliances

Alosse, Dotsè Charles-Grégoire — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Cooperation is the action of participating in a common work, the collaboration between actors, especially States, for a common goal. It is a policy of understanding and cultural, economic or scientific exchanges between States, and especially in the context of international relations of development aid to less developed nations from developed countries. North-South cooperation, which is the most traditional type of cooperation, occurs when a developed country provides economic or other support to a less developed country, particularly in the context of development programmes. This cooperation is valued differently because of its effectiveness. Often marked by hegemonic considerations, North-South cooperation has a lead in the wing in the current geopolitical context where, in Africa, new players are emerging. These partners loosen financial constraints and conditionalities, but they also increase the risks of debt reduction and weak coordination of development policies. It is necessary to distinguish between the geopolitical stakes of the multipolar world and the new actors of cooperation in Africa in order to explore the perspectives that open to Africa in its cooperation with the world powers. The aim is to empower Africa with regard to predatory cooperation which, instead of emancipating it, plunges it further into dependence. Africa must define its priorities in all forms of cooperation, whether traditional or new.

Classified flow curve, a tool to characterize the severity and seasonality of low water levels: Case of the Tassaout watershed upstream of the Moulay Youssef Dam (1978-2016), Morocco

Chakir, Mohamed — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Tassaout watershed (upstream Moulay Youssef dam) belongs to a semi-arid climatic context, characterized by limited precipitation. In addition to the scarcity and uneven distribution of water resources, under the shadow of current climate change, the region is subject to increasing demand for water resources. Low water is a seasonal event that can recur every year. Annual variations in precipitation can impact the severity of low water. This article attempts to contribute to the study of the severity and seasonality of low water levels based on the water deficit recorded during these periods. For this, we used the SPA (Sequent Peak Algorithm) method based on the amount of water deficit. The threshold for the appearance of low water was determined from the Q75 indicator extracted from the classified flow curve based on the daily flow data measured at the two stations; of Ait Tamlil and Tamsemat, which covers the period from 1978 to 2016.

Aesthetic Experience and its Relationship with Symbolic Connotations in Printmaking Design

Al Suyud, Manal Abdu Ahmed — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The research discussed the concept of aesthetic experience and the opinions of philosophers about it. It focused on the philosopher John Dewey's concept in its interpretation, and the relationship of aesthetic experience in the artist's creation of symbolic connotations in artistic printmaking.، The research problem was summarized in the following question: What is the relationship of aesthetic experience in the innovation of symbolic connotations in printmaking design? This research aims to identify the concept of aesthetic experience and the problem of opinions about it, as well as identifying what symbolic connotations are. It also aims to reveal how aesthetic experience is related in the creation of symbolic connotations in printmaking design. The research hypothesized that aesthetic experience might contribute to the creation of symbolic connotations in printmaking design. The most important results were summarized in the importance of the ordinary experiences that the individual goes through, which are consistently associated with the aesthetic experience. and that aesthetic experience has an important role in creating symbolic connotations in printmaking design. The study also found that all kinds of symbols are rich sources for the artist through which he expresses the outcome of his experiences in creative printmaking designs and that the artistic expression using symbols emphasizes John Dewey's philosophy of the arts, which says that art does not depend on simulation. The research recommends focusing on studies in the field of aesthetic experience and its importance for the creative artist and the recipient connoisseur of art, concentrating on the development and refinement of the aesthetic sense of the emerging generation, and focusing on gaining aesthetic experience to perceive the manifestations of beauty in the surrounding environment and other experiences in it. The research also recommends paying attention to studies related to symbolic connotations because of their role in developing innovation for the artist in the implementation of printmaking design.

Preliminary essay of phenotypic and zootechnical characterisation of the caprine breed slaughtered at the Port-Bouët slaughterhouse for butchery in Abidjan city

Akaffou, Yapo — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this study was the determination of phenotypic and zootechnical characteristics of the caprine breed slaughtered for butchery in Abidjan city. Thus, a study was done on 120 caprine at the Port-Bouët slaughterhouse in the city of Abidjan. Then, the breed, coat colour, age, presence or not of horns, goatee and pendants, as well as the measurements, height at the withers and thoracic perimeter were determined. Descriptive statistics of these variables were produced. Followed by a Chi square test for qualitative variables. Furthermore, an ANOVA was performed for the quantitative variables. The results show that caprine Sahelian breed (94.17%) are more slaughtered than those of the Djallonké breed (5.83%). Coat colours commonly encountered are black-brown and black-piebald (28.57%) for Djallonké breed and brown-piebald (50.44%) for the Sahelian breed. Caprine breed over four years old age (73.33%) are more slaughtered than others. The tallest caprine on legs are from Sahelian breed (78.67 cm), males (80.98 cm) and those from 3 to 4 years old age (78.18 cm). The thoracic perimeter was 75.34 cm in caprine of the Sahelian breed, 77.54 cm for males and 76.35 cm for caprine breed of 3 to 4 years old age. The height at the withers and the thoracic perimeter are influenced by breed or sex (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the caprine breed slaughtered at the Port-Bouët slaughterhouse showed various breeds, sex, coat colors and ages.

Study of a DC micro-link: Contribution to the creation of a didactic model

Jean De Dieu, KADIATA MUTEBA — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this article, we present an electrical engineering project that is instructive and complex because it calls on several electrical engineering disciplines, namely: electrical engineering, power electronics, harmonic pollution, filtering, etc. This is a presentation of the study of a DC micro-link carried out as part of a graduate thesis in electrical engineering at the Higher Institute of Applied Techniques of Kolwezi (ISTA/KOLWEZI). The subject is sufficiently ambitious to illustrate a large number of electrical engineering disciplines and to allow an interesting theoretical study. The detailed study of the assembly is presented in this document, together with its overall diagram.

Morphopedological and physicochemical characteristics of the bottom on the Marahoue side in the center west of the Ivory Coast

Bouadou, F. Bouadou Oi — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The degradation followed by the disappearance of fertile land in a context of climate change affects agricultural production in the world and in sub-Saharan Africa. In Côte d’Ivoire, soil degradation and scarcity linked to demographic pressure lead the farmers of Bouaflé, in the center-west region of Côte d’Ivoire, to seek new cultivable land, in particular hydromorphic land in the lowlands. bottoms and banks of river tributaries. To this end, a study on the morphopedological and physicochemical characterization was conducted in order to determine the agronomic potential of the soils of the lower slope of a toposequence of the watershed of the Bandama River (Marahoué). On the bottom of the slope of the longest open toposequence on a 1000 m strip, three soil pits were opened under three vegetation covers characteristic of this topographic segment consisting successively of the top of the steepest slope to the river (lowest level of slope), wooded savannah, grassy savannah and prairie leading to the river. The profiles of these pits were described and sampled in the 0 – 20 cm and 20 – 40 cm layers and a composite sample was made and then analyzed in the laboratory. The types of soil encountered in the lower slope are impoverished ferralitic soils (Arenosols) and hydromorphic soils (Gleysols). The morphological characteristics of these soils offer an average agricultural potential while the low levels of assimilable phosphorus and the low cation exchange capacity (CEC) constitute the major chemical constraints for agriculture.

The problem of cyberattacks on power grids: The case of electric power companies in Togo

Kpegouni, Abasse — 2023-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The evolution of information and communication technologies and their integration in almost all sectors of the economy (telecommunications, industry, transport, energy, trade, etc.) has made it possible to improve management and decision-making in real time in these sectors. In the industrial sector, and particularly in the electro-energy sector, information and communication technologies offer advantages in terms of speed, efficiency, cost-effectiveness, etc., as smart grids allow a large number of connected objects to interact, communicate and collaborate. On the other hand, these technological advances and the increase in Internet connectivity of electric power companies have led to an increase in the number of access points, making them more vulnerable to cyber-attacks. As a result, IT security for power grids is essential. The objective of this paper is to highlight, based on the extensive literature review and critical analyses, the cybersecurity issues in Smart Grids. The vulnerabilities of electrical infrastructures and the different solutions or systems implemented by researchers to address the problems of cyber-attacks have been presented. Machine learning and artificial intelligence techniques will be used in the following research to detect and block attacks on an electrical infrastructure in order to protect the electrical network from cyber-attacks.

Utilization of indigenous knowledge on health and illness among the Baiga and Kol Tribe in Sidhi district of Madhya Pradesh, India: A comparative study

Das, Nikita — 2023-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), «traditional medicine as the health practices, approaches, knowledge and beliefs comprising plant, animal and mineral based medicines, spiritual therapies, manual techniques and exercises, applied singularly or in combination to treat, diagnose and prevent illnesses or maintain well-being». The objective of the study is to find out the Indigenous Knowledge of health and illness among the Baiga (PVTG) and Kol tribes of Sidhi District of Madhya Pradesh, India. The cross sectional study is carried out in Sidhi District of Madhya Pradesh, India. A total of 200 (Age below 35 and 50 years above, 100 young and 100 Old) individuals (100 each from both tribal communities) were selected by using of purposive sampling for this research. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected. The present study showed their perception on health and Illness. The most of the People are highly believe on traditional as well as supernatural things. They are firstly preferred to traditional and spiritual healers as compare to allopathic doctors. The traditional medicines and spirituals believes which are playing a major role among the Baiga and Kol community seeks immediate attention since the practitioners are mostly the older generation and not many youngsters are ready to carry forward the tradition.

Congenital asymmetric Crying Facies: Case report

Kouskous, Faical — 2023-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Asymmetric crying facies in neonates is a rare condition that might be due to hypoplasia of the depressor anguli oris muscle and is characterized by asymmetry of lower lip depression during crying. Case report: We report a full-term newborn delivered by cesarean section with an uneventful pregnancy among non-consanguineous parents. The newborns have an Apgar score of 9 and 10 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. His birth measurements were appropriate for his gestational age. His initial clinical examination was normal, apart from the presence of a red intersourciliary macule and an asymmetric face while crying, with the right lip corner disappearing at rest. In this clinical presentation, the diagnosis of asymmetric crying facies was retained. Conclusion: Despite the fact that our patient has no other associated malformations, any facial paralysis that disappears at rest should be treated as a sign of asymmetric crying facies, and other malformations that may be associated should be screened for.

Contribution of geomatics in the assessment of the impact of urbanization on Bingerville municipality’s plant resources by 2040

Diarra, Sako Mariétou — 2023-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Côte d’Ivoire, like most African countries, is suffering the full force of the phenomenon of urban sprawl, which in its manifestation causes many environmental problems. In Bingerville, the gradual disappearance of plant resources in favor of ever-increasing urbanization and the problems posed by the cohabitation of man and nature raise questions. The objective of this work is to analyze the environmental changes linked to urban dynamics in the commune of Bingerville using remote sensing and GIS and to model changes in land use in order to assess the impact of urban sprawl on the plant resources of Bingerville by 2040. The methodological approach focused first on the processing of multispectral and multidate Landsat images: 1989 ETM, 1999 ETM, 2008 ETM+, 2016 and 2020 OLI TIRS for the analysis of the spatio-temporal dynamics of land cover and a modeling of land cover in 2040 using the CA_Markov model. From 1989 to 2020, the area of urban stain has increased from 8% to 39%, the vegetation registers during the same period a regression of its area by -3.06%. The results of the modeling of land use changes by 2040 confirm the trends illustrated by the classification results, the «built-up» class will be the most important land use unit with 49.49%, while vegetation will represent only 10.69% of the total area of the city. The agglomeration of the urban municipality of Bingerville is a perfect illustration of the constraint that urban dynamics exerts on the vegetation cover.

Evaluation of the performance of climate models from the CORDEX-AFRICA database on the watershed of the Sassandra River in Buyo (Western Côte d'Ivoire)

Konaté, Daouda — 2023-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Global and regional climate simulation results often do not accurately reflect changes in climate, hampering their direct applicability. Impact studies using high-resolution data received bias correction for climate variables. This study made it possible to choose and validate regional climate models from the CORDEX-Africa database in order to describe the future climate of the Sassandra River watershed in Buyo (western Côte d’Ivoire). The choice of models was made by the Taylor diagram method associated with the seasonal profile of the models and observations. Thus, the outputs of the selected models were corrected by the Distribution Mapping method (quantile mapping) using the CMhyd tool. At the end the potential future climate changes are assessed by analyzing the changes predicted by the models. The study reveals that the ICHEC, IPSL and NCC models have a good ability to simulate the climate of the basin. The climate simulation shows variations in climate parameters. The RCP 4.5 scenario forecasts rainfall fluctuations of -20.8% to +58.1% by 2030 and from -18.8% to +61.7% by 2050. The RCP 8.5 predict precipitation fluctuations of -19.4% to +43.8% by 2030 and -7.5% to +73.3% by 2050. All models include an increase in temperature under the two scenarios from +1.6 to +4.4℃ for RCP 4.5 and from +2.1 to +5℃ for RCP 8.5.

Cybercrime in the Digital Era: A Study of Legal and Regulatory Challenges

Bougren, Ghita — 2023-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Cybercrime poses a major challenge in the digital age, requiring special attention in terms of legal and regulatory frameworks. This article aims to examine the theoretical and empirical literature and the legal framework for combating cybercrime at both the national and international levels, with a particular focus on the moroccan context. Selected studies have been analysed in terms of the legal issues associated with emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and blockchain. This article emphasizes the importance of a robust legal framework in combating cybercrime and highlights future prospects while shedding light on the challenges that need to be addressed.

Knowledge and practices of Bwamanda Reference General Hospital providers on the management of side effects of modern contraceptive methods

Désiré, MOMBELA IBELE — 2023-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study is a survey that we conducted in the health zone of Bwamanda, more precisely at the general hospital of reference of BWAMANDA, city province of Sud-Ubangi, in the Democratic Republic of Congo for a period of three months from July to September 2022. Its purpose is to assess the knowledge and practices of providers in the management of side effects related to the use of modern contraceptive methods among beneficiaries, users or clients. The approach that led this research is the analytico-descriptive coupled method of investigation. It targeted a population made up of 18 providers working at the Bwamanda HGR, mainly those involved in the family planning service and to some extent, expected to manage complications resulting from the use of modern contraceptive methods (MCM). If maternity is considered in Africa as a mark of social consideration and marital security, family planning (FP) is positioned as a remedy for birth control, maternity or even maternal deaths. Nevertheless, taking contraceptives is not without side effects, which create, rightly or wrongly, detachment or even disinterest in the methods adopted. The study was induced by the recurrence of side effects potentially related to contraceptive use among women of childbearing age. More than 70% of participants were reviewed in consultation, including young people under 30. The good management (PEC) of these side effects remains the key to attracting new acceptants and the success of the PF. The study was able to highlight menstrual disturbances, amenorrhea, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) as side effects of MCAs encountered in Bwamanda; while regarding the level of knowledge and practices related to PEC of theseci, the study placed it at a threshold lower than acceptable (35%) according to the grid developed for this purpose. In practice, the study revealed that the acts of service providers are modeled on standardized models and do not take into account the specific specificities of each client, let alone the context.

Administrative referrals and promotion of the rule of law in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Pierre, Malagano Kalongola — 2023-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Readers will remember that in 2006, the congolese constituent proclaimed the rule of law, one of the fundamental criteria of which remains the desire to eliminate any arbitrary act. Notwithstanding this proclamation, before 2016, it was difficult for individuals prejudiced by decisions Administrative even manifestly illegal to be quickly heard and rehabilitated in their freedoms and rights. With the entry into force of the organic law on the organization, functioning and competence of the courts of the Administrative order; the legislator is inspired by the desire to frame the role of the State in order to limit its power and fight against arbitrariness.Power must stop power, it is said. And this is why the congolese legislator wanted to give individuals themselves the effective procedural means to guarantee the protection of their rights and freedoms by organizing three main categories of summary proceeding: general summary proceedings, individual summary proceedings and special summary proceedings.

The Use of H5P to Widen English Lexicon: A Study on Moroccan ESP Students

Boulaid, Fouad — 2023-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

H5P is an artificial intelligence software that comprises learning content such as presentations, quizzes, interactive videos, and games. This study scrutinizes the role of using H5P in the enhancement of the ESP English Vocabulary of Moroccan Higher Education Students. Based on a convenient sampling and a triangulation model of analysis, one hundred and seventy-five students from the High School of Technology in Khenifra were tested and observed while fifteen teachers were interviewed. The aim of this quasi-experimental study is to analyze the importance of incorporating H5P as an innovative AI synchronously and asynchronously to enrich EST students’ ESP vocabulary, which supports language skills mainly writing and speaking. The participants attended different ESP activities using the H5P platform, and the project lasted ten weeks. The data collected were supported by the SPSS software and analyzed to identify the effects of H5P on the participants’ impetus and ESP improvement. The outcome also displays that working with H5P during a short period had a relatively significant impact on students’ learning sustainability which can empower their language knowledge. Analyses of the questionnaires’ responses prior to and after the exposure to H5P reveal the latter significantly contributes to students’ ESP vocabulary enhancement. Indeed, the research seeks an alternate teaching approach that would assist students in widening their English vocabulary through novel AI platforms. Teachers may indeed generate novel pedagogies from this paper’s outcome. The ultimate results imply that H5P contributes to enriching EFL students’ lexicon.

Development of a new medical image compression method for optimal storage space

ZEBAZE, Livane NGUEJIO — 2023-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Image compression is a process of reducing the number of bits needed to represent an image. The goal is to optimize storage spaces, facilitate their transmission through the network and thus promote telemedicine. Over the years, several compression algorithms have distinguished themselves by their ability to reduce the size of the image while maintaining an acceptable visual appearance. These include the JPEG standard, the JPEG2000 standard and many others. The principle of these algorithms is essentially based on the reduction wavelet coefficients according to the singularity of the image. In this article, a new approach is proposed. The goal of this approach is to zero the wavelet coefficients regardless of the singularity of the image. To achieve this goal, our algorithm segments into three fundamental parts. The first part consists in breaking down the image into sub-bands through the QWT formalism. Subsequently, in order to obtain orthogonal matrices, we break down the matrices of the recently obtained sub-bands into singular values. The objective of these matrices is to exploit the redundancy present in the image while putting most wavelet coefficients to zero without, however significantly degrading the visual aspect of the image. To close the algorithm, we apply a thresholding function to the previously obtained wavelet coefficients. The method was evaluated by computer performance criteria such asand by human visual system performance criteria such as. These criteria are used to judge the quality of the reconstructed image and the compression ratio.

Impact of continuous training on primary school teachers’ classroom practices in Morocco: Case study of the provincial direction of Rabat

Rachid, Arharbi — 2023-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Since its independence in 1956, Morocco has undertaken several educational system reforms with the aim of enhancing its educational indicators and assure quality education for its citizens. Among the recurring axes that are ceaselessly present throughout the various reforms that have been launched, the axis of training (pre-service and continuous) is granted a distinct status. Whereas pre-service training endeavors to prepare prospective teachers for their future duties and acquire the skills necessary for the profession, continuous training seeks to hone these skills and equip teachers with the tools that would expectedly help them adopt classroom practices that are founded on more dynamic and effective teaching approaches. Continuous training that does not contribute to the improvement of teacher practices within classes cannot claim to be playing a role in the implementation of the projected educational reform. Following this principle, this paper attempted to investigate the impact of continuous training cycles provided for primary school teachers in Morocco on their classroom practices. We have chosen the provincial directorate of Rabat as a practical illustration. Through (1) a quantitative study and analysis of the evolution of the number of primary school teachers who have benefited from continuous training cycles compared to the overall number, (2) an analysis of the axes of the Rabat directorate provincial action plan for continuous training, and most importantly through (3) a practical field study, by means of a digital questionnaire addressed to the provincial directorate primary school teachers who have benefited from continuous training over the past three years, we have identified positive and encouraging results as well as a number of deficiencies to which more attention has to be paid in order to realize the expected outcomes of the reform.

Marjolin ulcer management: Experience of the plastic surgery service at Mohammed VI University Hospital Marrakech, Morocco

Elatiqi, O. — 2023-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: Marjolin’s ulcer is the malignant transformation of a burn scar or any other wound or chronic ulceration. Material and methods: This is a retrospective study spread over 2 years from January 2020 to January 2022 on 13 files of patients hospitalized in the plastic surgery department of Marrakech. Results: 13 patients, male in 77% of cases, the average age was 52 with extremes between 25 and 74 years old, the main location was the lower limb in 46% of cases, the scalp in 39% and the upper limb in 15%, the average size of the tumor was 11,5cm with extremes between 5 and 30cm, in 85% of cases it was a squamous cell carcinoma, lymph node dissection was performed in 61.5%, surgical excision required amputation in 5 cases, 2 in the upper limb and 3 in the lower limb due to bone invasion, an extension assessment was performed for all patients, positive in 70% of cases, coverage required direct sutures in 40%, grafts in 30%, and flaps in 30%. The evolution was marked by recurrence in 2 cases. All patients were referred for adjuvant treatment. Conclusion: Marjolin’s ulcer remains a rare but very locally aggressive tumor with significant metastatic potential.

Conceptual study of a variable-speed mini-conveyor used in the construction of upstairs houses

Benie, Mapamboli Ebuta — 2023-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper proposes a conceptual study for the implementation of a mini-conveyor that facilitates the overhead movement of concrete. The implementation of this device will remarkably improve the living conditions of the builders during the concrete pouring phase, by reducing labor. The study is based on the modelisation of static loads, the nature and effects of which depend favourably on the products being transported, acting on the conveyor belt fitted with buckets to facilitate movement. At the end of the analysis process, a prototype was designed which, using conventional prototyping methods, could be compared with the finished product.

Learning the French language and the question of Motivation: Case of the high school in the Rhamna region

Marouani, Mohamed — 2023-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

To learn we must will. To will learn is triggered as soon as it is motivated. Being a result of endogenous and other exogenous factors, motivation constitutes this state propelling human being in a quest for balance and satisfaction. This paper focuses on this state in relation to the learning of the French language in the Moroccan secondary cycle, as a language, among many others, serving the needs of appreciation, communication and positive integration. Thus, situating the concept of «motivation» within pedagogical research, in general, then accounting for its contribution, via a few psycho-pedagogical approaches, to the learning of the French language in Moroccan high schools, in particular, would serve as markers to approach the possible relationship between the act of considering «motivation» and the attractiveness of the French language in the Moroccan high school. The reality on the ground surveyed will make possible the evaluation of the quality of this relationship with a view to advancing prospects likely to improve its content.

Medicinal plants used to treat common diseases by Séria cocoa farmers and their families (Centre-West, Côte d’Ivoire)

Cyriac, Kouadio N’Dah Kouamé — 2023-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Ivory Coast, plant-based medicine is the mainstay of primary healthcare for the majority of the population, thanks to its geographical, economic and cultural accessibility. As with this population, cocoa farmers in the Daloa region and their families continue to use plant species from the surrounding environment or their cocoa agroforestry systems on a daily basis for their health care. Despite its importance, this medicinal phytodiversity is threatened with extinction by the dynamic expansion of cocoa plantations and maintenance activities. The aim of our study is to contribute to a better understanding of the medicinal flora used by cocoa growers. Ethnobotanical surveys of 100 growers and their families showed that they suffer from 38 diseases, of which malaria, hemorrhoids, general fatigue, stomach ulcers and typhoid fever are the most common. The medicinal flora used is rich in 21 species divided into 20 genera and 17 families. It is collected mainly from fallow land and cocoa agroforestry systems. The health profile of producers and their families could help guide decisions to improve their living conditions. In addition, the results of this study could contribute to better preservation of medicinal flora in cocoa agroforestry systems in the current context of the biodiversity crisis.

Electrical Resistivity Tomography applied to the installation of AEP boreholes at Bouna and Doropo in the Bounkani region (North-East) of Côte d’Ivoire

KOUAME, Armel Kouadio — 2023-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

To meet this need for permanent water availability for rural populations in the departments of Bouna and Doropo in Bounkani, Côte d’Ivoire (north-east), this study set out to identify ten sites for the installation of future boreholes designed to boost the production of water for human consumption. Five (05) panels of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) were carried out using a Syscal-Pro Switch 36 resistivity meter (Iris Instruments, France) connected to 04 flutes of 36 metal electrodes regularly spaced 10 metres apart by 1070 m according to the pole-dipole (PD) configuration. The results identified conductive corridors within the crystallophyll basement, corresponding to fractures oriented preferentially E-W, NE-SW and NW-SE. The 2D electrical resistivity tomography panels also reveal a structure composed of two layers (alterites and fissured zone) superimposed on the sound bedrock. Hydrogeological analysis of lithological variations and geometric parameters of structural discontinuities (thickness of alterites, thickness, range of electrical resistivities and extension of fissured zone) have led to the proposal of eleven (11) sites suitable for the installation of high-volume boreholes. These future drilling points will help to alleviate the shortage of drinking water in the targeted localities in the area.

Analysing the evolution of priority diseases in the area affected by the Noumoubougou domestic waste landfill near Bamako, Mali

Traore, Hippolyte — 2023-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The study area includes four villages in the vicinity of the Noumoubougou landfill, 30 km from Bamako. The objective is to analyze the evolution of priority diseases in the area from 2015 to 2022. Since its construction, no health monitoring or study has been carried out to analyze the impact of the landfill on the health and well-being of the local population. After collecting, analyzing and applying epidemiological criteria, the study uncovered six notable environmental health phenomena: (i) the treatment of more than 2,969 cases of confirmed severe malaria, with no recorded deaths; (ii) the scissors phenomenon, characterized by a decrease in indicators of various traumas, diarrhea and low ARI, and a simultaneous increase in indicators of malaria and high ARI; (iii) the drastic increase in the indicators of malaria and high ARI between 2017 and 2020; (iv) the collective immunity developed against the covid-19 pandemic before its emergence; (v) the unhealthy environment in and around the open dump, influencing three concentric zones of exposure to malaria; (vi) the construction of unregulated housing within 300 meters of the dump. The study thus established a link between the drastic increase in malaria and ARI indicators in the area and the Noumoubougou landfill as a contributing factor.

Analysing the application of hygiene and safety measures in the area affected by the Noumoubougou domestic waste landfill near Bamako, Mali

Traore, Hippolyte — 2023-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Noumoubougou landfill is located 30 kilometers northeast of Bamako on the Koulikoro road. Its construction has given rise to a great deal of concern, disagreement and even reluctance on the part of the local population. This issue led us to analyze the application of health and safety measures in and around the site. The study covers the period from 2020 to 2022. The methodology focuses on observing the landfill, taking groundwater samples in and around the landfill, and interviewing landfill supervisors. Observations showed that the landfill does not meet the criteria of a compacted controlled landfill, as waste is not covered on a daily basis and is a source of pollution and nuisance. Biomedical and toxicological analyses have confirmed that the groundwater is not polluted by the leachate produced by the landfill. Lack of awareness on the part of users, site supervisors and the local population, lack of compliance by the authorities and insufficient financial resources to ensure the management, operation and monitoring of such a facility are determining factors in the inadequate application of health and safety measures.

Leachate treatment: Originality and performance

El Fadel, Hanane — 2023-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Leachate from landfill requires treatment before discharge into the environment to avoid surface and underground water contamination. In this paper, the treatment performance of combined system by physico-chemical and biological techniques for landfill leachate are studied, the biological treatment by Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR), the coagulation-flocculation and the filtration-fly ash. Both coagulation-floculation and treatment biologique by Sequencing Bach Reactor are effective for over 98,07% COD removal, 99,16% BOD5, a removal rate of 96,14% for NH4, 79,82% for NO3-, 97,32% for NO2-, 89,09% for suspended solids (SS) and 87,71% for PO4. A combination of physical and biological treatments has demonstrated its effectiveness for the treatment of intermediate leachate. Almost complete removal of COD and nitrogenous forms has been accomplished by a combination of biological treatment by SBR and physical treatment by filtration with COD concentration of 5200 mg/L and BOD5 concentration of 1375,12 mg/L. It is important to note that the selection of the most suitable treatment method for landfill leachate depends on the characteristics of landfill leachate, technical applicability and constraints, effluent discharge alternatives, cost-effectiveness, regulatory requirements and environmental impact. As a whole, a combination of two treatments proves to be more efficient and effective than individual treatment. This could be because a two-step treatment has the ability to synergize the advantages of individual treatments, while overcoming their respective limitations. A combined treatment is indeed capable of improving the effluent quality and minimizing the residue generated than an individual treatment.

The anchoring of environmental education in the Moroccan education system

El Fadel, Hanane — 2023-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article aims to show how to integrate the environmental dimension in the Moroccan education system. Through the disciplinary content, that must ensure the construction of solid theoretical skills, and knowledge about the environment. Among learners by providing them with the necessary knowledge and practical and extracurricular activities, provided by the environmental clubs, which allows a multidimensional teaching linked to the concerns of society. Several pedagogical practices can be carried out within environmental clubs: fieldwork by visits and ecological outings, activities by projects, partnership. These practices are considered important educational structures capable of ensuring the development of environmental culture in schools. However, several constraints to the activation of these clubs can be reported with school rhythms that are expressed both by a busy program for students and the hourly load for teachers. This does not favour learning contexts that put the student in various situations, including those outside the classroom. Hence the need to reduce school curricula and capitalize on good practices and initiatives in environmental education.

Perspectives and reflections of prospective teachers on home-base agriculture practical training in a restrictive environment on the tropical island of Tobago: A case study

Mollineau, William — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper surveyed a class of Prospective Teachers reading a 13-week agricultural course in the Bachelor of Primary Education Degree at The University of Trinidad and Tobago, Centre for Education Programmes, Tobago Campus. Data were collected pre and post course delivery. The paper discusses the results of the respondents. Major findings include the preference for crops over animals and the desire of the student teachers to incorporate the concepts of container gardening and indigenous animal knowledge in their classrooms. The students’ knowledge of Tobago’s indigenous animals were better than comparative groups in other geographic regions. It was concluded that the home-based container gardening approach may be successfully used for continuity of agricultural practical training of prospective teachers during periods where access to face-to-face teaching and learning are restricted.

Selection of a relational DBaaS by analyzing its main characteristics for an information system

Lira, Elizabeth Sola — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this research work, the evaluation of the criteria, components or characteristics offered by the three main DBaaS providers in the cloud was carried out: Google Cloud Platform (GCP), Microsoft Azure and Amazon Web Services (AWS), in relation to the offer of Database as a service (DBaaS) for PostgreSQL, in order to determine which is the best DBaaS option for an information system with a database in the cloud; An information system with DBaaS is developed as a case study to support the research, where the use of a methodology based on research and technological development is proposed. The DBaaS criteria, components, or features that were evaluated were availability, security, capacity, quick elasticity, performance, support, and cost. It is concluded that Azure DBaaS for PostgreSQL through a flexible server is the most appropriate DBaaS provider for the case study developed.

Electro and lithological facies characterization of the fluvial systems of the Ivorian Continental Terminal: Case of BNC1 drilling

Arnaud, Ble N’Tayé Christian — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The study is a contribution to the characterization of electro-facies and lithologic facies of fluvial systems in Ivorian Continental Terminal by analyzing gamma ray recordings and lithologic percentage data. The lithostratigraphy of the well was reconstructed using Strater software by a combined analysis of GR recordings and litho-granulometric data. The analyzes reveal nine litho-granulometric facies in this well and are mainly composed of coarse sands. These are medium clayey slity sands, coarse clayey slity sands, medium sands, coarse sands, medium gravelly sands, coarse gravelly sands, very coarse gravelly sands, gravels with coarse sands and kaolins. About the electro-facies, the analysis of log GR revealed 21 diagraphic facies (electro-facies) including 4 baselines, 5 lines of positive turns and 8 negative turns and 4 egg shapes. They have been identified in the lithologic facies. The deposit environment of BNC1 well formations is characterized by log shapes such as: cylindrical, funnel, bell and Serrated. These forms reflect fluvial environments such as braided channels and meandering channels (floodplain).

Climatic Drought Characterization Using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) Effects in the Tensift Watershed-Morocco

El Hawari, Jawad — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Drought is a complex natural phenomenon and does not have a precise definition. The frequency of this meteorological and climatic phenomenon has been intensifying in recent decades. It is the most serious natural risk for Morocco’s economy and its future given its harmful impacts. In this work, we study this phenomenon in the Tensift watershed using monthly rainfall series from three weather stations (Aghbalou, Chichaoua, Adamna), they represent the three parts of the basin (upstream, median and downstream). We use the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) calculated on several time scales. This allowed us to characterize the fluctuations of this phenomenon, which has become more pronounced during the last decades. We also present the correlation that exists between the SPI values that characterize the amount of rainfall and drought with the North Atlantic Oscillation index as an explanatory factor of this rainfall variability in the region.

Systematic Literature Review on social media in Employee Recruitment and Selection (2018-2022)

Saadaoui, Smail — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The increasing use of social media in recruitment processes has sparked growing interest in academic literature in recent years. This systematic literature review synthesizes and critically evaluates articles published in indexed journals between 2018 and 2022, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of the influence of social media on the recruitment process, identify key trends, challenges, and opportunities, and establish a foundation for future research, and theoretical and practical implications. Platforms such as LinkedIn, Facebook, and Twitter have become indispensable tools in the screening and selection stages of recruitment, leading to a fundamental shift in how employers identify, engage, and hire potential candidates. However, concerns related to privacy, bias, accuracy of information, and ethical and legal challenges need to be addressed. To maximize the potential of social media while minimizing risks, further research is needed to develop best practices for employers, recruitment professionals, and social media platform providers.

Selection and agronomic variability of twenty-nine accessions for the yield of bambara groundnut [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdcourt] cultivated in the Far West of Niger

Ibrahim, Abdou Zakary Yaou — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Bambara groundnut is a food legume grown mainly by women. In Niger, this plant is mainly cultivated without improved techniques, while improving the production of this crop can contribute to ensuring food security. The objective of this work is to characterize twenty-nine accessions of Bambara groundnut cultivated in the Far West region of Niger to evaluate their agro-morphological diversity and selected the best accessions for yield. The study was carried out according to a randomized complete block design with four replications. Sixteen (16) characters, including four (4) phenological, four (4) morphological, and eight (8) related to yield, were evaluated to characterize the accessions. Descriptive statistical analysis showed coefficients of variation fluctuating between 2.80% and 40.46%. Significantly high values (CV˃20%) were observed for 8 of the 16 metric traits analyzed. The strongest correlations reflecting a high variability of the characters within the studied collection are obtained between the number of petioles and the number of leaves (r=0.99), the weight of seeds and the yield (r=0.99), pod weight and seed weight (r=0.97), pod weight and yield (r=0.97).The results revealed a great morphological diversity of the vegetative and yield characters allowing to group the accessions in three (3) groups of which the first one is composed of accessions performing in the characters related to the yield, the second one is composed of accessions performing in yield and seeds, and the third one gathers the accessions having similar phenological characters. Accessions Do 024 (782.60 kg/ha), Do 001 (732.51 kg/ha), Do 013 (688.33 kg/ha), and Do 016 (685.84 kg/ha), Do 019 (646, 02 kg/ha), Do 011 (623.16 kg/ha), Do 007 (623.00kg/ha), Do 036 (621.60 kg/ha) and Do 003 (605.42 kg/ha) produced the highest yields in kg/ha.

Feeding trial of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with feed containing rabbit droppings

ADJANKE, Amakoé — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

A growth performance test of Nile tilapia reared in concrete tanks with rabbit droppings was carried out at the aquaculture experimentation unit of the Higher Institute of Aquaculture Professions (ISMA) of the University of Kara in Togo over a period of 6 months. Three diets were used in this study; two of them were based on rabbit poop. A control diet which is a standard fish feed Raanan (L0), a diet consisting of a fair mixture of rabbit poop and Raanan (L1) and a diet consisting of raw rabbit poop (L2). A total of 270 Nile tilapia fry with an average weight of 1.6 ± 0.1 g were distributed in nine concrete 600 L tanks randomly arranged at a density of 30 fish per tank. The fish were fed 3 times a day at the rate of 10% to 3% of the biomass from the first to the sixth month of the experiment. Control fisheries for the various production parameters were carried out every two weeks, and food rations were readjusted according to the biomasses. At the end of this experiment, interesting results were obtained. The survival rate varied from 78.30 ± 5% to 97 ± 0.6%. The growth performance was significantly affected by the different diets. The average daily weight gain recorded varied from 0.6 ± 0.0 g / d to 1.2 ± 0.0 g / d. Regarding feed efficiency, the food conversion ratio varied from 2.6 ± 0.1 to 9.2 ± 0.2 with interesting performances on the diet composed of a fair mixture of rabbit poop and Raanan.

For optimal planning of peri-urban agricultural lands in Bobo-Dioulasso districts 3 and 4 in Burkina Faso

Noël, GANSAONRE Raogo — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Agricultural practices in peri-urban areas are an important lever in the struggle against food insecurity and poverty in cities. Despite their great importance, the suburban agriculture lands are constantly threatened by the expansion of the cities in which they are located. The agricultural land that is developing on the outskirts of arrondissements 3 and 4 of the city of Bobo-Dioulasso is illustrative of this situation. Faced with a growing demand for housing space, these reserves of agricultural land are often transformed into housing areas, with enormous consequences. A prospective study carried out according to two scenarios has made it possible to characterise the future evolution of anthropic and natural formations around these two districts by 2029. The first simulation with socio-economic considerations led to a result according to which the conurbation will record an annual progression of 9% to the disadvantage of the surrounding formations. The second projection, based on a planning component, reveals a fairly stable evolution of all the land use units in districts 3 and 4 of the city.

Preliminary data on the lithology of the Diovo water borehole in Mbujimayi

Mayiba, Télesphore — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The formations crossed by the forage belong to the Bushimay System. They are essentially made up from top to bottom of soft formations (loose) including Sands and Sandstones subject to frequent landslides and which require appropriate protection methods and hard formations including limestone with hard sub-horizontal layers. Two essential parameters make it possible to interpret the ground crossed in the forage: the nature of the cuttings and the speed of penetration of the forage tool. The nature of the cuttings relates to the description of the different geological formations.

Hydrogeological study on water drilling from Kanjiya to Mbujimayi: A contribution to the stratigraphic analysis of the Bushimay system

Mayiba, Télesphore — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The hydrogeological problems posed by the KANJIYA borehole are multiple. Kanjiya is a district located in the commune of Bipemba in the town of Mbujimayi. Although a network of 24 boreholes has been established in the town of Mbujimayi, the KANJIYA borehole has never been studied as a whole from a hydrogeological point of view. It was therefore necessary to categorise the water table, determine its hydrodynamic parameters and study its behaviour during pumping tests. The data was collected by lithological description of the cuttings taken every metre from the sediments traversed by the borehole (the rotary) with a planned depth of 117.60 meters. The data from the flow tests and the existing geological and hydrogeological knowledge allowed us to categorise the water table and its hydrodynamic parameters and to reconstruct the lithological successions of the hydrogeological units. It has been shown in this work that KANJIYA belongs to a zone of the Bushimay system and the vertical lithological section shows the succession: clayey sand, more or less soft sandstone, weathered limestone, hard limestone, hard limestone, fissured limestone, cavity and hard limestone. The water table is encountered in a fissured limestone at a depth of 84.50 meters; its behaviour during pumping tests shows that it is semi-captive. The hydrodynamic parameters are favourable for exploitation at a flow rate of over 80 m3 per hour. A low drawdown, a slow descent of the hydrostatic level and a rapid rise in the water table when pumping stops would explain the influence of a more altered and fissured aquifer.

Number of finite topologies on a finite set: An approach of decomposition into partial topologies

Kasoki, Clara Paluku — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article deals with finite topological spaces. It shows that the set of all finite topologies on a finite set with n elements is the union of sets of partial topologies on X, where the number of elements in each set varies between 2 and 2n. The number of partial topologies with k elements on X is also determined, as well as the number of finite topologies on X using these results.

First characterisation of the recreational fishermen population in the department of Korhogo (northern Côte d’Ivoire)

Dogbo, Koudou — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the north of Côte d’Ivoire, the department of Korhogo has seen the development of recreational fishing in several of its localities for several years. However, there is no data on this activity in the statistics of the administrative structures for fisheries management. The same is true of scientific research. This article therefore proposes to provide the first data on the population of fishermen, the main actors in this activity. The study is based on a documentary analysis and a field survey based on a sample of 189 fishermen, interviewed at four sites. According to the results, the majority of fishermen are men (97.35%). Their average age is 50 years. They are mainly urban (92.52%) and live mainly (85.19%) in Korhogo, the main urban area of the department. The activity is also dominated by civil servants and private sector employees (41.27%).

Analysis of the determinants of land conflicts in the department of Lakota (South-West Ivorian)

Aristide, Gbodje Jean-François — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Land is a natural support for agricultural, cultural and social production, which is essential for people living in rural areas. Access to this resource therefore becomes an imperative for survival. In the department of Lakota, for the past two decades, land has been the object of much covetousness, thereby attracting a large migratory flow oriented mainly towards the acquisition of cultivable plots. Thus, in rural areas, competition for access to land and its control intensifies and generates land conflicts in the social body. This study addresses one of the themes that preoccupies, at the national level, the Ivorian state authorities at the highest level: the preservation of land conflicts. The central concern is as follows: how can we preserve land conflicts in rural areas in a context where land remains an essential support for agricultural production so coveted by farmers ? The response to this problem required a methodology based on bibliographic research and field research with farmers, customary and administrative authorities. This approach aims in particular to analyze the determinants of the advent of land conflicts in the department of Lakota and their impact on social cohesion in rural areas. The results show that land conflicts in Lakota result, on the one hand, from the pressure of farmers (indigenous and migrant) on land resources in search of cultivable land, and on the other hand, from the different modes of land transfer and poor agricultural practices associated with it.

E-learning and Moroccan universities: Case study of Al Akhawayn University in Ifrane

Benzina, Ouafae — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

In late December 2019, the Covid-19 virus was discovered in Wuhan, China, and then spread to all parts of the world, until a global pandemic was declared on March 11, 2020. In addition to disrupting the health situation in Morocco, the Covid-19 pandemic had a significant impact on all sectors from trade, agriculture, tourism to education, etc. On March 20, 2020, the Moroccan government forced entire regions of the kingdom into mandatory lockdown due to the rising number of coronavirus cases. National lockdown has forced Moroccan universities to move from face-to-face to online teaching. The objective of this contribution is to determine the extent to which higher education in Morocco successfully met the challenge of distance learning. In this regard, our research will focus on the analysis of Al Akhawayn University of Ifrane (AUI), as an example of distance learning, in Morocco, during the COVID-19 pandemic. AUI was chosen for the research because it is the only university in Morocco and Africa, to date, to be accredited for online education by the New England Commission for Higher Education (NECHE). Thus, the research will evaluate the methods used by AUI, including online e-learning platforms (MS Teams, Turnitin.com, Jenzabar, etc.), as well as flipped learning, as a method of academic success in the midst of a health crisis. The research is based on data collected through surveys of a number of AUI students.

The influence of absenteeism on the performance of medical personnel in Chad

Désiré, Lopiagoto Noudjihoudou — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

This quantitative article aims to evaluate the influence of absenteeism on the performance of health care personnel in Chad. It is based on a sample of 399 subjects from the public service, civil servants, state contractuals and institutional contractuals, aged between 18 and 50 years, male and female, married, widowed, divorced or single. The data collection was done through a questionnaire and the structural equation analysis is the method used. The results show that absenteeism negatively influences the performance of health care personnel Chad.

Long-term evaluation of the impact of land use dynamics on runoff in the Haut Bandama watershed (Northern Ivory Coast)

Blaise, OUEDE Gla — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Land use changes are mainly driven by human activities and climate change. Uncontrolled land use can alter surface runoff and affect several sectors of activity such as agriculture, hydropower, drinking water supply, sanitation, etc. The main objective of this study is to assess the influence of changes in land surface conditions on runoff in the Haut Bandama catchment. For this purpose, LANDSAT satellite images from 1990, 2006 and 2020 were used. These images were processed by the maximum likelihood supervised classification method under ENVI to establish the land use maps. Based on the past land use trends, a future prediction (2035 and 2050) is made using the Land Change Modeler. The diachronic analysis of the land use maps for the period 1990-2020 showed a decline in the area of forest and savannah patches, followed by that of water bodies. Conversely, the area of built-up and bare land as well as crops and fallow land is increasing. The same dynamics are predicted for the 2035 and 2050 horizons, where the savannah class dominates most of the net changes. The dynamics of the land surface condition has led to an increase in the runoff coefficient from 1990 to 2020 from 18.5% to 30.7% respectively. This evolution continues until 2050 with 34.5% in 2035 and 36.4% in 2050.

Physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of termite mounds of cubitermes sp. (isoptera, termitidae) and anthills of pheidole sp. (hymenoptera, formicidae) in the sudano-sahelian zone in Mali

Coulibaly, Abou — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Agricultural practices must adapt to meet environmental, climatic, food, social and economic challenges. Agriculture must move towards new forms of resources that improve productivity and protect the environment. This study will highlight the fertilizing potential of termite mounds and anthill. Physicochemical and microbiological analyses of the termite and ant farm soils were carried out. These soils are of silty type. The average content of assimilable phosphorus is higher in the ant farm soils than in the termite farm soils. The termite mound soils have a good biological activity compared to the ant farm soils. The physico-chemical nature of the analyzed soils has an influence on the spore density of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. This density is highest in the anthill soil. However, it did not have a significant effect on the nodulation of cowpea plants. As Rhizobiums, 6 morphotypes were identified, 4 were present in the termite mound soil and 2 in the anthill soil. The termite mound and ant farm soils could be used to improve the chemical and biological composition of soils and contribute to fertility restoration.

International migration of refugee family fisheries under the effect of coastal erosion and maritime submersion in Saint-Louis (Senegal)

BA, Abdoulaye Alassane — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper examines the ecological and environmental determinants of international migration and internal displacement of artisanal fishers in Saint-Louis, Senegal. The results obtained support the idea that climate change, by inducing warming, ocean acidification and disruption of the reproductive cycles of fish species, has contributed to the scarcity of these species and the impoverishment of artisanal fishermen in Saint-Louis. To adapt and without abandoning the traditional fishing activity, some fishermen emigrate to neighboring countries such as Mauritania and Gambia where they hope for a more profitable fishery, while others, displaced to resettlement sites such as Djougop because of coastal erosion, opt for illegal emigration to Spain despite the Covid-19 pandemic that is raging in the world. If this option does not scare the artisanal fisherman who is used to long sea crossings, it makes sense in the quest for a home and a socio-professional «comfort» torn by the nibbling swells.

Flora and vegetation of the ruderal areas of Azagny National Park and identification alien species

AKAFFOU, Sopie Elvire Vanessa — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Azagny National Park, is only coastal park in Côte d’Ivoire classified a zone RAMSAR. However, It is subject to strong degradation. The most common causes are peripheral agriculture, harverting of non-timber and wood forest products. All these factors lead to the increase of tracks, and therefore of ruderal areas, which facilitate the establishment, abundance and proliferation of invasive plants. These species are among the greatest threats to the integrity of protected areas and their struggle is a challenge. It is therefore necessary at first to know the ruderal flora of the park which is hitherto little known, to determine the invasive plants present in the park. The general objective of this study to improve knowledge of the flora and vegetation of the ruderal areas of Azagny national park. To achieve this objective, floristic inventory was carried in 92 plots of 50 m2 (5m x 10m) equidistant from 300m. The plant species were inventoried taking into account their abundance-dominance. The flora contains 150 species. 18 species with a particular status were inventoried. Ruderal areas of the park are home 15 invasive plants, including ten proven invasive plants, four potential ivasive plants and one species to monitor. Phytosociological study identified three plant groups including one of which were colonized by invasive plants. It is necessary to put in place a strategy and an action plan for these invasive plants in order to avoid the possible evolution in this forest heritage.

Proposal for a green belt along Lake-Kivu in the city of Goma: A new anticipation strategy for the danger of the disaster of tectonic origin at the level of Lake-Kivu (DR Congo)

GAKURU, Prosper BIZIMANA — 2023-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Goma is a millionaire city in eastern DRC facing natural and technological disasters. There is reason to say that its inhabitants live with fear in their stomachs despite their conservative spirit. Yet a strategic city since its creation, located between the Nyiragongo volcano in the north and Lake Kivu in the south with real constraints to its growth, the city also knows an urban anarchy because the rules of the art would be violated by a certain category of city-dwellers in certain places, such as on the shore of Lake Kivu, which moreover constitutes a zone of servitude. After confronting the reality on the ground with the regulations in terms of construction or town planning, it turned out that the urban habitat erected along the lake results from an urban anarchy legalized by the technical service in complicity with the other land actors on a high-risk area of tectonic origin capable of causing enormous damage such as the loss of human lives and material in the event of a tsunami. In view of this situation, the green belt, that is to say, revegetation was chosen as a new strategy for anticipating the danger of natural disaster.

Effectiveness of three (3) instructional methods on students’ academic achievement in basic technology in Lagos State, Nigeria

Adegbenro, Dawodu Rasheed — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The study was designed determined investigate the effectiveness of 3 Instructional methods on students’ Academic Achievement in Basic Technology in Lagos State. A guest experimental was used for the study using random sampling technique. One hundred and seventy-four (174) Basic eight (JSS II) basic technology students was used compering 86 marks and 88 females. The instrument for Data collection are pre-test (Pre BTAT) and post-test (Post BTAT). One (1) research question and one (1) hypothesis tested at 0.05 level of Signiant guided the study. The raw ability of the Basic Technology Achievement Test (BTAT) instrument using Knitter Richardson formula (KR-20) Yielded r=0.64 Data generated were analysed using mean and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The finishing shows that simulation activity and community of inquiry have significant effect in the achievement of students. The findings show that there is significant effect on the academic achievement with in basic technology with students taught using Simulation Activities (SA) and Community of Inquiry (COI) and those taught using Conventional Teaching Method (CTM). But the overall finding, revealed that SA is a viable alternative to COI and CTM of instruction basic technology.

Air navigation safety through the use of surface wave radar

Alexis, Sangi Matanda — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Air transport is one of the keys to the economic development and stability of a country. The emergence of this sector in a State depends on the radio resources implemented to ensure the safe and rapid flow of air traffic, but above all to guarantee the safety and efficiency of air navigation. It is with this in mind that the International Civil Aviation Organization «ICAO» recommends that all State bodies responsible for providing air services within the airspace of Contracting States meet the requirements of the Management of the Air Space «ATM» and the Communication, Navigation and Surveillance system in a structured approach to the effective implementation of the system called CNS/ATM. It is in this context that we subscribe to our study which aims to contribute to the process of implementation of the CNS/ATM plan by the Régie des Voies Aériennes in the airspace of the Democratic Republic of Congo. It emerges from this ICAO recommendation that our country continues to show some shortcomings, particularly in the area of full surveillance of its airspace. Thus, we are working on experimenting with radar systems for full, reliable and optimal surveillance of the country’s airspace. We have associated the current ADS-B surveillance system with other surveillance systems, primary radar «PSR» and secondary radar «SSR» to cover all regions of the airspace, and thanks to the multi-sensor function of the TOPSKY airspace surveillance, security and visualization system all surveillance data from these different systems will be merged.

Study of the implementation of an electronic voting system using new information and communication technologies for the next elections in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Jacques, Omatete Okitodinga — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study was conducted within the Independent National Electoral Commission, which is an organization responsible for organizing elections in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Given the reactions of the population and opponents observed in 2006, 2011 and 2018 during the referendum and the elections which amounted to electoral fraud. Thus, to allow this organization to be able to properly articulate its services and provide them in a short time, we have seen fit to develop a remote electronic voting system (n-tier client-server) which, voters having in their cards an identification chip, will begin to elect their candidates by choice through a client computer in each branch of the CENI (National Independent Electoral Commission) sitting in each polling station (BVD) and the general result will be displayed in the main server based in Kinshasa at the National Processing Center (CNT) in less time thanks to the Internet network through a secure SSL (Secure Socket Layer) connection to avoid piracy of the results.

Involvement of women in the socio-economic development of the town of Dimbokro (Ivory Coast)

Calvin, Yapi Atsé — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The issue of women’s empowerment is always at the heart of debates in national and international bodies. In developing countries, particularly in Côte d’Ivoire, poverty is more pronounced among women. Dimbokro, a town located in the centre of Côte d’Ivoire with an estimated population of 70,198 inhabitants, of which 34,808 are women, i.e. 49.58% of the population (INS, 2014), is not spared. In order to escape from poverty, women engage in certain economic activities that can lead to the development of the city. This study aims at a better knowledge of the contribution of women in the socio-economic development of the city of Dimbokro. The methodology used to conduct the study included documentary research, field observations, interviews and a census of economic activities carried out by women in the town of Dimbokro. The results show the existence of a diversity of economic activities carried out by women in the town of Dimbokro. Secondly, the representation of women in the socio-economic development of the town of Dimbokro is dominated by the tertiary sector with 80% of the female population against 15% for the primary sector and 5% for the secondary. Finally, in the exercise of their economic activities, women are confronted with certain obstacles, in particular the difficult access to credit and the high cost of the shop rents they occupy, which hinder their efforts. The State should work towards a better social integration of women in the socio-economic development of the country.

Malaria transmission and Kdr and Ace-1 gene distribution in the population of Anopheles gambiae of Azuretti, a laogon costal village of Grand-Bassam, in Côte-d’Ivoire

Konan, Guillaume Koffi — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Malaria remains a public health concern in Côte d’Ivoire. The fight against transmission of this disease requires a good knowledge of the vector as well as their level of susceptibility to insecticides most commonly used in public health, in order to better select tools and guide vector control strategies. An entomological survey was conducted in Grand-Bassam from January 2015 to december 2015. Adult resting mosquitoes were collected using pyrethrum spraying catches methods. Susceptibility tests were performed with three pyrethroids (alphacypermethrin, deltamethrin, permethrin) and an organophosphate (chlorpyrifos-methyl) according to the standard WHO test cylinder method, on 2-to-4-days old female Anopheles gambiae s.l. emerged from larvae collected in breeding sites and reared in the insectary. Complex members, insecticide resistance genes and An. gambiae s.l. infection with Plasmodium were analyzed, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Four genera of culicidae (Aedes, Anopheles, Culex and Mansonia) divided into nine species were collected. Anopheles gambiae s.l. was the most abundant species (69.3%) with the highest size recorded in June (n=116). The parity rate of captured females An. gambiae was very high (94.1%). Susceptibility tests showed that An. gambiae s.l. were resistant to all insecticides tested. The PCR results demonstrated that An. coluzzii was the only species of An. gambiae s.l. found in the study area. The resistance mechanisms involved the Kdr-w and Ace-1 mutations, which were expressed at allelic frequencies of 0.54 and 0.29, respectively in the population. Plasmodium falciparum was the only malaria parasite found with an infestation rate of 4.3%. These outcomes are important for planning the national malaria vector control programs.

Information System Evaluation and Performance in the Hotel Industry in Morocco: An Empirical Study

Taha, OUACHANI — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The growing importance of Information systems in optimizing the operations of organizations has led to a need for evaluating the performance of Information Systems. Consequently, there is an increasing demand for better performance from Information System resources in many organizations, including in the hotel industry. The focus of this study is on investigating the impact of information system evaluation on the performance of hotels in Morocco. The Delone and McLean model provides a robust framework for addressing our research question. Our analysis centers on how companies utilize technology and the performance of their systems. Our findings demonstrate that implementing a high-quality information system and service can enhance the performance of a company, as well as its relationship with the overall environment, by improving the productivity of users. As a result, users demonstrate an intention to use these systems and express satisfaction with their use of these solutions.

Confiscation of the employee’s wages under Congolese law

Guelord, Tshibangu Musafiri — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Democratic Republic of Congo has been a high contracting party to the OHADA treaty since 2012, in the name of supra-legality, the issue relating to the seizure of employees’ remuneration is gouverned by the uniform act on the organization of simplified procedures for the recovery of debts and means of execution which, it should be emphasized, leaves a small room for maneuver to domestic law. This is the precision on the so-called seizable portion. Readers will remember that the unseizability of employees’remuneration is a principe, which principle is accompanied by a derogation. Definition of the proportions likely to be seized on the grounds of the food character of which the remuneration of an employee dreams. It should be emphasized that, to achieve this, the plaintiff will have to meet a few conditions, in particular to provide himself with a constant enforceable title, a liquid and payable debt, obtain beforehand from the competent court a conciliation procedure without which his request can not be received... It is only in the event of failure of the said conciliation that the seizure could be authorized by the emergency judge. Hammer that certain responsibilities can be engaged in the event of obstruction in particular that of the employer and/ or the banker considered as garnishee.

Antinuclear antibody positivity without identified antigenic target: A case report

Farmati, Asmaa — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Antinuclear antibodies are autoantibodies directed against cellular autoantigens. They are detected by indirect immunofluorescence technique. In case of positivity, the antigenic target must be identified. In this work we report the case of antinuclear antibody positivity without defined antigenic target. The patient was 56 years old and came to the department of internal medicine because of a worsening of her late-onset asthma, which had been followed for 3 years, with the appearance of myalgias, arthralgias, photosensitivity and dry eyes, which led to the suspicion of an autoimmune disease. Biological examinations showed an elevation of CRP and sedimentation rate, normal blood count, normal hemostasis, renal and hepatic tests were also without particularities. Immunological tests for rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP antibodies were negative. The anti-nuclear antibody test was positive on two occasions at 640 and 1280 with a homogeneous appearance. However, the complementary workup to identify antinuclear antibodies was negative: anti-native Dna antibodies, anti-soluble antigen antibodies and myositis profile. Finally, the search for anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies was positive for p- ANCA with a value greater than 1280. The diagnosis of Churg-Strauss type ANCA vasculitis was retained in our patient in view of the clinical symptoms presented and the positive immunological assessment for p-ANCA.

African universities facing the employability challenge: What future for the social sciences ?

Agbetoézian, Aziale Komlan — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Do the social sciences and humanities have a future in higher education when we know that the orientation of current societies requires universities to move towards training that fits the job market, less and less demanding of specialists in these sciences? This is the concern that is at the heart of this article. Starting from the hypothesis that the solution to the question of employment in African societies requires the restructuring of training offers, not in the sense of abolishing the social and human sciences, but rather reorienting them in the direction of the dynamics of societies, we have organized our argument in three parts. The first part establishes the observation of the employment crisis in relation to training g. The second part analyses restructuring efforts in universities and the third part identifies a number of avenues that should underpin the resilience of the social sciences and humanities in African societies.

Evaluation of the satisfaction of the clients of the Anatomical Pathology laboratory of the Ibn Rochd University Hospital of Casablanca

Belcaid, Mohamed — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: The search for quality must be the essential and constant preoccupation of the laboratory staff who must organise themselves to evaluate not only the reliability of the results, but also the satisfaction of the clients. The satisfaction survey is one of the main tools for this type of evaluation, as recommended by the quality standards. Objectives: To measure the level of satisfaction of its customers and to define areas for improvement. Methods: This is a cross-sectional, descriptive survey conducted among 200 patients admitted to the laboratory and 60 prescribing physicians of the clinical services of the Ibn Rochd University Hospital, over a period of 3 months. Similarly, interviews were conducted with the Pathologists to determine their expectations of the clinical services. Results: The satisfaction score for reception was 67% and for communication 65.8%. The satisfaction score for the response time for results was 34%. And the overall patient satisfaction score was 66%. The results for prescribers show that the satisfaction score for the clarity of the test form was 62%, and for the test panel was 75%. The score for the delay in responding to results was 54%. The overall satisfaction score for doctors was 67%. The correlation between the dimensions of patient satisfaction and their personal characteristics revealed a non-significant relationship. As for the interviews, they revealed that collaboration between prescribers and pathologists is necessary to meet the expectations of both and to guarantee an accurate, rapid and complete diagnosis. Conclusion: Measuring satisfaction is a tool for improving and optimising the quality of services provided by the laboratory. The results obtained in our survey are encouraging. On the other hand, some deviations were identified and can be improved through proposed corrective actions.

Acquisition of land and its consequences in non-parcelled urban districts: Case of the city of Kalemie

Kasco, Kasongo Kabwe — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Any acquisition of land is conditioned by certain legal formalities provided for by the land law, the violation of which may result in both criminal and civil sanctions with regard to the purchaser on the one hand, and the authorities of the land administration on the other hand. All land ownership is proven by the registration certificate or a rental contract duly drawn up by the competent authority; and this is what is by land law and case law, other titles that are not recognized by law cannot constitute proof par excellence in matters of land ownership. In an urban constituency, the acquisition of land is only made after the signing of an order by the competent authority creating a subdivision. Therefore, any acquisition of land in an undeveloped urban district can lead to sanctions such as the nullity of established titles, or even the loss of the concession.

Influence of the slaughtering process and the post-mortem aging time on carcass and meat quality of Sahoue chicken ecotype of Benin

Ulbad, Tougan P. — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The local poultry population of Benin of Gallus gallus species is made of a variety of ecotypes including the Sahoue ecotype. The aim of this study is to determine the variations in carcass characteristics and meat quality of this ecotype according to the slaughtering process and the post-mortem aging time. Therefore, 24 chicken of 6 months of age, of similar live weight were divided into two groups and slaughtered respectively according to the conventional and traditional method of slaughter. It comes out from the study that carcass yield was affected by the method of slaughter with the highest values recorded in conventional meat (P<0.001). Technologically, the post-mortem pH of chicken from the conventional slaughtering process recorded at 1, 12 and 24-hour (6.11 vs. 5.69; 5.95 vs. 5.65 and 5.97 vs. 5.62) was the highest. However, the water holding capacity and nutritional parameters of the meat were similar (P>0.05) for both slaughtering modes. The total ash, crude protein and fat content of meat from conventional and traditional slaughtering processes were respectively 0.96% and 0.99%; 19.34% and 19.38% and 2.87% and 2.71%. The post-mortem aging time of the meat affected only the dry matter and mineral content of the meat (P<0.05). Positive and significant correlations were also obtained between the technological and nutritional parameters of the meat.

Involvement of earthworm populations in indicating the physico-chemical state of soil under three types of perennial crops in the department of Daloa (Centre-West of Ivory Coast)

Bessimory, Toure — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The ecosystem services provided by earthworm populations are poorly studied under perennial crop agrosystems in Côte d’Ivoire. The present study, carried out in the Daloa department, aims to identify groups of responses within earthworm populations to changes in edaphic parameters in three types of perennial crops. To this end, earthworm populations and physico-chemical parameters were sampled on three transects per plantation, in nine plantations divided between three facies: cocoa, oil palm and rubber. The stand of the nine plantations was found to be rich in 13 species of earthworms. Six species dominated the stand, of which four, namely Hyperiodrilus africanus, Stuhlmannia zielae, Dichogaster baeri and Gordiodrilus paski showed a preference for crops. Indeed, Hyperiodrilus africanus, Stuhlmannia zielae and Gordiodrilus paski were indicative of sandy soils under palm plantations; the detritivore Dichogaster baeri was associated with cocoa and rubber plantations where the soils are silty-sandy and have a high organic matter content. These results open up new avenues of research on the roles of earthworms in the functioning of soils in cocoa, palm and rubber plantations in the region. For example, it will be investigated whether earthworm populations can be used in the development of a holistic index similar to the general soil quality index to assess soil quality.

Assessment of carbon storage of the woody stands in Cocoa Traditional Agroforestry Systems (Central-West, Côte d’Ivoire)

KOULIBALY, Annick — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the climate change context, the reduction of forest area under the influence of cacaoculture is a growing problem. In Côte d’Ivoire, mitigating the effects of climate change in cacaoculture requires the introduction and preservation of woody species in plantations, in association to cocoa trees. However, the current intensification of land use is leading to a reduction of the number of trees associated to cocoa trees and the contribution of this woody flora to the mitigation of the effects of climate change is unclear. Our study aimed to assess the carbon storage of the associated woody species and to characterize the determinants of carbon storage. The circumference at 1.30 m above soil and total height of all individuals taller than 2 m in height were measured in 15 squares of 2 400 m2 for the associated woody stand and in 15 sub-squares of 800 m2 for the cocoa stand. The results showed that the carbon storage of the associated woody stand is 5 times higher than that the cocoa stand and recorded for large trees (diameter > 20 cm; height >8 m) such as Antiaris toxicaria, Ricinodendron heudelotii and Persea americana. Also, this high carbon storage is mainly due to the diameter and total height of the tree and not to the number of individuals. The association of large-scale species with cocoa trees could guarantee the resilience of cocoa agroforestry systems with trees.

The functional constructivist theory and its role in society economic development through art printing

Alghammas, Amal — 2023-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The research aims to benefit from Functional constructivist theory in solving socio-economic problems through multiple applied approaches to art printing, deepening the role of art printing and its applications in the economic development of society. The importance of research lies in the addition of innovative artistic printing approaches through the use of constructive theory in the society's economic advancement, as well as developing the human resources in the community by contributing to poverty reduction. The researcher has followed the descriptive approach in the theoretical framework, and the applied method in the practical framework. The main findings were that the foundations and principles of functional constructivist theory help develop society economically through art. While Linking functional constructivist theory with the field of art printing helps reduce poverty and contribute to the society's human development. The most important recommendations of the research are to invest the theoretical and practical study of this research in various small projects in different fields of art.

One Exhibition for People in Two Places: An Analysis of the Visiting Behavior of Visitors of the Exploring IoT Special Exhibition in Taiwan and Macao

SU, Fang-Yi — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article takes the special exhibition «Exploring the Internet of Things» that will be moved to the Macao Science Museum in 2021 as an example, and conducts quantitative analysis through the «Online to Onsite visitor behavior system» built with the exhibition, and attempts to compare the same interactive multimedia display in this exhibition. Differences in audience satisfaction, visiting behavior and learning ability between the Macao Science Museum and the National Science and Technology Museum. The results show that there is no significant difference in the satisfaction of audiences with different cultural backgrounds for interactive installations, but the part of the visiting behavior that is comprehensively expressed in the National Science and Technology Museum. is «high-level participation», while Macao Science Museum, under the public’s awareness of epidemic prevention, has reduced the level of participation. The willingness to interact only falls on the «middle-level participation». In the design of the display content and the presentation method of the display instructions, the Macao Science Museum has two units. The performance of the «correct rate» of answering or calculating questions is almost full, showing its excellent learning ability, indicating that it fully understands the scientific knowledge that this special exhibition intends to convey.With the characteristics of interactive multimedia display, the National Science and Technology Museum introduces information and communication technology, integrates the structure of the visiting behavior database into the exhibition, and proposes a virtual and real integration of intelligent museum display mode. The cloud-based online evaluation of «one exhibition, two audiences» verifies that this is a valuable combination of new thinking and practice in museology, which can be used as a reference for other museums to conduct overseas exhibitions in the future.

Évolution des dénominations des leaders religieux ivoiriens pentecôtistes en ile de France: Enjeux marketing, fonction pastorale et construction identitaire ?

Konan, Vincent Konan — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article analyzes, through an essentially qualitative approach, the shift in denominations of Ivorian religious leaders in the Pentecostal milieu in Île-de-France, moving from official designations to «professional» designations. The study is based on observations and semi-structured interviews with religious leaders. The results highlight different dynamics. First, the new designations respond to a marketing challenge. Second, the role of pastor has become more than just a status, it has become a central function in the Pentecostal community of Ivorian immigrants in Île-de-France. Finally, the different denominations observed among immigration candidates are related to a process of identity construction.

The influence of the vegetation index on the apparent density of tsetsees in the communes of Mande and Kita, Mali

Traore, Astan — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Tsetse flies are the only biological vectors of animal and human trypanosomosis. They occur only in Africa and are dependent on vegetation, islets, forests, galleries. These places generally constitute places of hunting, culture of peaches or market gardens for the populations. The present study aims to determine the vegetation index (NDVI) in relation to the number of tsetse flies captured in two communes of two different regions. Tsetse flies were captured in Mali, along watercourses using biconical and monoconical traps in 3 riverside villages in the commune of Mandé (Koulikoro region) and 3 villages in the commune of Kita (Kayes region). For each site, tsetse number, density and NDVI were determined. In the commune of Mandé, 589 flies were caught. The mean apparent density was 12.80 flies/trap/day. In the cotton zone of Kita, 173 flies were caught with an average apparent density of 4.35 flies/trap/day. The vegetation index in Taliko (Kita) was equal to that of Samalé (0.27). Similarly the NDVI of Badala was equal to that of Samanko (0.32). Farabana had recorded the highest NDVI. A correlation test between the number of flies caught and the vegetation index (NDVI) shows that the DAP is not a function of the NDVI. These results show that the high number of flies caught is not directly related to the vegetation index.

Hegel and the ontological status of negation

ABALO, Miesso — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The philosophy of G. W. F. Hegel is a philosophy of negativity which puts the commerce of thought or reason under the mediation of negation. This philosophy, the premises of which can be seen in the first part of the system of Hegelian philosophy represented by the Phenomenology of Spirit, is the long and laborious path of negation that The Sciences of Logic will complete. At the time (Jena) when Hegel had his eyes resolutely turned towards the future of philosophy or science in general, how to achieve this future was of more concern for the German philosopher. He is credited with the paternity of the dialectical method thanks to the place he gives to the concept of negation which has become the engine of his philosophy. With Hegel, the negative is no longer the formal sign of disagreement, but a requirement to lead subjectivity or determinations respectively to absolute subjectivity or to a higher form. Negativity therefore acts in Hegel as a driving principle allowing thought to elevate itself by negating itself. Also, we can say that the role that the negative plays in Hegelian philosophy comes from the fact that it manages to express the essence of everything thanks to the dialectic of opposites that every human being experiences. Whence the ontological status of negativity which has become dear to Hegel and to all his philosophy. The objective of this research is to show the necessity of the prominent role that belongs to negation in philosophy, or the place that belongs to negativity in Hegelian philosophy and the theoretical presuppositions that are imposed on Hegelian thought because of its attachment to negation as a path to truth.

Study of factors associated with trachoma in the health district of Diourbel in Senegal in 2019

Kadidiatou, Diarra — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: The objective of the study is to investigate the factors associated with trachoma in the Diourbel Health District (HD) in Senegal in 2019. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical study conducted in June 2019 among households in the Diourbel HD. It was a two-stage random sample survey. Data were collected during an individual interview after free and informed consent. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with trachoma. Results: 3544 individuals aged 1 year to 9 years and 3402 individuals aged 15 years and older, respectively in the active trachoma (AT) and trachomatous trichiasis (TT) components were surveyed. Among the 1-9 year olds, 1973 individuals or 55.7% of the respondents were less than 5 years old. 1864 individuals or 52.6% were female. The prevalence of BP was 2.0% [1.5%-2.5%]. Among those aged 15 years and over, 2250 individuals or 66.1% of the respondents were aged 15-44 years. 2498 individuals or 73.4% of the respondents were female. The prevalence of TT was 1.6% [1.1%-2.0%]. Among 1-year-olds to 9-year-olds, the age range 3 years to 4 years: ORA= 2.66 [1.31-5.41] and latrine outside the home: ORA= 17.73 [4.01-78.36] were significantly associated with BP. In the 15+ age group, the age groups 45-64 years: ORA= 17.79 [6.82- 46.37], 65-74 years: ORA= 22.9 [7.98- 65.69], and 75+ years: ORA= 18.83 [5.9- 60.14] were significantly associated with TT. Conclusion: The Diourbel HD validated the WHO criteria for elimination of BP, but TT still remains a public health problem. The risk factors associated with TT were age and latrine outside the home. The risk factor associated with TT was age. Thus, in order to obtain the certificate of elimination of trachoma in the Diourbel Health District by 2024, the focus must be on effective health promotion on the one hand, and on the other hand, on close coordination and multisectoral action in the health sector and beyond.

Experimental study of a didactic situation: «Hidden cages game» for the learning of arithmetic and geometric succession numbers in the 3rd form of scientific secondary schools in Democratic Republic of Congo

Frédéric, Bola Masasa — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this study, we propose to realize a didactic engineering on the notion of arithmetic and geometric succession numbers through the «hidden cages game». We went from the society game called « kede game » seeming the game of marelle, which we transformed in a class game we named « hidden cages game » as a basic didactic situation for the learning of arithmetic and geometric succession numbers. From this basic situation, a didactic progression with pupils’ procedures was conceived and has been subjected to the experimentation in a real class. The transformed game consists of filling in the empty cages of a two-column table, subdivided into 6 cages each, which the learner must complete by performing an arithmetic and geometric succession numbers. We resorted to the group work method during our experimental sessions to implement the four didactic moments: action moment, formation moment, proof or validation moment, institutionalization moment. In confronting the a priori analysis and the posteriori analysis, we validated the didactic progression in question which can be used for teaching and learning of arithmetic and geometric succession numbers. At the end of this study, we concluded that didactic variables from hidden cages game allow us to conceive a didactic progression for the learning of the concept of arithmetic and geometric succession numbers.

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia associated with multiple myeloma

Hasnaoui, Naoual — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AHAI) is rarely associated with multiple myeloma (MM), may be present at diagnosis or during disease progression, and its pathogenic mechanisms remain unclear. We report the case of a 57-year-old insulin-treated diabetic patient admitted for severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia with warm IgG antibodies. Serum protein electrophoresis revealed a monoclonal IgG lambda protein, urine immunofixation showed a lambda light chain, and the bone marrow was 25% infiltrated with plasma cells. Corticosteroid therapy in combination with treatment for multiple myeloma resulted in remission of the anemia. Although rare, AHAI should be considered in MM patients with severe anemia and frequent transfusion requirements.

Secondary myelodysplastic syndrome after autologous peripheral hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma

Hasnaoui, Naoual — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: Peripheral hematopoietic stem cell transplantation followed by maintenance Lenalidomide remains the standard of care for patients with multiple myeloma. The development of myelodysplastic syndrome is a serious complication that increases patient morbidity and mortality. Observation: We report the case of a young patient who developed a secondary myelodysplastic syndrome one year after autologous stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. Conclusion: With the improved survival of patients with multiple myeloma, early diagnosis of complications secondary to autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, including myelodysplastic syndrome, should be part of the long-term care of these patients.

Strategies for revitalizing heveaculture in the face of climatic variations in the department of Dabou (Southern Ivory Coast)

LATH, Christian Michel — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Severe climatic fluctuations are causing multiple damages to the major components of the rubber cultivation systems in the Dabou department. These damages constitute factors of vulnerability of these rubber-growing systems. Thus, local stakeholders in the cultivation systems do not remain inert in the face of climatic impacts. Therefore, the question that emerges from this subject is: what are the strategies put in place by the actors of the rubber cultivation systems in the face of climatic irregularities in the department of Dabou? The objective of this study is to determine the strategies for revitalizing rubber cultivation in the face of variations in climatic parameters in the department of Dabou. The methodology was based on climatological data and field surveys. The statistical methods of Nicholson and correlations were used. Direct observation and interviews provided information on the strategies for revitalizing rubber production in the area. The results obtained indicate a downward trend in rainfall and an upward trend in temperature, both of which have an impact on rubber yields. As a result, in the face of this climatic situation, strategies for revitalization are being undertaken by stakeholders in the rubber industry.

Social, health and environmental impact of pesticide use in rural areas in the sub-prefecture of Bazra-Natis (Central West Ivory Coast)

Antoine, Tape Bi Sehi — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper examines the impact of the use of the term «slash and burn» in the agricultural sector in Côte d’Ivoire and the impact of the term «slash and burn» in the sub-prefecture of Bazra-Natis on the agricultural sector. To protect crops and improve productivity, farmers make extensive use of chemical pesticides without, however, controlling their agro-economic, health and environmental consequences. For this reason, this study aims to show the socio-sanitary and environmental impact of pesticide use on rural populations in the sub-prefecture of Bazra-Natis. The data collection methodology was based on documentary research and field surveys. Thus, on the basis of a reasoned choice survey (quotas) and a simple random draw, 5 villages and 50 farmers were selected as the statistical unit with the help of High Level Specialised Technicians in Annual and Perennial Crops (HLSTAPC) and Rural Development Animators (RDA) of the National Agency for Support to Rural Development (NASRD) on the basis of the diversity and dynamics of agricultural activities, and of the strong presence of phytosanitary products in these localities. The results reveal that farmers, who are mostly illiterate (54%), make massive use of all types of pesticides (herbicide, insecticide, fungicide) in their agricultural activities. The results also show that, while these pesticides are a factor in increasing productivity and income for farmers, they are responsible for several human ailments and pathologies (skin diseases, respiratory and eye irritations, gastric and hormonal disorders, headaches) and are also harmful and destructive to the environment. Hence the need to train rural people in agricultural techniques and in wearing personal protective equipment.

Correlation between fasting blood glucose and HbA1C in the diabetic population in the Greater Casablanca region

Kouame, H. — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Morocco, according to WHO estimates, the prevalence rate of diabetes in the adult population is 12.4%. This pathology is the cause of more than 12,000 deaths per year. Glycemic control prevents the progression of most complications. Currently, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is the most relevant biological marker for monitoring diabetic patients. The objective of this work is to study the correlation between HbA1c and fasting blood sugar (G0) in diabetic patients at the CHI Ibn Rochd in Casablanca. Fasting blood glucose was sampled on a dry tube and analyzed on the Alinity ® Abbott automaton by an enzymatic method using Hexokinase. The HbA1c assay, taken on tri-potassium EDTA, was carried out by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) on an ADAMS TM A1c HA-8180v automaton. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. The correlation between HbA1c and G0 was positive with the Pearson correlation coefficient at r=0.69 and P < 0.001. A 1% rise in the HbA1c value would correspond approximately to a 0.69 g/l rise for the G0 found from the regression curve equation: HbA1C= 4.680 + 1.458 x G0. Our study found a good correlation between fasting blood glucose and HbA1c in Moroccan diabetic adults, which could be useful in clinical practice for better control of glycemic balance.

Adoption of digital services of Ministry of Interior: Drivers and UTAUT approach among Moroccan citizens

JEDDOU, Elmehdi — 2023-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this study, we examine the determinants of the adoption of electronic services of the Moroccan Ministry of the Interior using the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) as a theoretical framework. The main objective is to identify the factors influencing the intention to use and the effective adoption of e-government services by Moroccan citizens, with a focus on expected performance, expected effort, facilitating conditions, and social influence. To this end, a quantitative survey was conducted with a sample of 246 Moroccan citizens, and the data collected were analyzed using factor analysis and multiple regression. The results show that expected performance, facilitating conditions, and social influence are determining factors for the intention to use and adoption of e-government services by Moroccan citizens. This research has significant implications for policymakers and practitioners in the field of e-government. The findings of the study suggest that to promote the adoption of online services of the Ministry of the Interior, it is crucial to take into account these key factors and implement measures aimed at improving expected performance, facilitating conditions, and social influence.

Biophysical profiles of cashew (Anacardium occidental L.) fruits in production areas in the Centre, North and East of Côte d’Ivoire

Sahabane, TRAORÉ Mohamed — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present study aimed to establish a database that would allow the calibration of mechanisation tools for cashew nut collection in Côte d’Ivoire. It was conducted in three production areas: Toumodi (centre), Korhogo (north) and Bouna (east). In each of these localities, a representative plot of cashew orchards was selected, with 30 trees chosen for the biophysical fruit data survey. The results showed that the fruits are morphologically different from one locality to another for both nuts and apples. In Toumodi, the physical characteristics of the nuts and apples were more important than in the other two localities. In Korhogo, the fruits were distinguished by small nuts and in Bouna, the cashew produced had characteristics that are globally intermediate between those of the first two localities. Furthermore, the firmness of the apples dropped by half in three days at each of the study sites, indicating their vulnerability to external factors. However, Korhogo apples remained the firmest.

Effect of cashew meal on the zootechnical performance of growing pullets (ISA Brown) in Côte d’Ivoire

DIOMANDE, Massé — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Côte d’Ivoire, protein feed in poultry farming is expensive. This study was conducted to develop new sources of vegetable protein (cashew cake) in the diet of pullets in the growth phase. For this, 216 ISA Brown pullets aged seven (7) weeks were selected and randomly distributed in four (4) compartments. These constituted batches were subjected to feed T0 (control, 0% cashew cake), T1 (100% cashew cake as the main source of vegetable protein), T2 (50% cashew cake) and T3 (95% cashew cake). Cashew cake-based feeds improved the zootechnical parameters but not significantly. In all batches, an increase in weight gain was observed ranging from 469.2g to 1325g. ADG varied from 8.51 ± 8.13 g/d (T1) to 12.90 ± 6.03 g/d (T0) while food intake (AI) varied from 2514.20 ± 388, 50g (T3) to 2969.87 ± 478.54g (T0). Also, the consumption index (CI) varied from 3.23 ± 0.60 (T3) to 3.43 ± 0.48 (T1). The incorporation of cashew cake in feed for growing pullets would be an alternative solution to reduce the cost of feed for laying hens in Côte d’Ivoire.

Methods of attenuation for harmonics produced by variable speed drives used in a brewing company: Case of Bralima Kinshasa (RD Congo)

Marcien, Tangenyi Okito — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article encompasses a technical and mathematical description of the six-pulse drives used in industry and the verification of the percentage of current harmonics produced by each of them. An analysis of the total harmonic content produced by the six-pulse drives commonly used at Bralima RD Congo will be carried out, for this purpose the harmonic spectra given by the drive manufacturer are simulated in ETAP software to subsequently run a harmonics stream and assess compliance with technical service quality indices. In the event of non-compliance, the harmonic mitigation techniques will be plated and verified. The result includes analyzes and simulations based on real Bralima data and a technical guide for mitigating the harmonic currents produced by six-pulse drives is presented.

Impact of harmonics on the power factor in an industrial network

Marcien, Tangenyi Okito — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Today the power quality of industrial systems is a growing concern for electrical and electronics engineers. The main reason for deteriorating power quality is the high level of harmonics. Harmonics in industry are produced from many sources, primarily variable speed drives and rectified loads. The injection by non-linear loads of harmonic currents contributes significantly to the degradation of the power factor resulting in an increase in reactive power and apparent power. In this study, the analysis of harmonics will be presented in the brewing industry case of Bralima DR Congo using a PEL 103 meter. The measured THD values for voltage and current will be used to analyze their impact on the power factor. Some solutions are proposed for the reduction of harmonics and the correction of the power factor (PFC) at the same time in order to reduce the reactive and apparent powers and also to reduce the energy consumption impacting on the expenses due to the billing of electrical energy.

Issues and challenges of universal health coverage in the Democratic Republic of Congo: A critical interpretative synthesis of the literature

Mbeva, Jean-Bosco Kahindo — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: In line of the powerful concept of Universal health coverage (UHC) inspired to the Primary Health Care Renewal in 2008 and the Astana Declaration on Primary Health Care and the Sustainable Development Goals, this study analyzes the challenges of universal health coverage (UHC) in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Methods: The study used a reflective and interpretive synthesis of the literature. The search was conducted using keywords related to universal health coverage, health policies, systems and services and the DRC. Results: The study highlights a strong desire for progress in the DRC towards UHC that contrasts with the legal and organizational framework, governance practices, organization of health services and care delivery. Effects of this limited congruence are illustrated by the low level of integration and performance of health services, and the high level of catastrophic health expenditure and exclusion of the population in access to health care. Discussion and conclusion: In a context where nearly 75% of the population lives on less than USD 1.9 per day and the informal sector, the hybrid legal framework is an obstacle to the real progress towards UHC in the DRC. Changing the legal framework, by integrating a generalized mandatory system, and then structuring a greater raising of funds, including innovative financing, as well as establishing a more coherent and adaptive governance in favor of UHC, are priority avenues to explore to resolutely commit to the path of UHC in the DRC.

Potential of remote sensing on flood mapping of the upper valley of the Medjerda

HAJJI, Olfa — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study is part of the project of floodplains delimitation of Medjerda based on remote sensing, specifically the section between Ghardimaou and the dam of Sidi Salem. The watershed studied is located northwest of Tunisia, characterized by an elongated shape. Indeed, morphologically, it is bordered on his sides by high reliefs that prevent the flow of many rivers that converge therefore in the basin. The soil texture is mainly characterized by a dominance of complex units of soil and not much evolved alluvial contribution soil. Following the flood phenomenon hitting multiple cities around Medjerda during the last century, in this context, our study aims to map and delineate inundated areas by remote sensing method based on Landsat satellite images and supervised classification by ENVI. Remote sensing, GIS and ENVI were enlisted to mapping areas at risk of flooding in the study site. Thus that around 50% of the total area of the zone was touched by the flood of 2003, and around 40% of the total area was affected by the flood of 2010.

Characteristics of effective secondary schools and their determinants in the city of Kisangani

S’arrive, ATALOKI SHAMBA — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study compared effective non-conventional and accredited private secondary schools in the city of Kisangani from 2012 to 2017, with the objective is identifying the characteristics of effective secondary schools and their determinants. To achieve this, we composed a survey questionnaire that was submitted to the head teachers of non-conventional and accredited public schools. The data collected from the latter were analysed and processed using a statistical software package (S.P.S.S). The overall results of the processing showed that the majority of teachers are hired either by test (most often in private schools) or by assignment (often in non-agreement schools); all the teachers working in these schools are qualified, as all of them are either graduates or licensees; while the head teachers of public schools believe that their teachers are satisfied with their salary, this is not the case for those of non-agreement schools who believe the opposite; All schools held pedagogical meetings with their teachers, but also with the parents’ committee; in most cases, the graduating students of the surveyed schools come from the same school, in the lower grades, are regular and disciplined; some schools operate in a conducive environment, while others operate in a non-conducive environment and within almost every school, there are pedagogical units, and the head teachers consider the efficiency of their schools to be satisfactory.

Comparative study of the performance of 3rd cycle plantain beneniets grown under burnt and unburnt conditions in Masako, Kisangani

Patrick, Okitangongo T’ese — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Our present study was conducted precisely to determine the effects of long-term incineration on banana and plantain cultivation under the conditions of Masako in particular and the Kisangani region in general whose cultivars Litete, Libanga, Gros Michel and Yangambi Km5 were used as propagating material. Observation included the inventory in the system, average plant height, average diameter, number of functional leaves, number of rejets, rate of infection of cercosporiasis and fusarium wilt, and infestation rate of infection of cercosporiasis and fusarium wilt, and infestation rate of weevils and nematodes. The results of these various parameters showed in particular that the inincinerated block gave a superior result compared to the incinerated block. It is important to remember that comparing the averages of plants in the same block shows significant differences at the 5 % threshold between cultivars.

Study of dangerousness of municipal waste in the city of Likasi

Serge, Lubenga Mpungu — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Given the state of insalubrity faced by the inhabitants of cities, communities and villages in so-called developing countries, particularly in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DR Congo), a study on the production of waste and its composition with a view to its probable reprocessing would be significant. In the city of Likasi, DR Congo, this study looked at the case of existing management. Although this management leaves something to be desired, it does allow the bulk of the waste produced to be removed. In practice, the aim was to see what is being done to remove or eliminate the waste produced by the population of Likasi through its various activities. Afterwards, a sample of the waste had to be taken in order to study its composition with the means available. The results obtained show great potential in the waste, with significant contents of recyclable materials such as paper, plastic and some metals such as aluminium and copper. When reprocessed, this waste turns out to be an invaluable source of wealth.

« Lufthansa, Ascko Terrain and Shell 1 By Night » in Kara in North-Togo: Public spaces between leisure and sex, what geographical implications?

Kossi, Agbeyadzi — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This research analyzes the fun nightlife mainly around drink and sex in Lufthansa, Ascko terrain and Shell 1 and their socio-economic and environmental implications in the city of Kara in North Togo. From analytical observation of the field, the survey questionnaire, interviews and documentary research, we obtained scientific results linking space, leisure, sexuality and socio-economic development. The results show that Lufthansa, Ascko Terrain and Shell 1 are public leisure spaces, the busiest places in Kara every night throughout the year around the pleasure of drinking, playing, chatting, eating, to enjoy sex, to live and for good reason. For men, it’s drowning marital worries, showing social success, or just getting on with life. When it comes to women, it’s about surviving, building up businesses or it’s a job just like any other. This entails, therefore, not only some economic advantages, namely the purchase of learning materials, installation of shops, workshops, bars or restaurants, financing of studies, construction of houses but also heavy social consequences. in particular exposure to sexually transmitted infections, social and family stigma and discrimination, particular pollution, theft, particular violence, assault, etc. The sustainability of the phenomenon is essentially ensured by the availability of «free women» and insatiable men. The phenomenon is now spreading to other public places in the city and even beyond.

NICTs facing the development of the rural community: Case of the city of Katanda in Kasai Oriental

Marcel, Kalala Kabamba — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article presents a perspective according to which, how New Information and Communication Technologies (NITC) can participate in the development of the rural community of Katanda on the economic, agricultural, medical and educational levels. Given that New information and communication technologies have a great influence on said development, this research exhibits in a simple way the means and procedures for supervising the population of the city of Katanda on the responsible use of new information and communication technologies in the purpose of making this development effective.

Defenses to be enforced against orders issued by the presidential court in OHADA enforcement litigation

Maloani, Pierre Malagano Kalongola Wa — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The courthouses are, in our states, the places of legal reading - a culture constantly policed and hardened by jurisprudence and praetorian practices; themselves difficult to abandon notwithstanding the pressure and scope of new laws didn’t stop swelling. Indeed, legal practitioners are still unable to agree on the foundations, perception, conceptualization and implementation procedure of this important judicial institution. Certainly, the fog that hung over the identification of the « article 49 judge » in the Congolese judicial system is now lifted. However, this is not the case for appeals against decisions of the presidential court which, in principle, are provisionally enforceable and sometimes, on the spot. In addition, differences of opinion subsist as to the form of the act carrying the defense to be executed. So many problematic questions around which this reflection is articulated; but in a fairly limited format given the presentation requirements of a scientific article.

Effect of a treatment combining coagulation-flocculation with Moringa oleifera Lam seed powder and fine sand filtration combined with charcoal on the purification of water from the Kalamu River in Kinshasa

Kalonga, Roger Kalonga — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Access to drinking water remains a major concern in the Democratic Republic of Congo, particularly in the city-province of Kinshasa where the populations are confronted with the optimal management of water points, the insufficiency of hygiene and sanitation, the low drinking water supply rates and the lack of appropriate water disinfection methods at the family level. Therefore, the integration of biological processes for the treatment of river water could be a sustainable alternative in improving the quality of drinking water, due to the availability and non-toxicity of the substances used. This study aims to test the effectiveness of M. oleifera seed powder in purifying the waters of the Kalamu River. The methodology adopted consisted in the treatment of water samples from the mentioned river by coagulation-flocculation with M. oleifera seed powder coupled with filtration on fine sand associated with charcoal. The procedure began with the preparation of the colloid solutions. To do this, each of the three different doses (0.5 g/l, 1g/l and 1.5 g/l) of M. oleifera seed powder was mixed with 100 ml of water from said river. Then, each solution of the colloids was added to 900 ml of water sample to be treated. After mixing and a rest period, the treated water samples were filtered. To assess the effectiveness of this process, the physicochemical parameters (turbidity, pH, dissolved oxygen, ammonium, nitrates, nitrites, phosphate, COD, BOD5, electrical conductivity and total hardness) and microbiological (E. coli, Faecal streptococci and total Coliforms) of the treated water were evaluated after the filtration step. For all the treated water samples, the best dose was 0.5 g/l of M. oleifera seed powder because it significantly improved all the parameters analyzed up to the potability standards prescribed by the WHO.

Diagnostic study and improvement of the production system of a mushroom with recognised nutritional virtues, the Pleurotus geesteranus Singer (1961)

Camille, KOUAME Adam — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Despite its cultivation in Côte d’Ivoire, the unavailability of edible mushrooms limits its promotion in human food. The objective of this study was therefore to find solutions to the productivity problems of the mushroom Pleurotus geesteranus on a mycicultural farm. To this end, a SWOT diagnostic study of the mushroom production system was carried out on the FESAAP farm in order to identify the causes of the lack of production and to provide solutions. This enabled corrective measures to be implemented. Production performance was then assessed. The SWOT diagnosis indicated a number of problems, including management, production knowledge, good farming practices... It also revealed strengths such as the proximity of the company to its customers and low production costs... The analysis of the external environment also showed opportunities such as a non-competitive local market and a diverse customer base... On the other hand, the lack of technical support, the absence of bank financing and the unavailability of inputs were mentioned as threats to the existence of this activity. The implementation of corrective actions such as the establishment of an operating organisation chart, the establishment of a relationship of trust between the staff and the executive office, etc., has enabled a substantial resumption of production with an efficiency level of 68.5%. However, efforts still need to be made regarding the yield per log, which for 600 g expected, only 190.3 g were obtained.

Rainfall variability and lowland development in the Gomba Haoussa watershed (Southern Zinder, Niger)

Amadou, Abdou Bagna — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the Sahel, rainfall is the fundamental climatic element that conditions the various agricultural activities. Their absence, scarcity, excess or poor spatial and temporal distribution are generators of food crises. In Niger, as in most Sahelian countries, climatic crises are recurrent and expose the country to chronic food deficits. As a result, producers resort to lowlands to mitigate rainfed food deficits. This study aims to analyze the climatic variability in the Gomba Haoussa watershed, and to reveal the rainfall and socio-economic trends of the exploitation of the lowlands. The climatic diagnosis was made from the Pettitt test (1979) on the Magaria series from 1950 to 2015. The field surveys in five sampled lowlands, involved 80 producers. The results show longer dry periods, thus making the rainfed agricultural production system more vulnerable. These changes translate to producers using lowlands for agricultural development.

Typology and spatial distribution of predators in organic cotton cultivation in Benin

Azonkpin, Saturnin — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Cotton being one of the plants most attacked by pests in Benin, this crop harbors a diverse range of predators. It is within this framework that this study aims to identify the main predators encountered on cotton plants in the phytosanitary zones of Benin, to determine their seasonal development and to assess their importance according to the stages of cotton development. Thus, the density of predators was assessed on 0.25 hectare of real fields. A factorial analysis of the correspondences was used to make the typology of predators. Their seasonal evolution was described using trend curves and then the Wilcoxon test was used to assess the density of predators according to the stages of cotton development. Thus, three groups of predators were identified according to the zones. We observed a first group consisting of spiders which are mainly distributed in zone 3. The second group is formed by ants, praying mantises and Phonoctonus spp. found in zone 2. The third group is composed of lacewings, syrphids and ladybirds found in zone 1. From the vegetative development stage of cotton to the fruiting development stage, the density of Syrphids varied from 1.80 ± 0.23 to 3.18 ± 0.27, while the density of lacewing varied from 2.37 ± 0.51 (vegetative stage) to 1.01 ± 0.25 (fruiting stage). The density of Syrphids significantly increased during the fruiting stage, unlike that of Chrysopes, which experienced a significant decrease. These results may contribute to a better understanding of the regulatory function of organic cotton predators on its pests and their importance in integrated pest management strategies.

Biological functioning of soils under coffee and cocoa tree fallows in the department of Daloa (West-Central of Côte d’Ivoire)

Bony, Kacou — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire, many coffee and cocoa plantations that have fallen into decline and been left fallow are being reused. In order to prevent the failure of the planned crops, this study aims to determine the biological functioning of these soils, which is essential for developing sustainable management strategies for them. Seven fallows older than ten years were identified. In each of them, a plot of 10,000 m2 was delimited and four monoliths were isolated. Each monolith was sorted in order to extract the organisms, identify them and calculate their density. A soil sample was also taken from each stratum for analysis. The biological functioning of the soil was determined by considering that the density of fauna is an indicator variable of the biological fertility of the soil, which is then correlated with CEC and texture, two variables considered to explain soil fertility in general. The results show that the density of the macrofauna constituting the soil engineers varies little on the sites, maintaining a relationship with either the sand or silt content of the soil, or with the CEC of the soil, or both variables. Soils where the CEC has been improved by the action of fauna are likely to function better and the types of fauna involved have been identified as the main biological actors in the fertilisation of the soils studied.

Variability of low-flow rates « MAMd » in a semi-arid climatic context: Case of the watershed of the river Srou, Oum Er Rbia upstream, Morocco

Ghadbane, Omar — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

In a context of climate change with a growing population, the pressure on water resources is increasing. In Morocco, water resources are scarce and poorly distributed in time and space. To face this situation, the state has established strategies and laws since the 1960s, but they have not considered the management of low-flow situations. The management of such situations is a major pillar for an integrated and sustainable management of the water resource. The present article aims at identifying the daily low-flow rates (VCNd) in a semi-arid climatic context, that of the watershed of the river Srou, first tributary of the river Oum Er Rbia in the central Middle Atlas. The data used concern the daily flows of the upstream station of the watershed (downstream Elhri) and the downstream station (Chacha N’mallah) for the 1976-2016 period. The results obtained show that the daily low-flow rates on an annual scale are very stable between the different durations. On the other hand, they show a strong variability on an interannual and spatial scale. Low flows occur throughout the watershed between July and September. Severe low-flow situations occurred in 1995 and 2008.

Determinants of social norms and support services for the entrepreneurial spirit of rural farmers in sub-Saharan Africa: The case of Borgou in Benin

Issiou, Adam Malla — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The peasant entrepreneur evolves in a very particular context that influences his entrepreneurial spirit and capacities. The objective of this study is to identify the social determinants of the entrepreneurial spirit of rural farmers. The study conducted on 293 farmers in Borgou shows that social norms, the family environment, the personal attributes of the farmer, and the mechanisms put in place to promote the development of agro-economic activities are all factors that influence either positively or negatively the entrepreneurial spirit and skills of farmers.

The division of added value between capital and labor

Ahmed, Nabaoui — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Our article seeks to address the links between financial performance and internal human performance, depending on the ownership structure. The latter is apprehended via the variables (concentration of capital nature of shareholding). Financial performance will be represented by the «Return On Assets» variable, while internal human or social performance will be represented by the «share of personnel costs in added value» variable. We will also be interested in deducing how to shift the distribution of added value between the two factors (capital and labor) in our sample. We will use the «R» software to analyze the links between the explanatory variables and the variable to be explained «labour compensation». The results indicate a negative effect of the main majority shareholder on internal social performance. Again, companies show a certain reluctance to increase wages in parallel with the increase in value added, The results of our model again confirm a positive and non-significant link between internal financial and human performance.

Evaluation of Trace Metal (Copper) Contamination in Water and Clarias gariepinus Fished in Pool Malebo: Case of Kinkole and Kingabwa Fishing Sites

Ghyslain, Mabaya Ndemba — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this study is to contribute to food security by evaluating the level of contamination in Trace Metallic Element (Copper) in water and in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822), a fish widely consumed in the city province of Kinshasa. It took place in the fishing sites of Kinkole and Kingabwa. The analyzes of the Metallic Trace Element (Copper) were carried out using the UV-visible spectrophotometer brand «Spectrophotometer 721». The ETM levels in the waters were respectively 17.3 mg/l and 14.7 mg/l for the Kinkole and Kingabwa fishing sites. The levels of ETM in fish were respectively 18.16 mg/kg and 19.31 mg/kg for the Kinkole and Kingabwa fishing sites. Copper bioconcentration was found in Clarias gariepinus from both fishing sites. The various results obtained show that the regular consumption of Clarias gariepinus from these two sites could have harmful effects on human health and that the bioconcentration of copper could represent a long-term risk for the fish fauna of Clarias gariepinus.

The Importance of Role-Playing Activities in Developing Students’ Speaking Competence

Khamouja, Abdessallam — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

One of the primary purposes of learning foreign languages, particularly English, is the ability to communicate effectively with other users of the target language. Role-playing, one of the communicative teaching methods, is believed to develop learners’ speaking competence and help them learn the language in an authentic context. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the role-play teaching method and students’ speaking competence. The current study uses two semi-structured interviews. One is designed for teachers teaching the 9th-grade level. The other is designed for a class at the 9th-grade level with 30 students. The findings show that role-play activities participate in developing students’ speaking skills.

Evaluate the oral at the Moroccan high school: Is it a normative act?

Marouani, Mohamed — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Since 2014, the Moroccan high school has international sections of the baccalaureate in three options. For the French option, the time slot for French language is extended and an oral test is established in the terminal year. Installing such a test implies subjecting this field, with a high frequency of variability, to docimological rules. Our wish to brush the reality of this new practice opens first with a few benchmarks founding the semantics of the oral before questioning the inventory of its evaluative practice in the Moroccan high school via a survey in the territory of the Rhamna province. The responses of teachers and learners, making up the population of this survey, retrace their representations towards the semantics of Oral and reproduce the image of a practice that is little impregnated by what this semantics supposes. The brushed image, motivated by the will to propose, will therefore open up to prospects for action that can allow us to verify to what extent the oral can become an object of a standardized evaluation.

Contribution to the mechanical characterization of recycled high yield steel bars in Rwanda and Turkey from metal waste and used in constructions in Goma, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)

David, MUGANZA MUHEMBWA — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present work focuses on the tensile strength of reinforced concrete high yield steel bars from Rwanda and Turkey, commonly used in the construction in Goma, recycled in Rwanda from metal waste from off-road vehicles and others collected in Goma. Metal waste is collected in Goma largely manually and transported to Rwanda where a lathe machine tool is used to manufacture steel specimens which undergo a tensile test using the WP 300 universal testing machine for tensile test. The yield strength of the ordinary high yield steel bars and that of the standard high yield steel bars all recycled in Rwanda are 420.6 and 392.8 MPa respectively while the yield strength of the recycled high yield steel bars from Turkey is 443 MPa. These values are very close to the values recommended by French standard N F EN 1992 (Part 1-1) which must be between 400 MPa and 600 MPa and are of high ductility (Class C). The Young moduli of ordinary high yield steel bars recycled from Rwanda, that of standard high yield steel bars recycled from Rwanda and finally that of high yield steel bars recycled from Turkey are respectively 27.6, 27.6 and 31.2 GPa, very low values compared to the value of 200 GPa recommended by the standards, hence the importance of taking them into consideration in the design calculations.

Implementation of an electronic system for the detection of non-technical losses in electrical power distribution systems

Gauthier, Nimi Malonda — 2023-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

In many countries, non-technical losses and theft of electricity are serious problems for electricity companies. The development of cost-effective algorithms to deal with these types of non-technical losses aims to reduce trading losses. This article presents a strategy for detecting non-technical losses using an arduino UNO control board that establishes a reliable region to monitor the measured variance and a practical scheme for determining and reducing non-technical losses in the electrical network by detecting the suspicious area where incorrect meter readings and electricity thefts occur. After the detection of the non-technical losses, a path finding procedure based on different algorithms is able to locate the consumption point with the non-technical loss. In addition, an information system application displays the targeted consumption point. The numerical results demonstrate the selectivity and efficiency of the proposed methodology applied for the monitoring of a real distribution network.

The « Internet of Things » within the « Special Exhibition of the Internet of Things »

SU, Fang-Yi — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Along with the development of the Internet of Things and its related technologies, various industries, especially the service industry, have evolved from being «informatized» to being «intelligentized». This trend has also brought changes to various services offered by museums in Taiwan. Indeed, the Internet of Things, big data, artificial intelligence, and robotics have brought museums the opportunity to develop innovative exhibitions, enhance their educational function, and realize their vision statements. In relation to the Intelligent Museum Project, the National Science and Technology Museum launched the Special Exhibition on Exploring the Internet of Things. In the Exhibition, technology education is integrated with research on information and communications technology, as well as daily life, via an interactive narrative on information and communications technology that grows by leaps and bounds. «Online to Onsite visitor behavior system» was also constructed to capture visitors’ behavior in a real-time manner, and to create the Internet of Things within the Special Exhibition of the Internet of Things. The challenges include: determining how to present the «virtual» internet world in the «real» Exhibition, conversion of the content of interactive exhibits, selection of narrative approaches, and construction of a database system. When the Special Exhibition was launched in the National Science and Technology Museum during 2016-2017, the data were collected via the system constructed in the exhibition hall. An analysis of 14,960 entries of visitors’ behavior found that 98.4% of visitors were highly satisfied with the Exhibition; average time on site per visitor was 92 minutes; general performance of visitors’ behavior was 22.35 points, which falls into «high-level participation»; there was no «low-level participation». Judging from the comments and feedback provided by visitors, most of them are positive about the Exhibition. As such, it can be said that the educational function of the Special Exhibition on Exploring the Internet of Things has been realized.

A new method for linking plant groups and environmental variables in northern Greece’s mountain pastures

Bendali, Frederic — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Northern Greece’s mountain pastures correspond at least to three phytosociological orders, the Daphno-Festucetalia which is proper to the Greek mountain, and two others that spread in Europe, the Festuco-Brometalia and the Nardetalia strictae, both found in lower altitude than in Greece. We used the relevés from Thrace, Macedonia and Thessaly from the previous 6 years’ national Conservation Status Assessment of the Natura 2000 network database, that last in 2015, to find the correspondence between the habitat types as they are codified in the Natura 2000 network, the phytosociological order and environmental variables quoted in the relevés. We have selected the relevés with less than 10% trees (417 relevés) and applied frequential analysis to establish clusters of Vegetation Groups (VG) and Relevés Groups (RG), using the same matrice Species x Relevés. We presented then the links betweeen each VG and each RG in a general table with the VG in column and the RG in lines where the RG are defined by their class values (altitude, geology, soil granulometry, rock cover and shrub cover). This could lead us to associate each VG to a phytosociological order and a Natura 2000 habitat type. The results showed for our sample an altitude around 1500m as a limit between, downwards, the Festuco-Brometalia and, upwards, the Daphno-Festucetalia and the Nardetalia. The results showed also the link between the Daphno-Festucetalia and limestone. For the Festuco-Brometalia the substrate is mainly basic, but it is frequently of tertiary deposits and alluvions.

Charfaoui, Mustapha — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Le voyage en tant qu’acte de déplacement est une activité humaine qui frise le besoin. Cette constante culturelle constitue la toile de fond des œuvres depuis l’antiquité, en passant par le voyage d’Ulysse, les voyages des chevaliers, des explorateurs, des missionnaires, des romantiques etc. Pour l’âme humaine, le voyage est d’une nécessité irrévocable car il est une source méritoire d’apprentissage comme l’affirme H. Miller: « Une destination n’est jamais un lieu, mais une nouvelle façon de voir les choses » (Miller, p. 40). C’est ce que nous montre encore le voyage effectué par Isabelle Eberhardt que nous allons découvrir à travers son ouvrage Notes de route: Maroc, Algérie, Tunisie, sorte d’odyssée saharienne. Notre but sera atteint si nous montrons en quoi cette œuvre, objet de tant de lectures et de critiques, fait foi de prolixité en se repliant sur des territoires inexplorés semblables aux terres australes. Pour une réponse calibrée, notre étude emprunte deux voies à jamais impensables. Dans un premier temps, il est intéressant d’approcher le genre de cette œuvre et le mesurer à l’aune de la profession journalistique de l’écrivaine et l’hégémonie de son aisthesis. Partie consacrée à la mise en scène en tant que lieu textuel de « pactisation » autour de la parrêsia du narré, qui décèle l’achoppement de ce procédé sur le sillon des impressions impossible d’outre-passer. Prises en charge par des micro-récits phénoménologiques, les effusions, manifestation subjectives du moi intime, jouent en défaveur de ce contrat de lecture. Le deuxième pan semble être l’enjeu majeur de notre étude. Le texte nous livre en quoi tracer une expérience d’investissement dans une « esthétique de l’existence », accent incantatoire de l’œuvre, menée à travers la quête de l’identité et de l’authenticité ontologique.

Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extracts of Morinda Lucida Benth. leaves (Rubiaceae)

Honoré, Ta Bi Irié — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The decoction of Morinda lucida leaves is used by ivorian traditional healers in the treatment of inflammation. This study seeks the scientific foundations of this practice. It evaluates the anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extracts from Morinda lucida leaves and then performs phytochemical screening to indicate the chemical groups responsible for the activity. In relation to the anti-inflammatory activity, the results obtained with Morinda lucida were compared to those of physiological control (NaCl 0.9%) and the diclofenac sodium 25 mg/kg. The parameter considered for this purpose is the percentage increase in paw circumference (%AUG). These results showed at p<0.001 a significant difference between the %AUG of phytomedicine treatment at different doses and those of NaCl. However, at the dose of 7350 mg/kg administered orally, the %AUG of the phytomedicine are statically the same as those of diclofenac 25 mg/kg. This section reveals that the aqueous extracts of the leaves of Morinda lucida have anti-inflammatory properties. Concerning the tri-phytochemical tests, the results indicated that the leaves of Morinda lucida contains: alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, sterols and polyterpenes. These chemical groups could justify the anti-inflammatory activity of the plant.

Study of trace metal contamination of extemporaneous preparations of phytomedicines and drinking water used by the local population in Togodo-Sud National Park

Hafez, Ouro-Djeri — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present study is conducted in the villages bordering the Togodo-Sud National Park (PNTS), which is grouped into four cantons (Tométy-Kondji, Sedomé, Gboto and Esse-Godjin) in the Yoto 3 commune of Togo. The populations have difficult access to health care and drinking water. Extemporaneous preparations of water-based phytomedicines (PEP) can be a source of contamination due to chemical pollutants. The objective of the study is to evaluate the contamination of PEP and drinking water used in the PNTS area by metallic trace elements (MTE). Thus, fifteen (15) samples each of PEP and ECU were taken in two seasons (dry and rainy) and 09 parameters were analysed: total iron (Fe2+ and Fe3+), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg). The results show that the majority of the samples from the PEPs do not comply with the WHO and EU standards by almost 80%. Also, the highest concentrations of harmful elements were detected in the dry season. For Cd, the maximum concentration in PEP is 0.014 mg/l in the dry season against 0.002 mg/l in the rainy season. Also, Pb levels vary from 0.103 mg/l in the dry season to 0.113 mg/l in the rainy season. With regard to ECU, the maximum Cd concentration is 0.008 mg/l in the dry season. Pb levels reach 0.102 mg/l in the dry season and from 0 to 0.061 mg/l in the rainy season. Extreme concentrations were also observed with the other parameters. The results show limitations in the use of the samples. In view of these results, microbiological and bacteriological analyses are important in order to raise awareness among the population.

Contribution of remote sensing and GIS to the mapping of land use units and its changes in the face of the flooding problem on the Plateau of Allada in Benin between 1986 and 2020

Nadège, Kpoha Josiane — 2023-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this study is to map the land cover units (LCU) of the Plateau of Allada from the supervised classification by the maximum likelihood method of Landsat multi-spectral images (TM 1986, ETM+ 2000 and OLI 2020) and to highlight their evolutions by analyzing the areas and the rates of change. The approach used combines image pre-processing, identification of land use unit classes, construction and execution of supervised classification by the maximum likelihood method and quantification of change. All of these treatments applied to the images, allowed us to obtain the land use maps in 1986, 2000 and 2020 with five land use classes (forest/gallery/swamp, plantation, mosaic/fallow/crops, dwellings/bare ground, and water yard). Analysis of the dynamics of the land use units from 1986 to 2020 shows a progressive trend in the area of the mosaic/crop/fallow (25.97%) and habitat/bare soil (10.51%) classes and a regressive trend in the forest/gallery/swamp (-5.82%), plantation (-0.13%) and water (-0.25%) classes. Quantification of change from 1986 to 2020 is assessed by an estimated rate of change (Tc) of -5.82% (forest/gallery/swamp); 1.38% (mosaic/fallow/crop); 2.79% (dwellings/bare ground); -0.13% (plantations) and -0.25% (watercourse). This evolution is due to the expansion of the housing/bare soil and the mosaic/fallow/crops areas. This is the result of the strong human pressure on the vegetation formations. These results constitute a decision-making tool for the sustainable management and urbanisation of the Plateau of Allada.

Development and performance optimization of a grinder-mixer for use in rural areas

Djoukeng, Henri Grisseur — 2023-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article presents the design, implementation and evaluation of performance tests of a motorized feed grinder-mixer made from local materials. The dynamic and dimensional study made, allowed the realization of a prototype of 350 liters in capacity. To assess the uniformity rate of the machine, three types of feed were used, namely: (1) starter, (2) chicken and (3) layer. In addition to food, the coefficient of variability between samples after chemical analysis was obtained for each chosen mixing time. The determination of the different optimal rational models of the homogeneity rate was made with Matlab R2017a to determine the minimum mixing time. The results of this study show that the machine developed allows the homogeneous mixing of 427 kg of feed per hour with a maximum energy consumption of 0.72 Wh/kg. The feed variability coefficient is less than 10% in 12 minutes of mixing, resulting in better homogeneity rates. The specific energy consumption is around 59%. This machine has low environmental pollution (little noise and dust), guaranteed ergonomics and stability; also, maintenance is easy. The estimated cost of developing the prototype is around 381,300 FCFA, or 568,00 USD; this machine is therefore accessible to average breeders. The results of this study also show that, compared to what exists on the Cameroonian market, this machine has several advantages for improving farming techniques and the living conditions of the populations.

Contribution to the knowledge of water transfers between the Quaternary and Upper Oxfordian (limestone) aquifers of the southern part of the Poitevin marsh (Poitou-Charentes, France)

Anongba, Braphond Rodrigue Vincent Benjamin — 2023-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Poitevin marsh is a typical example of anthropogenic activities influence on wetlands. One of the problems to be solved before considering preservation solutions, concerns the improvement of hydrogeological knowledge and water transfers between the marsh and Jurassic carbonate bedrock. This study aims to determine the hydrodynamic parameters of Quaternary and Upper Oxfordian aquifers in order to appreciate the water transfers between these aquifers and to better understand the hydrogeology of this area. Thus, pumping tests are carried out to determine the hydrodynamic parameters of the aquifers. The pumping tests interpretation carried out, allowed to highlight very low permeability of upper Oxfordian formations under Quaternary cover. As for the formations of Quaternary aquifer, obtained permeability coefficients are in the order of 10-7m/s to 10-6m/s with transmissivity values in the order of 10-6 to 10-5 m2/s and a storage coefficient in the order of 10-2. However, Quaternary formations are more permeable than Upper Oxfordian formations. On the time scale of the measurements, no hydraulic connection between Quaternary and Upper Oxfordian aquifers could be observed. The water transfers between these two aquifers would therefore be very limited.

Aïr palm grove: Diversity, Structure and Regeneration of natural stands

Ali, Ado — 2023-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The recurrence of droughts season in the Sahel, related to rainfall deficits and increasing anthropization, has consequences on the ecosystems production. This drought affects the production of date palms despite its great phenological plasticity (adaptability) to arid zone conditions. The aim of this study is to characterize the population of P. dactylifera L. in the Agadez region for a better knowledge of the ecology of the species and its socio-economic importance. Thus nine (9) villages were prospected on the using of systematic sampling, including three (3) in the municipality of Dabaga, four (4) in Tabelot, one (1) in Tchirozérine, and one (1) in Ingall. In each village, the forest inventories were carried out. These surveys were made along the transects in plots of 50m*50m. A total of 89 plots were prospected and 25 ligneous species belonging to 22 Genus and divided into 15 families were inventoried. The most represented families are: Mimosaceae with seven (7) species (28%), Arecaceae with (8%); Capparaceae (8%); Myrtaceae (8%); Rutaceae (8%) with two (2) species each. The population of P. dactylifera in Agadez is characterized by young trees (with the shape parameter c=3.19), a high IVI (76.71%), a density varying between 36.86 to 194.77 tree/ha, a regeneration rate of 9 to 54% for semis and 25 to 85% stump rejection. This prospective study constitutes a basis in the program for sustainable development of the Aïr palm groves.

Study of the mineral parageneses of the green rocks of the M’vunzi valley of the Territory of Seke-Banza (Kongo Central Province, DR Congo)

Mukonkole, Patrick Mukonkole — 2023-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The traveling prospecting along the M’vunzi River has collected samples of the greenstone which have been the subject of macroscopic and microscopic observations of the thin sections made in the petrography laboratory. The present study has enabled us to identify in addition to the three types of rocks previously described by our predecessors, a fourth petrographic type which is a chloritoschist. In addition, two new minerals have been identified including «garnet» and «cordierite», respectively in an amphibolite and in a chloritoschist. The mineralogical paragenesis of the different petrographic types described to date in the M’vunzi valley composed of: epidote-chlorite-quartz, epidote-plagioclase-albite-chlorite-calcite, chlorite-biotite-quartz and chlorite-biotite-albite-quartz are typically secondary mineral paragenesis and indicate that all basic lavas in the study area were affected by regional greenschist facies metamorphism which is clearly justified by the appearance of chlorite in each mineralogical paragenesis. These results allowed us to deduce that the M’vunzi valley is lined with Gangila green rocks, the main ones being amphibolites, chloritoschists, micaschists and epidotites. It is therefore, for the most part, ancient basaltic lavas very rich in plagioclase which subsequently transformed into green rocks. The latter are the products due to the regional metamorphic gradient of Low Pressure and High Temperature (LP-HT).

Lithostratigraphy of kimberlite facies of Massif I of the Bakwanga mine (Mbuji-Mayi, Kasai-Oriental, DRC)

Mayiba, Télesphore — 2023-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The drilling allows us to know the true underground geology through the information provided by the cores which reflect the geological formations crossed, based on those made in this kimberlite massif, several logging have been traced and allowed an in-depth study on the different kimberlite facies encountered. The different sections made it possible to make a geological correlation between the different formations crossed by taking into account the facies intersected by the survey. The vertical drilling represented on the cuts that had been carried out by MIBA for the estimation of reserves made it possible to position the additional boreholes well in order to be able to intersect the enclosing formations. These kimberlite facies were encountered, the green kimberlite facies and/or lithic kimberlite with hematite-goethite, ferruginous products; xenokimberlite facies with hematite – goethite, chalcopyrite; epiclastites with hematite, goethite, chalcopyrite and carbonate formations of the Upper Bushimayian.

Structural analysis of carbonate formations of Proterozoic age in the Mpumbu sector South-West of Mbuji-Mayi (Kasaï-Oriental, DR Congo)

Musambayi, Crispin — 2023-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

One of the main objectives of structural geology is to describe the different microstructures, to understand the origin and distribution of the forces that generated them on the spatio-temporary level. Building on this momentum, a structural study was carried out on geological formations of Proterozoic age in the locality of Mpumbu, Lupatapata territory, Kasai Oriental province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. This area is mainly crisscrossed by sedimentary formations belonging to the Bushimay supergroup. This sedimentary sequence is unaffected by regional metamorphism while highlighting two distinct successive components: sedimentary and metamorphic. The locality of Mpumbu is full of the following formations: sandstone, dolomitic limestone and shale. Brittle and planar deformations affect the majority of rocks and attest to the compressive stresses typical of this terrain. We solved the problem using Win-tensor software. Two preferential orientations of breaks have been exposed: North-South and East-West. The stress study revealed that the main stress initiating the observed deformations is oriented N57° and is inclined by 3°. Apart from the deformation, a chronological study was revealed: the breaks oriented preferably East-West intersected or often offset by a North-South oriented detachment prove their anteriorities compared to the last. Finally, a slight tilt to the north or northwest of different Mpumbu formations indicates that the region has undergone a certain inclination to the tertiary during the kimberlite intrusion of the various kimberlites in the perimeter of Bakwanga.

Study of Kabimba kimberlite occurrences by geophysical approach (aeromagnetism and gravimetric)

MUTOMBO, Hippolyte — 2023-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Rocks in the Earth’s crust can be characterized by measurable physical properties such as magnetic susceptibility, density, electrical resistivity. Geophysical methods are appropriate for measuring the contrast of these properties inside the earth. This contrast represents, among other things, a variation in the structural. The development of new geophysical data acquisition tools and techniques makes it possible to considerably increase the quality/quantity of data and, on the other hand, to reduce operating costs and implementation time. These data, beyond their quality, however require adequate processing to be usable in geological interpretation. The geological map depicts a window into the internal structure of the earth. It is the first tool used in the exploration of natural resources. Since the majority of the earth’s surface is covered by sediments and vegetation, it is important to develop other technologies that can map geology through this cover. We processed airborne magnetic data to interpret the geology of the study area. The aim of this research is to process the airborne magnetic data on Kabimba to identify anomalies, then confirm the lithological cause of each by core drilling. This determines the lithostratigraphic at the points of the geophysical anomalies. The drilling declines the true underground geology through the information provided by the cores which reflect the geological formations crossed. Two kimberlite occurrences have been highlighted in this site. They have a pipe-like structure and contain green to red kimberlite under a carbonate casing topped by Cretacic sandstone and Kalahari sand.

Role of women in the actions of land recovery and management of restored sites in the rural municipality of Simiri (Tillabéry Region, Niger)

Hadizatou, Alhassoumi — 2023-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study questions the place of women in the activities of the fight against soil degradation in the rural commune of Simiri. Its specific objectives are to assess the types of interventions that are carried out in the rural commune of Simiri, determine the role of women in these activities and assess the contribution of these activities to the productive status of the beneficiary women and to the gender relations. Quantitative and qualitative survey tools are used, in particular questionnaires, interviews and direct field observations. The results highlight a strong involvement of women in the activities, a strengthening of their participation in the material support of the household and in the decision-making process within the family.

Accurate evaluation of Land Use Land Cover (LULC) Dynamics in the Southern part of Mali, West Africa

Diancoumba, Oumou — 2023-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

In an area, the spatial and temporal variation of the various units of LULC of is the response of natural and socioeconomic factors and their spatially usage by human. This LULC differs from one type to another. The LULC change affect negatively the natural resources because the process is irreversible. Thus, the analysis of monitoring and quantitative of the changes in land use over time and identification of landscape pattern variation related to growth modes in different periods are essential. Change in land use is one of the difficult that exacerbate environmental problems. The complex and dynamical land use/land cover change at different scales has environmental implications. Previous studies investigated mainly the basic socioeconomic drivers of LULCC. Remote sensing is a central tool for making Land use and land cover maps via the classification from satellite images. For correct image classification, there are factors that could be considered which are: the accessibility of Landsat imagery quality and secondary data. Moreover, the accurate classification and the experiences from the users and expertise in the procedures are required. The chief aim of this work was to evaluate the land-use/land-cover change of the study zone from 1990-2016 applying remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques. This work comprises two parties (1) Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) classification and (2) the evolution of the spatiotemporal dynamics of the diverse units of LULC over the study area. The Envi 4.5 Software coupled with Arcgis was used to make the supervised Classification of Land Use Land Cover. Five dominant LULC classes, bareland, cultivated land shrubby savannah, herbaceous savannah and degraded savannah, were recognized in the catchment. The outcomes showed that the ration of cultivated land augmented to 14.9 % and bare land increased by 23.5 % however, the savannah classe decreased: degraded savannah by 10.32%, herbaceous savannah by 24.4%, and Shrubby Savannah by 3.6 %. The evaluated coefficient of kappa (K) was classified satisfactory with a range from 82% to 91 %. Savannah areas in studied catchment is converted to agricultural land and urban area due to human activities. The knowledge of the variation in terms pf time and space of the LULC change could be a management resources tool for the decision makers and prevent the natural risks. The results of this current research could help to well understanding the different water cycle components within the Koda catchment under a changing LULC.

Contribution to the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the principal component analysis (PCA) for the evaluation of some characteristics of the analytical quality of Lotoko, a traditional distilled drink produced in Kinshasa

Ernest, Tabu Wa Bomesi — 2023-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Lotoko is a traditional drink obtained from the distillation of mash resulting from uncontrolled spontaneous fermentation of cassava and malted corn; it is heavily consumed by a large section of the Kinshasa population, generally proletarians. This study conducted in Kingabwa, a district of Kinshasa Limete was intended to contribute to the statistical analysis by ANOVA and PCA of the physico-chemical characteristics and metallic trace elements of Lotoko. From this study, it appears that the specific density of Lotoko between 0.9691 and 0.9788 is statistically similar in all production units, while the pH (below 4.0), alcohol (15 to 16% by volume), turbidity (3.70 to 46.70 NTU), iron (0.06 and 0.18 mg/l), lead (0.10 and 0.20 μg/l) and copper (less than 0.01 mg/l) were not. During the principal component analysis (PCA) of different samples of the drink under study, the first two dimensions were retained because they represented 85% of the information contained in the database. The first dimension revealed a first link between alcohol, pH and iron, explaining 61.4% of the total variance; another between density, turbidity, accounts for 26.1% of the variance. The second dimension revealed that two producers are close to each other by pH and all three others are different. No variable weighs on all the other variables, nor does it influence them.

Enhancing quality in online assessment

Phylisters, Matula Daizy — 2023-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The education and learning process is considered complete after assessment and evaluation which usually comes at the end of the instructional development cycle. Due to the COVID 19 pandemic, most of the learning institutions have had to diversify their mode of operation including but not limited to online, distance learning and assessment. Despite the convenience of going on with the education as usual, online assessment presents a vast of challenges when it comes to quality and integrity. This paper examines the various ways of enhancing quality and objectivity in online assessment with a focus on concerns/challenges of online assessment, practice of online assessment in other parts of the world and the lessons Kenya can borrow from these countries to enhance quality in the online assessment. The paper is solely a desktop research that utilized a meta-interpretive research design to integrate findings and review results. All works reviewed were acknowledged. This study was anchored on the Active learning theory that is an improvement of the theory of constructivism. The paper is expected to help facilitate educationalists to conceptualize the notion of online assessment for quality education. Any institution that wants to use online assessment may also find it of great use. The research established that most of the challenges that are currently facing the online assessment could be solved through the use of webcams to vet if the students have accessed the exam room with unauthorized materials, facial recognition softwares to curb impersonation and Turnitin to detect plagiarism. There is dire need to enhance quality in the online assessment for transparency and objectivity. From the study, it is evident that academic institutions need to adopt and adapt to technological advancement and embrace online instructional methods. For objectivity, accuracy and quality, it is recommended that the learning institutions should adapt to the technological changes by investing in advanced remote invigilation systems. Regular random assessment can be adopted with an average of the cumulative scores used to evaluate a learner.

Cooperative associations, savings and credit mutuals: Critical look of their governance

Kahuyege, Jean Pierre Kasuku — 2023-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The cooperative is a movement of hope to enable the poor to improve their living conditions. It gives the opportunity to form an association and mobilize small energies in order to fight against injustices on the part of the rich. The basis of the essence of their principle is that they are owners-subscribers of the means and beneficiaries of the services. In the rapprochement with state institutions, cooperatives are subject to legal provisions as guarantees of protection of members’ assets. In their polymorphism, there are associative institutions in the traditional cooperative form based on the solidarity of members and also savings and credit institutions based on savings«. They work according to whether the members were owner-users or simply customer-users. This presupposes governance appropriate to the approach put in place. This article is a reflection on those nuances on which the effectiveness in terms of services rendered to members depends.

Updated mapping of fractures of the southern-flank of Nyiragongo and the city of Goma after the eruption of May 22, 2021

CIRABA Mateso, Honore — 2023-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The eruptions of the Nyiragongo volcano documented respectively on January 10, 1977, January 10, 2002 and May 21, 2021 were all fissural on its flanks characterized by the opening of the invoices followed by the effusion of very fluid lava flows. hese fractures are more important on its southern flank. They are divided into three categories including the emissive fractures of the newly formed flows, the old fractures reopened or reactivated by the new eruption which are in certain places emissive and those formed by the seismicity comes after the eruption of volcano. Emissive fractures are very wide and deep, fractures and cracks resulting from seismic activity are narrow and non-emissive. The old fractures (formed by the eruptions before 1977) were mapped by Thonnard, those of 2002 by Jean Christophe Komorowky of IPGP France and the Deformation service currently Department of Geodesy and the map of new fractures which has been updated by the team of the Department of Geodesy of volcanological observatory of goma. These open fractures further north on the flank of the volcano enter a volcanic cone through a single wide and deep opening exiting it on the other side through a network of parallel fractures, which emit lava and are in some places covered by lava flows that come upstream. The post-eruptive activity of the 2021 eruption, like the other two previous ones, was accompanied by strong seismicity, the epicentres of which were located in the east of the city of Goma and the western part of the city of Gisenyi (Rwanda) then in Lake Kivu. The fractures opened during this activity are oriented North-South like most of the others open to the North on the southern flank of Nyiragongo but have many branches, especially at the epicentres of the earthquakes.

Satisfaction of SNEL/Ibanda customers using cashpower in the city of Bukavu, DR Congo

Mukuru, Innocent Zihalirwa — 2023-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Access to electrical energy is one of the essential levers of economic and social development. However, many Congolese do not have access to it. To reduce the gap of access to it, SNEL has introduced cashpower in the city of Bukavu. This is why the objective of this work is to evaluate the level of satisfaction of SNEL/Ibanda clients after the introduction of innovation. The results of the descriptive analysis of the customers’ satisfaction index indicate that the level of satisfaction is largely high for the cash power system (75%) and lower for the old system (47%). The ACP found that the main sources of satisfaction for prepayment customers were regular access to electricity (24/7) at an acceptable intensity, and low billing (94 Kwh at $10).

Petrography of Zoukougbeu geological formations and their gold mineralization (Central-western Ivory Coast)

Gouedji, Gnamba Emmanuel Franck — 2023-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Zoukougbeu is a department located in the center-west of Ivory Coast which contains geological formations with gold mineralization highlighted by Tietto Minerals mining company during its mapping and drilling campaigns. The general objective of this study is to determine the petrographic characteristics of these formations and the associated gold mineralization. Thus, data acquisition consisted of collecting rock samples in the field from mapping and core drilling, followed by the macroscopic identification of these samples and then the making of thin sections for their microscopic characterization. Petrographic analysis reveals that these geological formations globally oriented NNE-SSW (Eburnean direction) consist of gneiss associated with plutonic intrusives (granodiorites, diorites, granites) deformed and mineralized in syngenetic gold bearing disseminated sulfides. These formations are crossed by faults and of quartz-albite-calcite veins (containing epigenetic gold bearing sulfides) trending NW-SE and E-W. All these rocks are crossed by unmineralized pegmatite veins trending E-W. The mineralization is mainly formed of pyrite and secondarily chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite and native gold. Zoukougbeu rocks are affected by regional metamorphism of greenschist facies accompanied by hydrothermal alteration (pervasive and fissural) which have contributed to the concentration of mineralization like other Birimian gold occurrences in Ivory Coast and Africa. These geological formations are topped by a thick regolith profile due to supergene weathering.

Assessment of psychosocial factors among workers in the Ministry of Justice in the Republic of Guinea in 2020

Toure, Habib — 2023-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: Psychosocial risks at work are defined as risks to mental, physical and social health created by employment conditions, organizational and relational factors likely to interact with mental functioning, our study had as a general objective to assess the impact of psychosocial factors among workers in the Ministry of Justice in the Republic of Guinea. Method: This was a descriptive cross-sectional epidemiological study lasting 6 months from january 1 to June 30. The study covered all workers in the justice ministry. Results: The distribution of the psychological state of the participants by workstation reveals that the frequency of stress was very high among transplant staff (74.29%) lower (55%) among secretaries and (43.48) among penitentiaries, (34.85%) among administrators. The frequency was very low among socio-educational staff (16.67%) and contract workers (13.04%). Conclusion: Psychosocial risks are frequent in the workplace, particularly in our study population. A good management policy and prevention of RPS must be developed by the various actors involved: the occupational physician in charge of staff health, the governing bodies of the Ministry of Justice as well as the workers.

Solid household waste management system in the municipality of Masina in Kinshasa, DR Congo: Inventory and perspectives

Arddy, Kidiambuta Mikondo — 2022-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the commune of Masina, as elsewhere in the democratic republic of Congo, the sector of rudology or the systematic study of waste has so far been little or badly known. Thus, technical studies and scientific research must be carried out to better understand this sector and spare the populations from various consequences linked to poor waste management. It is in this logic that is located this study which consists in making an inventory of fixtures on the management of the municipal waste with a view to possible improvement. At the end of the investigations, it appears overall that the solid household waste management system set up in the municipality of Masina is anti-ecological. This is explained by the combination of several variables, in particular: - the absence of a real policy of ecological development of the territory, of good governance and of environmental education/responsibilization of the population; - the ignorance and ecological incompetence of the municipal authorities (77%), the team in charge of waste collection (100%) and the inhabitants of the municipality of Masina (71,4%); - a multifaceted poverty (moral and materiel) and a negligence of the residents which lead them to live in insalubrity; - the use of unsuitable and non-ecological solid waste management methods and techniques (39%). Therefore, it seems urgent that producers of waste and decision-makers question themselves and make amends in order to assume themselves differently as consumer-pays and polluter-pays.

Schemata Theory and its Application in EFL Moroccan Classrooms

Belouiza, Ouafaa — 2022-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Due to a variety of reasons, reading has always been a significant problem for the majority of Moroccan high school pupils. This skill reflects the various interactions and operations that the reader’s eyes and brain engage in in order to understand what they read. Teachers continue to place more emphasis on teaching vocabulary, idioms, syntax, and sentence structure than on helping pupils develop their reading comprehension. Due to the traditional reading teaching, it is difficult for teachers to cultivate students’ interest in reading (Yang, 2019). Teachers rarely take into account the importance of prior knowledge as one of the main issues with comprehension training at different competence levels. To make it more clear, Moroccan high school teachers do not provide their EFL readers with prior instructions or clear strategies to enable them to comprehend the reading material in the textbooks used. The paper highlights the importance of prior knowledge in teaching reading comprehension in order to come up with a successful classroom full of enjoyable and accurate comprehension. It is the role of the teacher to help their students become better readers by teaching them how to activate and use their prior knowledge.

Evaluation of ammoniacal volatilization and transformation of urea nitrogen in Arenoferralsol and Ferralsol from the DR Congo

MPONGATE, Jared MATABA — 2022-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

By this study, we evaluate, by incubation in the laboratory, the hydrolysis and the kinetics of mineralization of the urea used in Arenoferralsol and Ferralsol, as well as to appreciate, at the same time, the activity of microorganisms by the quantity of CO2 released over 15 days. In Arenoferralsol, the sharp rise in pH observed during the first 7 days of incubation denotes a strong hydrolysis of urea inhibiting the activity of microorganisms with, as a consequence, a low mineralization of nitrogen. The sharp rise in pH correlates with the massive volatilization of NH3 recorded during this time span. Beyond the 7th day, the decrease in volatile NH3 began, the resumption of microbial activity and the gradual increase in nitrification. On the other hand, in Ferralsol, it was recorded, in the same space of time, a weak rise in pH indicating a weak release of NH3, but, at the same time also a weak microbial respiration and a weak transformation of urea nitrogen. The pH, although raised to an average of 5.5, nevertheless remained strongly acidic. The drop in pH observed from the 11th day of incubation did not, however, stimulate the formation of NH4+-N and CO2, which still remained low. Thus, the NO3--N content experienced some increase. Hence, the conclusion that nitrification in this type of soil is very slow due to its high acidity. Taking into account the results observed in the two soils, nitrification as well as volatilization seem to be more active in Arenoferralsol compared to Ferralsol. Because, the acid state of Ferralsol as well as the quality of the organic matter combine to inhibit nitrification by destroying microbial life, especially those responsible for nitrification while progressive nitrification is noticeable in Arenoferralsol.

Comparative economic-structural study of a Warren truss girder and a Vierendeel girder as main beams for a 30-meter span bridge on the Kahira river in Sake, Goma, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)

MOUNDOM, Amadou — 2022-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present work proposes an economic-structural study of a bridge girder with two variants: the metallic Vierendeel girder and the Warren type steel truss girder formed of top and bottom chords and diagonals in order to propose the girder that fulfills the conditions of Ultimate Limit State (ULS), Serviceability Limit State (SLS) and economically profitable for the bridge over the Kahira River in Sake, Goma in the Capital of North Kivu in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). In order to analyze structural elements, the French method of loads on bridges was used, the Naylor method derived from the Cross moment distribution method was used for the analysis of the Vierendeel girder, the method of joints and method of sections for the Warren truss girder; the French code «Béton Armé aux Etats Limites 91 modified 99» was used for the design of the reinforced concrete parts; the Eurocode 3 and the «Construction Métallique 66 (CM66) » were used to determine the cross-sectional area of different elements of the steel girder. An economic study was carried out passing the bill of quantities and cost estimate for each type of beam giving a total of $2485.1 for the Vierendeel beam, a total of $5866.95 for the Warren truss beam, the total cost of the Vierendeel beam representing 42.36% of the total cost of the Warren truss beam. The Vierendeel girder meeting the structural and economic conditions is proposed for the bridge over the Kahira River in Sake.

Mineral nutrition effectiveness on flood-prone lowland ratoon rice (Oryza sp) Nerica L 14 variety grain and straw minerals P, K, Ca, Mg and Zn contents and yields under rainfield regime

KONAN, Kouakou Olivier — 2022-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Field fertilization trials were conducted on 15 cm high rice stubble in lowland rainfed rice to determine the effectiveness of mineral nutrition on yields and mineral contents of grain and straw of Nerica L 14 ratoon. 4 complete block design of 7 fully randomized treatments were used. N and K significantly stimulated tillering (p= 0,05; 419 and 407 Nbm-2), panicle production (p = 0.04; 330 and 337 Nbm-2), number of grains per panicle (p = 0,00; 66 grains / panicle) as did P, Ca, Mn and Zn. GY and SY due to N were highest by 1,7 tha-1 (p < 0,00) and 1,4 tha-1 (p = 0,01), respectively. However, IRZn (p = 0,04; 68%) was the most important. N promoted high K accumulation in straw (p = 0,02; 1,89% DM) as did Mg (1,72% DM) and Ca (p = 0,01; 0,28% Ms) in grain. 100 N kgha-1 or in combination with 10 Zn kgha-1 may be recommended for rainfed lowland rice ratoon cultivation.

Development of a palm nuts crusher for farmers in the Loango/Kongo Central sector in the Democratic Republic of Congo, in order to overcome the problems associated with the quantitative production of palm kernels

Noël, Bunga Ki-Mombo — 2022-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this project is to develop a palm nuts crusher to produce a large quantity of kernels for the benefit of the inhabitants of Loango Sector in Kongo-Central in the Democratic Republic of Congo. During the dry season, the palm trees produce a small quantity of palm nuts for the manufacture of palm oil. Farmers resort to the exploitation of palmite nuts by separating them with the fibers which are considered to be the residues during the extraction of palm oil. To have an estimated quantity of 30 and 35 kg of almonds per week, a household has to crush the palm nuts manually. The process is done using two stones with which the women (the family) break the nuts one by one with the risk of injury and fracture of fingers for 4 or 5 days in order to sell them at the market on the 6th day. To overcome the problems of crushing palm kernels, we have developed a crusher capable of crushing several tons of palm kernels in a short time. The tests showed that after 9 minutes the machine crushed 200 kg of almonds on the first test and 22 minutes on the second test of 600 kg.

Fatalistic beliefs and risk-taking on the covid-19 pandemic: Effect of level of study

Essomba, Hélène Chantal Ngah — 2022-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this research was to study the relationship between fatalistic beliefs, level of study and risk-taking of Cameroonians vis-à-vis COVID-19. Indeed, this pandemic that appeared in China towards the end of 2019 causes thousands of deaths around the world. In Cameroon, despite the many measures enacted by the Government, statistics indicate an evolution in the number of cases (nearly 20,000 cases, MINSANTE, 2020). Using the simple random sampling technique, 219 participants aged 18 to 63 were asked to complete a composite questionnaire (fatalistic belief scale, Shen et al., 2009; Protection Motivation Theory Scale, Rogers, 1973, sociodemographic variables). The results from the analysis of variances, correlations and regressions confirm our hypotheses. Overall, it is observed that the level of study influences fatalistic beliefs (F (2.115) = 5.83, p =.004) and risk-taking (F (2.115) = 9.29, p =.001). On the other hand, fatalistic beliefs explain the risk-taking vis-à-vis COVID-19 [r (219) = 0.175, p < 0.01; β = 0.175, t (217) = 2.613, p = 0.010, F (2.217) = 6.826, p = 0.010)]. Such results show the place of certain socio-demographic variables and fatalistic beliefs and the need to take them into account when addressing the issue of safety behavior.

Being a confined teacher: Dealing with the psychological effects of confinement during the covid-19 outbreak and getting out of it

Soh, Gustave — 2022-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The new coronavirus due to its rapid spread and its numerous victims represents a real public health problem and requires great resilience in individuals. Since then, confinement has been recommended or even imposed on populations despite the large literature on its negative psychological effects. The study explores the experience of confinement through its psychological consequences and the strategies that teachers adopt to improve their subjective well-being and get out of it. From a composite questionnaire administered online between April 30 and June 08, 2020, based on three tools, we measured perceived stress, anxiety and depression on 244 teachers. The results show that 66.0% of the participants experienced continuous stress during confinement compared to 56.5% who indicated a moderate/severe level of anxiety and 21.7% for a moderate/severe depression. Finally, they indicate that after being supplied with basic foodstuffs, the teachers engaged in learning activities during confinement. The study suggests the need for the adoption of reassuring communication, producing meaning in the eyes of third parties and stakeholders but also the need to keep contacts between teachers and learners/relatives by technological means.

Abundance and richness of culicidae in the Niamey V communal district (Niger)

Toudou, Baoua Idi Mahaman — 2022-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Throughout the year, the population of the right bank (Niamey) is confronted with the diseases and nuisances of culicidae. This study aims to make a systematic inventory of mosquitoes, to study their abundance and their specific richness. Mosquito larvae were collected using the dipping method, over the period July 2021 to June 2022, in Lake Lamordé and the rice fields of Kirkissoy. Stage three and four larvae were sorted and deposited in transparent tubs containing bedding water and fed. Emerged mosquitoes were counted, identified morphologically with a binocular loupe and a culicid identification key. During this study, 3947 larvae were collected of which 3033 evolved to the adult stage, i.e. an emergence rate of 76.84%. The genus Anopheles is more abundant in the lake (n=1238). In the rice fields, the genus Culex dominated (n=402). Statistical analysis showed that the mosquitoes were not evenly distributed in space and time. The taxonomic study identified 11 genera and species at the two sites. These were Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles pharaonsis, Anopheles squamosus, Anopheles rufipes, Anopheles nili, Anopheles funestus, Culex tritaenyohinchus, Culex decens, Culex aurentapex, Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti. These results show that mosquitoes proliferate over a long period of the year and that appropriate control measures must be taken to prevent diseases and avoid nuisance caused by them.

Impact of Small and Medium Enterprises on Household Poverty Reduction in Goma

Olivier, Maniragaba Nyandera — 2022-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The unprecedented proliferation of Small and Medium Enterprises has been witnessed in Goma. This is the reason for our subject on «Impact of Small and Medium Enterprises on the reduction of household poverty in the city of Goma. Our concern was to assess the impact of SMEs (Small and medium Enterprises) on household poverty reduction in the city of Goma. After our research, the study reveals that investments based on income from SMEs increase the chances of households to reduce their poverty, own their own housing and improve their nutritional condition by taking at least a balanced diet. This indeed increases the possibility of the household to improve the living condition and pay the taxes and duties related to the income-generating activity initiated. This allows its sustainability. On the other hand, expenses related to the education of children and health care on the basis of the sole income of the SME, give the manager of the SME less chance of lifting the household out of extreme poverty and increasing the income of the SME. It should be noted that investments in human capital remain commendable in the long term. These results led to the definition of economic policies oriented towards the consolidation and development of small and medium-sized enterprises with a view to the economic development of the city of Goma.

Analysis of agricultural systems around Kahuzi-Biega national park and their effects on its flora and fauna resources

Wester, Muhodari Muronda — 2022-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present study aims to analyze the effects of agricultural systems around the KBNP on the floristic and faunistic richness of the latter. In addition to the documentary technique, direct observations and field surveys were conducted. Data analysis was carried out using Excel and R software. The main activities carried out by the farmers are agriculture, livestock, wood exploitation and hunting (poaching). Taking into account the agricultural parameters (agriculture and livestock) that were the subject of our study, the results on agriculture prove that soil restoration inputs are poorly used by farmers and that measures that could improve and maintain soil fertility are less considered. The livestock farming system practiced is of the extensive type with a divagation mode resulting in a decrease in the condition of the pastures. Due to the poverty of the riparian population and the precariousness of the agricultural methods used in their farms, the threats weigh on the natural resources of the PNKB.

Gender and Motivation in Problem-Based Learning

Khamouja, Abdessallam — 2022-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Motivation is considered the heart of the learning process that is affected by many factors, among which there is gender. Therefore, the researcher conducted a quantitative research method to investigate the relationship between gender and motivation sub-themes while using problem-based learning. Nine female students and eleven male students of the second baccalaureate level participated in the current research through using the convenience sampling technique. The quasi-experimental research design, a quantitative research method, is used to conduct this study to analyze cause-effect relationships between the variables being studied. Then, the participants were given a five-point Likert scale questionnaire to fill in. The SPSS software was used to analyze data. The findings demonstrated that there was a positive relationship between gender and students’ achievement and motivation sub-themes.

Splenic diffuse red pulp small B-cell lymphoma revealed by autoimmune hemolytic anemia

Idrissi, Salma Amrani — 2022-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Diffuse splenic small cell red pulp lymphoma (SDRPL) is a rare type of indolent non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma composed of small B cells that involve the red pulp of the spleen, bone marrow, and peripheral blood. It was included in the 2016 revised WHO classification as splenic B-cell lymphoma/leukemia, unclassifiable. We report through this observation the case of a patient in whom the SDRPL was revealed by an autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and whose study of the blood smear made it possible to suspect an initial diagnosis, consolidated secondarily by the results of immunophenotyping.

Agro-hydrological modelling of the impact of anthropic pressures on water flows entering the reservoir intended for the drinking water supply of the city of Issia (Central-Western Côte d’Ivoire)

Konan-Waidhet, Arthur Brice — 2022-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The water of the Issia reservoir is used to supply drinking water to the local population. Unfortunately, the various anthropogenic pressures in the Lobo watershed threaten the quantity of water flows entering the Issia reservoir. The objective of this study is to assess the impact of the combined actions of anthropization and climate change on the water flows entering the Issia reservoir. The approach implemented was based on the coupling of remote sensing and agro-hydrological modeling with SWAT. The diachronic analysis of Landsat 7 ETM+ (2008 and 2013) and Sentinel-2 (2019) images through the method of supervised classification by maximum likelihood has allowed to discriminate five (05) classes of land use that are: forest, degraded forest, habitat and bare soil, crop and fallow, and water bodies. The overall accuracies obtained for the 2008, 2013 and 2019 classified images are 90%; 92% and 95.33% respectively. The Kappa indices of the confusion matrix for the three classified images are 0.88; 0.9 and 0.94 for 2008, 2013 and 2019 respectively. From 2008 to 2019, dense forest, degraded forest, and crops and fallow had overall regressions of 13.70%, 10.49%, and 1.29% respectively. In addition, bare soil and habitats and water bodies increased by 75.50% and 57.09% respectively. The graphical and statistical criteria of the SWAT model (NS and R2, greater than 0.5) showed good model performance for both calibration and validation. The water balance analysis for the 2050 time horizon indicates that water flows into the reservoir will decrease by 52% compared to current flows. This decrease could constitute a real threat for the population of the Issia locality in the years to come.

Determinants of hygiene and sanitation in schools in the Nkafu quater, Kadutu health zone, Bukavu in South Kivu, DRC

Raphaël, Elias Bashimbe — 2022-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: For thousands of years humanity has been struck by epidemics, scourges. Schools determine in part the health and well-being of children by providing them with a healthy or unhealthy environment. In South Kivu, the population is confronted with insufficient drinking water, inadequate sanitation facilities, including public latrines, garbage cans, public dumps. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study involving 401 respondents including 384 students and 17 heads of schools. Data collection was done using the survey questionnaire and an interview guide. The data analyses were done with SPSS v23 software. Results: The level of hygiene and sanitation practice is low (46.4%). This would be significantly associated with lack of access to water in schools, insufficient handwashing kits, non-drinkability of water used at school, absence of garbage cans and health days, non-washing of hands with soap before consuming food, non-participation in cleaning and maintenance, absence or poor quality of urinals in some schools, the non-separation of latrines for girls and boys, ignorance of the dangers of lack of hygiene and basic sanitation at school, poor construction of latrines, and non-washing of hands with soap after toilet (p<0.05). Conclusion: The practice of hygiene and sanitation remains weak and this must involve a collective awareness to find life-saving solutions in the training schools of executives.

Applications of Blockchain Technology 4.0 in Education: A Systematic Review

Imouri, El Mustapha — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The 5G, internet of things and machine learning will shape the future of education in a way that makes the exchange of Big Data at stake, mainly the financial, personal and academic credentials of students and faculty. The 4.0 technology, known as the fourth industrial revolution, has arrived to fix issues germane to trust, transparency and security. This article focuses on how education could take advantage of this fourth industrial revolution 4.0, mainly through blockchain applications. This article is an outcome of a critical systematic review of the state of the art on the use of blockchain technology in education. The literature sampled have responded largely to the following question: how can blockchain improve the sector of education? It explores the different benefits of Blockchain in operating the online data of students, faculty, partners, etc., providing them with a sense of ownership and ease of access. It also focuses on how the blockchain technology revolutionizes the way educational data will be stored and exchanged by means of safe, quick and transparent blocks. The state of the art has revealed that the benefits of blockchain technology to education are numerous, ranging from management to enabled educational platforms. The outcome of this article provides institutions and educators with a framework of reference to implement the blockchain applications effectively. It is also a catalyst work for researchers who aim at delving into the mainstream of the indispensable debate of how education could take advantage of this fourth industrial revolution 4.0.

Ethnobotanical study of plant non timber forest products (NTFPs) in the locality of Tonga, West Cameroon

Roger, Tsobou — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) are important source for sustenance of rural and urban populations. They contribute to food security and poverty reduction. In order to contribute to the knowledge and sustainable management of these products, ethnobotanical data were gathered through semi-structured questionnaires between March and May 2022 in four (04) villages in the locality of Tonga. A total of 92 informants were involved in the study, including 52 women and 40 men. A total of 43 plant species belonging to 42 genera and 31 families used as a source of NTFPs were recorded. Seven major use categories of the NTFPs were identified. Out of these, food and medicine were the most dominant uses. In food categories, Fabaceae and Piperaceae, were the most represented (13% each) families; and the most cited plant species were Gnetum africanum, Tetrapleura tetraptera, Recinodendron heudelotii and, Garcinia cola, while in medicine, Poaceae and Asteraceae were dominant. Ageratum conyzoides, Eremomastax speciosa, Ocimum gratissimum, Cymbopogon citratus and Raphia taedigra were the most used plants in medicine. Out of these species, ten (10) plant species are used in food, 32 in medicine, 6 plants are commonly used in both categories. The species Gnetum africanum (51,1%), Tetrapleura tetraptera (23,9%), Recinodendron heudelotii (21,7%), Garcinia cola (17,4%), Megaphynium macrostachym (18,5%), Cola pachycarpa (13%) are the most sought after in both areas. Trees (69%) and herbs (47%) were widely used. Whereas, leaves were the most solicited organs, and were mostly harvested from the forest (69,56%). Malaria and Stomach ache were the most treated diseases conditions. The most used method for drugs preparation was decoction. While picking (63%) and collection (21%) were the mainly practiced collection. This result constitutes a data base on the importance of NTFPs in the locality of Tonga.

Lithostratigraphy of artisanal mining sites and characterization of the source of gold, Doumbiadougou, Duékoué, Côte d'Ivoire

Ouattara, Zié — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Artisanal gold mining is gaining momentum in western Côte d'Ivoire. However, little information is available on the mineralized horizons and primary source of gold. The objective of our study is thus to investigate the artisanal mining sites of Doumbiadougou near Duékoué in order to characterize the gold horizons then the primary source of gold and to propose exploration guides. We carried out fieldwork in Doumbiadougou followed by lithostratigraphic correlations and interpretations at the University of Man. In Doumbiadougou, we observed saprolite derived from a felsic intrusive affected by sheared quartz veins of orientation ranging from N035 to N060°. On the lithostratigraphic level, two quarries served as a basis for study. Thus, in the quarry on eluvial, three horizons are observed from the bottom to the top: fine saprolite, ferruginous shell and ferruginous cuirass. The geological substratum is dominated by quartzites and micaschists. Then, the quarry on alluvium presents four horizons from the bottom to the top: clay, gravelly, clay-sandy, and sandy. Gold mineralization is primarily related to eluvial wells whose elements percolate and enrich alluvium in the surrounding shallows. This resulted in concentrating the gold in the gravelly horizon. The abundance of quartz in the gravelly mineralized horizon and in the veins as well as the substratum made of quartzite and micaschist gives an epigenic origin to the gold of Doumbiadougou. These veins and felsic intrusive that hosts them appear as guides to be sought for the mineral exploration project.

The Educational Market in the province of Haut-Katanga: A challenge for covering the school demand

Kabwe, Dihumba — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this article, we are motivated by the educational demand which is low in Haut-Katanga in view of mixed financing. Thus, the educational market in this province reveals an imbalance linked to the financing of the educational supply and demand in deficit. Therefore, this request is grouped into five categories according to geographical areas and study costs in terms of costs. Several actors finance the demand and the supply which in turn is grouped into four categories in view of the cost of physical and material investments. These are the State, households, learners in the dynamics of educational financing of households, partners, and businesses. Several reasons are mentioned in this article among which economically, we have the centralized coordination of the educational market and the low income of households which justifies the low demand for education. Moreover, these reasons do not encourage households to send their children to school. In other words, the educational cost and benefits (benefits) are at odds with the labor market for the majority of learners. This is justified by the obsolescence of certain courses organized on the educational market at the secondary level. As a result, these streams do not keep up with the changing economic and technological environment that should benefit learners, their families and the province in the future. Thus, the educational market shows the remarkable deficit in terms of financial resources, infrastructure, accessibility and future economic and technological advantages of learners in the province of Haut-Katanga because the objective that the State is assigned is not reached.

Evaluation of noise pollution among workers of the international airport of Conakry Gbessia in 2020

Toure, Habib — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: Noise is any sound or set of sounds considered undesirable because they are disturbing or because they are likely to affect health. Continuous exposure to average noise levels of over 85dB may cause several psychophysiological disorders Our study aimed to study the level of noise exposure and the state of hearing protection of workers at Conakry Gbéssia International Airport. Material and methods: This were a descriptive cross-sectional study lasting 6 months from January 13, 2020 to June 13, 2020. It focused on SOGEAC employees at Conakry international airport. Results: our study involved 232 workers at Conakry airport, all exposed to noise. The study population was young with an average age of 34.84 +/- 19.84 and extremes of 18 and 57 years. The workers at Conakry airport who participated in our study were predominantly 72.73% men. The most common symptoms experienced during or after labor were wheezing / buzzing with 83.19%. All Conakry airport employees interviewed are equipped with personal protective equipment (PPE) on an annual basis, but only 36% regularly use such PPE. Conclusion: The absence or improper use of personal protective equipment appears to be the main factor in noise pollution among Sogeac workers However, better communication on the risks associated with noise pollution and the establishment of regular supervision of the correct wearing of PPE would improve the protection and safety of workers.

Assessment of knowledge of occupational risks and prevention methods among pump attendants at gas stations in 2020

Toure, Habib — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Objective: To assess the level of knowledge on the risks and prevention methods of pump attendants. Material and methods: This were a descriptive cross-sectional study lasting 06 months from 01 March to 30 August 2019 Our variables were clinical (occupational risk and means of prevention) and epidemiological (age - gender - marital status - level of education - length of service). Results: In our study, the average age of pump attendants was 32.06 years. The most represented age group was 28 to 37 years old. The means of prevention mentioned by the pump attendants were dominated by the correct wearing of clothing, i.e. 98% followed by the wearing of boots and masks respectively 95% and 47%. The most dominant risk factor was intoxication with 123 cases or a rate of 61.5% followed by fires with 116 cases or a rate of 58%. Conclusion: The pump attendants of gasoline service stations have insufficient knowledge of the risks and prevention methods related to hydrocarbons. This prevention essentially involves training, information, education and communication actions on the risks associated with hydrocarbons.

Characterization of the fish population in a tropical lagoon, the Aghien-Potou lagoon complex, subject to an alternative regime of closure and opening of the Grand-Bassam pass (Côte d'Ivoire)

Kouassi Brahiman, KIEN — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Coastal lagoons maintain exchanges with marine and continental waters. These exchanges disrupt their settlement. Knowledge of the fish fauna of the Ivorian lagoons is of concern to those responsible for the development of the fishing sector.This study aims to characterize the spatio-temporal variation of the fish fauna and to identify the biological indices which determine the distribution of fish species and the state of exploitation of these fish in the Aghien-Potou lagoon complex. The fish were sampled from April 2019 to March 2021 from monthly experimental catches. Each identified specimen is weighed and measured. This study identified 54 species. This population is largely dominated by Coptodon and Chrysichthys. It is more diversified in the Aghien lagoon (RS = 23) than in the Potou lagoon (RS = 13). The Aghien lagoon communicates with the waters of the continental environment resulting in low salinity and a population with a continental or estuarine tendency. Conversely, the Potou lagoon with its communication with the sea, has a higher salinity and a population of fish with a marine or marine-estuarine tendency. The environment of the Aghien lagoon (w = 0.082) is more stressed than that of the Potou lagoon (w = 0.01). The results of this work constitute a basic element for decision-making in the quest for a strategy for the sustainable management of fisheries resources in Côte d'Ivoire.

Termite pests of cocoa Theobroma cacao L. (Malvaceae) in Tonpki region (West of Côte d’Ivoire)

Diabaté, Dohouonan — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Termites are of ecological and economic importance. The study was carried out to evaluate the attacks of cocoa trees by the termite pests in Tonkpi region. A total of 7 species of termite pests of cocoa trees belonging to 02 families and 4 sub-families were collected in Man and Biankouma plantations. Termite pests harvested at two trophic groups: wood-feeders and fungus growers. The Termitinae with 2 species, the Coptotermitinae and the Nasutitermitinae with 1 species, respectively were recorded and were wood-feeders. Coptotermes intermedius and Microcerotermes fuscotibialis xere the most termite pests of cocoa trees. The Macrotermitinae families were more diversified with 3 species of termite and were fungus-growers. The occurrence frequency of termite pests recorded was lower at Biankouma (<1%) and were between 0.08 and 3.16% at Man plantations. The Shannon’s index value of termite pests was 1.879 and 1.898 at Man and Biankouma, respectively. The attack rates of cocoa tree by termite pests were 9.555% and 2.235% at Man and Biankouma, respectively (F=29.676; ddl= 7; p= 0.002). The cocoa trees protection with biopesticides was recommended for increasing the yield and for termite’s conservation.

Burn out among students of the 7th faculty of medicine of the University of Conakry in 2020

Toure, Habib — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: Burnout is a common syndrome among medical students The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of burnout among students in the 7th year of the Faculty of Technical and Health Sciences of the University of Conakry. Methodology: This was a prospective cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study lasting 6 months from November 15 to May 15, 2020 The data was collected using an anonymous self-questionnaire providing information on the socio-demographic and professional characteristics of burnout, the data analysis was carried out using the software Epi info version 7. Results: The average age of the students was 26.48 with extremes of 23 and 35 years and a predominance of the male sex or 69% of cases The prevalence of burnout was 60.70%, high scores for emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and low personal achievement were 39.80%, 29.35% and 22.39% respectively There was a clear correlation between burnout and working hours in the hospital, workload and stress. Conclusion: Burnout presents risks to the health and safety of students in the 7th year of the FSTS Raising the awareness of the actors involved on the risk factors and their means of prevention is essential.

Aptitude for vegetative propagation by cuttings and air layering of Combretum nigricans Lepr. ex Guill. and Perr. in Burkina Faso

Dieudonné, Ki — 2022-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Combretum nigricans is a species of high socio-economic importance in West Africa and particularly in Burkina Faso. However, the strong anthropic pressure and the lack of knowledge on the different modes of regeneration constitute the main factors which hinder the stability of the stands of the species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of C. nigricans for vegetative propagation. To do this, two modes of vegetative regeneration were tested, namely root and stem cuttings and air layering. The results show that C. nigricans does not respond to vegetative propagation by root cuttings. However, tests on aerial fragment cuttings show that time period has a highly significant effect (p< 0.001) on the ability of the cuttings to vegetatively recover. The survival of the cuttings is strongly influenced by the diameter of the fragments (p< 0.001) and also varies from one period to another. Air layering carried out in March (during vegetative rest) gave after 06 months of follow-up a success rate of 45% with a high success rate for branches 16 to 18 mm in diameter. These preliminary results show that it is possible to reproduce C. nigricans by stem cuttings and air layering. These results are promising and open interesting perspectives for the improvement of gum production in Burkina Faso.

Effect of tobacco leaves (Nicotiana tabacum) on the weevil (Acanthoscelides obtectus) of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Djoukeng, Henri Grisseur — 2022-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

A survey was conducted by administering a questionnaire to identify common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) conservation methods used by farmers in the Hauts-Plateaux division, west region of Cameroon. To reduce post-harvest losses of common bean (P. vulgaris) in the study area, a six-month study was carried out on red and black beans. Vegetable powder of tobacco leaves (Nicotiana tabacum) was produced and tested against the bean weevil (Acanthoscelides obtectus). Tobacco leaves were dried to 13.5% moisture content, crushed and sieved to obtain a powder at pH 5.63. This powder and two other synthetic insecticidal powders (Antouka and Protect DP) based on permethrin were incorporated at a dose of 1 g kg-1 in batches of beans. The coated seeds were placed in 125 mL polyethylene boxes containing 100 seeds each, then stored for 6 months in a room at a temperature between 15 and 27 °C. The experimental set-up applied for each variety was a complete randomized design comprising four treatments and four replicates (Control without any treatment, Tobacco, Protect DP, Antouka). Data on perforated seeds, weevil emergence and mortality were observed throughout the experiment. Results showed that 41% of farmers use synthetic insecticides, 36% do not use any substance, 14% wood ash, 9% fir leaves. This study showed that tobacco powder significantly reduced the puncture of beans by weevils, indicating the importance of alternatives means for pest management. It also emerged from this study that the black bean is more resistant to weevils than the red one.

Physico-chemical characteristics of composts based on plant residues and animal manure and their effects on growth and yield parameters of tomato on sandy soils

Abina, Joséphine Ama Tamia Épse — 2022-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the face of soil degradation and current climatic variability, new adaptation practices such as the use of organic residues as biofertilisers are needed. Thus, two composts based on water hyacinths and pollen hulls, enriched with layer droppings for the first and ox dung for the second, were produced for 6 months. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of the composts on the growth and mass of tomato fruits. Their effects on fruit growth and mass were evaluated in a three-block randomised Fisher design. Composting was monitored by determining temperature, pH and moisture content. During composting, compost 1 had a maximum temperature of 52°C and compost 2 had a maximum temperature of 45°C. At the end of the composting process, the C/N ratios of compost 1 and 2 were 10.73 and 12.18 respectively, with pH values of 6.94 and 7.23. The N, P, K contents of compost 1 were 32.47, 20.1 and 25.2 g/kg/MS respectively, higher than those of compost 2, with 14.6, 3.72 and 13.14 g/kg/MS respectively. Also, the plants in the compost 1 treatments had better growth and produced fruits with a higher unit mass (52.39 g). Thus, the compost based on water hyacinths and pollen shells, enriched with layer droppings, could be used as an alternative to mineral fertilisers.

Bilateral psoas abscess associated with spondylodiscitis of tuberculous origin: About a case

Hmimech, Adil — 2022-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Background: Tuberculosis is still rampant in endemic mode in our country. Several locations are possible. The osteoarticular form is rare but very serious. The prognosis depends on the speed of the diagnosis and the effectiveness of the treatment. Method: We report a case of spondylodiscitis and abscess of the psoas muscles of tuberculous origin diagnosed at the bacteriology laboratory Ibn Sina Hospital in Rabat by bacteriological tests and confirmed by imaging. Results: The evolution was favorable after anti-tuberculosis treatment according to the National Protocol for Tuberculosis Control. But the presence of very large lytic lesions made the practice of effort spots almost impossible given the risk of vertebral fracture which remains imminent. The osteoarticular location of tuberculosis is rare but very serious given its destructive power on the bone. The prognosis remains even worse when it comes to a vertebral location which can bring into play a functional or even vital prognosis in certain cases. Conclusion: In our context where tuberculosis is still endemic, it is unforgivable to miss the diagnosis which must be raised whenever the context is suspect. Do not hesitate to deplore all biological and radiological means in order to have an accurate diagnosis and be able to treat effectively, to avoid any complications.

Using Landsat 8 images and Topographic Position Index (TPI) to map regolith units: For gold geochemical exploration implication

Ali, Kio — 2022-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The regolith mapping of the SML concession of the Nigerien Liptako of West Africa has been established by using LANSAT 8 images and topographic position index (TPI). Regolith units were extracted from band reports. The 5/7 ratio has been used to distinguish clay minerals, the 3/1 ratio has been used to determine iron oxide materials and that 4/2 to distinguish ferruginous materials. The colore composition of the band 572 by assigning respectively RGB permitted for unsupervised classification because this assignment showed moderately the regolith units. Discrimination of landforms has been realizedand performed by IPT. The superposition of the regolith map and that of the relief and the control work in the field made it possible to validate the final regolith units map. This method made possible to classify the regolith units into four groups: alluvial sediments (Da), sedimentary rocks of the “terminal continental” horizontally covering Birimian rocks (Dc), altered and “saprolitized” Birimian rocks sometimes covered by sand, soil or outcrop by the underlying fresh rock (Es) and a layer of sand from the disintegration of rocks of the “terminal continental” and horizontally covering the Birimian rocks (Rs). The study showed that approximately 70% of the study area is ideal and more than 30% has a negative impact on geochemical exploration for gold and therefore requires specialized sampling techniques. This shows that the method used is effective in mapping regolith units in the Nigerien Liptako and also in similar areas.

Biophysical characterisation of exposure to magnetic fields in households in the vicinity of very high voltage lines in Kinshasa

Buveka, Crispin Ngoma — 2022-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The city of Kinshasa is a megalopolis of more than 12 million inhabitants that has not adapted to the population explosion of the last 30 years. One of the serious consequences is the absence of binding urban planning standards in terms of construction and land use, with the result that many households are settling under the Very High Voltage (VHV) power lines that supply the city, in defiance of the 25m corridor recommended by the Electricity National Company (S.N.EL). Research undertaken since 2015 has established on the one hand a 100 m right-of-way on both sides of the line and revealed on the other hand that more cases of epilepsy, cancers, rheumatism and impaired eyesight are found in households living closest to these lines compared to national statistics, mainly in places where the magnetic fields are higher than 0.400 μT.

Bottom morphology and evolutionary trend of the sediment dynamics of the channels in the downstream sector of Lake Buyo (Cȏte d'Ivoire)

Serge, Konan Guy — 2022-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this study is to present the morphology of the bottom and to characterise the filling dynamics in the downstream sector of Buyo lake. A bathymetric survey carried out in March 2021 and the use of an old topographic map of the Buyo hydroelectric development dated 1980, allowed to apprehend the impact of the hydrosedimentary processes on the morphological evolution of the Buyo lake bottom. The analysis of the topo-bathymetric maps revealed that the downstream sector of Buyo Lake presents a rather irregular relief with depths ranging from 0 to 26 m. The greatest depths are located at the level of the flood spillway and the shallowest depths in the vicinity of the water intake. The 3D map of the lake shows the presence of depressions and shallows. The maximum depth was 24 m in 1982 and will be 26 m in 2021. In some places, the depressions of 4 and 22 m that were recorded in 1982 are 6 and 16 m respectively in 2021. The volume of deposition over the last 39 years (1982 to 2021) is estimated to be about 6,130,297.08 m³ of sediment with a filling rate of 68 cm/year. The analysis of the main channels revealed bathymetric profiles of intermediate and « V » morphology.

Feminism and local governance in Lubumbashi (Rwashi Commune)

Etienne, Makolo Makolo — 2022-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This research addresses the issue of female leadership in DR Congo. It is important to note that in certain sectors of life (music for example), women are very involved and this is a major role. However, there are far fewer women in important positions, in the circles where decisions are made, hence this article makes some recommendations for this to change.

Pressure exerted by artisanal pastry companies and nganda ntaba on urban and peri-urban wooded vegetation in Kinshasa in Democratic Republic of the Congo

Luzolo, Joël Tungi Tungi — 2022-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

In urban areas, trees remain the essential element in maintaining the environmental balance. Specifically, this study aimed to: (i) quantify the loss of urban tree cover and deepen knowledge of the drivers of this urban deforestation; (ii) understand the influence of the loss on the local climate; and (iii) clarify the management methods of this urban ecosystem guaranteeing environmental resilience. The results of analyzes showed that in Kinshasa, trees are cut even in the inhabited plots in order to supply the pastry companies and nganda ntaba with firewood. Between 2000 and 2020, nearly 25% of the initial tree area was deforested; the average annual loss of tree cover in the urban and peri-urban area is estimated at approximately 1128.8 ± 910.9 ha. The average daily quantity consumed by an artisanal bakery and a nganda ntaba amounts respectively to 3.36±1.25 m3 and 2±0.67 bundles of firewood. The results of the analyzes demonstrated the influence of urban tree cover loss in Kinshasa on the increase in local temperature. The restructuration of Kinshasa city, the promotion of renewable energy and urban forestry, would make Kinshasa a resilient city.

Effect of weediness degree on the infestation of the Maize crop (Zea mays (L.), Poaceae) by major pest insects in Central Côte d’Ivoire

Kouamé, Kra Frédéric — 2022-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The production of maize (Zea mays L.) is subject to many constraints, particularly weeds and insects. Among the latter, the fall armyworm S. frugiperda, the foliage-feeding insect S. derogate and the aphid R. maidis cause massive crop losses. This study focused on the evaluation of maize crop infestation by these invasive insects according to the degree of plot weediness in a farm environment. The data collected in maize fields on the rate of weediness and damage from insects were treated using Statistica 7.1. software. The results obtained about the dispersion of damage caused by insect and the rates of plot weediness showed variable correlations between these two biological pests according to the concerned insect. Damages has been accentuated while the weediness. S. frugiperda was the major pest and its attacks were remarkable between a weediness rate of 10 and 60%. Damages of S. derogata were more important for a weediness degree of 45%. Regarding R. maidis, it was more aggressive when the weediness rate in maize plots reached 50%. The results of this study could offer useful tools in the main invasive insect pests control strategy in the maize crops.

Prospective study of small mammals in the Garamba National Park

Jackson, Mumbere Kasogho — 2022-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

In order to contribute to the knowledge of small mammals of the Garamba complex, we conducted a prospective study of small mammals of the Garamba National Park.During 21 days of captures, in September 2019, 6 species of small mammals were recorded including 4 species of the Crocidura genus belonging to the Soricidae family and one species of the Mastomys genus of the Muridae family and one species of the Dendromus genus of the of Nesomydae. During our capture session 5 females were collected of which 4 were sexually active and one female was sexually inactive. Among the active females two were lactating and two others were pregnant. The Crocidura olivieri species is more represented with a relative density equal to 1.19 compared to the Dendromus mistacalis and Crocidura sp species with a low density of 0.23 each. The overall sex ratio is 1.6 favorable to males out of a total of 13 individuals harvested including 8 males and 5 females.

Evaluation of cardiovascular risk factors in the population of the Agadir region - Morocco

Chachi, El Mostafa — 2022-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Cardiovascular diseases are the first cause of mortality in Morocco and in the world. Several factors favoring the occurrence of these diseases have been identified. The objective of this study is to estimate the prevalence of the main cardiovascular risk factors in the population of the Agadir region-Morocco through a prospective study in a sample of 305 patients. Anthropometric, socioeconomic, and medical history characteristics of the study population were collected on a pre-established sheet. Obesity was assessed by calculating the body mass index (BMI). The patients had a blood pressure measurement and a biochemical assessment. The results obtained showed that the mean age was 52.82 ± 14.91 years, with a predominance of female gender (84.4%) and urban origin (74.8%). The average BMI of the sample was 30.33 ± 8 kg/m2. Obesity affected more than half of the patients (52%), with a female predominance (58%). Hypertension was present in 37.7% of patients, dyslipidemia was found in 63.9% of patients, while diabetes was present in 57.4% of patients in our series. The overall cardiovascular risk was high in 40.5% of patients in our series according to the Framingham model and 1.9% according to SCORE. This study showed a very high prevalence of CVDF, including obesity, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. The result obtained in this study suggests a considerable increase in cardiovascular disease in the coming years.

Procedure for the preparation of polymeric mixtures using vegetable oils and plastic packaging bottle wastes

MUNTUMOSI-SENZEDI, Mérite — 2022-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective is to propose a solvent able to mix with polymers that hardly mix to based vegetable oils solvent (such as terephthalate polyethylene having undergone a certain crystallization or addition of additives). The methodology consists of measuring the unmixed solvent fraction through a series of experiments of partial cooking of the same polymer quantity. The solvent is a mixture of vegetable oils adjusted by the addition of a well-defined tiny sulfuric acid quantity. This methodology is based on the Hildebrand's approach in the Flory-Huggins theory of polymer mixtures according to which the best solvent is the one whose solubility parameter is the closest to that of the polymer. Then, hardly miscible polymers were successfully mixed to based vegetable oils solvent. The behavior of the obtained polymeric mixtures as a function of the added sulfuric acid tiny amount is in good agreement with the Hill-Langmuir models on the equilibrium between the adsorption and the desorption of species in well determined quantity. The «Solvent» entities are «Ligands», while the «Polymer» sites are «Receptors». This behavior also shows that, for a solvent adjusted by adding a well-defined tiny sulfuric acid amount, the mixing phenomenon can be an enduring process in time. The results of this work suggest that it is possible to adjust the solubility parameter of the previous study solvent to that of the polymer by adding a tiny amount of an appropriate element to the solvent/polymer mixture.

Pregnancy grafted on hysterectomy scar: A diagnostic trap

Azerki, M. — 2022-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Pregnancy on scar is a rare clinical entity whose main complication remains hemorrhage which can be cataclysmic engaging the maternal vital prognosis. The diagnosis is essentially based on a thorough clinical and ultrasound examination. We report here the case of a 38-year-old patient with a tri-scar uterus, with a pregnancy of 08 SA, whose diagnosis of pregnancy on scar was not raised, and who was admitted into our structure for the management of a simple aborted pregnancy. An aspiration was proposed to the patient after a retention period of 04 weeks, during the act: the patient presented a massive hemorrhage, and a hysterectomy of hemostasis was performed because of the maternal vital prognosis that was at stake.

Leaf phenology influence the growth of rubber seedlings

Wang, Ruxue — 2022-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Rubber seedling rootstock cultivation is the first step of rubber budding propagation. However, there is still a lack of systematic studies investigating leaf phenology effect on rubber seedling nursery. In this study, leaf phenology, stem diameter, plant height and the chlorophyll parameters were observed at six periods. The results showed that bronze stage was the rapid growth and regulation stage of plant height, bronze stageⅠwas the rapid growth and regulation stage of stem diameter, and light green leaf stage was sensitive to environmental temperature. Taken together, leaf phenology affects the growth of rubber seedlings, and understanding phenological effects helps to regulate the phenological process to raise rootstock seedlings.

Application of the methodology Extreme Programing and the Minimum Viable Product to get better the development and deployment of a web system

Morales, Abel Edwin Guarneros — 2022-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

This work is a proposal of methodology for the Development and implementation of web systems in an agile way, following the Build-Measure-Learn cycle. At each stage of the cycle, methods and tools are defined to create a Minimum Viable Product (MVP), in order to quickly deploy the system to begin a stage of functionality and usability tests, and thus obtain feedback for the creation of the next MVP, in this way the developed product will scale through the new needs that the client has, we integrated the tools and methods defined by the Extreme Programming (XP) methodology for the build phase and the ISO / IEC 29119 standard for the testing stage. The implementation of this proposal methodological it was made in the development of the File from Aspirants’s System to the Instituto Tecnológico de México /Campus Apizaco.

Prevalence of anti-transglutaminase type IgA antibodies in celiac disease in children with type 1 diabetes

El Faiz, Imad — 2022-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The prevalence of celiac disease in the general population is 1%, it is more common in patients with type 1 diabetes. Our objective is to determine the prevalence of anti-transglutaminase type IgA antibodies in children with type 1 diabetes. For this, we conducted a descriptive retrospective study, carried out within the laboratory of immunology-serology of the CHU Ibn Rochd of Casablanca. We included all requests for research of anti-transglutaminase type IgA antibodies in children with type 1 diabetes, over a period of 3 years. Our study identified 480 children with type 1 diabetes. The median age was 9 years with extremes of 1 to 14 years, 247 children were male or 51.5% versus 233 female or 48.5%, the sex ratio (M/F) calculated was 1.06. Anti-transglutaminase type IgA antibodies were positive in 70 patients, a prevalence of 14.6%. We compared the seropositive group (n=70) with the seronegative group (n=410). There was no difference between the two groups for age. However, female children were more affected in the seropositive group. This study confirms that celiac disease is common in diabetic patient’s type 1. Early diagnosis of celiac disease is very important to prevent long-term complications. These complications can be prevented by a simple gluten-free diet.

Algrient, NANA TOWA — 2022-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present work aims to evaluate the efficiency of a biochar biofilter to purify the water of an aquaponic system according to the density of fish. For this, a unit has been set up at the Rural Engineering Department of the University of Dschang to conduct the tests. The biofilter made up of biochar based on corn cobs and pozzolan was set up as well as six columns of hydroponic system each connected to a biofilter and each containing three basil plants. The experimental device consisted of two densities DP6 and DP9 representing respectively the densities of 6 and 9 catfish per tank. Each density representing a treatment was mounted in triplicate. The fry were fed at 5% of their biomass at 2 frequencies (morning and evening). The physico-chemical parameters were measured once a day for the most part. Plant growth characteristics were measured on the 14th and 28th day after transplanting. Those relating to the growth of fish on the 28th and 46th day after loading. The results showed that the physico-chemical parameters of the water remained within the standard range required in aquaponics whatever the density, thus reflecting the positive effect of the biofilter. The DP6 fish recorded a higher weight gain of 15.26 g against 13.87 g for the DP9 after 46 days of rearing. As for the basil plants, those of the DP6 recorded the greatest average height of 30.88 cm. However, no significant difference was recorded between the treatments for either fish or plant growth. Subject to future work aimed at evaluating the functioning of the system over a relatively longer period, the installation of the biofilter makes it possible to increase the stocking density of the fish and, in turn, the yield.

Hypoglycemic effect of acetonic and methanolic extracts from leaves and bark of Sclerocarya birrea (A.Rich.) Hochst in guinea pigs

Niang, Lahat — 2022-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The purpose of this study was to determine the hypoglycaemic effects in leaf and bark of Sclerocarya birrea, used in traditional medicine for diabetes. In addition, two extracts were prepared from this plant: hydromethanolic and hydro-acetonic. The experiments were carried out on normoglycemic and diabetic guinea pigs by injection of a single dose of glucose (4 g/kg of body weight). Phytochemical screening are carried out according to standard analytical methods. Polyphenols, tannins and flavonoids were the main phytochemical constituents of the extracts. The results showed that the oral administration of the different extracts of Sclerocarya birrea at doses of 500, 700 and 1000 mg/kg of body weight led to a significant reduction in blood sugar (p < 0.05), similarly to antidiabetic action of glibenclamide (10 mg/kg of body weight). Whatever the organ and the extraction solvent, the doses of 500 and 700 mg/kg of body weight induced dose-dependent hypoglycemia, just like glibenclamide, the glycemia of normoglycemic and hyperglycemic guinea pigs. These results show that the metabolites revealed in the extracts could be responsible for its hypoglycemic effects in glucose metabolism. Thus, supported by a complete chemical study with a view to isolating the active substances responsible for the antidiabetic effect in perspective, is possible to formulate from this plant a phytomedicine with potential for diabetes which make possible their uses by populations for treatment of diabetes.

Synthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites by cell cultures of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides Lam. (Zepernik and Timler): Quantification of hesperidin and chelerythrine

ETSE, Kodjo Djidjolé — 2022-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Investigations have been carried out with the aim of producing secondary metabolites in vitro by cell cultures of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides. Cell dedifferentiation from explants was induced in the presence of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid or 1-naphthaleneacetic acid in combination with benzyladenine. HPLC analyzes revealed the uneven accumulation, in diversity and quantity, of a number of secondary metabolites in these cell cultures. These secondary metabolites are not synthesized by all cell strains with the exception of hesperidin which is present everywhere. Quantification of hesperidin and chelerythrine showed that 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid inhibits their synthesis unlike 1-naphthaleneacetic acid and light which seem to stimulate it. This study shows that it is possible to produce secondary compounds in vitro by cell cultures of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides.

Conservation status of medium-sized and large mammals at Mont Peko national Park in the post socio-political crisis period in western of Côte d’Ivoire

Dawy, Assui Wa Kassi N’Guessan — 2022-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Ivory Coast, the decade of politico-military crisis has led to the degradation of national parks, After this crisis, knowledge of the wildlife diversity of these forests is needed to propose appropriate conservation measures. For this purpose, this study was conducted in the Mount Péko National Park (MPNP), located in western Ivory Coast. It aims to inventory the means and large mammals, to establish their spatial distributions and to determine their conservation status as well as the threats of human activities that weigh on them. The methodology used consisted first of all in surveys with the managers of the park and the local populations in order to have data on the fauna of the region. Pedestrian surveys inside the park were organized. At the end of this study, ten (10) species belonging to four (4) orders and six (6) species from (2) orders respectively of large and medium mammals were confirmed from direct and indirect observations. Most of these species occur in the surveyed areas except Cercopithecus campbelli, Civettictis civetta, Procavia capensis found only in the north and Syncerus caffer nanus observed only south of the park. Among the large mammal species, in addition to Loxodonta africana (VU), Pan troglodytes verus (EN) and Cephalophus sylvicultor (NT), all other species are listed in the category of Least Concerned (LC), according to IUCN. Similarly, apart from Phataginus tricuspis classified as Vulnerable (VU), all species of mammalian means are included in the LC category. However, the sustainable conservation of these mammals is threatened by various anthropogenic activities within the MPNP. In order to safeguard the biodiversity of the park, it is necessary to implement the management and management plan of the park, to involve all the stakeholders in the actions of monitoring, communication for a change of behavior and in real management MPNP. Scientific studies and ecological monitoring activities will need to be carried out to collect more comprehensive data as a tool to guide the sustainable management of MPNP.

Real exchange rate and trade openness of the DRC in COMESA

EGUDRA NYADRI, Janvier — 2022-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article analyzes the effects of the real exchange rate on the DRC's trade openness in COMESA. The concrete question is how the equilibrium real exchange rate (RRC) induces the DRC's trade openness within the COMESA zone and the fundamentals of the economy which determine its level in the long term. The study is carried out on the basis of the Behavioral Equilibrium Exchange Rate (BEER) approach, because of its delicate adaptation to empirical assessments is more practical for developing countries, following the gravity model of Aristotelous. The results obtained show that there is a direct effect between the real equilibrium exchange rate and the level of trade between the DRC and its partners. Also, the paper establishes that the equilibrium real exchange rate improves the level of exports but deteriorates that of imports. These results confirm the research hypothesis.

Petrophysical characterization and oil interest of sandstone and sandy formations of the Cretaceous in the eastern zone of Abidjan margin (Côte d’Ivoire)

Cyrille, Yao Kouadio — 2022-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Knowledge of the petrophysical parameters of potentially reservoir levels remains a major concern in the study of sedimentry basins. In addition, numerous studies carried out in the offshore basin of Côte d'Ivoire have revealed reservoirs of the Cretaceous age. The present study is part of a perspective of petrophysical characterization of sandstone and sandy intervals of the Cretaceous of the Abidjan margin. To do this, two holes KN1 and KN2 located in the eastern part of the Abidjan margin were analyzed. Lithology reveals clay, sandstone, sand, limestone, marls and silts containing carbonaceous debris, glauconite and pyrite. The analysis of the petrophysical parameters made it possible to detect potential reservoirs of good quality with an average to good permeability at sandstones and sandy layers. These reservoirs contain fluids (water, oil and gas) in Campanian, Cenomanian and Albian.

The role of management by roaming in achieving job satisfaction for human resources management in institutions in the United Arab Emirates

Almansoori, Mohamed Mansoor — 2022-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The study aimed to clarify the role of the roaming administration in achieving job satisfaction for human resources management in institutions in the United Arab Emirates, as a case study on the Roads and Transport Authority. We relied on presenting a theoretical framework consisting of four chapters. The first chapter dealt with human resource management in institutions, explaining through it the concept of human resources in institutions and the reality of human resources in the UAE, while the second chapter, which dealt with job satisfaction in institutions, is based on a statement of concepts related to it and the influencing factors. It and the most important general characteristics of job satisfaction, while the third chapter, which dealt with management by roaming being the subject of the study, through which we dealt with the related concepts and the most important administrative processes related to management by roaming. We used a sample consisting of all human resources working in the Roads and Transport Authority, and I used the questionnaire as a tool for all study data. The study summarized a number of results, the most important of which is that the sample confirms the importance of roaming management in detecting problems before they occur, applying accounting, identifying strengths and weaknesses, and making sure that oversight is comprehensive for all areas of work, which achieves job satisfaction for employees, and also the importance represented by roaming management as one of the supervisory methods at work and directing employees, which achieves job satisfaction if it is applied. The importance of the administrative tours carried out by managers develops and increases the human relations between the leadership and the workers through the continuous presence at the work site, overcoming obstacles and working to solve the problems facing the workers. The study suggested the necessity of activating management by roaming in institutions as one of the modern administrative methods in management and spreading the culture of management by roaming among managers and workers and creating an appropriate atmosphere to strengthen human relations, creating an encouraging atmosphere for work and that gives confidence to workers, which leads to raising the morale of workers and thus achieving goals.

Factors associated with the abandonment of reversible modern contraceptive methods in the CCLK health Area, Goma Health zone, DR Congo

Abintegenke, Affable Izandengera — 2022-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study was conducted in the CCLK health area, Goma health zone, North Kivu province in the DRC. It aimed to identify the factors associated with the abandonment of reversible modern contraceptive methods among users, their recourse after abandonment as well as the consequences that follow in the period from January 01 to December 31, 2022. After collection, tabulation, analysis and processing of data by SPSS software, we arrived at the following results:. - 24.4% of dropouts are due to giving in to rumours; 17.1% of dropouts result from the occurrence of side effects; 9.8 ≈10% abandoned their methods for not having received sufficient information during the first contact; 4.9 ≈5% of users were influenced by their religion to abandon their methods and 2.4% abandoned their methods following the opposition of the partner. It should be noted that apart from the apparent prevalence, no statistically significant association was revealed for each of these variables. - 18.37% of users do not use any method after giving up; 11.23% use condoms; 10.20% abstain from sex, 7.14% withdraw (coitus interruptus) and 3.6% use emergency contraception. - 75.6% of users claim to have had consequences after abandonment compared to 24.4% who did not. Among these consequences, we cite: unfree sex with 46.34%, regular fear of pregnancy with 24.39% and so 7.31% had an unwanted or unplanned pregnancy after abandonment.

Concentrations of toxic metals in edible fish from the Congo river at the Kinsuka site in Kinshasa (DR Congo) and evaluation of potential health risk

Camille, Nsimanda Ipey — 2022-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

A total of 51 samples of Distichodus fasciolatus (Mboto in Lingala), Mormyrops anguilloides (Monzanda/Nzanda) and Schilbe mystus (Ndangwa/lilangwa) fish, gutted and separated from the gills, were captured from the Kinsuka fishing site in Pool Malebo on the Congo River in Kinshasa to determine lead and cadmium concentrations, and to assess the health risk associated with their continued consumption. After spectrophotometric analysis with HACH - DR 2400 in accordance with the laboratory's operating procedure, it appears that all the species of fish analyzed are contaminated with lead and cadmium at concentrations far above the European Union edibility standard. The continued consumption of 14.24 grams per day of fish from the Kinsuka fishing site poses the obvious risk of developing chronic disease throughout life, especially in children. The hazard quotients and the associated hazard quotients, whether for children or for adults, are far greater than 1. This risk could become even worse when the purchasing power of consumers is improved in the future. It is up to the government to ban the consumption of these fish and to take binding measures to reduce the contamination of aquatic ecosystems, to introduce national standards for the discharge of industrial wastewater and for foodstuffs intended for human consumption.

Preliminary study of toxic metal contamination of Congo river fish caught at the port of Socopla-Lomata in Mbandaka (DR Congo)

Soleil, Ingonda Bololo — 2022-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Fish Tilapia nilotica, Mormyrops anguilloides and Schilbe mystus, captured at port Socopla-Lomata on the Congo River in Mbandaka were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, brand Xepos III in accordance with the laboratory’s operating mode; to assess lead, cadmium and mercury contamination. The results showed concentrations higher than the edibility standards of the European Union and the concentrations observed in the water of the fishing site. The species Mormyrops anguilloides accumulates more cadmium while lead and mercury are more accumulated in Tilapia nilotica.

Evaluation of the implementation of the national protocol for the management of severe acute malnutrition in the health zones of eastern DR Congo: Case of the Bagira health zone

ABWE, James SONGA — 2022-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Severe acute malnutrition remains crucial in South Kivu in general and in the Bagira health zone in particular. Severe emaciation affects 7.8% of South Kivu children against 10% for the entire DRC. In 2012 the Bagira health zone, experts found that the prevalence of severe acute malnutrition would be 2.4% and global acute malnutrition of 6.1% against 7.8% for the entire province. The overall objective of this study is to contribute to improving the management of severe acute malnutrition in Bagira health zone. This is an assessment of the current level of implementation support for severe acute malnutrition protocol. This cohort study has allowed us to study the evolution of anthropometric parameters children admitted to the output of the UNTI and output to 6 months. Subsequently we studied the risk factors for death among the discharged malnourished child and have experienced the breakdown of inputs. We found that changes in the weight-for-height z-score for most children was slow (<- 3SD) and the height gain in three months out of the UNTI for children who have experienced more than 30 days failure (P=0.005). Influenced the deaths of children in the community are anemia (P = 0.03), infection represented by fever (P = 0.03), the level of education of mothers (P = 0.03) the profession of the mothers (P = 0.03), non-worming (P=0.02) and the status of the mother (P=0.03). The fight against severe acute malnutrition implies the availability of inputs and preventative measures to ensure good survival for children ZS Bagira.

Support strategies for pupils with learning difficulties by primary school teachers in Bena-Dibele in French and mathematics

Shongo, Emile Malamba — 2022-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

In conducting this study, we sought to determine the difficulties encountered by elementary school students in BENA-DIBELE in mathematics and French and to identify the strategies used by teachers to support students with difficulties. Based on an occasional sample of 60 teachers, we realized that the students of BENA-DIBELE experience learning difficulties. These include problems with spelling (23.5%), agreement (23.5%), writing (18%), diction (17.5%) and pronunciation (17%) in French; and problems with solving operations (50%), thinking (45.35%) and measurement (4.65%) in mathematics. To overcome these difficulties, teachers use several strategies to support these students. These include remediation (13.87%), assigning homework (17.65%) and questioning (13.66%), correcting homework (9.34%), submitting to application exercises (15.55%), checking work (6.30%) and assigning homework (11.75%). From the above, it is interesting that teachers multiply directed and homework assignments to help students better internalize the concepts learned and prepare their transfer to the field of everyday life. Also, it is necessary to facilitate the exchange of information between parents and teachers, both physically and through the communication notebooks, to inform them of their children's performance.

Musical communication, social communication and patriotism in Côte d'Ivoire: A contribution to the understanding of the Ode to the Fatherland

Djedjess, Albert Atchory — 2022-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study examines the musical communication of the Ode to the Fatherland. Positioning itself at the level of musicology and social communication, it analyzes the content of that song, that is to say, the constituent elements of its melody, rhythm, harmony and lyrics in order to reveal its deep meaning, and thus to understand what it is deals with, to who it is addressed and for what it is about. The results of the various musical and textual analyses reveal how the Ode to the Fatherland, while it presents itself as a musical communication, is also a social communication. If the former lets hear the sadness and the determination of the Ivorian Man, in a full conscience of the pluralities of opinions and ideas, the latter calls for the qualitative change by inviting to opt courageously for the overcoming in order to go forward. In a congruence of the melody and the words, the Ode appears thus as a true awakener of national patriotic conscience: it speaks of the society to the society to provoke a sacred union able to create the agreement between the daughters and sons of the nation and to put back the country on its feet.

Assessing the GDP of a territorial unit in uncertainty about national forecasts: What is the preferred approach ? The case of provincial GDP in DR Congo

Gonzato Bina w N., Daniel — 2022-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

« Non-economists » strongly criticize the concept of GDP because it gives too much space to the market, to finance and less to the non-market, social, or environmental costs of production, human rights or freedoms. Considering all the proposed elements already make the calculation of a country’s GDP more complex, what about the GDP of separate entities within a country? States such as Canada, the United Kingdom, France, the United States (US), and recently Tunisia have made the regional GDP an important instrument of their economic and social policies. As structured economies, largely monetized and equipped with statistical tools, they have developed and applied efficient calculation methods. This article is intended to be forward-looking/exploratory for the calculation of the regional GDP in DR Congo, a country characterized, in particular, by a significant weight of the informal sector; a high rate of economic and financial crime (money laundering, embezzlement, large-scale corruption of policymakers, government leaders, financial authorities, public, mixed or private companies, etc.), and a high contribution of its diaspora established throughout the world (in the household management expenditure in DR Congo).

Valorization of invasive Sargassum spp. algal residues into compost in Côte d’Ivoire

Kouassi, Blé Alexis Tardy — 2022-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present work aims to study the fertilizing power of the invasive algae Sargassum spp. in order to initiate their valorization as organic fertilizer in agriculture. The experimental device is composed of two pits of dimensions 1m x 1m with a depth of 1m, filled with 100 kg of rinsed and dried Sargassum spp. The pit intended for vermicomposting received 1 week after the beginning of the experiment 1.8 kg of mature earthworms (Eudrilus eugenia). The moisture content of the pits was maintained at 60-70%. Samples were taken at the beginning of the experiment and every 4 weeks for 4 months, for analysis at the PETROCI-Côte d'Ivoire laboratory to determine the initial physical and chemical parameters and during the decomposition of Sargassum spp. Regarding the physical and chemical characteristics of the residues, some compounds such as phosphorus (20315 ppm) and potassium (24488.8 ppm) have very high values with a slightly basic pH (7.7). During decomposition, nutrients are released and their content increases rapidly in the vermicompost before decreasing generally until the end of the experiment. The residues of Sargassum spp. considered as waste by the populations contain important nutrients (C, N, P, K, ….), thus possessing an important fertilizing power potentially favourable to an organic agriculture.

Inza, Coulibaly — 2022-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The southern part of the Toumodi-Fètêkro greenstone belt is located in central-southeastern Côte d'Ivoire. The lithologies encountered in the felsic rocks can be subdivided in to three units corresponding to volcanic lavas (dacites, rhyodacites and rhyolites), pyroclastics rocks (ignimbrites) and granitoids (granodiorites and granites). All of these lithologies have been generally foliated and metamorphosed in to greenschist facies. Geochemical data show that these felsic rocks are metaluminous to peraluminous, calc-alkaline and have characteristics of magmatic arc rocks (TiO2 < 2 %). The dacites are sodic and the granitoids are “I” Type. Geochemical trends show a possibility of mixing due to the existence of a small Archean legacy component.

Multi-Criteria Decision Making for energy planning in Democratic Republic of Congo: Case study of Idjwi island

Janvier, Kamundala — 2022-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Energy planning involves multiple actors (authorities, community, investors, and operators) and multiple objectives most of the time in perpetual conflict. The Analysis Hierarchy Process (AHP) which consists of a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis method (MCDA) theory of measurement through pairwise comparisons and relies on the judgments of experts to derive priority scales was used to evaluate the energy resources of Idjwi island in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The weights obtained from AHP analysis were used to rank the seven alternative energy resources for the island using the Technique of Order Preferences to Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). The combination of the two MCDA methods reduces the uncertainty and reinforce the reliability of the decision by combining the advantages of both methods. Two surveys were conducted in this research, one for the rural community in Idjwi, in order to determine their preferences, priority, economic situation for an energy project. The second survey was conducted for the energy experts in the region was to analyze the importance of the criteria. This thesis aims at ranking the different energy resources for rural electrification in the Island. Energy planning in many developing countries is still not well-handled and depend mostly on the priorities of actual authorities. To minimize the risk of investing in wrong sources of energy, energy planning is needed which includes many actors and factors. For example, the exclusion of the local communities in the process of electrification projects can lead to failures of many mini-grid projects in villages. Based on the preferences and priorities of the community, the small hydropower and solar photovoltaic sources were the first alternatives to power Idjwi Island. An assessment of the renewable energy resources of the DRC is also included.

Bacterial contamination of surfaces and equipment in intensive care units: What is the role of the infection prevention and control (IPC) team?

Arai, Mounir — 2022-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: Microbiological control of the environment in intensive care units is an integral part of the prevention of nosocomial infections and the control of outbreaks involving multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR). The infection prevention and control team is at the heart of this approach. Particular concerns are the maintenance of a safe and hygienic care environment, and the minimization of microbial contamination of surfaces and equipment. The objective of our work was to determine the team's approach to the management of environment-related infections in intensive care units, to determine the bacterial ecology of these units, to specify the most contaminated sites and to present preventive and corrective actions. Method: A quantitative and qualitative study of the microbiological control of the environment was carried out between January 2018 and December 2020 at the level of intensive care units (ICU), and described the pre, per and post-microbiological processes applied to the hospital environment. Results: Of 350 samples collected, 33% were positive. The overall distribution of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR) isolated showed a predominance of gram-negative bacilli (GNB). The hygienists were responsible for the development and implementation of an environmental risk prevention plan including surveillance, prevention, training and evaluation. Conclusion: Our results showed that equipment and surfaces in intensive care units were heavily contaminated with multi-resistant bacteria. The control of this risk must be implemented through a multimodal strategy, with the intervention of a team specialized in the field.

Covid-19: Essential contribution of the infection prevention and control team (IPC)

Arai, Mounir — 2022-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: COVID-19 caused a major health crisis and quarantined half of the world's population. The pandemic disrupted medical practices and put enormous pressure on the health care system and health care workers in most countries. This has prompted hospitals to reorganize their services, to ensure the provision of appropriate equipment for both patients and caregivers, and to reinforce precautions and hygiene measures. The objective of our study was to share the initiatives carried out by the infection prevention and control team in terms of controlling the infectious risk linked to Covid-19, to identify the strengths and weaknesses and to identify areas for improvement. Method: Retrospective descriptive study of two years, (2020-2021) from the phase of triggering the covid -19 crisis plan, to the resumption of activities at a university hospital. Results: The measures taken to deal with the pandemic include the management process of screening operations for suspected and confirmed cases. A total of 4115 samples for PCR were taken during the year 2020. Between February and December 2020, approximately 900 health professionals were trained, a guide on the prevention of COVID-19 was developed and disseminated to all services involved in the care of patients with COVID-19. 5043 disinfection operations after the passage of a suspected or confirmed COVID-19 case were coordinated. Finally, the study presents the challenges, the difficulties encountered and the positive impact of covid-19 on the institution, the caregivers and the HCAI control activity. Conclusion: COVID-19 has had a considerable impact on the activities of our department. The close collaboration of the team has proven its importance and efficiency in responding to the constraints and adapting the activity according to the progression of the pandemic and to the mission of our department, which is to prevent the risk of infection.

Fluctuations of electromagnetic pollution in the vicinity of dwellings under very high voltage lines in the city of Kinshasa

Buveka, Crispin Ngoma — 2022-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The world is becoming increasingly industrialized, technological revolution and innovation are proceeding at prodigious speeds, so that the number and diversity of electromagnetic (EMF) sources have increased significantly. Electricity has made our lives richer, safer and easier, but the transmission lines that carry it pose some health risks to the people who live around it due to the EMF they generate. Research was undertaken in 2015 to obtain information on the people living near these lines in the residential area of Kinshasa city. To this end, Magnetic Field (MF) measurements carried out there in 2015 and repeated in 2020 indicate that the average MF has increased over 5 years, notably in the axis of the line, notably from (0. 673 ±0.030) μT to (1.321 ±0.115) μT at Limete, (0.753 ±0.052) μT to (1.091 ±0.073) μT at Selembao and (1.017 ±0.095) μT to (1.342 ±0.102) μT at Bandalungwa. All these averages found in 2020 are increasingly above the threshold value of 0.400 μT.

Physico-Chemical Characterisation of the Waters of Lake M'bakre, South of Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire

Aka, C. A. — 2022-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Lake M'bakré, on the West African coast, south of Abidjan, is facing the consequences of eutrophication and recent developments in its surroundings. To assess the physico-chemical quality of its waters, the monitoring of physico-chemical parameters was carried out between June 2013 and March 2014. The results of the analyses show that its waters are neutral to alkaline, well oxygenated, not very mineralised, warm all year round, benefit from a good water quality and are little affected by the poor development of its surroundings. The lake's waters are not affected by the nutrient salts measured and these parameters remain below international standards.

School organizational climate and professional commitment of teachers: The mediating role of professional satisfaction

Richard, Mfiarak A. Koko — 2022-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this study was to investigate whether and how teachers’ perceptions of social-emotional climate in their schools influenced the outcome variables – teachers’ professional commitment – and to examine the pathways of this relationships with satisfaction at work as mediator variable. The sample included 265 secondary school teachers from Yaoundé, Cameroon. Participants completed a questionnaire about the teacher’s commitment, perceived school climate, and satisfaction at work. A mediation analysis was used to examine a mediatory model of the variables. Satisfaction at work mediated the relationship between school organizational climate and teachers’ professional commitment. School organizational climate was considered as the determinant for teachers’ professional commitment, with satisfaction at work playing a key role. In conclusion, the result findings of this study can contribute to all types of schools and school administrators. This is because by understanding school climate influence, school administrators and teachers will be able to work towards fostering education excellence at present and for the future.

Construction of the furnace with incineration: A humane intervention or a durable solution with the problem of the management of waste at the general hospital of reference of Wangata (Mbandaka, DR Congo) ?

Soleil, Ingonda Bololo — 2022-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

With the resulting one from analysis of the data of this study whose objective is to make an inventory of fixtures of the management of solid waste of care of health at the general hospital of reference of Wangata for an evaluation of the effectiveness of the whole of the system finally making it possible to estimate if the construction of the furnace with incineration entered within the framework of a management systemic and planned for a solution total and durable, it arises however that the system of management is not effective, and that the construction of the furnace with incineration was only one emergency intervention with an only aim of eliminating the wild discharges and the unpleasant odors. There is not a plan of management, nor program, less still a clear policy as regards management of waste in this hospital. 96,7% of personnel are not formed, not sorted waste, not of budget allocated with the management of waste.

Assessment of the physico-chemical quality of waters of the Lobo reservoir (West-central Côte d’Ivoire)

Eblin, Sampah Georges — 2022-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Lobo River reservoir, the main source of drinking water supply for the municipality of Daloa, is facing a deterioration in its quality. This study aims to assess the quality of this resource. The physico-chemical and chemical parameters of this water were determined during the two seasons of the year 2020. The methodological approach consisted firstly of characterizing the water in the reservoir in relation to the WHO guide values; secondly, determining the phenomena that govern the mineralization of this water and, thirdly, calculating the organic pollution index (OPI) and the water quality index (WQI) of the reservoir. The results show that the physico-chemical parameters (T, pH and EC) comply with the WHO guide values. However, the water has a high turbidity, with a very strong colour in all seasons. Phosphate (0.93 mg/L), ammonium (1.48 mg/L), total iron (2.99 mg/L) and manganese (0.66 mg/L) concentrations are high. On the other hand, chlorides, nitrates and nitrites remain low in both seasons. On the other hand, chlorides, nitrates and nitrites remain low in both seasons. Normalized Principal Component Analysis (NPCA) revealed that the mineralization of this water is of natural and anthropogenic origin. The water quality (2.25 to 3.25) and organic pollution (429.73 to 693.31) indices show that the water in the reservoir is unfit for consumption, with moderate pollution in the dry season and heavy pollution in the rainy season.

Early Sexual Activity in Benin: Life Trajectory, Socioeconomic Dynamics and Sociocultural Heritage

Tokin, Alihonou S. Achille — 2022-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The literature on sexual behavior, including its characteristics, explanatory factors and consequences, is very abundant. Unfortunately, little or no work addresses the life courses and the influence of cultural and socioeconomic heritage patterns in which sexual activity occurs at the beginning of women's fertile lives. This article examines the sexual behavior of adolescent girls between 2006 and 2018 in Benin through the lens of capabilities. Data from the last three (03) Benin Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted between 2006 and 2018 were used to identify factors associated with early sexuality among adolescent girls in Benin.The variable explained was first early sexual intercourse. The discrete-time logistic regression method used led to the results that, taking into account the effect of duration and timing variables, the factors associated with early sexual debut in adolescence are residence in the departments of Atacora/Donga and Alibori/Borgou; low level of schooling or lack of schooling; and membership in a religion of Muslim and Christian persuasion. Taking into account the standard of living of the households and the activity carried out by the adolescents, it is noted that adolescents living in an environment of average standard of living have significantly different sexual behaviors from other adolescents in recent years. The risk of early sexual debut is greater in this social group, all other things being equal. Social position, educational background, and cultural identity are among the factors that influence adolescents' ability to manage their own sexuality.

Comparative performance of Newton Raphson and Lambda-Gamma-revised Algorithms in short-term hydrothermal planning

Raoul, Irenge Baguma — 2022-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper proposes a revised Lambda-Gamma algorithm applied to the solution of a short-term hydrothermal planning problem. It is a Lambda-Gamma algorithm, which, in addition to the Newton-Raphson method for solving the coordination equations, also specifies the direction of adjustment of the Lambda and Gamma parameters according to the convergence conditions. This gives it the particularity of being more explicit, detailed and easy to implement. Next, the performance of this revised algorithm is compared with that of the Newton-Raphson Approximate algorithm for hydrothermal planning. From this comparison, it is found that the proposed algorithm outperforms and is more robust than the approximate Newton-Raphson algorithm given its convergence to a global minimum even when the practical constraints of generator power limits are taken into account. In addition, the conformity of the results obtained with those of the literature, allowed to validate the algorithm.

Eating habits and nutritional status of students aged 5 to 18 from urban households of communal 1 district of Niamey, Niger

Oumarou, Samna Soumana — 2022-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The nutritional status of students of school age and adolescents is of great concern to any country. This study aimed to assess the eating habits and nutritional status of students aged 5 to 18 from urban households of the district communal 1 of Niamey. 300 households in six districts were surveyed, 97% of the heads of households were men, 87% of these heads were monogamous. Each head of household had an average of 10 people in charge. Among the 623 students surveyed, 55% are boys against 45% girls, the majority (65%) were in primary school, 63% in public schools. Students in the 10-14 age group (48%) were the most abundant. The nutritional status of the students was evaluated according to 2006 WHO standards. Thus, it came out with the proportion of 2.56% overweight, 1.44% obesity all grades combined. Also, the coexistence of underweight (9.30%) with a proportion of 15.97% of growth retardation 66% of wasting according and emaciation to BMI and MUAC. On the other hand, the proportion of acute malnutrition according to the weight-for-height index (22.2%) as well as underweight only concerned the age group of 5 to 9 years. The extracurricular sport was rarely practiced by the students (27%). The dietary diversity score was assessed according to FAO references. Eating habits varied and diverse for 74% of the students and the most consumed food groups were cereals (99%), then fruits (97.7%). Although, strongly correlated with the socioeconomic level of the parents.

Biochemical markers and COVID-19: Which markers predict the severity of the infection ?

Elfaiz, Rachid — 2022-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 infection can induce disturbances of several biochemical parameters especially in patients with severe or critical forms of the disease. The aim of this study is to evaluate the predictive markers of the severity of COVID-19.Materials and methods: Retrospective descriptive study, involving 129 COVID-19 positive patients. Patients were classified into two cohorts: severe (n=103) and non-severe (n=26) cases. The ROC curve and the associated area under the curve determination were used to determine the predictors of disease severity.Results: The comparison between the two groups shows that the values of AST, GGT, LDH, CPK, CRP, Ferritin, PCT, Urea, Magnesium, Troponin I and BNP were significantly higher in patients with severe forms of COVID-19 compared to those with non-severe forms. While albumin, Chlorine and Calcium were significantly decreased in severe patients. ROC curve analysis showed that Albumin (AUC = 0.779), LDH (AUC = 0.798) and PCT (AUC = 0.732) have a medium predictive value for the severity of COVID-19. While the prognostic value were good for BNP (AUC = 0.854), CRP (AUC = 0.845) and high sensitivity Troponin I (AUC = 0.812).Conclusion: The identification of biological factors predictive of the severity and/or mortality of COVID-19 infection will allow the development of predictive models of disease severity and their complementary uses in clinical practice for risk stratification and for early and adapted management to minimize the mortality rate and for rational allocation of medical resources.

Assessment of stress perceived pending of results after the test for covid-19 among Comorbid and non-Cormobid employees of a company in the Gabonese oil sector

Moundjiegout, Tessa — 2022-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study focuses on perceived stress and the COVID-19 pandemic among employees of a company in the Gabonese oil sector. It assesses the relationships between the sub-modalities of the covid-19 pandemic (knowledge of the pandemic, compliance with barrier measures and the effect of the pandemic) on perceived stress, on the one hand, and on the other hand the degree of stress perceived among employees diagnosed as co-morbid and not co morbid. The data from a questionnaire submitted to 54 men and women employees made it possible to establish an inter-correlation matrix, linear regressions on the pandemic, perceived stress and the type of employees who participated in this research. At the end of all these analyzes, we record strong and significant links; 1) between the quality of work, professional relationships and perceived stress; 2) between compliance with barrier measures, knowledge of the pandemic, the effect of the pandemic and the perception of COVID-19. To a lesser extent; 3) no difference recorded in the level of perceived stress between co-morbid and non-co-morbid employees while waiting for their results after the screening session.

Relationship between pollen rain, climatic parameters and soils in the Sudano-Guinean zone in Benin

Zanou, A. R. S. — 2022-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between pollen rain, climatic parameters and surface sediments in the Sudano-Guinean zone. Pollen rain was evaluated from the pollen analysis of 30 samples of surface sediments treated by the method of Faegri and Iversen (1989). The sediments were subjected to treatment with Hcl 10%, HF 10% and acetolysis. The floristic inventory was carried out on 500 m2 plots in the Zou, Bassila and South Borgou phytodistricts in the Sudano-Guinean zone. A total of 30 surveys were obtained and submitted to the R software (R Core Team, 2019) for the various analyses. The climatic factors listed are temperature, rainfall and altitude. Pollen analysis identified a total of 271 taxa. The phytodistrict of Zou has the highest pollen richness (97 taxa) while the lowest is found in Bassila (60 taxa). Shannon's diversity index is between 3 and 4 and Piélou's equitability index is between 0.596 and 0.632. The results obtained on the relationship between pollen diversity, climatic parameters and soil characteristics in the Sudano-Guinean zone in Benin, allow us to affirm that soil texture and structure, climatic parameters such as altitude and average temperature condition the deposition and conservation of pollen and positively influence the pollen abundance in surface sediments.

Quantification and identification of potentially pathogenic bacteria in wild dumps

Jules, Balumisa Mubolwa — 2022-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

This part of our study focuses on the quantification and identification of potentially pathogenic bacteria from wild dumps in the municipality of Ibanda. The random sampling in the wild dumps was taken according to the standard of the Quebec expertise Center of environmental analysis (CEAEQ), which makes it possible to evaluate the average contamination of the environment. Hand and equipment desinfection was carried out using ethanol (70%). The bottles were placed in an isothermal bag (±4°C) and then immediately transported to the LPVMA/UOB laboratory for further treatment. We made decimal dilutions, from 100 to a 10-3 dilution. For each dilution and culture medium, Pétri dishes were inoculated in triplicate and incubation was carried out at 37°C in a Memert incubator for 24 hours. Microsoft Excel and Past softwares were used to calculate the means of each CFUs collection and to perform the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test that compare the median of the data between columns. The results showed that FMAT germs were generally more frequent at all sites than Enterococci that were absent at more than half (60%) of the sites. Pseudomonas averaged 300 CFU/g10-6 at 5 out of 8 sites including DSELA, DSCA, DSMUSH, DSKM, and DSRGK. Salmonella and Shigella were present in all wild dumps with a maximum average value of 160 CFU/g10-6. Nonetheless they were poorly represented in the DSGB and DSCS sites. The DSELA site had more fecal and total coliforms than the DSKR site where they were absent. Enterococci were the most represented with 38.8% and 36.79% respectively in the DSCS and DSMUSH sites and coliforms are represented with 24.75% in the DSELA site. Yet Enterococci were absent in the DSELA, DSISP, DSRGK, DSPC, and DSKM sites where the absence of CFT was also reported. Concerning the prevalence of potentially pathogenic bacteria, Nyalukemba district was in the lead with 61.4% of Enterococci, followed by Ndendere district with 57.18% of fecal and total coliforms. The Ndendere district seems to be the most exposed to diseases potentially related to wild dumps, followed by the Panzi district depending on the prevalence of bacterial groups. On 10 sites explored, 8 genera were identified on the selective medium, namely Aeromonas, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Sphingomonas and Vibrio. The implementation of the 3Rs strategy (Reduce, Recycle, and Reuse) as well as the installation of a biomethanysation plant could reduce the consequences of waste on the population and the environment.

Phytoplankton dynamics in reservoirs of northwestern Argentina (Salta)

Borja, Claudia Nidia — 2021-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The reservoirs of the province of Salta is characterized by its high level of hypertrophy. Monitoring phytoplankton, would enable prevention and control of water quality. We studied the phytoplankton abundance and structure of three reservoirs in the province: Cabra Corral and El Tunal belonging to the upper basin of Juramento and Campo Alegre of the Bermejo's system during a hydrologic cycle (2007-2009). Sites were considered for the areas of greatest influence lotic and the central deeper. In the reservoirs of the upper basin of the Juramento, species diversity decreased during the dry season because of the greater stability in the water column, unlike the phytoplankton density, which tended to be higher. In these reservoirs highlighted the persistence of Cryptophyta. Dinophyta with Ceratium hirundinella as the dominant species, occurred in the three reservoirs in both periods of the hydrologic cycle, in Campo Alegre, was dominant throughout the sample, leading to the lowest values of diversity, richness and evenness. The principal component analysis showed clustering between the sampling sites of each reservoir Campo Alegre differentiating the rest.

Software development using an agile methodology from the perspective of user requirements

Luna, Ana Laura Roman — 2021-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this article is to describe the proposal for an agile methodology focused on user requirements and its implementation in the System of Integral Administration of Human Resources (SAIRH). This methodology consists of a pre-phase of requirements that can be implemented to an agile methodology, in addition to a cycle for change requests that is incorporated into the cycle of the methodology used, the pre-phase consists of 5 stages: collection, analysis, prototyping, negotiation and the initial requirements report. The change request cycle includes 4 stages: change request, analysis, negotiation, adding the change to the requirements report. The implementation is carried out in the SAIRH where the XP methodology with MVC is used and both the pre-phase of requirements and the change request cycle are included, at the end of this work the impact that the use of this methodology has on the development time of the system is analyzed.

Automatic Aquaponic System

Hernández, José L. — 2021-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The implementation of the automatic aquaponic system is projected as an innovative and sustainable project to be disseminated nationwide. Innovating the way in which our food is harvested, hoping to achieve a positive impact on the care of natural resources, achieving a 60% reduction in water consumption in agricultural activities thanks to our recirculation system and, on the other hand, eliminating 90% of the chemical fertilizers and 50% pesticides reducing the number of population that contracts diseases from the use of these chemicals in the conventional production of vegetables, hoping to have a good acceptance by the population, so that year after year more people use this system raising awareness of the importance of caring for and taking advantage of vital resources for human life. Being a project with many expectations that depend on the acceptance of the population, since it implies a radical change in the method of food production, which implies the substitution of conventional agriculture that is a source of work for many Mexicans so it would be impossible for everyone to make the transition from the conventional method to new innovative techniques such as the aquaponics system. On the other hand, the lack of economic resources is one of the main limitations since the infrastructure needed to achieve an impact requires a large initial investment.

Potential melliferous flora of Jean Lorougnon Guédé University site (Daloa, Central-Western Côte d'Ivoire): What interest for beekeeping?

Coulibaly, Siendou — 2021-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Jean Lorougnon Guédé University (UJLoG) has a large site of about 400 hectares. The floristic diversity specially the richness of melliferous plants remain currently unknown. This is not helpful for modern beekeeping project on this area. This study was carried out to evaluate the potentially melliferous flora of this environment in order to promote beekeeping. Then, botanical surveys were carried out in all the university site and the resulting floristic list was compared to the three lists of known melliferous plants in Cote d’Ivoire. The results showed that 120 potentially melliferous species including 105 genera and 45 families were recorded. Euphorbiaceae and Fabaceae were the most diversified families. In addition, woody species (59%) were more abundant than herbaceous ones (41%). They are specially foraged for both nectar and pollen. As such, the flora of UJLoG site presents enormous melliferous potentialities that can support the practice of beekeeping. This flora needs an appropriate precaution.

The place of experimentation in ecological learning in primary schools

Rachad, Sofia — 2021-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Learning cannot be complete without experiential learning, which is also the case for ecological Learning. In primary schools this is conducted through several programs including courses related to the field, textbooks, and teachers’ guidance. In order to deduce and prove if this learning brings good results, our approach is based on making direct contact with the teachers and the parents of students of the 5th and 6th grade to learn about theecological activities applied in their schools and homes.At the end of this experimentation/ study, we have realized that the students are aware of the protection of the environment, however, their daily behaviors sometimes do not reflect that. In spite of this collective awareness of teachers, parents and students, the result is unsatisfactory.

Host plants of Goimbrasia Hecate (Lepidoptera, Saturniidae) in the sahelian zone in Mali

Sagara, Bakary — 2021-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The rational management of natural biological resources such as non-timber forest products can be an asset in the fight against poverty and the protection of the environment. Goimbrasia hecate is a Lepidoptera whose caterpillars are edible in some Sahelian areas of Mali. The objectives of the study are: 1) to identify the host plants of G. hecate; 2) to determine the food preference of the caterpillars; 3) to identify the host plants chosen as oviposition site. The inventory of woody plants was carried out in demarcated areas. Then the different stages of development of G. hecate or the traces left by the insect were searched for the leaves and around the feet of woody plants. Of the 12 species of woody plants encountered, the most widespread is Guiera senegalensis. The range of host plants consists of G. senegalensis, Combretum glutinosum, Combretum micranthum, Terminalia macroptera, Piliostigma reticulatum, Sclerocarya birrea, Diospiros mespiliformis and Mytragyna inermis. G. hecate is therefore polyphagous but prefers the most widespread species in the area. Females chose G. senegalensis, C. glutinosum and P. reticulatum as oviposition sites. The average number of eggs per ooplaque is highest on C. glutinosum leaves. Stage 4 and 5 caterpillars prefer G. senegalensis and P. reticulatum. These data are necessary for the sustainable management of the insect.

Analyzing Site Suitability for Solid Waste Dumpling Through GIS and MCDMHP: A case study of Gazipur City Corporation, Bangladesh

Rabby, Md. Fazlee — 2021-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Locating a suitable solid waste disposal site has been a major problem in the municipal environment in developing countries. Especially, urban solid waste management system needs solid waste management technique. Several, countries like Bangladesh are struggling to establish proper waste management systems in the context of increasing population, urbanization, and industrialization. The main objective of this study was to select potential areas for suitable solid waste dumping sites, which are environmentally suitable. This study were Landsat images; digital elevation model (DEM) and ground control point collected by GPS and topographical map of the study area. The maps were prepared by overlay and suitability analysis of GIS, Rs and MCA methods. Relative importance weight of each criterion in the GIS and AHP was determined and finally the suitability map was prepared. A probability map was created based on field observations and the final suitability map, appropriate solid waste landfill site. Therefore, government, private and other organizations are using these techniques for development planning and implementation at every sector. These findings may provide policymakers with crucial information for better solid waste management policy development, which Government, private and other organizations are using these techniques for development planning and implementation at every sector.

Vegetation and climate change during the Cretaceous, Paleogene transition (K, Pg) of a sequence of gray clays in Eboinda region (South-eastern Côte d’Ivoire): Palynological implication

Toe-Bi, Kahou Katel Kizito — 2021-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The gray clays of the Eboinda region consist of sub-rounded, fine to medium and translucent grains. A few black nodules 1 to 2 cm, sub-rounded, give off a hydrogen sulfide odor. They are strongly impregnated with bitumen. this unit yielded a rich assemblage of spores and pollen to the Cretaceous/Paleogen transition (K/Pg) namely, Longapertites marginatus, Mauritiidites crassibaculatus, Proxaperites cursus, Proxapertites operculatus, Longapertites proxapertitoids, Deltoidospora minor, Cyathidites minor, Zlivisporites blanensis, Retistephanocolpites williamsi, Spinizonocolpites baculatus. Mangrove-type paleovegetation developed in Upper Maastrichtian and in Danien. From the paleoclimatic point of view, the development of pollen mainly palms belonging to the family of Aceraceae suggests tropical and humid climatic conditions, which alternate with a warm and dry climate (development of Ephedripites sp.,) in the Upper Maastrichtian. The presence of some species of the Cytheaceae and Arecaceae family would indicate a tropical and humid climate in Danien. But the complete disappearance of the Proteaceae and Ephedraceae, indicates a cold climate at the Cretaceous-Paleogene limit.

Morphology and diet of the frog Hoplobatrachus occipitalis (Gunther, 1858) in Benin: An essential step towards its culture

Codjo, Lucienne — 2021-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study deals with the morphological features and diet of the frog Hoplobatrachus occipitalis in Benin. Specimens were caught in the River basins of Ouémé, Mono and Niger using the light fishing technique. Morphometric data were taken on 180 individuals while diet data were collected on 90 specimens per hydrographic basin. The mean values of individual weight, total length and snout-cloaca length of H. occipitalis in the Niger River basin are significantly lower compared to the other two basins (p<0.05) where the values of the three parameters are statistically similar (p>0.05). Compared to males, females displayed higher values of these parameters and most of the differences are significant in the Ouémé and Mono River basins (p<0.05). The overall emptiness index is 29.9%, the highest and lowest values being obtained in the Niger River basin (43.3 ± 2.4%) and Ouémé River basin (13.6 ± 2.5%), respectively (p<0.05). The diversity of prey in the stomachs of frogs from the Niger River basin (Insects, plant debris and grains of sand) is low compared to the Ouémé River basin (Insects, plant debris, Arachnids, Molluscs, Fish and grains of sand) and the Mono basin (Insects, plant debris, Fish and grains of sand). Insects are the most frequent, the most numerically abundant and the most weight-representative in the three River basins. They are the main food in the diet of H. occipitalis in the Ouémé and Niger River basins while in the Mono River basin, they are with the plant debris of secondary foods. All other prey encountered are incidental in the diet of H. occipitalis. These biological data are useful for the breeding of H. occipitalis in Benin.

Prevalence of potentially pathogenic bacteria in the waters of Lake Kivu and the Ruzizi river downstream of illegal dumps in Ibanda commune

Jules, Balumisa Mubolwa — 2021-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this research was to quantify and identify pathogenic bacteria in the wastewater of Lake Kivu and the Ruzizi River, downstream of wild dumps. Bacteria samples were taken using the 250 ml sterile plastic vials. Indeed, the whole forearm is immersed in water with the vial, open at a depth of 25 to 30 cm and it is hermetically sealed inside the water itself. The samples were transported at low temperatures in a cooler containing ice blocks to the laboratory for possible analysis. Microbiological analyses were done at the LPVMA/UOB. To arrive at a possible count of the number of colonies of bacteria, the process of the dilution technique of the samples because it allows us to reduce the bacterial flora in a sample. For each site, we inoculated on three Petri dishes according to the number of dilutions (from 100 to 10-3). All Petri dishes are incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. The number of colonies was found on the surface of all three plates averaged and expressed in colony-forming units (CFU) per ml of water. Plating on the specific media was done in test tubes using a platinum loop. The results of our analyses showed that the max/min shift of the values of variables of the physicochemical parameters according to the sampling sites did not exceed the interval of one unit: salinity (0.06-0.5), temperature (24.25-25.4°C), pH (8.5-9), dissolved O2 (57.2 - 59.8 mg/L.10-1). Regarding to the variation of CFU on the different culture media used, the analyses revealed us that the number of colonies varies according to the type of culture media, which constitutes a danger of the community health of the urban population. The studies on these bacteria resistance according to the most commonly used antibiotics are capital for a better support to the public health. It is on PCA and PA where we found the most colonies than on ECA where the CFUs are the lowest. Asignificant difference was observed between the CFU detected inthe waters of Mushununu and those detected in the waters of the Ruzizi I dam (p = 0.005), those detected in the waters from Hewa Bora and those from ELAKAT (p = 0.03) and those from Honga and ELAKAT (p = 0.041). A spatial distribution of detected genera of potentially pathogenic bacteria; including Salmonella sp, Escherichia sp, Sphingomonas sp, Pseudomonas sp, Klebsiella sp, Moraxella sp, Vibrio sp, Citrobacter sp, Enterobacter sp, and Serratia sp was observed.

Household income and health care expenditure in Goma city, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo

Nzanzu, Mahamba — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: In a national context of increasing urban populations and commitment to universal health coverage, this study aims to analyze the household income and health care expenditure in the city of Goma, Eastern DRC.Methodology: This descriptive cross-sectional study was based on a 2017 survey of a sample of 1,000 households in the urban and suburban areas of the City of Goma on household income and health care expenditures during the last episode of illness. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 23.Results: The median monthly household income was 140 Usd, with 89.9% of households living on less than 1.9 Usd per day. Only 9.1% of households were covered by a health insurance system and 91.6% of households experienced at least one illness episode in the past three months. The use of care were dominated by self-medication by purchasing drugs from the pharmacy (50.7%), with non-care cases (6.8%), and varied by income quartile and gender (p <0.001). The median direct care expenditure was 10.7 Usd (0-2272.5 Usd), with catastrophic expenditures in 42.9% of cases and loss of working days and income, not varying according to income quartile (p> 0.05).Discussion and conclusion: This level of income and catastrophic healthcare expenditure requires progress towards a better thought-out compulsory health insurance system that capitalizes on innovative financing.

Contribution of digital social networks to the promotion of citizenship education in Côte d’Ivoire

Agney, Ahou Florence — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Using functionalist theory, this article examines the contribution of digital social networks to the promotion of citizenship education in Côte d'Ivoire. It examines a corpus of ten videos from the Facebook pages of Prefect Vincent Toh Bi Irié, in the section « Allo ! Côte d'Ivoire », and of Maître N'Dri Claver, in « Le droit dit quoi ? ». The results of the content analysis show that the themes dealt with in these videos concern legal issues and moral values. The initiators of these broadcasts wish to participate, on the one hand, in the awakening of the population's conscience and, on the other hand, to give rise to a new generation of citizens who are aware of and subject to the values that underpin the rule of law.

Mapping of pharmaceutical establishments in a sub-saharan country in a crisis context: Case of the city of Goma in the east of the Democratic Republic of Congo

Tsongo, Edgar Musubao — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: The study was about the mapping of health care Organization in urban areas. It aims is to show the apportionment, appurtenance, and profile of the pharmaceutical pharmacies in the Goma city, in eastern DRC. Goma city is served in medicine by the public and private sector. Methodology: The study is cross-sectional and descriptive. It was carried out by an exhaustive census of pharmacies. Data entry and analysis was done using SPSS version 23 software. Results: The inventory of pharmacies is 723 in the city of Goma, whether one pharmaceutical office for 1.314 habitants. Almost 70% of them have set up in the last 5 years, with 31% in 2017 alone. One third of pharmacies have official authorization minutes from the Ministry of Health. All of the pharmacies are private for profit and are supplied by the private sector. More than 90% of pharmacies operate in non-standard premises and are run in 92.1% of cases by healthcare providers. Conclusion: Private pharmaceutical pharmacies play a major role in the supply of medicines in urban areas of Goma. Their functioning far from the standards, seems to indicate a lack of regulation, which exposes the population to the consumption of drugs of a potentially non-optimal quality.

Optimization of nursery growth of Solanum Lycopersicon by the use of biological substrate

Kevin, Aka Borel Junior — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) is one of the most important vegetable crops in the world. However, in Côte d'Ivoire, there is a general decline in yield and quality of production compared to the capacity of the cultivars). The general objective of this study is to contribute to improve the growth of tomato in nursery using organic substrate. Specifically, the germination rate and speed, stem height and number of leaves were determined for each of the formulations in order to determine the ideal substrate formulation in the nursery. The plant material was tomato seed of the variety Cobra 26. The substrates used are soil and carbonized rice husks. The technical equipment consisted of honeycombed plates, a graduated ruler and a mini sprayer. The results obtained show a significant variation of the germination speed according to the formulations. During the growth of the plants in the nursery, the average height of the stems and the average number of leaves, the color of the leaves and the sanitary state of the plants for each formulation were determined and the analysis of the results showed a significant variation of these four variables in relation to the formulations. Formulations including ¼ charred rice husk and ¾ soil gave the best results overall.

Prospective impact study of flood flows in a context of climate change in West Africa: Case of the N’zo watershed (Sassandra, West of Ivory Coast)

Kouassi, Amani Michel — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The study area is the N'zo-Sassandra (West of Ivory Coast) watershed which is located between longitudes 7°15' and 8°05' West and latitudes 6°50' and 7°50' North. Its area is estimated at 4,310 km2. The objective of this study is to analyze the forecast of the flood flows of the N’zo (Sassandra) river located in the west of the Ivory Coast. The hydroclimatic data used (rainfall, ETP, flow) within the framework of this study extend on the one hand over the historical period (1961-2017) and on the other hand over the future period (2036-2065). The methodological approach adopted is based respectively on the analysis of past floods, the evaluation of the chosen rainfall-discharge model, the prospective climatic analysis and the prospective analysis of the flood flows. The variables used to describe the future evolution of these floods are the decennial and centennial quantiles of the annual maximum monthly mean discharges. Thus, an optimistic climate forecast scenario was used (RCP 2.6). This climatic scenario then fed into a hydrological rainfall-discharge model (GR2M model) calibrated to the reference period 1961-1990 and validated over the period 1991-2017. In response to climate forcing, future monthly flood discharges (QMXA) were simulated. The main results show that the best statistical law retained following the frequency analysis of the flood flows is the Gamma law which was used to estimate the frequency flows. The GR2M model evaluated, presented a good performance in calibration (79.7%) as in validation (82.7%) and demonstrated a great robustness (+3%) therefore a great capacity to reconstitute the flows of N'zo in Kahin. The climate forecast has shown a decrease in precipitation (-19.7%) and an increase in temperature (+1.6 °C) in the middle of the current century (2036-2065). The expected flood flow quantiles in the middle of the 21st century (2035-2065) are respectively 168.85 m3/s for the ten-year flow and 299.58 m3/s for the one-year flow. Thus, in response to climate change, the forecast of flood flows leads to a worrying drop in frequency flood flows, respectively of the order of 64.56% for the ten-year flood and 61.73% for the 100-year flood compared to their current values.

Learning time and psychomotor slowdown: Case of students in sciences and techniques of physical and sporting activities (STAPS)

Goudenon, Martine-Bley — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aims to highlight the link between learning time and psychomotor slowing down in STAPS students. It is based on the theory of psychological processes. The study hypothesis states that there is a link between learning time and psychomotor slowing in students. The mixed approach (qualitative and quantitative analysis) was favored. Two types of samples, namely a sample of 15 teachers and that of 24 learners with learning difficulties from undergraduate students in Sciences and Techniques of Physical and Sports Activities participated in the study, from observation, semi-structured individual interviews with teachers and focus groups with students. The results highlight difficulties in carrying out activities during learning, due to their inopportune periods and the poor alternation between physical activities and theoretical activities. Various measures are proposed to facilitate the execution of the activities by all the learners, such as the division of the day in two, for each group, with the afternoon for the physical activities in the evening and the morning for the theoretical ones, with a relaxation time after every 2 hours of learning.

The Image of Man in Stefan Zweig’s Confusion

El Bah, Mohammed — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article addresses the issue of homosexuality in Stefan Zweig’ Confusion, and attempts to read it against the grain, arguing that homosexuals have always been degraded and misrepresented. It attempts to show that the novella could be read socially and contrapuntally as a letter addressed to a sclerotic Austrian society that, on the whole, showed little tolerance towards homosexuals back then.

Remote management: Genesis, key tools and organizational behaviors

Cherki, Khalil — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Through this article, we have tried to demystify the concept of Remote Management, retrace its genesis and reveal the imperativeness of its use. Given the main objective of providing a better understanding of this organizational configuration, we have identified the major key tools and related behaviors, shedding light on the new challenges assigned to contemporary E-Managers.On this basis, we have first undertaken a historical overview to demonstrate that remote management is an operational consequence of drastic changes, at disparate eras and places, in our interaction modes. We have subsequently exposed a concrete model to endorse the effective use of this configuration several years before the recent infatuation for telecommuting. Our choice fell on a regional project of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), called MYTecC, Mediterranean Youth Technology Club, mainly for its avant-garde characteristics. Without claiming to present it as a case study, this project includes several responses about Remote Management since it relies, for the achievement of its objectives, on the involvement of a multicultural team, geographically detached but virtually homogeneous and noticeably operational.

Virtual Teams: Challenges and success factors

Cherki, Khalil — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The drastic changes brought by the globalization of the economy and the dissolution of borders has considerably favored the emergence of remote management. In a fluctuating environment, the effectiveness of this new form of organization remains tightly linked to the ability of leaders to adapt their skills and consider the prerequisite of their virtual environment.Thus, it is mandatory for modern managers to wear new behavioral glasses that they can federate, remotely, the ardor of their colleagues and at the same time to break with old hierarchical practices and bureaucratic recipes. More than ever, e-managers must develop a highly team awareness, continually identify tools and techniques and be responsive to whatever kind of limits to foster confidence and build a winning virtual team.

Optimal reducing of harmonics in output voltage of multilevel single phase and three phase inverters

Ali, Arzika Makaou — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this paper, we are interested to reduce harmonics odd〖 H〗_k, with k > 1, of the signal in output voltage of five levels single phase and three phase cascade multilevel inverters. This consists to determine optimal switching angles that reduce certain harmonics to zero. As it is usually done, we first mathematically formulate the problem as an algebraic system of equations. After, we transform the problem as an unconstrained optimization problem. Indeed, we optimize the nonlinear functions say F_m and F_t, such that by applying the first order necessary optimality condition, we obtain solutions of the previously considered algebraic system of equations. To solve the problem, we apply conjugate gradient algorithm with both Armijo and Wolfe type line search. With respect to different values of the modulation index, we find optimal angles that eliminate odd harmonics H_k with rank k = 2n ± 1, 1 ≤ n ≤ 5 for single phase inverters and harmonics H_k with rank k = 6n ± 1,1 ≤ n ≤ 3 for three-phase inverters.

New SHE-PWM approach and model applied to Multilevel inverters

Ali, Arzika Makaou — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this paper, we present a new approach Pulse Width Modulation, (PWM, for short), to determine the optimal switching angles by Selective Harmonic Elimination of a cascade multilevel inverters. Based on mean voltage values, we address a formula that relates inverters switching angles with voltages in three phase multilevel inverters. After, using inverse generalized technique, we determine such angles expression depending on mean voltages values. In view to eliminate harmonics, we consider these calculated switching angles in the resulting system of nonlinear equations obtained from Fourier series decomposition of the output of three phase and single phase voltage. Therefore, with respect to different values of the modulation rate r, applying Newton algorithm to solve the optimization problem, we obtain for five level inverters, optimal switching angles that eliminate harmonics of rank 3 and 5 for single phase and three phase, respectively.

Typology and role of trees in the urban and peri-urban environment of the city of Korhogo

Andon, N’Guessan Simon — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Rapid and uncontrolled urbanization due to population growth in the city of Korhogo is creating socio-economic and environmental problems. Urban and peri-urban trees (AUP) play an important role in improving this situation. But this knowledge is very limited. Therefore, this research would like to show the types and role of AUPs based on the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) services. Triangulation of methods (analysis of secondary data from the literature review and primary data from surveys and field observation) was used to highlight the types of trees that are predominantly present in the city of Korhogo and their role in the lives of 240 city dwellers. The results showed that (i) there are 44 species, divided into 23 families of which 10 families are dominant. The mango tree (Mangifera indica) is dominant with 80% and the other 20% represent exotic trees such as neem (Azadirachta indica), Acacias Auriculiformis, Eucalyptus, etc. (ii) The role of the trees is derived from those of the MAE services which are: Provisioning (fruits, leaves, wood, food, source of economic income, medicine, with the economic function); Regulating (especially the Provision of shade, recreation, well-being and health, carbon sequestration, oxygenation, microclimate, with the ecological function); Supporting (soil erosion control, maintenance of biodiversity, provision of organic matter, with the ecological function) and Cultural (meditation, education, respect us and custom, spiritual, aesthetic, with the social and cultural function). A sustainable management of all AUP is necessary in the city of Korhogo.

Lithostratigraphic characteristics of the Birimian formations of the Dougbafla-Bandama zone (south of the Fettékro Birimian belt, central-Western of Côte d'Ivoire)

Ouattara, Aboubakar Sidik — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study was carried out with the aim of clarifying the lithostratigraphy of the Dougbafla –Bandama area located in the southern part of the Birimian belt of Fettékro, in the center-West of Côte d’Ivoire. The vertical succession of these formations can be summarized at the base by volcanic rocks (basaltic and andesitic) mainly basalts, with in intermediate positions several successive volcaniclastic flows of autobrechic type and at the top by Various sedimentary lithologies usually composed of black schists or a more modest volume of sericite or chlorite schists capped with quartzites. These various shales sometimes play an important role of transition between lithologies. This complex is intersected by intrusions (granites, granophyres, granodiorites, tonalites, epidiorites, microgranodiorites, microdiorites, lamprophyres) and several generations of veins and quartz veinlets.

Optimization trial of rooting conditions of Moringa oleifera Lam. in vitro culture

Tshimbila, Justine Tshidibi — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

To optimize the in vitro rooting conditions of M. oleifera, a study was carried out to determine the effects of exogenous auxin types on the rhizogenesis of this species. The plant material consisted of the vitro plants obtained after shoot propagation. Nodal sections with induced axillary shoots were placed for two weeks in a root induction medium consisting of MS mod 3B basal medium without auxin (control) and with three different auxins including IAA, IBA and NAA at 0.1µM. The results obtained showed that shoots were better rooted in the absence of the exogenous auxins, yielding 4.76±0.51 roots per shoot with an average length of 9.21±0.93 cm. The least rooting was obtained with NAA, which produced 2.16±0.47 roots per shoot and 3.57±0.82 cm length. NAA induced the largest calli (0.22±0.02 g) in contrast to the control (0.087±0.01 g). Thus, the auxin-free MS mod 3B basal medium would be ideal for rooting M. oleifera shoots in vitro.

Prevalences and economic impacts of eight (8) reasons for seizing bovine meat in Côte d’Ivoire: Case of the Port-Bouët slaughterhouse

Dagnogo, Komissiri — 2021-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study was initiated to help improve the quality of beef produced at the Port-Bouët slaughterhouse in order to protect the health of consumers and facilitate the implementation of prophylactic measures. This is a retrospective study carried out at the Port-Bouët slaughterhouse on data collected from July 2019 to June 2020 on the cattle received. The data was collected, from January to May 2021, from the digital database of the operating system called the Animal Management and Identification System in Port-Bouët (SYGIAP 3.1). The results indicate that the slaughterhouse is supplied with cattle by four (4) countries with proportions of 47.81% (Burkina Faso), 35.81% (Côte d'Ivoire), 16.23% (Mali) and 0, 15% (Niger). The proportion of cattle slaughtered at the slaughterhouse is 84% and the reasons for seizure with an incidence of more than 10% are congestion (17%), distomatosis (35%) and tuberculosis (39%). For the organs seized, there are the lungs (40.25%) and the liver (55.69%) which have prevalences above 10%; the proportions of total seizures made are 33.33% (1 seizure), 33.33% (1 seizure) and 33.34% (1 seizure) for the following reasons abscess, congestion and tuberculosis respectively. The financial losses linked to these various seizures (partial and total) amount to 76,770,400 FCFA. The Port-Bouët slaughterhouse should feed back the information obtained during the inspections allowing the implementation of prophylactic measures from the origin of the animals in order to reduce the financial and health impacts of zoonoses.

Post-Covid-19 International Relations: Descriptive essay of the international system

Mushinda, Betao Ngoma — 2021-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Covid-19 pandemic has sent shock waves through everyone around the world. For the first time, all states are confronted at the same time by the same fear, the coronavirus. The resulting crisis has shed light on certain questions in the debate on international relations which will constitute the essence of discussions between researchers after the pandemic: the rise of China, the crisis of multilateralism, the geopolitical competition between China and the United States, the role of the state in globalization. In addition, by a constructivist approach, we tried to describe the current international system. Dominated by the military factor, we wanted to integrate the «neo-referentials», new factors of systemic analysis which, not always taken into account during analyzes, fundamentally already structure the international system: globalized interdependence, the geopolitical competition between China and the United States as well as the Chinoitisation are some among them.

Study of a digital instrument assisted by ESP32 for geolocation and detection of children's ECGs

Bassok, Solange — 2021-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

This This paper presents the study of an ESP32-assisted instrument for geolocation and detection of child ECG. The aim is to highlight the ingenuity and interest of the proposed instrument. This instrument differs from most similar products in existence by its multiple geolocation features of the child based on a GPS module (Ex: Type NEO-6M-0-001), and telemetry of the child's heart rate by ECG probe (e.g. type AD8232). Analog-to-digital conversion and digital processing of vital GPS and ECG signals on the child’s body is a microcontroller mini-card (e.g. ESP32), which then transmits digitally reconstructed vital parameters via a computer. The algorithm of the proposed instrument, is implemented using the CAD software Arduino/EDI - C++, followed by the download of the executable code on target ESP32 and the real-time test successfully on a child model of 1 year 6 months. Local measurement and monitoring results of geolocation and acquisition of ECG are satisfactory. We plan to extend the local virtual monitoring technology of this new instrument, to cases of mobile Android targets via the Internet.

Comparative study of the quality control of Ampicillin sold in Niamey city by Thin Layer Chromatography

Fadjimata, Salifou Karimoune — 2021-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this work is to demonstrate the quality of Ampicillin used alongside and in the health centers by the population of Niamey city by using Thin Layer Chromatography method to compare the results achieved in order to contribute to informed decision-making for possible interventions. This comparison aimed to investigate the quality of on eleven samples distributed as follows which five samples are from pharmacies, five samples are from street vendors and one sample specialty used as reference to check the quality control of them. The different reagents used are: Hydrochloric acid (HCl) 32-36%, acetone, distilled water, ethyl acetate and acetic acid. All samples migrated in proposed diluent. This shows that all samples contain the active ingredient substance of ampicillin. The percentage of the active ingredient were calculated as per protocol of Clarke’s analysis of drugs and poisons in chemistry guidelines. It varies from 89,46 to 94,73 for pharmacies and street vendors.According to the results of the different frontal reports, sixty percent of Ampicillin products purchased from each side contains the percentage of active ingredient recommended by WHO.This technique of quality control can be used for practical work or tutorial and laboratories where drug quality control mechanism is not often checked.

Comparative study of the quality control of Ciprofloxacin sold in Niamey city by Thin Layer Chromatography

Fadjimata, Salifou Karimoune — 2021-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this research is to control the quality of Ciprofloxacin used alongside and in the health centers and sold in Niamey city by using Thin Layer Chromatography method to compare the results achieved in order to contribute to informed decision-making for possible interventions. This research aimed to investigate on eleven samples distributed as follows which five samples are from pharmacies, five samples are from street vendors and one sample specialty used as reference to check the quality control of them. The different reagents used are: Methanol, Dichloromethane, Ammonia at 260gL-1 or Pure ammonia, Acetonitrile and 0.1 M NaOH. The migration of all the samples in proposed diluent shows that all of them contain the active ingredient of ciprofloxacin. The percentage of the active ingredient were calculated as per protocol of Clarke’s analysis of drugs and poisons in chemistry guidelines. It varies from 90.90 to 109.09 for pharmacies and 98.18 to 106.35 for the street vendors.According to the results of the different frontal reports, each sample contains the percentage of active principle recommended by WHO which is 90 to 110 % of active ingredient recommended by WHO.This technique of quality control can be used for practical work or tutorial and laboratories where drug quality control mechanism is not often checked.

Logic of compensatory practices of Camp Militaire households in the face of the inconsistency of the public service of drinking water (Commune de Yopougon, Côte d'Ivoire)

Gautier, Koukougnon Wilfried — 2021-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article highlights the determinants of the choice of strategies of adaptation of users in a context of discontinuity of the water distribution of the public service network in Yopougon military camp. Data collection focused on administering a questionnaire to 384 selected water-connected households. The neighbourhood was reconfigured into three homogeneous areas for sample construction. Thus, 128 heads of households were surveyed by sector. The study reveals that domestic users of the public water service practice the storage of water, the water vigil, the purchase of water at retail and the use of the suppressor as compensatory strategies to the discontinuity of the service. Statistical analyses of bi-variate by Pearson and Fisher Chi-2 tests have concluded that the level of vertical housing positioning, income and household size socio-determinants economic and environmental factors influencing the choice of alternative practices.

Systematic and structural analysis of woody species of forest relics in the Korhogo region (northern Côte d’Ivoire)

Soro, Dramane — 2021-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Vegetation in northern Côte d’Ivoire is facing strong pressure of human activities and climate change. The aim of this study is to analyze floristic diversity, woody vegetation structure and conservation value of village forest relics in Korhogo department. For this purpose, a surface inventory has been carried out in plots of 625 m² (25 x 25 m²). The relative importance of flora has been assessed through Indices Value Importance (IVI) and Rare Species and Families. Vegetation structure was studied through woody density, burrow surface and diametric structure. A total of 107 species divided into 80 genera, which include 30 families was obtained. The most important families are Fabaceae, Rubiaceae and Combretaceae. Flora of these forests relics is also characterized by the presence of species of special status, including one endemic to West African forest block. Eight species are ecological importance (Daniellia oliveri (IVI = 26.90), Piliostigma thonningii (IVI = 19.24), Pericopsis laxiflora (IVI = 18.33), Vitellaria paradoxa (IVI = 18.87), Anogeissus leiocarpus (IVI = 16.69), Terminalia glaucescens (IVI = 13.26), Detarium microcarpum (IVI = 12.48) and Parkia biglobosa (IVI = 10.32)). Density of 884 plantes/ha and basal area mean (12.82 m²/ha) are indicators of good level of conservation of forested formations of these relics. The diametric structure of the vegetation has an «inverted J» shows a predominance of small diameter individuals. Efforts to conserve endemic, rare and endangered species and to manage these village forests sustainably must be a priority for local populations and local authorities.

Analysis of the ambivalent regime of the seizure of remuneration under OHADA law: Between the authorization and the prohibition

Edmond, Mbokolo Elima — 2021-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Conservative foreclosures are those where measures are applied both as a precaution and as a means of pressure against the debtor. To this end, OHADA has therefore provided that in voluntary execution, any creator can, whatever the nature of his debt, force his defaulting debtor to perform his obligations to his follow-up or a precautionary measure to ensure the safeguard of his rights. This is the case for remunerations that can be entered following the prior conciliation procedure and not a direct entry.

Local taxation in Morocco: The need for real reform

Amine, Radouane — 2021-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Dealing with the subject of taxation is always a theoretical field of exploration, but also a practical one because of the influence of tax decisions on the daily lives of citizens.In order to analyze the topic of territorial taxation in Morocco, it is appropriate to first present a conceptual, theoretical and historical overview of the issue of taxes and its sociological acceptance. To this end, it should be noted that the practice of tax collection is as old as the history of humanity. The requirements, methods and needs have also evolved with the development of civilizations.Largely unknown, local taxation in Morocco has always been a subject that contains legal, technical and administrative management constraints. The matter is considered complex by taxpayers and of low yield for local managers and elected officials.It is for this reason that the State has periodically revised the legal provisions relating to territorial taxation. The latest amendment was introduced by law 07-20 of December 2020. The objective is to adapt the texts to the economic reality, to harmonize local taxes with the new provisions of the general tax code, and to put more financial means at the disposal of the communities by facilitating the management and collection of taxes and fees.However, the advanced regionalization process and the transfer of decision-making powers to regional elected representatives require a revolution in management practices at the level of budgetary revenues. The transition to a regional tax system is very useful to take into consideration the financing needs and regional particularities in order to hope for an inclusive territorial development.

Turkish Economic Diplomacy in Sub-Saharan Africa: Realities and Challenges

EZ-ZAHRI, Bouchaib — 2021-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Since the AKP (Party for Justice and Development) political party came to power in 2002, Turkey seems to be paying particular attention to economic cooperation with Sub-Saharan Africa. Since 2005, declared by Ankara «year of Africa», Turkey has multiplied its actions and initiatives towards SSA: organization of partnership summits and Turkey-Africa business and investment forums accompanied by increasing integration in African regional organizations. The objective of this article is to comprehend this recent deployment of Turkish economic diplomacy vis-à-vis the Sub-Saharan Africa by stressing the evolution of its economic and trade relations with SSA, the governmental action, the role of private actors, but also the motivations and challenges. Analyzing these aspects has enabled us to observe the particularity of the Turkish economic diplomacy in terms of approach and commitments of private actors in the promotion of the Turkish economic interests in SSA and the complementarity of its role with the official economic diplomacy. As a result, the volume of Turkish-African trade has increased significantly since 2005. In addition, this economic diplomacy has also been put to the service of diplomatic issues on the Continent.

The second generation of agriculture in Cameroon: What strategy for youth employment and food security

Raoul, Ehode Elah — 2021-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

In view of the measures taken by the Government to revive the agricultural sector, and the need to see a considerable reduction in the poverty rate and its corollary, youth unemployment, this research aims to see how the State of Cameroon, through the SAAM, will find work for young people and increase the level of food security in the country. Thus, the empirical method based on descriptive statistics was used as a guide for analysis. This descriptive analysis allowed us to draw a portrait of the situation of young people in the labour market with a particular focus on the agricultural sector. In the end, we came to the conclusion that the integration of young people into SAGA can solve both scourges at the same time: rural youth unemployment and food insecurity in Cameroon. However, it is necessary and sufficient to guarantee them a monthly income like all agents of the state: young people find work in the fields. Several sources of data were used (our own survey data, the existing literature review, data of INSF and FAOSTAT (2020)).

Potential of agricultural input distributors for agricultural extension and advice: The case of Dschang in the West region of Cameroon

Kuissu, Faylone Gaelle Mademguia — 2021-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article is part of the promotion of agricultural extension and advisory services by private actors. The objective is to analyse the potential of agricultural input distributors in terms of agricultural extension and advice. Data was collected in the town of Dschang from 22 input distributors, 65 farmers who are their clients, and 03 staff members of the departmental delegation of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Menoua. Data from the questionnaire were analysed using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) version 22.0 and Excel 2013, and those from the interview guide were transcribed and thematically analysed. The input distributors emerged in a context of state disengagement from services previously offered to farmers and post-crisis liberalisation in the 1980s. Most of them are women (59.1%) who own or manage shops owned by their husbands. Most of these input sellers (47.62%) are between 25 and 35 years old, with a higher educational level (40.9%) and sometimes have training related to agriculture. The clientele of these agricultural input shops is mostly made up of small individual farmers (95.4%). These input shops offer various extension and advisory services to their customers. These services include among others: the provision of inputs in return for payment, technical and practical advice on the use of inputs, monitoring and support for customers in their agricultural production activities, and information on innovations in the field of inputs. Through these services offered to farmers, input shops play the role of extension workers and agricultural advisors and are also an undeniable source of information. For almost all farmers surveyed (99%), input distributors are their main source of agricultural advice and information. The provision of these services by input dealers contributes to improved agricultural yields and increased incomes for the farmers who benefit from them. For 90.8% of the farmers surveyed, their standard of living has increased thanks to the services provided by input dealers. Input distributors need to be reconsidered as full-fledged actors in the agricultural extension and advisory system and be supported to play this role effectively and efficiently. The overall performance of the agricultural extension and advisory system depends on it.

Climate Change and Economic Growth in Niger: A long term analysis via the agriculture channel

Neigha, Stephan Demanou — 2021-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this paper is to analyse the effect of climate change on economic growth through the agriculture channel in Niger. The method of analysis used is the autoregressive lag model (ARDL). From the results, temperature does not appear to affect long term economic growth through the agricultural production channel. This can be explained by the adaptation measures taken by farmers, which are transmitted from generation to generation.

Determination of optimal sowing periods for short and medium cycle rice varieties in Yangambi

Makanda, David Bantodisa Mayilu Koka — 2021-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Rice is the staple food for more than 2.5 billion people in developing countries with very high annual consumption exceeding in some countries 100 kg per capita. The African continent has become one of the main import poles for rice with about one quarter (1/4) of world imports because of its low production, which barely reaches 1.5% of world production. Following the agricultural calendar and in accordance with studies conducted at INERA - Yangambi on the probable periods of sowing rice in Yangambi, it appears that rice can be sown from March 15 to October 15 during the year and mainly in the wetlands of the tropics. A variety of rice, so that it can express its genetic potential, must benefit from the maximum of water and light so that one can hope for optimal yields. It is in this context that this study was conducted and with the objective of contributing to the search for the appropriate sowing dates for short and medium cycle rice varieties that would help farmers maximize their income. Depending on each sowing date, observations were made on the number of panicles per m², the number of grains per panicle, the length of the panicle, the weight of a thousand grains and the yield. The results showed that optimal planting times for rainfed rice are good when short-cycle and when rice is planted from 16 May and from 15 June for medium-cycle rice varieties. Some short and / or medium cycle varieties are favorable for sowing dates around June 29th. The benefit from this relatively late sowing of June is alluding to bird damage and so the varieties that adapt to these dates have been identified.

Multiple Intelligences: An instructional design model that affects English language learners’ performance

Boughoulid, Mustapha — 2021-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

This research is an empirical study that focuses on the implementation of Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences instructional design model as a variable that affects the students’ learning process in an ESL context where English is used as a second foreign language. This study identifies, compares and contrasts the students’ first three best intelligences in three different school subjects, namely Mathematics, Language Arts, and Social Studies, in such a way as to decide about the first three effective intelligences that teachers use in order to design their lessons and tap on their learners’ needs by providing them with practical opportunities and helping them to develop their learning abilities. The analysis of the data that results from the collection methods is done in the light of the mixed methods research. Observation, survey, and interview are the first three best instruments which are adopted to help in the achievement of the objective of the study and get credible, valid, and trustworthy data. The investigation revolves around the idea of finding out the common intelligences among all the students and check how these intelligences are related to the nature of the school subjects. The most striking result about the intelligences used by the students in the subjects under study shows that they are closely related in terms of the nature of the subject itself. The common intelligences are the Verbal-linguistic, the Visual-spatial, and the Bodily-kinesthetic intelligences, which suggests the significant relationship existing between them and how it affects the English language learners’ academic achievements.

Floristic study of Lwampango relict forest in Kaziba chiefdom, South Kivu Province, DR Congo

Mubembe, Senior Diop Ndeko — 2021-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present study aims to evaluate the floristic richness of the Lwampango relict forest located in the Kaziba chiefdom in South Kivu Province, Democratic Republic of Congo. The transect technic was used to collect data. The results reveal 90 plant species divided into 79 genera and 42 families. The most represented families are: Asteraceae (17.77%), Rubiaceae (7.77%), Acantaceae (5.49%), Fabaceae (4.39%). The analysis of the flora shows that herbaceous (53%), Phanerophytes (42.86%) and Afro-tropical species (51.11%) predominate. The studied ligneous fraction has an average dbh varying between 15.3 cm and 43.6 cm. The highest relative abundance is reported in Macaranga kilimandscharica (9.79%), this species also has the highest Importance Value Index (28.02%). The relative dominance is observed in Polycias fulva (11.09%). This study reveals a diversified flora that inspires to be extended to other forest formations and forest groups in South Kivu Province and its surroundings. The results of these studies will allow the elaboration of a better data base necessary for the management and sustainable conservation of forests and the ecosystem services they provide to the population.

Study of an ESP32 based biomedical instrument for digital acquisition and local monitoring of healing state parameters of second degree burned human skin

Habiba, Habiba — 2021-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article concerns the study of a measuring instrument controlled by ESP 32 with local monitoring of biological parameters providing information on the state of scarring of human skin with 2nd degree burns; A brief review of the literature on existing or deployed therapeutic techniques and means for people suffering from 2nd degree burns is presented and allowed us to study the characteristics that led to the establishment of an architecture of the new proposed biomedical instrument. This electronic instrument consists of: a dimensional sensor (depth and thickness) of the wound; a sensor for humidity and thermal states (hypothermia and hyperthermia); a cardiac parameter acquisition sensor, a microcontroller mini-card which manages the A / D conversion and digital processing of measured biological quantities, with monitoring of these quantities on an LCD display. The virtual simulation results with a functional aspect obtained are validated in the PROTEUS software of said instrument, which are presented and then interpreted, prove to be satisfactory; the experimental workshop and the main results obtained are presented. These give very good results since in addition to the completely stable acquisition of biological parameters, the proposed system does not interfere with devices emitting electromagnetic radiation. Thus, a first prototype of this proposed instrument was produced, with a view to embedding it in a new biomedical therapeutic suit for people with 2nd degree burns.

Management of recurrent ileocolic intussusception in adults caused by a high-grade dysplastic polyp

Baiss, Marouane — 2021-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Intussusception is the penetration of a segment of bowel into a more distal segment. It is frequent in children and considered an unusual condition in adults. We report a case of a 65-year old woman with acute intussusception secondary to ileal polyp diagnosed by abdominal CT scan and confirmed by surgery. The patient underwent a bloc ileocecal resection with respecting the oncological rules.

Parliamentary Assistants in the Democratic Republic of Congo: The case of the National Assembly

Florentin, Mutula Bulenga — 2021-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper is explaining the missions of a parliamentary assistant. Parliamentary assistantship is a new political profession whose missions are not knowing by many persons in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Parliamentary Assistants are not carriers of deputies briefcases or shopping boys and girls. They have a very important role in the exercise of a parliamentary mandate.For this purpose, they prepare amendments to proposals and bills; they prepare bills that the deputy wants to table; they make briefing notes for the deputy's speeches and speeches; they advise the deputy; they write parliamentary questions and so on. Thus, the choice of a parliamentary assistant is a very essential element for the success of the parliamentary mandate. But it should be noted that, the function of parliamentary assistant is not currently secure. That is why this study also proposes solutions that can help protect parliamentary assistants who are the closest collaborators of deputies.

Publics authorities and Resolution of the leadership conflict in Evangelical Lutheran Church in Congo

Florentin, Mutula Bulenga — 2021-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The leadership conflict is today one of the wrong that tarnish the image of churches in the Democratic Republic of Congo. This study consists of demonstrating the role of public authorities in finding solutions to the leadership conflict in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Congo.To this end, those who hold political power must be involved in helping the conflicting parties to come to an agreement. To effectively resolve this conflict, full members should review the method of appointing Church leaders by opting for the rule of the rotating presidency in order to avoid tribalism, regionalism, corruption in all its forms in the choice. of the Legal Representative and of the Presiding Bishop and allow all Bishops to accede to the aforementioned positions.

Development companies between innovation and public entrepreneurship: The case of the Souss-Massa region

Oulmoudne, Aaziz — 2021-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Contemporary developments in public action constitute a field of research rich in informations on the logics of innovation. Institutional and organizational innovations participate in a dynamic of change that makes them worthy of interest in entrepreneurship. Indeed, the modes of organization, operation and intervention of communities and regions have been affected by a wave of innovations such as the SDLs and SDRs. We proceeded to construct the theoretical framework using the literature on innovation and entrepreneurship in the public sector. The literature review helped fuel the questioning of public entrepreneurship as well as its operationalization. Through a survey conducted among public officials in the Souss-Massa region, a relationship model is proposed. What forms has entrepreneurial innovation taken, and what roles have been played by entrepreneurs in the public sector. The process deserves to be studied in more detail to reveal, the triggers, the power plays, the time and place where it occurs, and the characteristics of the actors.

Non-agricultural activities and income inequalities in the community of Kaziba in eastern DR Congo

Adolphe, Mukenge Namubamba — 2021-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aims to analyse the income gaps between households engaged in farming activities only and those combining farming and non-farming activities in the Kaziba chiefdom.A structured survey was conducted at the beginning of the second half of 2019. It focused on collecting data on the living conditions of households in Kaziba. Five clusters formed the basis of our survey including Kashozi, Butuzi, Muhumba, Chihumba and Lukube. Two tools were used. (i) the Gini index decomposition approach and (ii) the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke poverty analysis approach (distribution, intensity) between households. The results of the Gini index decomposition show that non-agricultural activities reduce income inequality within households by 13.04%. In addition, the poverty analysis shows that households that engage in non-farm activities are less poor (73%) than those that engage in farming only (81%). The policy implication in terms of enabling resilience strategies would be to encourage non-farm activities in households that can increase their income and reduce poverty.

Issue of school leadership styles of headmasters in Kimbanguist secondary schools, city of Bukavu: Analysis of freebie effects in teaching

Kapala, Gérard Mubangu Wa — 2021-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

This research is a « post-study ». It is conducted in Kimbanguist secondary schools from Bukavu town, for the school year 2019-2020. It conveys the problematical styles of leadership in Kimbanguist school headmasters, in Bukavu town: Analysis of the education freebie effects. After analysis, interpretation and discussion of the findings, results; we can notice that the school manager headmasters use the style « let them do as they want » and teachers have features of clamoring lack of professional consciousness on while exercising their functions in teaching.

The application of double jurisdiction in the case of a child in conflict with the law : Children's court case in the city of Kisangani

Elongo, Jean-Pierre Manga — 2021-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Since gaining independence, the Democratic Republic of Congo has experienced many problems; among other things the legal problem and particularly the 50 years spent in civil wars have made it a vast site of juvenile delinquency. Many laws have been passed and promulgated, but they seem to be insufficient to stem all the problems linked to delinquent children or to children victims of delinquency and deviance. It should be noted that since the entry into force of the law n ° 09/001 of January 10, 2009 on the protection of the child and the installation of the juvenile court, the legal conditions of children in conflict with the law seem to be to improve, now delinquent children are no longer tried in the same court as adults. However, in the juvenile court the appeals chamber has not yet been set up due to the lack of judges. This is how a decision rendered in the First Chamber cannot be reformed by the review procedure, which is the sole responsibility of the judge who issued a first decision to review it. The consequences of the double degree of jurisdiction before the tribunal of children are by filing an appeal on the same jurisdiction with the same judge there is not too much reliability in judgments contradiction.

The creation of a commercial activity in accordance with OHADA law and its application to TGI/Kindu

Elongo, Jean-Pierre Manga — 2021-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The 1st and 2nd paragraph of Article 1 of the Uniform Act on General Trade Law states that Any trader, including any commercial corporation in which a state or other person of public law is associated, as well as any economic interest group, whose establishment or head office is located on the territory of one of the States Parties to the Treaty on the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa, as «States Parties», is subject to the provisions of this Uniform Act.OHADA law of developing common, simple, modern rules adapted to the reality of OHADA member countries. The one-stop shop for business creation is the mechanism for creating a business established in accordance with OHADA law. This mechanism is not yet being applied by the TGI/KINDU itself-if the Congolese legislator has already foreseen it.The registration of the register of commerce and real estate credit is carried out at the TGI/Kindu. The latter does not exercise the jurisdiction afforded by the aforementioned law pending the installation of the single business start-up window in Kindu. However, the provisions of Article 17 which stipulate that the application for business creation is made by a single form filled out, signed and filed at the Single Box Office by the applicant, a natural or legal person, in this case a TGI/Kindu registry would be filed, which serves in the event that the one-stop shop for business creation is not yet effective.Commercial and cooperative companies that go to the registry for registration do not even file company deeds or statutes with the registry of the TGI / Kindu. Yet this is a legal requirement.

The question of the free administration of the provinces by the central power in Congolese law

Elongo, Jean-Pierre Manga — 2021-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The constitution of February 18, 2006 organizes the territorial institutions of the DRC by distinguishing between political regions, decentralized entities and deconcentrated entities. The unitary form of the State is affirmed in the functioning of the institutions because all refer to the same and only Constitution which in its article 1 provides: the DRC is a State of law, independent, sovereign, united and indivisible, social, democratic and secular. The DRC is made up of the city of Kinshasa and 25 provinces with legal personality. As said above, the constitution of February 18, 2006 establishes the free administration of provinces and ETDs, their competences and the autonomous management of their resources. The Congolese experience is particularly rich in lessons in terms of management and territorial planning, it is characterized by two aspects; the multiplicity of changes sometimes due to certain contradictions between the different texts and the gap between the texts and the implementation of Decentralization. The main challenge for the central government is to succeed in implementing decentralization, the principles of free administration of provinces according to the vision of the current Constitution aimed at the development of a unitary and highly decentralized State, while ensuring the unity of the country and national cohesion. This is how we have some challenges, in particular the transfer of skills and resources according to a progressive approach with a view to deepening the constitutional provisions on the sharing of resources (human, technical and financial) and of powers between the different levels of communities, the financing of decentralization within the framework of a set of instruments combining local taxation, the retrocession system and the national equalization mechanism for investments aimed at ensuring egalitarian development between the provinces and ETDs. In terms of challenges we can cite in particular for the success of decentralization: the appropriation of decentralization by the actors and the population; the maintenance of peace and security; political will; the involvement of all; the existence of a common vision; national solidarity; progressiveness in the process; good local governance; the financing of decentralization; building the capacities of the various actors and representatives; the organization of provincial, urban, municipal and local elections.

Characterisation of the height growth of Pericopsis elata (Harms) in the plantations of the Deng-Deng Forest Reserve, Cameroon

Ambara, Joseph — 2021-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Three silvicultural experiments with Pericopsis elata were carried out in the Deng-Deng Forest Reserve in 1974 to understand the silviculture of this specie. However, this work has not yet yielded its full results. The objective of the present study is to construct productivity curves and evaluate the effect of silvicultural method and planting type on the height growth of Pericopsis elata. The data collected for this study came from 9 stem analyses carried out in the plantations. A fit to the Johnson-Schumacher model was performed. The variability of productivity curves between the three plantations indicates that there is a consistent relationship between silvicultural methods, planting types and Assamela fertility indices. Three levels of fertility were identified for each plantation at 40 years (H40): 18 m, 22 m and 26 m for P741; 12 m, 15 m and 18 m for P745 and 15 m, 20 m and 25 m for P746. The open field method shows the best growth performance in height (18 m ≤ Ht ≤ 26 m) regardless of plant type, compared to the layered method. Following the large layered silvicultural method, short stumps show better height growth (15 m ≤ Ht ≤ 25 m) than bagged seedlings (12 m ≤ Ht ≤ 18 m).

Impacts of climate risks on food security in Burkina Faso: Identification of resilience paths

Semde, Idrissa — 2021-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Context: The effects of climate change make it difficult to achieve food security in Burkina Faso, despite its many resilience efforts. This is how this article aims to identify and understand the impacts of the country's main climate risks on food security and the causes of the non-resilience of the proposed solutions, in order to better help develop resilience strategies.Materials and methods: Surveys were carried out among fifteen (15) main institutions in charge of the governance of food and nutrition security in Burkina Faso using a questionnaire focused on (i) the exposure units of food security in the face of climatic hazards in Burkina Faso, (ii) the impact index of these climatic risks on food security and (iii) their exposure index. The criterion for choosing the structures surveyed was their level of involvement in food security management, or their membership in the national food crisis management committee. All fifteen (15) institutions were national.Results: the results of the work reveal that whatever the climate risk, the availability of food, its financial accessibility and the governance of food security management institutions, are the main components of food security affected between 62.5% and 92.5%, against 62% to 70% of the impacts felt by the « price stability of agricultural products » and « nutritional use of food » components. The proposed solutions come down to the control of agricultural water, the development of irrigated agriculture, as well as the strengthening of the State's skills to implement emergency measures.Conclusion: The results corroborate the work of several authors, who have analyzed the food security situation in countries experiencing the same realities as Burkina Faso. However, their analysis does not include a fifth component, namely the governance of institutions. Based on these shortcomings, the recommendations could not be robust enough to bend the food insecurity curve in Burkina Faso.

Peripheral intravenous access in the emergency room: Variables and predictors of difficulty

Rafai, Mostafa — 2021-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: Peripheral venous access is the most common procedure performed in the emergency department. Different factors can be a source of difficulty for this procedure. Our objective was to identify these factors in an emergency department.Method: This was a prospective observational study carried out over a period of six months in an university emergency department. All adult patients admitted to the emergency department who required a peripheral venous line to be inserted by the traditional method were included in this study. For each patient, socio-demographic characteristics, clinical examination data, history and type of operator were recorded. Difficulty was judged on the number of attempts necessary for successful venous access. Predictive factors were identified by binary logistic regression.Results: Over the 6-month period analyzed, 1007 forms were usable. The population was divided into two groups, Gr.IVA.E: n=681 (67,6%) and Gr.IVA.D: n=326 (32,4%). were retained as predictive of difficulty: moderate obesity, type of provider of the procedure: young physician, reactivity/pain to the procedure, size of cannula (18G), recent admission within 3 months and clinical examination data (burns, neurological deficit, arteriovenous fistula, swelling of extremities).Discussion: The identification of the factors that make peripheral venous access difficult in the emergency department can lead to an improvement in the quality of care and therefore to better management. Good clinical assessment, mastery of alternatives to the traditional technique, adoption of medical simulation for learning, and adoption of a clinical score can overcome this difficulty.

Fertility and food biology of Hemichromis fasciatus Peters: 1857 (Perciformes, Cichlidae) in the lower zone of the Tshopo river in Kisangani (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

Ngabo, Vianney Mulema — 2021-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article analyzes the fertility and food biology of H. fasciatus Peters, 1857 from the lower zone of the Tshopo river in Kisangani (DR Congo) so as to highlight, on the one hand, the fertility rate of this species, the length-weight relationship and the growth of gonads during the reproductive cycle at all the sites considered; on the other hand, determine the quality and quantity of the diet of this species according to size and sex. Sampling took place in November 2016, and from March 2017 to May 2018 In total, 100 specimens (85 upstream and 15 downstream of the hydroelectric dam) of size varying between 55.7-188.8 cm were captured at using two batteries of eight monofilament gillnets of 8, 10, 12, 15, 20, 25, 30 and mm between nodes. Analysis of the results obtained leads to the conclusion that the H. fasciatus species from the Tshopo River is invertivorous (intestinal coefficient = 0.46) with an opportunistic tendency, feeding mainly on animal and plant debris. This diet varied according to the sampling sites, the season, the sex and the stage of development of the individuals examined. The evolution of the gonado-somatic ratio upstream of the hydroelectric dam of the Tshopo river showed a peak for females 3.45 (n = 46) and for males 0.66 (n = 39); and downstream a peak is observed in females 5.86 (n = 8) and for males 0.52 (n = 7). The estimated absolute fertility ranged from 506 to 1,430 oocytes with an average of 817.18 oocytes and the relative fertility ranged from 20,440.95 to 131,433.82 kg-1 oocytes with an average of 48,932.30 kg-1.

Epidemiologic descriptive study of edentulous patients and their socio-demographic factors in Bamako: Population of 1313 case

Ba, Ahmed — 2021-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: The aging of the society goes together with the rising of the number of the edentulous people and so with the wearing of removable prosthesis Our study is an epidemiologic descriptive type having collected 1313 patients, carried out over a period going from December 2nd, 2012 to June 28th, 2014 at the university hospital center of odontostomatology of Bamako.The aim of our study, is to analyze the increasing number of edentulous people observed and its link to sociodemographic factors and life quality, among a population consulting for a removable prosthesis.Methods: we conducted an epidemiologic descriptive study from December 2nd 2012 to October 28 2014. We enrolled 1313 patients Using questionnaires and the variables studied were gender, age, occupation, level of education, reason for consultation, causes of edentulism, types of edentulousness, wearing of prosthesis.The statistical analysis of the data was carried out with the software SPSS N ° 12 French version. Statistical calculations were performed with Pearson's Chi2 with a risk α ≤ 0.05%.Results: In the population involved, the female gender accounted for 60.6% with a sex ratio of 0.65. Removable prosthetic rehabilitation mainly concerned young adults aged 25-34 (20.2%). Dental pain was the main reason for consulting patients with 52.9% of cases.Dental caries and its complications were the main cause of toothlessness with 69.8% of cases.There was a significant statistical link between the reason for consultation (dental pain or aesthetics) and the occupation of housewives (P≤ 0.05 Chi2 validated). Restoration of function concerned the retired people.There was a significant statistical relationship between age groups 25-34 years and partial edentulousness (P≤0.05 Chi2 validated) as well as between total edentulism and age group 75 years and over (P ≤ 0.05 Chi2 validated).Edentulous patients who never had a denture accounted for 89.0% of cases.Conclusion: A large part of the population had incomplete dentition. Our study showed descriptively a predominance of female sex with 60.6%. The most represented age group was 25-34 years old with 20.2%. Dental pain was the main reason of consultation with 52.9%.Edentation is still a real problem in our society.

Assessment of the need for dental prosthesis at Bamako University Hospital (CHU-OS)

Ba, Ahmed — 2021-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The dental prosthesis is defined as an artificial device intended to replace the missing tooth or teeth and the related tissues. Clinical reality places us in front of an infinite dental edentation situation. For the rehabilitation of missing teeth, it is often necessary to manage simultaneously the use of all prosthetic techniques: partial and total prosthesis, fixed prosthesis and implantology.The aim of this investigation is to evaluate dental prosthesis needs in the University Hospital of Odonto-Stomatology of Bamako (CHUOS).A survey was conducted at Bamako University Hospital over a period of one month. The study included 400 patients who consulted for making dental prosthesis. Patients with 1-4 teeth to replace in the maxillar represented 30, 1% of cases and 30,7% in the mandible. The results showed the highest rate concerning partial removable denture prosthesis preference (83%) in comparison with fixed prosthesis which represented only 8, 75% of cases. Also, the partial removable prosthesis was diagnosed in 52,25% of cases.Edentation can be the cause of several problems in the oral cavity, hence the need to sensitize the population of the importance of oral health and the importance of wearing the prosthesis in case of losing teeth.

Impacts of anthropogenic pressures and climate change on agroforestry parks in western Niger

Biga, Ibrahim — 2021-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Despite their socio-economic and environmental importance, agroforestry parks undergo various pressures which threaten their existence. The study objective is to study the sustainability of agroforestry parks in the municipalities of Gothèye, Tagazar and Torodi in order to find out which of the anthropogenic or climatic factors impacts them most. For this purpose, two types of data were collected, namely dendrometric data through a floristic inventory and rainfall data acquired from the National Directorate of Meteorology. Our results on climate characterization from SPI and their trend have shown the return of favorable (wetter) conditions to vegetation development. Thus, a year of rupture was highlighted by the Pettitt test in 1991 for the municipality of Tagazar, confirming the positive evolution of rainfall. The eight (8) identified parks types are heavely anthropized with an anthropization rate of at least 64% varying from one park to another. The anthropizing factors that weigh the most on these parks are logging (energy and pastoral). The most viable parks are those of Tagazar and Gothèye unlike those of Torodi which are experiencing advanced degradation. Thus, our results suggest that parks are more affected by anthropogenic than climatic actions. For the sustainability of these parks, it is important to take inclusive measures that allow all stakeholders to be involved in the management and exploitation of park resources.

Reprise rate of rejects of 3 dessert banana treewean and decontaminate by fungicide at Bushumba, North Kabare

Bahati, Moïse Barhakengera — 2021-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Banana farming is threatened currently by certain constraints as the bacterial Wilt and the bad farming practice. The aim of this study is to select the best fungicide that increases the percentage of reject reprise for using to decontaminate reject from macro propagation after weaning, and choosing the high-performance varieties with high percentage of rejects. The split plot experimental device was used. Two factors were in this study as banana varieties and fungicides. The former one has two levels as Mancozeb and Victory and banana varieties, three levels as Yangambi, Cavendish and Thick-Michel variety which were compared to control, reject without decontamination. The application of fungicides didn't involve date and reprise rate of reject between them in comparison with dismissals of three banana varieties compare to no disinfected reject before plantations. The rate varies between 90 and 100 %. Additionally, the dimension and number of leaves didn’t be influenced reprise by reprise rate of rejects of banana varieties. Study wasn’t oriented on growth parameters after plantations. The reprise rate of reject doesn't vary between the banana varieties. The reject could or not be disinfected for economic reasons because the high percentage of reject is always obtained. Thereby, it would be preferable to not disinfect reject because plantations can succeed.

The effect of the remuneration system and its role in predicting organizational behavior such as job satisfaction of staff of the Bank of Central African States (BEAC)

Moundjiegout, Tessa — 2021-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The different remuneration systems have emerged, following the development of industrialization in the world. Today, expectations have changed, work is no longer just an opportunity for an exchange between individual efforts and material rewards, it also allows employees to fulfill themselves through a professional activity whose psychosociological and environmental dimensions are becoming increasingly important. The purpose of this study, conducted among 105 agents of a banking structure, was to analyze the remuneration system within a branch of the Bank of Central African States (BEAC). It is a question of presenting the types of remuneration, then evaluating their influence on the job satisfaction of these agents. The descriptive results show a variation in the perception of factors linked to the remuneration system among managers, middle managers and clause agents. While significant links are observed between the factors linked to the remuneration system and the job satisfaction of agents.

Regional economic integration: What contributions to Cameroon's emergence

Raoul, Ehode Elah — 2021-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this paper is to demonstrate that regional economic integration can contribute to the emergence of Cameroon. Our research hypothesis is that limiting trade barriers increases the quantity of Cameroon's exports to the CEMAC sub-region and makes it more competitive. In the light of the econometric analysis based on the error correction model (ECM), the econometric estimation of the relationship between GDP per capita, investment, the trade liberalization index, etc., has led us to say that trade openness, supported by regional integration indices, has a positive impact on the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita in Cameroon. Thus, trade openness will allow Cameroon to raise the standard of living of its populations and to achieve the objective of its vision of emergence in 2035, provided that the related provisions are an effective reality and that the market is considered as such.

Effect of minéral fertilization on the productivity of rainfed rice (Oryza sativa L., Poaceae) in the Sudano-guinéenne of Mali

Sylla, Moussa — 2021-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

This research was carried out on the rice farming sites of the agronomic research substation of Finkolo in the sudan-Guinean zone of Mali. The objective was to test the efficiency of the application of some dosage of mineral manure in the production of rain rice. Specifically the study aimed to evaluate the effect of different dosages in the use or the cereal complex and of urea within the agronomic parameters of rice varieties (NERICA 4 and 8). The experimental setup used was a bloc factorial conducted three times. The dosage of 100 and 200 kg ha-1 of the cereal complex to the best performance on the whole parameters measured of the rice. Moreover, the growth in hight and the straw yiel were better due to the application of 100 and 150 Kg ha-1 of urea. The Nerica 8 was more performant in paddy yield compared to Nerica 4. The application of mineral manure should be recommanded in rain rice farming in order to improve the production in the ameliorated varieties because it enhances noticeably the yield. In order to obtain a better efficiency in the use of the mineral manure, above all the nitrogen fertilizer, a suited localisation for the application is required.

Sewavi, Fiomegnon Kokuvi — 2021-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Transformed over time by several historical, social and political factors, the traditional chiefdom in Togo was to gradually empty itself of the original elements that founded its power. Nowadays, it is changing into new elements to legitimize its power. In doing so, this article, based on three (3) approaches (structural-functionalist, Weberian and socio-historical) seeks to analyze the foundations of the legitimation of the traditional chiefdom in present-day Togolese society.To achieve this, this research adopted a methodology which consisted in documenting existing work on the subject and in carrying out in-depth individual interviews carried out with actors and resource persons concerned by this issue, particularly in academia, civil society and central (political) administration. Consequently, this research made it possible to show that the customary sources which originally founded the traditional chiefdom in Togo have lost their political, social and cultural quintessence (delegitimization) but there is nowadays a whole range of sources of legitimacy and / or legitimation of devolution of power from the traditional chief (re-legitimation).

CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE APPLICATION OF THE LAW ON « MALE AND FEMALE » PARITY IN COMPANIES IN THE RD CONGO: CASE OF REGIDESO AND S.N.L, MANIEMA

Feza, Sylvie Kalume — 2021-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Sacred Principle of Equality between Men and Women deserves a very thorough analysis both on its content and on its application by states. In order to study the different sources of the principle of equality between men and women, it should be noted that they are of two kinds: some are international in nature while others are national. It is well known that international law on parity provides a framework for promoting and protecting women's human rights. Moreover, the obligation to protect women's rights has been taken into account by several multilateral treaties. But it was with the creation of the United Nations, whose charter proclaimed the promotion and encouragement of respect for fundamental rights and freedoms by all, regardless of race, language and religion. It is one of the main goals of the organization that was laid by the foundations of a comprehensive international legal system of the protection of women's rights that exists today and to which women as human beings are fully entitled. Women also have the right to the protection enshrined in legal instruments under international, criminal and humanitarian law and international labour law. In the absence of the political will of the states that have ratified it, no concrete changes can be seen to improve the situation of women for their participation in companies.

The reduction of bullwhip effect by Integrating Information Sharing, Forecasting, Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) - Vendor Management Inventory (VMI) - and Consignment (Cs) Approach

Adriantantri, Emmalia — 2021-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

This research aims to create a conceptual method, in order to reduce the effect of bullwhip by integrating information sharing, Forecasting, Economic Order Quantity (EOQ), Vendor Management Inventory (VMI), and Consignment (Cs) methods. The results are used to build an application that can be used for information sharing, simulation using forecasting, and Economic Order Quantity-Vendor Management Inventory-Consignment methods, which can reduce the effect of bullwhip. It can be concluded that through information sharing, the results obtained in the forecasting method is more accurate, because customer requests can be identified by suppliers and retailers. Also, the optimal product lot size and total cost was obtained by using the Economic Order Quantity-Vendor Management Inventory-Consignment model. These aforementioned integration steps were taken as an effort to reduce the effect of bullwhip.

Distance sampling technique in vegetation studies: A critical review

Amagnide, Gbènakpon Aubin Y. G. — 2021-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Plotless sampling techniques, linear recordings of distances among random trees or points and trees were developed to overcome some limitations of plot-based or quadrat methods by reducing time consuming, sampling effort, etc. However, research works proved that some points need to be clarified in order to provide a more useful guidelines for ecologists. The main objective of this study is to make a critical review of literature on plotless sampling techniques in vegetation studies. For this purpose, most original studies published and focused on plotless techniques in plant communities were identified via Keywords searching on scientific database websites and additional references from retrieved articles. Thereafter, about hundred papers were sampled in this review through careful reading of the abstract, methods and results. This study revealed that plotless sampling methods are mainly used to estimate population density. Furthermore, this study showed that among the plotless sampling methods that were described, some remains slightly documented in ecology to date. Results obtained also showed that the spatial distribution of organisms impacted the performance of these methods. All plotless sampling methods recorded their best performance when the population is randomly distributed. When the population is uniformly or contagiously (clump) distributed, most of them produced the largest bias of density estimate. However, over all spatial patterns, distance measurements at least to the third nearest neighbour were the best preferred methods. Therefore, further research works need to control this bias, to continue some investigations on those methods mainly on measurement errors and detection process.

Floristic diversity and structure of plant communities of the Pénéssoulou Forest Reserve (Benin, West-Africa)

Dossa, Léonce O. S. N. — 2021-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The study assessed the floristic diversity and analysed the structure of plant groups in the Pénéssoulou Forest Reserve (PFR). For this purpose, 234 plots of 50 m × 20 m each were installed in delimited floristically homogenous stands. An individualization of the different plant groups of the PFR was carried out using non-metric multidimensional scaling. Alpha diversity indices were used to evaluate the floristic diversity of the plant communities. Dendrometric parameters and size class structures of diameter and height were performed to understand the conservation status of the identified plant communities. Four plant communities was identified: G1 corresponded to woodlands and savannah woodlands with Vitellaria paradoxa and Uapaca togoensis as characteristic species, and including 81 woody species; G2 corresponded to forest gallery, dominated by Anogeissus leiocarpa and Cola gigantea and including 100 woody species; G3 corresponding to tree and shrub savannahs with Vitellaria paradoxa and Parinari curatellifolia as characteristic species, and including 64 woody species; and G4 corresponded to Anogeissus leiocarpa - Lonchocarpus sericeus dry forest that included 75 woody species. The dendrometric parameters varied significantly from a plant group to another (P-value < 0.05). The distribution of tree diameters was in an inverted «J» shape, characteristic of multi-species stands. As for the structures in height, they reflected a rarity of higher individuals (>20 m). The results showed an acceptable state of conservation and a good natural regeneration capacity of the forest, which must be improved through the implementation of a forest management plan.

Analysis of climate disruption variability in the Sassandra River basin limited at Soubré (Western Côte d'Ivoire)

Anoh, Kouao Armand — 2021-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Like the West African countries, the Sassandra river basin limited at Soubré is facing the challenges of climate change. Seen anthropogenic activities have contributed to modifying the climate in a sustainable way, it is important to have as clear an idea as possible of possible climate changes. The main objective of this study is to characterize the variability of climate parameters in order to sustainably manage its impacts on basin development projects. So, the methodology adopted is divided into 2 steps: the characterization of climate variability and the characterization of climate change to 2030 and 2050 horizon. The results of climate variability showed a decrease in rainfall and an increase in temperatures. In terms of climate change, under scenario RCP4.5, minimum and maximum temperatures are projected to increase by 1.4°C to 1.8°C by 2030 and 2050. At the same horizons and under scenario RCP8.5, there is an average increase of 1.4°C to 2.4°C. In terms of annual rainfall, projections show an upward trend of 1% by 2030 and a downward trend of 1% by 2050 under the RCP4.5 scenario. The scenario RCP8.5 predicts an increase in precipitation with rates greater than 35% at both future horizons.

Compositionality and confixation in the service of the didactization of medical terminology courses upstream and the therapeutic communication act downstream: The case of the faculties of medicine and pharmacy in Morocco

Aabadli, Badr — 2021-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Our Moroccan community has a varied linguistic nomenclature which is not immutable and which changes very often because of the dynamism, the contexts and the fields of activity where it is practiced. Thus, the identity or functional language practices, under the effect of this sociolinguistic dynamic, are constantly subject to modification, enrichment and adaptation.For the faculties of medicine and pharmacy (FMP) in Morocco, French is the language of instruction par excellence, whereas during the entire previous curriculum it was only one language taught. In addition, the courses given in the faculties and schools of health have a terminology that is very often hermetic for the students; which ipso facto puts us before an urgent need for renovation, readjustment, accommodation and adaptation so that the students understand their course properly, and so that they can brilliantly ensure the therapeutic communicative act downstream when they will be in charge of practicing in public and private health establishments.From the foregoing, the urgency to adopt the technolectal approach; through the phenomena of compositionality and confixation; which in our opinion constitutes a response to the ills faced by our students in the field of health. In the present work, we will focus on sociolinguistics, in this case the work of Leïla Messaoudi (2003, 2010 and 2013). In terms of methodological approach, we will use corpus linguistics. We will administer questionnaires to students, but we will also use medical courses to highlight technolectal units that are representative of the «scholarly technolecte» in this field and that we will have to readapt in order to allow students access to meaning.

Architectural performance of adders on encrypted integers

Bomolo, Paulin Boale — 2021-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The fully Homomorphic encryption scheme is corner stone of privacy electronic privacy in real life in more connected world. It allows to perform all kinds of computations on encrypted data. Although, time of computations are bottleneck of numerous applications of real life. In this paper, you aim to study the time of computations on multiple inputs encrypted adders with these schemes. Precisely, we present the TFHE scheme which have published by Illaria Chilloti and all. It belongs many kinds of logics gates as AND, OR, NAND. These logics gates are used to design circuit which represents four architectures of multiple encrypted inputs adders.Finally, we determine the best architecture of adder which is Carry Look-Ahead Adder (CLA). CLA reduce to fifteen precent (15%) time of computations of dedicated architecture like Wallace.

Implementation of homomorphic arithmetic operations on encrypted integers

Bomolo, Paulin Boale — 2021-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The full homomorphic encryption allows to the cloud for providing computations on encrypted data without decrypt them. Since the breakthrough of Gentry, this approach of cryptographic continue to tempt the scientific research and industries of New technologies of Information and Telecommunications. More recently, Léo Ducas and Daniele Micciancio were published a library called FHEW which allow to perform bootstrapping in less than a second.In this paper, we propose an implementation of basics arithmetic operations on unsigned integer. The improvement on circuit allows us to implement homomorphic computations on unsigned integers of 8, 16 and 32 bytes. The correspondents circuits of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division were rewritten in equivalents circuits using the universal gate NAND. The obtained result is hopeful for using homomorphic encryption in wide application which need privacy application in real life.

Beekeeping practices and uses of honey in two villages bordering the classified forest of Badenou (North of Côte d'Ivoire): Tiébila and Nafoun

Dofoungo, KONE — 2021-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study was conducted in Tiebila and Nafoun, two villages bordering the Badenou classified forest. It aims to highlight the uses of honey by the populations of this area and their apicultural practices that can be encouraged or improved in order to exploit optimally the potential for honey production of this forest. The data were collected using documentation, direct observation in the field, 22 interviews including 14 individuals and eight focus groups. The beekeeping activity is ancestral and essentially based on the «hunt for honey» which uses fire during the harvest of honey. People use honey to meet their nutritional, therapeutic, economic and cultural needs. Several «honey hunters» and former beekeepers have shown interest in modern beekeeping as an economic opportunity. The former traditional and modern beekeepers hold some apicultural knowledge such as the selection of plant species by bees for food, the use of certain plants as attracting swarms to prepare hives to facilitate their colonization by bees. Honey is a multi-purpose product of great importance to the populations of Tiebila and Nafoun. The use of fire during harvesting honey must be avoided. The use of certain plants as attracting swarms is a traditional knowledge and beekeeping know-how whose capitalization in a project of modernization of the beekeeping should allow a reduction of the cost.

Turkey's regional power ambitions put to the test by the Covid-19 pandemic

EZ-ZAHRI, Bouchaib — 2021-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Since the start of 2020, the world has been going through an unprecedented health crisis that has had a significant geoeconomic and geopolitical implications on many emerging and developing countries. Turkey, as an emerging country located at the crossroads of multiple geographic and geopolitical areas is the subject of this paper's study, through an analysis of the different implications of the pandemic on the Turkey’s regional power ambitions, displayed since 2002 following the AKP's accession to power. For more than a decade, Turkey has pursued a proactive foreign policy based on i) asserting its status as a regional economic power; ii) an active political player in the region, with regional and global security interests and responsibilities to match. An analysis of the evolution of its aspects of power in the context of global health crisis shows that the Covid-19 related implications are unlikely to change the Turkish geopolitical landscape. On the contrary, it will rather strengthen the dimensions of its power ambitions given that the global economic and political distortions caused by the Covid-19 could offer, in the medium and long term, some positive externalities.

Trajectories of professional integration of young people in Benin: Forms of entry into the labour market, transition time and instability in employment

Alladatin, Judicaël — 2021-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Based on an analysis of retrospective data tracing the professional trajectories of young people aged 18-29, this article offers an interesting reflection on the professional trajectories of young people in Benin, focusing specifically on forms of entry into the labour market, transition periods and job instability. We use specific complementary statistical analysis methods, both descriptive and explanatory, that are adapted and facilitate the study of life courses.Through a continuous time, regression model, the Cox model, we propose a better perspective for the analysis of the integration trajectories of young people in Benin. The data used come from the Survey on the Transition from School to Working Life (ETVA) conducted in Benin in 2012 by the National Institute of Statistics and Economic Analysis (INSAE).Analysis of the different forms, numbers and durations of transitions suggests that stability is compromised among young people aged 18-29 in Benin. The model highlights explanatory factors that stem from both internal and external causes.

Microbiological characteristic of water resources in a fecal sludge dumping site in tropical area: The case of Nomayos, Cameroon

Njitat, Valerie Tsama — 2021-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The general objective of this research work was to assess the impact of fecal sludge discharge on the physicochemical and microbiological quality of water resources in the locality of Nomayos, a zone on the outskirts of the city of Yaoundé-Cameroon into which large quantities of raw fecal sludge from the city of Yaoundé are daily discharged. Field observations, household surveys and interviews with the emptying operators was used. Quantification and characterization of the fecal sludge collected at the discharge site and laboratory analysis of 08 groundwater samples and 06 water samples taken from the Avo'o watercourse were conducted.The average fecal coliform contents of irrigation points for vegetable crops ranged from 1012 ± 613 - 32 x 103 ± 12.80 x 102 CFU /100 mL for S0, S1, S2, and S3. The mean fecal streptococcal values for the same points are 264.20 ± 189.52 - 15.40 x 102 ± 14.20 x 102 CFU /100 mL for S0, S1, S2, S3. The average helminth egg concentrations for the different sites show that the helminth egg concentrations moved linearly to Site 3 where they reach their optimum. Then they decrease to P8 and increase progessively to P9. Sites S1, S2, S3, P8 and P9 have very high mean helminth egg concentrations of 42.33, 54.95, 71.33, 20.52 and 26.33 eggs/L respectively, compared to S0 which is 6.33. Groundwater analysis showed high concentrations of fecal pollution control germs, notably fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci.Measures for the control and protection of water resources therefore deserve to be taken in this locality for the preservation of water resources and the health of the population.

Social and Group Influence on Information Technology Adoption: The Case of Open Source Software Adoption

Ennajeh, Leila — 2021-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper studies the role of social influence in the adoption of information technology. Previous studies have demonstrated the crucial role of social interactions in the case of Open Source Software adoption behaviors for individuals. However, the literature reveals ambiguity on the definition and the measurement of social influence concept. Thus, this paper attempts to develop a kind of understanding about this ambiguity by clarifying the sources of social influence in organization: voluntary use, image, visibility, normative influence, conformity motivation. These concepts identified already in the literature are summarized into two second order constructs in the research model: group pressure and social influence. The research model developed aim to explain and predict Open Source Software adoption behavior depending on these two concepts. Data validation using the Partial least square approach has uncovered new and thorough theoretical and empirical results in the field of information technology/system adoption.

COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON COMPOUND AND SINGLE-BASED FERTILIZERS ON THE FOOD-YIELD POTENTIAL OF EXOTIC, MINOR VEGETABLE CROPS CULTIVATED FOR THE FRESH MARKET

Abu, Moomin — 2021-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

A study was conducted to ascertain the effect of single-based fertilizers and compound fertilizers on some minor/exotic vegetable crops cultivated for the fresh market using lettuce (var. Eden), carrot (var. Bahia), and sweet pepper (var. Yellow wonder) as reference/test crops, with the objective to determine food yield of each test crop. Done through diagnostic and field studies, Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications was used. Lettuce, sweet pepper, and carrot were tested on 71 kg, 100 kg, and 128 kg of ammonium sulphate (20.5 % N, 23.4 % S) /ha, 350 kg of NPK (15-15-15) /ha, and Control/No fertilizer application; 81 kg, 100 kg, and 138 kg of 6-24-12 NPK/ha, 225 kg of NPK (15-15-15) /ha, and Control; and on 43 kg, 71 kg, and 100 kg of 10-10-30 NPK/ha, 225 kg of NPK (15-15-15) /ha, and Control; respectively. Single-based fertilizer treatments recorded significantly higher food yield at p ˂ 0.05 when compared to Compound fertilizer treatments, and to Control. Maximum application rates (128 kg of ammonium sulphate (20.5 % N 23.4 % S) /ha; 138 kg of 6-24-12 NPK/ha; and 100 kg of 10-10-30 NPK/ha, respectively for lettuce, sweet pepper, and carrot) of the respective single-based fertilizer treatments for the different test crops recorded the highest food yield at p ˂ 0.05, portraying strikingly similar pattern of food yield changes. Higher single-based fertilizer application rates could be added in different trials to ascertain the optimum application rates since all maximum application rates recorded the highest food yield in the present study.

Dynamics of sacred forests under the action of human pressures and climate variability in the South-East of the Far North Region of Cameroon

Boniface, Ganota — 2021-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study focused on the sacred forests of anthropized areas in the southeast of Far North Cameroon. These are forests from a few square meters to a few hectares. The floristic data collected from the surveys showed that the average richness is 17 species. A total of 67 plant species grouped into 27 families have been identified. Formerly preserved for ritual practices, these forests are experiencing regressive changes both in terms of specific richness and diversity of species under the combination of anthropogenic actions and climatic variability. 2/3 of these sacred forests are experiencing a deterioration. The density and specific richness of the species have decreased by 60 to 80% compared to the well-preserved sacred forests. The diversity indices are only 1.36 bit for very degraded forests against 3.85 bits for those in good condition. Species such as Mytragina inermis, Daniellia oliveri and Celtis integrifolia have almost completely disappeared with a rarity index above 80%. Faced with the current socio-economic and environmental changes, actions to raise awareness and collective appropriation through land titles in favor of local populations should be undertaken by the State.

Floristic diversity and major weeds of corn cultivation in the Haut-Sassandra region, in the center-west of Côte d’Ivoire

Konan, Akissi — 2021-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Objective: To characterize the weed flora in the corn-growing plots and assess their harmfulness in the Haut-Sassandra region in the center-west of the Ivory Coast.Methodology and results: The weed flora of the maize crop in the Haut-Sassandra region was evaluated using the method called « field tour ».Results: The work made it possible to identify 105 species of weeds belonging to 80 genera distributed in 27 families.The dominant families are: The Poaceae (37,81%), the Asteraceae (10,48%), the Euphorbiaceae (8,57%), the Fabaceae (8,57%) and the Rubiaceae (6,67%). Dicotyledons are in the majority with 67% of species.Agronomically speaking, Croton hirtus, Porophyllump ruderale, Mitracarpus villosus, Digitaria gayana and Brachiara villosa are the most harmful weeds in the area.Conclusion and appliation of the results: This study mmade it possible to characterize the weed flora of maize. The data obtained are necessary for the development of effective control means.

Factors associated to low birth weight in full term in Bukavu, the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Tshiela, Célestin Mamba — 2021-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: Low birth weight is a public health problem because of the morbidity and mortality associated with it. The aim of this study was to identify the factors associated with low birth weight in Bukavu.Material and Method: This was a case-control study including all live and full term births during the period from January to December 2015 in the maternity wards of 3 general reference hospitals in Bukavu. The cases included all the full term newborns weighing less than 2500 grams and they were compared with control group corresponding to full term newborns weighing 2500 grams or more.Results: In full term newborns, the prevalence of low birth weight was 11.6%. Inter pregnancy interval less than 24 months, infection during pregnancy, anemia during pregnancy, high blood pressure, maternal age less than 18 years, mother schoolgirl were the factors associated with low birth weight.Conclusion: The prevalence of low birth weight is high in Bukavu. Identified factors associated, in full term newborns included short inter pregnancy interval, infection during pregnancy, anemia, high blood pressure and schoolgirl. In order to reduce the negative impact of these factors on birth weights, the current preventive strategies should be strengthened particularly the activities of the prenatal visits or supplemented by others including intensive sensitization for the use of contraceptive methods as well sex education to young adolescents.

Bacteriological profile of bacterial keratitis at the Hassan II University Hospital of Fez

Kouara, Sara — 2021-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of our study is to analyse the different bacteriological profiles and their antibiotic sensitivity patterns of bacterial keratites in our bacteriology laboratory at the Hassan II University Hospital in Fez.A retrospective study carried out at the bacteriology laboratory of the Hassan II University Hospital of Fez over a period of 3 years from 01/01/2018 to 31/10/2020 in patients diagnosed with infectious keratitis and who have benefited from a corneal sample + culture for bacteriological study. Demographic data, clinical characteristics, bacteriological data and antibiotic resistance and sensitivity were collected.Out of 218 corneal swabs, bacteria were isolated from 123 samples (56.4%). The most frequent isolates were coagulase-negative Staphylococci (SCN) (51.5%), Staphylococcus aureus (22.2%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.2%). All gram-positive isolates were susceptible to vancomycin, but methicillin resistance was found in 36.9% of CNS cases and no cases of MRSA were recorded. All gram-negative isolates were susceptible to ceftazidime, gentamicin, tobramycin and amikacin. Resistance to ciprofloxacin was observed in 20% of the gram-positive isolates.CNS, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the microorganisms most often responsible for bacterial keratitis. Dual therapy using vancomycin + ceftazidime should be considered for empirical treatment until culture and susceptibility results are available in order to adapt antibiotic therapy.

International migration of small trades: Case of the itinerant shoemakers in Lomé

Avougla, Koku — 2021-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

International migrations are of great economic and social importance in Africa and affect millions of people every year. However, the lack of statistical data makes it impossible to assess the real extent of the phenomenon and to determine the main characteristics of these migrants. The aim of this article is to determine the socio-demographic characteristics of the itinerant shoemakers in the city of Lomé and the impact of this profession. The methodological approach used was based on documentary research, participant observation and field surveys of a sample of 123 itinerant shoemakers in the Togolese capital. The results of the investigation underline that the target population is mainly from the West African sub-region: Ghanaian nationality (46.30%) followed by Burkinabé (19.50%) while Beninese and Ivorians are much less represented. The respondents are all male and are mainly young adults (66.60% are between 25 and 39 years old). The respondents have a low level of education (52% primary school, 17.10% uneducated). They work more than 10 hours a day and sleep in bus stations (23.90%) or, at best, in overcrowded housing (44.50%). In spite of these uncomfortable living conditions, the job is quite remunerative as more than half of them claim to earn at least 35,000 FCFA per month and 65.90% are already doing some work in their home countries.

REACTIONS OF WILD POPULATIONS OF MYCOSPHAERELLA FIJIENSIS TO THREE FAMILIES OF FUNGICIDES

James, Joseph Kouamé Kouassi — 2021-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

In order to know the origin of the resistance in order to develop a control strategy that respects the environment and human health, this study was initiated. More specifically, it should make it possible to determine the reaction of wild strains of Mycosphaerella fijiensis to systemic synthetic fungicides in areas of intensive cultivation of dessert bananas for export in Côte d'Ivoire. Samples of leaves from dessert and plantain banana trees affected by Black Leaf Streak Disease at stages 3 and 4 were taken at a distance of at least 10 km from the industrial plantations and then transported to the laboratory for fungicide sensitivity tests on agar medium according to the method proposed by Van Den Berg Loridat in 1989 and modified by Kobenan and al in 2008. These tests revealed remarkable efficacy of all fungicides on all wild conidia of Mycosphaerella fijiensis regardless of their origin. For the triazoles the inhibition rates ranged from 67.45% to 75% for tebuconazole, 67.34% to 79.41% for epoxyconazole, and 70% to 80.14% for tebuconazole. As for methyl thiophanate, germination rates were between 0 and 11%. For azoxystrobin, germination rates were between 0 and 20 %. However, the same tests carried out in industrial plantations revealed losses in the effectiveness of certain fungicides of the triazole family in certain areas. This loss of efficacy observed in plantations regularly treated with fungicides is due to the repeated use of these fungicides without any real alternation (of the different families of active ingredients), which would have eliminated strains sensitive to these active ingredients and facilitated the proliferation of non-sensitive strains.

Legal skills on the need to promote Congolese women: Analysis of some provisions relating to the management of family assets and the fight against gender-based violence

Mukengere, Denis Mukwege — 2021-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present examines the persistence of inequalities among women in certain aspects: at the cultural, social and economic level which constitutes a great constraint and lock in the development process. It is carried out using the statistical method with interview, interview, direct observation and documentary techniques. The use of the hypothesis test and analysis of variance of monthly expenses and income led us to confirm 95% that women are not only sexually exploited, but also for economic and commercial purposes; for the benefit of pimps, responsible for brothels in the city of Bukavu, by the fact that they earn an income that does not cover their basic vital needs. The repercussions of this exploitation produce the perverse effects observed by juvenile delinquency, marginalization, poverty and vulnerability.The law, however, hinders women and gives this practice a form of modern slavery. The absence of legal texts that promote women are all ills to which the legislator must remedy through egalitarian legislation favorable to women.

Bladder extramedullary plasmacytoma: An unusual location revealing multiple myeloma

El Hamzaoui, Zineb — 2021-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Background: Extramedullary plasmacytoma is an immunoproliferative monoclonal disease of the B-cell line that originates from malignant transformed plasma cells. It’s a rare variant of plasma cell tumor involving organs outside the bone marrow, found in 13% of cases. Urinary bladder involvement remains a location rarely reported in the literature. Herein, we report a case of bladder extramedullary plasmacytoma revealing multiple myeloma. Case report: A 49-year-old man presented to the urology department with an acute obstructive renal failure revealed by renal colic and dysuria gradually evolving over 2 months. The renal ultrasound and the pelvic abdominal CT scan revealed a bilateral ureter hydronephrosis with a locally advanced bladder tumor. The patient underwent surgical resection of the tumor and the histopathology study of surgical specimen showed an infiltration of the urothelial mucosa by abnormal plasma cells. The bone marrow aspirate established the presence of 59% of abnormal plasma cells and rouleaux formation of red blood cells, serum protein electrophoresis showed a monoclonal peak in the area of gamma globulin, and the conventional radiography of the axial skeleton objectifies lytic spine lesions. The diagnosis of a multiple myeloma associated to an extramedullary bladder location was retained. The outcome was unfavorable and the patient died of severe pulmonary embolism before initiating any therapy. Conclusion: Secondary extramedullary plasmacytoma is a marker of poor prognosis in both newly diagnosed and relapsed multiple myeloma patients. Bladder location remains a rare entity, the clinical presentation is nonspecific and management constitutes a therapeutic challenge even in the era of new agents.

Market analysis of minimally processed onions in the Philippines

Calica, Gigi B. — 2021-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The study aimed to analyze the market of minimally processing (MP) onions in the country by identifying the available MP onion products in the market, describing and segmenting the potential markets with its purchasing behavior as well as its requirements and its effect to the demand and supply of MP onions. Results revealed that MP onion shallots, yellow and red bulb products were available in the market and were demanded by the food industrial sector. Market segments were the meat processors, snack-food manufacturers, fast-food restaurants and households. Meat processors and fast-food restaurants preferred MP yellow bulb onions. The former used it for the canned and ready-to-eat products while the latter for the quick-serving food such as burgers, pizzas, pasta, and the like. The snack-food manufacturing group utilized MP shallots as raw materials for their product flavorings. They further processed it into onion powder and oil as seasonings for their biscuits and instant noodle products. Market segments with cold storages procured in weekly or monthly while daily for households. Meat processors and fast-food and restaurants required 994mt and 2,500mt of MP yellow bulb onions, respectively while snack-food manufacturing companies need around 2,700mt of MP shallots. Supply of MP yellow bulb onions was short by 95 percent while at present MP shallots supply was just enough. With the growth of the food industrial institutions the demand for MP onion products will continue to soar posing a market potential for the onion industry.

The probiotic bacterium Pediococcus ethanolidurans modulate malaria infection in Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected mice

Toukam, Liliane Laure — 2021-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Background: Malaria still remains one of the most leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world and particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Until date, Resistance to the known fast acting antimalarial drugs, lack of licensed effective malaria vaccine and resistance of vector to insecticides remain a key challenge in eradicating the scourge of this disease. Therefore, there is a dire need for alternative antimalarial therapeutic agents or approaches that will help in preventing further increase of this disease. One alternative antimalarial possibility is the use of probiotic bacteria such as Lactobacillus spp. as dietary supplements. Aim: This study aimed at assessing the effects of a probiotic bacterium Pediococcus ethanolidurans on Bal/c mice infected with chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Methods: The probiotic bacterium used in this study was isolated from the Cameroonian Bororo Fulani’s traditionally fermented milk and was identified by sequencing its 16S r RNA gene. The repository activity of Pediococcus ethanoliduran on malaria infection in Plasmodium berghei infected mice was evaluated using the method described by Peters (1965) with slight modification. Forty-two healthy young adult balb/c were randomly divided into 7 group of 6 mice each and were orally given 9.108 cfu/ mL, 1.8x109cfu/ mL and 2.7. x109 cfu/ mL of Pediococcus ethanolidurans, 0.1mL of Chloroquine (10 mgkg−1), Sulfadoxine/Pyrimethamine (30 mg/kg−1) and 0.1mL of vehicle (PBS) for seven and for fourteen days before infection with 0.1 mL of 107 Plasmodium berghei parasite. Parasitemia, parasitemia percentage suppression, body weight loss, body temperature, survival time and some inflammatory cytokines level were evaluated. Data were presented as Mean ± SEM (standard deviation error of the mean) and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 statistical software (IBM, SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Results: The probiotic bacterium significantly increased the parasite suppression as the dose of the probiotic bacterium increased, with maximum suppression being 100% at dose 3 on day 20. Also, they significantly prevented body weight loss and body temperature reduction and significantly (p<0.05) increase Interleukin 10 (Il-10) and reduce some proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, INF-γ, IL-1β and IL-6) in treated mice as compared to untreated mice. This bacterium was also capable to significantly increase the level of red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, lymphocytes monocytes, eosinophils and neutrophils of treated mice when compared with that of the untreated mice. Conclusion: Based on these results we therefore concluded that Pediococcus ethanolidurans is a probiotic bacterium with protective effects on malaria disease in the chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei infected mice.

Project management in Morocco: Impact of COVID-19

Al Mouhani, Zouhair — 2021-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

According to (PMI 2016), $220 million was lost in 2016 due to poor project performance, a 12% increase over 2015. This is strongly related to the profile of the project pilot. The purpose of this article is to study and analyse the different styles of project management and its evolution over time, according to the vision of MIDLER 1996, which groups them into four models: Entrepreneur, Engineering, Taylorian and concurrent.Our article also gives a historical view of the project management by trying to name and characterize the major stages and to understand the main levers of development and diffusion.To do this, our research is based on a survey aimed at managers of Moroccan organizations of different sizes, this work enabled us to implement the project management style most adopted by project managers and to define the criteria for choosing the most appointed project managers. Finally, our article investigated the impact of the health crisis on the economic activity of these organizations and on how to manage projects during the pandemic period.

Assessment of soil quality on a mining site in the Congolese Copperbelt: Demonstration of pollution from mining

Tshamala, Arthur Kaniki — 2021-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study concerns the assessment of the soil quality of a mining site in the Congolese Copperbelt (Democratic Republic of Congo) with the aim of identifying possible pollution from mining. The site concerned is in Kipushi in the southwest of the city of Lubumbashi and has been the subject of mining since 1924 before being shut down in 1993. The methodology adopted consisted of a sampling campaign and in-situ measurements followed by chemical analyzes in the laboratory. The samples were taken using hand augers to a depth between 0 and 30 cm, the permeability was determined by means of percolation test by the constant level method or the Porchet method and the analyzes Elemental chemicals were performed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Regarding the pH, the results obtained indicate that the soil is acidic in several places and therefore has a great capacity to mobilize ETM. From the point of view of agronomic value, the results show that on the whole site, the soil is poor in organic matter (OM); the average value is 1.64% which reflects an extremely low bacterial activity. As for the elemental chemical composition, the results obtained indicate significant concentrations of trace metal elements (TME) attributable to the mining activity developed on the site for nearly 70 years. These are: Fe (23,400 - 88,300 ppm), Cd (100 - 1,400 ppm), Co (100 - 6,600 ppm), Cu (9,700 - 60,800 ppm), Pb (100 - 19,400 ppm) and Zn (22,400 - 108,100 ppm).

Diminishing the strategic value of the Democratic Republic of Congo borders in Africa: Advocacy for the use of technological equipment

Kianga, Scheel Mutombo — 2021-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present article analyzes the strategic value of the Democratic Republic of Congo borders. During the second republic, the personal equation of the statesman, President Joseph Mobutu in this case, based on strategic border management made the country shine in the sub-region. Its fall resulted in a substantial erosion of the role that borders played in safeguarding peace, territorial integrity and the protection of the population. In other words, over the past two decades, border management services have faced challenges of a new nature. Globalization and the threat of terrorism, rebel groups, criminal gangs and even the national armies of neighboring countries have transformed the situation by creating a climate which demands high performance and optimal responsiveness at all times.These borders, which played a significant security role over decades, constitute an Achilles heel for this large sick body today. So how can we ensure a management adapted to the imperatives of the century? Modern technical means are needed, in particular drones, helicopters, night surveillance goggles sitting on an Advanced Warning System. A system that combines people, processes and technologies in new ways to help safeguard the integrity of the territory, the security of cross-border trade, the passage of citizens while promoting economic stability and growth.In addition, the use of techniques has shown their prowess in the integrated management of the EU's borders and in other countries such as Morocco remains the ideal solution to deal with arbitrary incursions and aggressions on Congolese territory. Because the principle of the inviolability of borders is simply ignored by those who swear by the illegal exploitation of the resources of the DRC's soil and subsoil.

Diagnosis of the chemical fertility of soils under cashew groves (Anacardium occcidentale L.) in the department of Korhogo in the north of Côte d'Ivoire

Barthélémy, Diomandé Loua — 2021-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Ivory Coast, the cultivation of the cashew tree (Anacardium occcidentale L.) contributes significantly to the influence and well-being of the populations of the Center and North areas where the poverty rate is high. One of the major constraints encountered is low productivity. The average yield of raw cashew nuts is 547 kg / ha compared to 1598 kg / ha in Nigeria and 9380 kg / ha in Vietnam in 2018. One of the efforts to increase productivity is the sustainable management of soil fertility. The aim of this study is to diagnose the level of chemical fertility of the soils of cashew orchards. Twenty-one orchards at least 20 years old were randomly selected from Korhogo County. Under these orchards, the soil was sampled between 0-30 cm depth. In each orchard, 21 composite samples each from 32 incremental samples were taken. These samples were analyzed for pH and nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, iron, zinc, copper and manganese contents. These values obtained were compared to the critical limits in order to determine the level of fertility. The results show that the soils are acidic to very acidic. The carbon, nitrogen, potassium, magnesium, calcium, sodium and zinc contents vary from low to very low levels. The content of available phosphorus is good in some orchards. On the other hand, iron, copper and manganese have a high to very high level. Determining adequate manure can improve fertility levels.

From academic engagement to the educational success of students in the second year junior high school: Insights into the appropriate teacher/student interaction

Armel, Kouadio Kouamé — 2021-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study is dedicated to exploring the role played by the appropriate teacher-student relationship in determining the academic commitment and educational success of students in the second year of middle school. The quantitative approach coupled with a qualitative component for a better understanding of the phenomenon was favored. A sample of 360 students from the middle year two classes participated in the study. The results highlight the predominant role of the teacher in the students' academic commitment, as much by his interpersonal skills as by his know-how towards the pupils. In essence, the analyzes clearly establish that the more the pupil perceives his friendly and warm teacher, the higher his perception of academic competence, thus greatly promoting his academic commitment. Conversely, the more the pupil perceives his teacher to be less affable and warm, the more he perceives himself to be less competent and has a low commitment in school terms. Various intervention measures to help teachers offer quality professional services such as in-service training based on their verbal and non-verbal skills are proposed in order to promote the appropriate teacher-student relationship.

Intra-hospital maternal mortality in the Provincial Health Division of Lubumbashi: Case of the University clinics of Lubumbashi, Sendwe Hospital, SNCC Hospital, Kenya Hospital during the year 2019

Aimé, Nkakala Kabuiku — 2021-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

DR Congo is among the African countries with a maternal mortality ratio and rate above the African average. A maternal death is not an isolated event but rather the culmination of a process. Many indicators make it possible to assess the state of health of a population and maternal mortality (intra-hospital) is that which has been studied in our work. This study aims to determine the ratio, the proportions and their respective frequencies, by establishing associations with their factors, in each structure (C.U.L., SENDWE, SNCC, KENYA). This is a cross-sectional descriptive study including 9,977 deliveries for 10 maternal deaths during the year 2019 and retained on the basis of the documentary review and supported by a medical audit. The mean age of the deceased women was 29 years (standard deviation 5.6151). The mean distance was 8 km (E-T 3.3665, KCC 14, 3750, p = 0.1566). The RMMIH is 82 deaths per 100,000 NV, with a rate of 0.08. The mean parity was 4.2 (SD 3.1552), with 50% large multiparas (5 and over), and gestity 5.5 (SD 3.5668), with 40% multigests (6 and more). Genital hemorrhages represented 60% of cases (p = 0.06, KCC 3.1250). 90% followed ANC, which was the only highly significant association with the causes of maternal deaths. The mean recovery time interval was 8.5 minutes (E-T 3.4400). 90% were referred (KCC 10.00, p = 0.067). The staff were 100% qualified. We believe that the results obtained in this study will make it possible to understand the importance of the organization of services, not only in a hospital structure, but also in a service and especially in a health system, while knowing that the environmental conditions childbirth also influence the outcome of pregnancy.

Patient itinerary in Africa settings: Goma city case in the east of the Democratic Republic of Congo

Mbeva, Jean-Bosco Kahindo — 2021-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: As part of a comprehensive study aimed at the reorganization of urban health services, this article describes the therapeutic itinerary of the urban patient in Goma city, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo; the aim of this study was to identify the kind of health services attended by the urban patients. Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted using a random sampling procedure of 1000 household in Goma city in September 2017. The collected data were collected by professionals encoded and analyzed by statisticians using the SPSS version 23 software. Results: In an episode of sickness, more than half of patients (51%) sought from pharmaceutical offices without a prescription or self-medication, 25% used a structure with a doctor and only 7% sought treatment at the health facility of its health area. In addition, 7% of patients did not use any care while 3% of patients look first treatment in traditional pharmacopoeia. Higher levels of non-use of health care and mortality were noted in households with a female household head. On the other hand, there were no significant difference in the type of care, quality and perceptions of direct cost of care (P>0.05) depending on the head household gender. Discussion and Conclusion: The important recourse of the urban patient to self-medication and secondarily to health services with doctors, requires rethinking the organization and regulation of urban health services and pharmaceutical institutions.

Rainfall variability and agricultural production in the Lower River Region (Gambia): Case of rice and maize

JARJU, Aruna M. — 2021-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the Gambia, particularly in the Lower River Region, agricultural production in mt has increased over the past two decades despite variability in rainfall conditions. In response to this finding, the study aims to analyze the evolution of rice and maize production in the Lower River Region, and to determine, in particular, the dependence or independence of each production on rainfall and cultivated areas. To do this, data on production in mt and hectare cultivated areas of rice and maize between 1981-2016, and precipitation data over the same period are used. These data are derived respectively at the level of the Gambia Department of Agriculture Planning Services and the Department of Water Resources. Their treatment was based on statistical data, including descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and simple linear regression. The calculation of the simple linear regression at the p<0.05 threshold indicated a non-significant relationship between rice and rainfall. In other words, rice does not depend on rainfall. This is not the case for corn, where the linear regression equation was found to be significant with b=0.395, (1,34)=-0.606, p<0.05. On the other hand, with respect to cultivated areas, the results show that rice production is highly dependent on it. The linear regression equation was found to be significant with b=0.679, (1,34)=2,485, p<0.05. Adjusted R² is 44.5%. It is even more significant for corn with an adjusted R² of 100%.

Integrated 3D geological and hydrodynamic modeling for the water budget estimation: Sisseb El Alem Nadhour Saouaf case study

Hamdi, Mohamed — 2021-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The current situation of water resources and their uses in the Sisseb El Alem Nadhour Saouaf basin (Central Tunisia) is under strong pressure; human activities and climate change. To arrive at a realistic assessment of the underground water reserves in this basin, a diversified hydrogeological database was created (data from hydraulic and oil drilling, seismic sections, electrical surveys and gravimetric). A structural model is built and validated for the study area. Such a geomodel results from a geological interpretation, which makes it possible to identify the sedimentary series present and to specify their spatial and chronological relationships. This 3D geological model was integrated to Modflow model to assess the flow dynamic and to calculate the water budget. Many simulations were performed. The balance budget over 2020 will be in deficit -14.22 Mm3 and the aquifer will remain in a critical situation: the exploitation will be of the order of 75.43 Mm3. This depends enormously on the progress of the method of extraction of groundwater and over 2030: the global water budget is also deficit -14.5 Mm3.

A Case Study of the Effectiveness of Applying Generic Learning Outcomes to the Planning of Educational Programs: Take «DIY Unmanned Aerial Vehicle» at the National Science and Technology Museum as an Example

SU, Fang-Yi — 2021-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The National Science and Technology Museum launched the «Explore IOT Exhibition» in 2017. When curating the exhibition, it included the exhibit education activity: «DIY Unmanned Aerial Vehicle» in its planning to respond in a real time manner to the emerging issue of incorporating information, communication and digital technology into the Curriculum Guidelines for the 12-Year Basic Education, displaying the Museum’s function in supporting formal education. Museum has to be innovative in terms of educational activity to meet various groups’ learning needs. Using «DIY Unmanned Aerial Vehicle» activity as an example, this paper discusses the generic learning outcomes (GLOs) of non-formal educational institutions used in said activity to plan further activities and conduct learning evaluations. The objective is to see if it is feasible to practically use GLOs for the Museum’s educational activities. The results of a qualitative and quantitative data analysis show that most participants gave positive feedback to learning effectiveness, attesting to learning goals based on the framework of GLOs set by the organizer. GLOs make it easier for the organizer to focus on the direction of the activity. The findings from this case study suggest that GLOs can serve as a reference for promoting the Museum’s educational activities.

Major hypertriglyceridemia revealing glycogen storage disease type I: A case report

El Hamzaoui, Zineb — 2021-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: Glycogen storage disease type I is a rare hereditary metabolic disorder, caused by a deficit of the glucose-6-phosphatase, an enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of glucose-6-phosphate to phosphate and glucose, inducing essentially hypoglycemia, hyperlactacidemia, hyperuricemia and hyperlipoproteinemia often at the expense of triglycerides. Hypertriglyceridemia is often moderate (<10 g / l) at the time of diagnosis, but in the long term, it can exceed 20g/l causing serious complications such as acute pancreatitis or hepatic adenoma. We report a case of glycogen storage disease type I revealed by major hypertriglyceridemia.Case report: A 10-month-old infant girl, with a family history of storage disease type I (brother), admitted to the pediatric department for recurrent seizures due to hypoglycemia evolving for 2 months, and hepatomegaly. The blood tests made on admission revealed a hepatic cytolysis with a liver enzyme level 5 times upper the limit of normal, a major hypertriglyceridemia at 10 g / l (<1.5 g / l), and a correct glycemia and uricaemia. The infant was put on an adequate diet therapy. The evolution was marked by good clinical improvement.Conclusion: Major hypertriglyceridemia is a metabolic abnormality often occurring during the course of glycogen storage disease type I, but sometimes it is discovered at the time of diagnosis requiring prompt management and strict monitoring to avoid complications.

Spatio-temporal distribution of phthalic acid esters (phthalates) in the sediments of a tropical lagoon: Aby Lagoon (Côte d’Ivoire)

Sylvie, Assemian-Niango — 2021-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

In order to preserve the ecological quality of Aby lagoon, the aim of this study is to determine, according to seasons, spatiotemporal distribution and origin of phthaltes in the sediments of this lagoon. To do this, from September 2007 to July 2009, during seasonal sampling campaigns, sediment samples were collected at twenty (20) stations distributed along Aby lagoon. Analysis of the sediment samples, using gas chromatography-mass chromatography (GCMS- QP2010 plus), revealed presence of eight phthalates in the lagoon’s sediments. These are dibutyl phthalate (DBP), di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate or bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dimethyl glycol or di (2-methoxyethyl) phthalate (DMEP), phthalate di (2-methylpropyl) or diisobutyl (DIBP), dihexyl phthalate (DHP), di-isodecyl phthalate (DIDP), butyloctyl phthalate (BOP) and didecyl phthalate (DDcP). Areas of high population density as well as areas under the influence of the rivers that feed Aby lagoon contain more phthalates. However, the area under oceanic influence is free of phthalates. Statistical processing of data, using STATISTICA 7.1 and ADE-4 softwares, showed that the phthalates are continental and anthropogenic origin.

Morocco’s National Innovation System: Exploratory study

Elkhadri, Abdelilah — 2021-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Since practically the 2000s, Morocco has continued to consolidate its National Innovation System (INS), in order to create an environment conducive to innovation. The Moroccan government has put in place a number of plans and devices, aimed at giving new impetus to innovation and catching up with the delay recorded in this area, compared to developed countries, but above all, compared to emerging and competing countries. Also, he initiated several legal and institutional reforms, which led to the emergence of a set of institutional actors, constituting the backbone of the Moroccan INS, such as political support bodies, the system of research, networking structures, support infrastructures, all at the service of innovative companies. The analysis of the path of consolidation of the Moroccan INS teaches us the existence of several obstacles, of a structural nature, likely to prevent its maturation and, consequently, its role in the dynamics of learning.

Methodology of analyzing Arab music compositions : A proposal for a theoretical and pratical approach

OUERTANI, Aziz — 2021-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this methodology is to combine Arab musical characteristics with various modern compositional techniques, and to study these works, we have relied on several references and studies concerned with musical analysis and Western musical theories, which can be used in Arab maqam music that includes various analytical methodological bases. Whereas, the proposed analytical study includes four analytical aspects represented mainly in the melodic aspect, the rhythm side, the performance aspect and the harmonic analysis, which are the basic elements for analyzing the melodic themes that make up each effect, considering the structural division. In addition to the possibility of adopting it also in improvisational musical works (rhythmic or free), this study also contains a section in which we deal with the constants and variables occurring in the musical effect, depending also on the analytical elements included in this proposal.

Analysis of land use and the impact of anthropic activities on the natural environment in Nassian (Côte d’Ivoire)

Raphaël, Kobenan Kadjo — 2021-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Since the 1960s, Côte d'Ivoire has experienced a decline in forest areas in favor of humanized areas due to the establishment of cash and food crops. The Nassian sub-prefecture is not on the sidelines of this degradation. The objective of this research is to analyze the land use and the impact of anthropogenic activities on the natural environment in the Nassian sub-prefecture from 1998 and 2018. The methodology was based on a cartographic, analytical approach. based on the use of remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS). Carrying out this study required the use of satellite and cartographic data and field surveys. The results indicate a transformation of natural spaces by human activities. Thus, the sub-prefecture initially made up of forests and savannahs deteriorated in favor of humanized areas (crops / fallow, habitats / bare soil) from 1998 to 2018. The analysis indicates that from 1998 to 2018, the transformation of the environment is changing at a rapid pace. There is a regression of natural spaces in favor of humanized spaces. Natural areas have gone from 64% to 37%. Humanized spaces have progressed at the expense of natural spaces. They went from 36% to 63% from 1998 to 2018. We are witnessing human pressure on the environment and degradation of the plant cover.

Perception of climate variability by cereal producers in the far north of Benin

Kpekpassi, Ibrahima — 2021-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Climate change is putting significant pressure on agricultural activities. This chapter aims to analyze the perceptions of climate variability by cereal producers in the far north of Benin. To achieve this objective, meteorological data (temperature, precipitation and relative humidity) from the period 1970 to 2018, socio-demographic data and agricultural data were used. Instat + and SPSS software enabled the analysis of the agro-climatic parameters of the season and the survey data on the local perception of the populations, respectively, in the form of tables and graphs. The results of the work reveal that the grain producers in the study environment perceive climate variability. Rising temperatures (94.86%), flooding (67.19%) and drought (58.6%). The analysis of climatic risks (precipitation, temperature and humidity) confirms the perception of these producers. Indeed between 1970 and 2018, the trends in precipitation and temperature are on the rise with increasing humidity.

The theoretical foundations of port competitiveness: Towards a global vision of analysis

Anisser, Naouar — 2021-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

This research proposes to contribute to the study of port competitiveness. Given the lack of unanimity of previous studies, we will try to overcome some shortcomings that we have detected in studies dealing with the subject of port competitiveness and propose a theoretical framework to describe this concept under three foundations theoretical: port competition, competitive advantage and relativity.

Transmission Line Based on The Voltage Stability Control

Salama, Husien — 2020-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper focuses on discussing, the transmission line networks need to be browbeaten ever more completely. The more efficient use of the transmission network has already led to a situation where many power systems are operated more often and longer close to voltage stability limits. A power system stressed. The transfer capacity of an existing transmission line network needs to be increased without central reserves and without compromising the power scheme's security. For voltage, stability can cause a system to collapse. At any point in time, the condition that operates a power system should be stable. There are various operational criteria that the system has to meet in order to function as required.Environmental and economic constraints make it possible for power systems to operate nearer to their stability limits. It is, therefore, both critical and challenging to maintain a system that is secure and stable. In recent years, planners and researchers of power systems have concentrated much of their attention on systems' voltage stability.

Methodology of land use mapping to landscape typology applied to the Enfidha region, Tunisia

Boussema, Safa Bel Fekih — 2020-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Enfidha region is located in the center of Tunisia, marked by its landscape diversity, is subject to land use changes. Based on an interpretation of the 2007 and 2017 Landsat images, the dynamic of land use has been highlighted through a cartographic approach. The results show a significant decline in areas occupied by olive fields and cultivated land, a growth in built-up areas associated with an increase in grassland. However, land use mapping has also enabled us to highlight six types of landscapes, which indicate the diversity of the environments that occupy this area. As a result of demographic pressure and climate change, these landscape presents significant risks of degradation. This method could be useful for decision-makers in order to limit urban sprawl to the benefit of forests and olive groves and to implement a strategy for the protection of the Mediterranean coastline and wetlands.

Changing Contextuel Influences on Modern Contraceptive Use Among Rural Adolescents in Benin

Tokin, Alihonou S. Achille — 2020-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Contraceptive use is very low in Benin despite efforts to reposition family planning as a priority in the National Health Development Plan. This article aims to identify the determinants of modern contraceptive use by adolescents in changing contexts in Benin. We explore the extent to which and by what processes the socioeconomic environment, women's empowerment, fertility norms, and access to family planning information and services influence contraceptive use by adolescents. Data from the Demographic Surveys covering the years 2006, 2011-2012 and 2017-2018 were used. A series of random-effect logit regression models are run separately for each period to examine the variation in modern contraceptive use explained by the four selected spheres of influence at the community level. Data exploration reveals that contraceptive prevalence among adolescents is declining regardless of marital status between 2006 and 2017-2018 at different rates. The rate of reduction is more pronounced among married adolescents (71.6%) compared to single adolescents (52.9%) over the same period. The four areas of influence identified had significant net effects on the variation in contraceptive prevalence among adolescents, showing that the context in which adolescents live partly explains their likelihood of having a low capacity and opportunity for contraceptive use at this age. The meaning of age in community settings influences adolescents' chances of using modern contraception.

ICTs knowledge and economic growth in Cameroon

Boris, Dudjo Yen Gildas — 2020-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this paper is to examine the effect of the diffusion of ICTs on the economy growth of Cameroon. Conceptual work shows that ICT implementation has a direct and indirect impact on business performance and human capital. As from the previous work design research have been specify and study base on the period going from 1981 to 2017. The application of the techniques of the analysis least squares on these data with Eviews 7.1 permit us to conclude that the main determinants of the economy growth are ICT and human capital (literacy) in Cameroon. Improvement of transparency and good governance remain the necessary requirements to stimulate investments in order to renew growth and development.

Determinants of the organization of mutual health insurance and accessibility to care by students of the Higher Institute of Medical Techniques of GEMENA

Zingale, Juresse Mhale — 2020-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present study was carried out at the Higher Institute of Medical Techniques of Gemena, in the South Ubangi Province in the DRC. The disease is most often unpredictable, it neither advises the time of its onset, nor the time of its departure. It is certain that the expenses it gives rise to cannot be foreseen either in terms of their amount or the period in which they will be incurred. However, health is priceless, but health services come at a cost: «Man can only offer what he has» it is said. Mutual health insurance is a system of solidarity between members of a professional mutual aid group, this organization brings together people of the same category or tendency to belong to. This is how the determination of the factors favoring the organization of the mutual health organization at ISTM Gemena would serve as a prerequisite for access to quality health care for the health of students. This article addressed the «determining aspect of the organization of the mutual health insurance at ISTM Gemena». We have set ourselves the general objective of determining the factors that favor the organization of this system. To achieve this objective, we have set ourselves the following specific objectives: Describe the socio-demographic characteristics of the subjects selected for the study; identify the factors that explain the organization of a mutual health system; Analyze the links between student responses and the various factors identified. The field survey method using a questionnaire and documentary review and interview techniques on a sample of 110 students divided into 7 sections of the ISTM Gemena; after descriptive analysis of the data, we arrived at the following results: 98 or 89.1% of respondents wish to join the mutual insurance company while 12 or 10.9% have the opposite opinion, 100 respondents or 90.9% are willing to contribute while 10 respondents or 9.1% do not have this will, The factors identified in order to promote the organization of the mutual: socioeconomic, demographic, geographical, cultural and organizational, There is no relation between the information received by the students and the importance of the mutual health insurance, therefore the students of ISTM Gemena would not have sufficient knowledge on the importance of mutual health insurance, There is no relationship between the information received by the students and the accessibility to health care. quality, therefore the students of ISTM Gemena would not have access to quality health care, There is a relationship between the information received by the students and the organization of the mutual health insurance, therefore the students of the ISTM Gemena would not have sufficient knowledge on the importance of the mutual, There is no relation between the information received by the students and the accessibility to quality care, therefore the students of ISTM Gemena do not would not have access to quality health care.

Determinants of the low use of educational documents by teachers in the ITM, IEM of SUD-UBANGI

Bwazu, Gauthier Nanyelese — 2020-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

It should be pointed out that currently the use of teaching documents remains a real problem and this has direct and indirect implications on the training of learners and even the performance of nationals on the job. In fact, the use of educational materials offers several advantages. This defeated reality motivated us to verify the determinants that would be the cause of this situation which increasingly weakens the training of learners. The general objective of this research is to determine the factors linked to the low use of educational materials. In view of all of the above, we have made the assumptions that: The determinants of the low use of educational documents by teachers are due: - Low staff motivation and poor working condition - Lack of staff training - The poor follow-up of educational documents by school authorities - The low availability of full-time teachers - Non-compliance with; assignment in relation to the teachers' study profile To address the above concerns, the study resorted to the survey method based on the interview technique and document review. The questionnaire was used as a data collection instrument. The sampling technique is probability. The sample size is 120 distributed in 7 schools, ie a population sample, that is to say by exhaustive choice. The results of the study reveal that of the 100% of our sample, there are 92.5% of the male subjects; 55% of subjects aged 41 - 55; 92.5% of married subjects; 81.6% of graduates; 95% of teachers not trained in keeping educational documents; 63.3% of teachers with seniority of 6 - 12 years. Thus, the results of this study confirmed the first four factors of our hypothesis that means that the low motivation of the staff and bad working condition; lack of staff training; the poor follow-up of educational documents by school authorities; the low availability of full-time teachers are the determinants of the low use of teaching documents in other words if we want to obtain a systematic and correct use we must act on these elements on the other hand the last factor is rejected, which means that the non- respect for the assignment in relation to the study profile of teachers has no relation to the low use of teaching documents.

Coping strategies among officials in Kisangani in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Mukondola, Didier Kalobo — 2020-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Through this study, we want to explain stress through the coping strategies used by agents and civil servants in the city of Kisangani in the Democratic Republic of Congo. After analyzing the data, we realized that to control stress at work, respondents do not use the different dimensions in the same way. In the order of succession of these dimensions, appear value conversion, acceptance, behavioral and social withdrawal, cognitive control vs planning and addictiveness. Also, we have found that all coping strategies are used, although not in the same way. Nonetheless, there is conversion that comes first, followed by control, with refusal and withdrawal taking third and fourth place respectively, social support and, lastly, focus. In the same vein, the three fields of the Toulouse coping scale (ETC) are operated in roughly the same way. Finally, the two categories of ETC coping (positive coping and negative coping) are used indiscriminately by officials of the State of the City of Kisangani, with an emphasis on negative coping (81.16) than positive (80, 93).

Application of the Maslach Burnout Inventory to some workers in Kisangani in DR Congo

Mukondola, Didier Kalobo — 2020-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

In undertaking this investigation, the main concern is to have an appropriate instrument adapted to the environment of workers in Kisangani to fully apprehend professional exhaustion or burnout at work. To do this, two approaches can be put to good use by the researcher, either to design his own tools in case they do not exist, or to adapt those from other skies. This research is part of the second approach, which proposes an application trial of a tool concerning professional burnout, in particular the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). It is in order to see whether it is, yes or not, adapted to the reality of the environment and to adopt it in the scientific investigations in the environment of workers of Kisangani. Research is working on the metrological qualities of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). In the validation of the MBI, attention was focused on the precision entered from the Cronbach's alpha coefficient and the validity by the homogeneity of the tool through the item-test correlation coefficient. Three types of validity were the subject of the MBI, namely facial or content validity, construct or trait validity and nomological or predictive validity.

Farmers practices and soil fertility for vocation of markets in the city of Korhogo (North of Côte d’Ivoire)

NANGAH, Krogba Yves — 2020-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Urban agriculture is a response to food security in cities and it improves people's income. This agriculture is practiced on undeveloped land because of high land pressure. The aim of this work is to characterize the market gardening of the city of Korhogo. This study was carried out by means of a survey in order to know the socio-demographic proﬁle of the producers and to characterize the market gardening operations of the sites studied. Soil characterization was carried out in order to determine soil physicochemical parameters. Surveys have shown that market gardening in the city of Korhogo is a predominantly female activity (98%). The use of mineral and organic fertilizers and pesticides is almost systematic on the plots and is intense on small ones. The analysis of the physicochemical parameters showed soils devoted to vegetable are predominantly sandy. They are low acid soils with pH ranging from 5.1 to 5.8. Nitrogen, organic carbon contents and exchangeable bases levels are very low. Only available phosphorus varying from 51 to 64 mg.kg-1had acceptable levels in these soils. The sand richness of the soil therefore favours the leaching of mineral elements, which leads to a decrease in soil fertility. This phenomenon leading farmers to disproportionately use chemical and organic fertilizers, could have an impact on market garden products’ quality.

Impact of Coronavirus on food security in South-Kivu province: Case of Kalehe territory

Kahindo, Justin Bahati — 2020-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this topical, we would like to find out how to skirt the disaster produced by the CORONAVIRUS on food security side in kalehe territory and warning taste against that pandemic which affected almost all the countries in the word whose DR Congo is among.The south-kivu province is among the provinces affected in DR Congo. Concerning kalehe territory in south-kivu; it lank the north-kivu province to the south-kivu province and both the two provinces are already affected by the pandemic CORONAVIRUS. The same territory is in touch with neighboring countries such Rwanda which is affected too and has been confined since March.After many years of political and economical war managed armed groups since 1996 and followed by a series of natural disasters terrorizing kalehe population, the pandemic CORONAVIRUS, a murderous disease shakes anyone on its crossing, remains also a serious danger for kalehe territory.Right now, for the sake of preventing that disease; kalehe population is confined as wel as their neighbors. This situation exited in us the following questions:- What will be the destiny of this miserable population living absolutely of live lihood possessing neither supply nor financial or material means for its food security in this period of confinement?- What will be the population lifestyle after the CORONAVIRUS period?- What preventive safety on the food scheme so that everyone may be hopeful of living in this hard period and prevent a potential social and economic crisis and/or a hunger of catastrophe bound by that pandemic?Thanks to this series of questions, the improvement of food remains, for us a filled medicine to ease the population this hard food period.This is possible to reach because kalehe territory owns lots exploitable potentialities such as cultivable land, watercourse the two main national roads; the road going from Bukavu to Goma and the one going Bukavu to Bunyakiri till Walikale and the lake kivu is among those potentialities.The ful filment of this, needs the help of the government and N.G.O technically, materially and financially in this saving of emergency gesture.The food help and the growing of short duration of ripeness like vegetables and fruits along with cereals to reduce food difficulties during painful period and expect a best future.

An essay of a contrastive analysis of the Present Perfect Tense in English and Mashi

Jean-Pierre, Bashimbe Baharanyi — 2020-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present dissertation is a contrastive analysis of the present perfect tense in English and Mashi. This work has described the present perfect tense in English and Mashi, with more emphasis on the latter language where some of the verbs given in the twenty-four illustrating corpuses are morphologically analysed. The description is followed by the comparison of the present perfect in both languages, at the phonological and morphological levels. It has been noticed that the present perfect tense has different forms in the two languages and that a pupil who has got Mashi as his/her L1 experiences a lot of difficulties in mastering some aspects of the present perfect tense.

Study of melliferous potential and contribution of beekeeping to the household economy in the commune of Madarounfa in Niger

LAWALI, Sitou — 2020-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Conducted in the urban commune of Madarounfa, this study aims to analyze the potential of honey production and the contribution of beekeeping to the economy of rural households. The study covered six villages namely Saulawa, Tsola, Kabobi, Bargaja, Dan Toudou and Garass. A total of 39 beekeepers were identified and surveyed. In addition to the survey, visits and observations were carried out on the production sites to assess the technical production outlet as well as the quantity and quality of the honey obtained. Although, the production of honey is artisanal, this activity constitutes a significant source of income. The results of the study revealed that the beekeepers of the commune of Madarounfa have a long experience in the field and this due to the melliferous potentialities that exist in this ecological zone. In fact, 28 melliferous species have been identified. Species like Vitellaria paradoxa and Faidherbia albida are the most visited by the bees. It also appears that the production of honey is very variable according to the seasons. Thus, the cold season from November to January is the favorable period to the high production of honey. The income from the sale of honey is very appreciable and turns on average around 114,862 FCFA / year per beekeeper and per village. Despite this significant contribution to the household economy, beekeeping faces enormous difficulties including the lack of support from partners, lack of organization of beekeepers and the lack of an adequate management plan.

First observations on an example of associative peasant fish farming in the north of Côte d'Ivoire: The Kagnon farm in Sokoro 2

David, Silué Pébanagnanan — 2020-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article analyses the characteristics and functioning of the Kagnon farm, a small associational fish production farm in northern Côte d'Ivoire. The aim of this rural fish farm is to produce market-size tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (at least 250 grams) for the local market. In a regional aquaculture context characterised by the failure of many previous fish farms, the setting up of this farm is an interesting initiative. The study is based on a methodological approach based on documentary research and a field survey. In the analysis, the results highlight the use by fish farmers of endogenous know-how and materials. Moreover, the distribution and marketing area of the production is still small, limited to a few localities close to the farm.

Current state of raptor population and distribution in the abokouamekro faunal reserve (Central Côte d'Ivoire)

Missa, Kablan Jean-Yves — 2020-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Côte d'Ivoire, updated data on these birds are almost non-existent. In order to correct this lack of data, the population and distribution of raptors in the Abokouamékro Faunal Reserve and its periphery were studied from the beginning of September to mid-October 2020 using line transect counting methods at different listening stations, fixed observation points and call-playback. A total of 149 individuals of 26 species from 4 families and 3 orders were inventoried. These birds of prey from the AFR are moderately diverse with a Shannon-Wiever diversity index (H'= 2.97) and fairly well distributed (E = 0.91). Among the species inventoried, the Black Kite Milvus migrans seems to be the most dominant species with a relative frequency of 15.54%. Sedentary and open habitat species are respectively the most important in terms of biogeographical origin and habitat preference. Also, two protected species of global interest (the Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus and the Bateleur Terathopius ecaudatus) of the Near Threatened category have been identified. In terms of distribution, although the southern and northern sectors contain more birds, both in terms of species richness and numbers, the statistical analyses carried out using the Newman-Keuls Test, showed that there is no significant difference between raptor populations in the different sectors studied. Additional studies would be indispensable in order to have a perfect evaluation of raptors of this protected area.

Hydraulic modeling of drinking water network from the city of Korhogo

Gnamba, Franck Maxime — 2020-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

This work aims to design a hydraulic model to know the current operation of the drinking water supply network for Korhogo city and to carry out corrective simulations to improve it. To achieve this, we used the EPANET software, to design and simulate the hydraulic model operation using the equal staffing method at each Request Node (DEN). In addition, based on an annual growth rate of 2.08%, the population of the city of Korhogo as well as the total water needs were estimated for different horizons and staffing scenarios. The results indicate that the overall average needs of the city in drinking water for an endowment 45 l/j/ hab. are respectively 678 m3/h for 2020, 750 m3/h for 2025, 830 m3/h for 2030, 1020 m3/h for 2040 and 1252 m3/h for 2050. The simulation of the network with the current injected flow which is 100 l/s, highlight some pressure and speed anomalies. Indeed, the network presents several negative or no conform pressures and unsatisfactory speeds (lower than 0.5 m/s and higher than 2 m/s). The network is apparently undersized and cannot meet the current and future needs of the city. Corrective simulations for optimal network operation until 2030 suggest positive pressures and speeds throughout the city with an endowment of 45 l/j/hab.

Clinical and epidemiological profiles of children with COVID-19 in Morocco

Ezzine, Hind — 2020-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: In December 2019, the COVID-19 disease, caused by a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) appeared in Wuhan, China, and quickly spread worldwide. There is little information on the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 in pediatrics. Objectives: Describe the clinical and epidemiological profiles in children under 15 years of age with COVID-19 in Morocco. Methods: A series of cases of children under the age of 15 with COVID-19 nationwide were included from March 02 to May 03, 2020.All cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection have been confirmed by RT-PCR of samples taken from nasopharyngeal swabs. The epidemic curve was constructed based on the date of clinical investigation of the disease. Results: In the study cohort, 495 children were infected with SARS-Cov2, or 9.4% of all COVID-19 cases nationwide. Children therefore seem to be little affected by this virus. The mean age of these children was 7.3 ± 4.1 years, more than half of the cases (54.3%) were asymptomatic and 39.7% presented with a benign clinical picture. Symptoms common to admission were cough and fever which were the most frequent signs with 76% and 62% respectively. The average incubation period was 5 days and 81.9% of cases had an incubation period <7 days. Only one death was recorded in a 17 month old infant and the cure rate was 25.3% as of May 03, 2020. Conclusions: Infected children are generally asymptomatic or have relatively milder clinical symptoms than infected adults. We must attach importance to the detection, diagnosis and early treatment of infected children.

Phenotypic Characterization of Antibioresistant Salmonella Strains and Sensitivity to extracts of Alicaments (Brassica oleracea, Allium cepa, Allium schoenoprasum, and Honey) in Kisangani (Tshopo Province, DRC)

Lokonga, O. — 2020-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Our study was devoted to the phenotypic characterization of antibio-resistant salmonella strains with a view to identify them and to study their susceptibility to alicaments particularly Brassica oleracea, Allium cepa, Allium schoenoprasum and honey.By comparing the phenotypic characterization (morphological and biochemical) of our 7 salmonella strains using the key of Monica 2014, we found out 42.86% Salmonella paratyphi A and 57.14 % of Salmonella typhi.Extraction of the alicaments by the aromatogram method permitted us to obtain the following results:The white onion extract showed an antibacterial activity of 8 mm diameter inhibition zones on S1 strain and 18 mm diameter on S7 strain while the ethanolic extract of Allium schoenoprasum showed an antibacterial activity of 2 mm diameter inhibition zones on strains S2 and S3. The concentrated white onion extract showed an antibacterial activity of 4 mm diameter inhibition zone on S2 strain while the red onion showed 4 mm diameter inhibition zones on S2 strain. Strains S2 and S5 and Allium schoenoprasum showed an antibacterial activity of the inhibition zones of 12 mm and 14 mm diameters on strains S6 and S7, and finally the honey showed an antibacterial activity of the zones of inhibitions of 21 mm diameter on strain S1, and 2 mm diameter on strains S2, S3 and S6.

The organisation of bananas road transport (Musa sp.) in the Mouyondzi sub-prefecture

Freddy, Mialoundama Bakouétila Gilles — 2020-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The purpose of this study is to understand the organization of banana transport and its main related problems. The study was carried out on a sample of 200 traders and 50 transporters in Mouyondzi. Excel 2010 and Sphinx V.5 software were used for the analysis of primary data. Secondary data were also collected and analyzed. The results obtained show that the main direct players in the transport of bananas are transporters, handlers, traders and parking lot managers. Social capital is mobilized by traders during supply and transport, most of whom are from Mouyondzi and its surroundings. The proportion of 75% of the banana diet flows from traders comes from the Louboto - Kiniangui and Mbello - Moussengué axes. The two main destinations for bananas transported to Mouyondzi are the cities of Brazzaville and Pointe-Noire. Group taxis, trucks and vans are the main means of transport used. Banana loss issues, lack of maintenance of agricultural roads and tracks and police harassment are the main problems in banana road transport.

Internet of Things in the context of urban planning for repair: Technological and societal challenges for sustainable urban management in Cotonou

GBAGUIDI, Hubert Frédéric — 2020-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The complexity of urban challenges undermines the governance practices in force in cities that have experienced anarchy in the development of the territory and networks. Based on this observation, organizational and technological innovation have made it possible to develop innovative solutions for the production of networked urban services. Based on the Internet of Things, the construction and management of a smart city is based on the combination of territorial intelligence, heritage intelligence and scientific and technological intelligence. The analysis of these different elements of the urban stakes management system shows the importance of the reforms in the sharing of urban information but also, the need for precautions for the security of networked data and physical equipment. that feed the networks.

Television advertising in Cotonou and violation of the consumer's right to information

Kodjo, Rémi — 2020-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The consumer's right to information is intended to protect their consent, health and safety and allow them to make informed decisions. This study aims to contribute to the eradication of the violation of the consumer’s right to information in Benin. The methodological approach adopted consisted of a review followed by field investigation with the various stakeholders, using interviews conducted from a previously established guide. The data collected has been processed by suitable statistical methods. The results revealed that of the 468 surveyed, there were 277 men and 191 women whose ages varied from 18 to over 50 years. The majority of respondents were aware of the notion of advertising. 59% of respondents bought through advertising. 70.1% said they wanted to be informed about the content of the products they buy and believed that they have the right to information. For the professionals met, the advertisement does not reveal all the informations on the products with the most convincing aim is to make the product flow more quickly. It then becomes urgent that measures be taken to avoid this imbalance between the position of consumers and that of professionals. These measures must lead to sufficient consumer protection provisions.

Production of housefly larvae (Musca domestica L.) on different substrates

Cosío, Enrique Casanovas — 2020-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The effect in the production of fly larvae using four substrates: wheat bran, corn germ, filter cake and rice bran adding 20% of pig manure was evaluated. Insects cages were used to raise the house flies, under a randomized block design with four replicates. The temperature inside the substrates and outside was measured. In each treatment the number of larvae obtained and the average weight of these were determined, calculating the corresponding yields. The weight and crude protein content of the substrates were determined, at the beginning and end of the experiment, as well as the presence of Salmonella spp. and faecal coliforms. The comparisons of the temperatures, and the variables corresponding to the larvae were made by means of simple Anova, and for the protein contents of the substrates tests of related samples were used (P < 0.05). The temperature within wheat bran was higher than the rest of the substrates (P < 0.05) from the third to the fifth day. The weight of the larvae of flies did not differ by substrates (0.016899 g to 0.018160 g). This last substrate was also the one that showed a higher yield of fly larvae (82.37 g/kg). There is a decrease in crude protein in bio transformed substrates. No presence of Salmonella spp. was detected in the substrates, but faecal coliforms were detected in the sow.

The in situ determination of the texture and the texture class of the soil in the Luhihi area, South Kivu in DRC

Mugunda, Fabien Muliri — 2020-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Our research has been focused on in situ determination of the texture and the textural class of soil in LUHIHI sector in South Kivu with the objective of determining the texture and textural class of soil in this sector by applying the method VSA. To achieve this research, we have processes with descriptive and statistical methods but also with several techniques including documentation, observation and data collection. To achieve this, we have chosen used seven trials of the VSA method including: the test launch of the ball, the test pressure, the bottle test, the test of the horizontal plane, the test of the shaken pellet, the test to crush dry soil as well as the handling of successive test. All these methods and techniques have allowed us to classify soil in a way our study area. From the standpoint of soil texture, the results of our work have proved that this sector consists essentially of clays, silts and sand. The results of determining the textural class allowed them to classify the soil as clay.

Determinants of low affiliation rate to Bondeko Health Mutual

Mozanga, Jean Bosco Bosso — 2020-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study is the result of a survey of 344 people in the Bwamanda Health Zone specifically in 8 health areas on the determinants of low affiliation to the Bondeko Health Mutual in the Provincial Division of Southern Ubangi Health. In the Democratic Republic of Congo. We conducted a descriptive retrospective study aimed at improving the conditions for universal access to health care by identifying the factors that may affect affiliation to the health insurance system of developing countries. Considering the contribution and the importance of a mutual health in the accessibility of care in health facilities, this research is based on the observation that Bondeko Health Mutual is one of the oldest in the DRC but also constituted for certain country a model to follow for others including Rwanda. Despite its seniority it turns out that the annual affiliation rate does not believe in relation to the expected population. The results of this research revealed that poverty, discouragement of providers, number of people in the household and high affiliation fees are the determinants of weak community affiliation in this research.

SOMBO, Emmanuel AZAMBINA TE — 2020-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

A descriptive study was conducted at the Office of the Provincial Division of Health of South Ubangi to assess the level of knowledge of the agents there affect on health problems related to the computer. The main concern was to determine the level of the agents on the pathologies related to the use of the computer.The survey was conducted with a population of 40 agents, from which we extracted a sample of 35 agents present and having the computer as a working tool and this in the period from January 15 to March 15, 2018. The latter has led the following results: knowledge of health problems related to the use of the computer gave, based on observed frequencies, 36%.This result being lower than our acceptability criterion, led to the conclusion that the agents of the Provincial Division of Health of South Ubangi have little knowledge of health problems related to the use of the computer.

Mayoya, David Kutangila — 2020-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

We build an expert system for the tropical diseases diagnosis based on fuzzy symptoms. In effect, for a given disease, each symptom is assigned a weight indicating its belonging degree to the fuzzy set of symptoms that determine that disease. So, from a set of fuzzy symptoms, the expert system determines a disease by aggregating symptoms weights to calculate the certainty degree of the diagnosis realized.

Speeches on forestry practices of nomadic pastoralists in the Cameroonian Sahel

BALNA, Jules — 2020-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study updates the social picture painted on forestry practices of nomadic herders in the Cameroonian Sahel. It extends the debates in the literature by Petit and Walkins on the pruning in Britain. Drawing on social and public representations, opinions on how to harvest tree foliage appear to be divergent. The skeptics believe that pastoral farming has always had negative effects on nature, unlike the convinced. Based on the documentation concerning the dendrometric measurement data taken in the Sahel and the surveys carried out between 2013-2019 in 17 agrosylvopastoral terroirs on a sample of 510 people aged 30 to over 80 years, the images designed on the pastoral activity are contradictory. If the scientific data from the measurements of the branches to be pruned and those of ethnologists and pastoralists indicate rationality in the practices, this is not always the case for ecologists and foresters for whom these practices affect the plant and therefore contribute to the desertification. From then on, a debate was put on the table at the Earth Summit in 1992 and still fuels the controversy today.

INTRAVESICAL MIGRATION OF AN INTRA-UTERINE DEVICE COMPLICATED WITH A LITHIASIS: A CASE REPORT

Mohammadine, Chaymaa — 2020-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The intrauterine device (IUD) is a contraception method widely used in developing countries because of its effectiveness and low cost. Its insertion is a simple medical procedure, but may present some complications, such as intravesical migration complicated with a lithiasis, which is rare but not negligible. We report here a case of IUD having migrated into the bladder, which has calcified secondarily. The patient is a 48-year-old woman who had consulted for irritative bladder signs for 2 months. The history revealed that the third pregnancy was contracted on the IUD, fitted 18 years ago and left uncontrolled after delivery.The gynecological examination did not objectify the marker tail of IUD. The pelvic ultrasound and the abdomen X-ray without preparation revealed the uterine vacuity and the IUD surrounded by stones on the bladder area. A supplementary scan confirmed it without showing a vesico-uterine fistula. The cystoscopy allowed to remove the IUD after having fragmented the lithiasis by endo-vesical pneumatic lithotripsy with Lithoclast.Imaging methods are critical to make a diagnosis. The admittance in urology is required and the preferred treatment is based on cystoscopy extraction. In order to avoid such complication, it is therefore important to follow the medical instructions for the placement of IUD and to regularly verify its localization.

Impact of cocoa farming on the landscape in rural and state-owned areas of West Côte d'Ivoire

Koua, Kadio Attey Noël — 2020-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The ageing of cocoa orchards in south-western Côte d'Ivoire in the early 2000s resulted in the relocation of the pioneer front to the forested west. This influx of population would have modified the landscape structure or the composition of land use classes in the areas where the people settled. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of cocoa production on the dynamics of rural and protected areas in the Biankouma department in western Côte d'Ivoire. To achieve this, four satellite images dating from 2002, 2006, 2013, and 2018 from Landsat sensors were processed. The results showed that over the period 2002 to 2018, the number of cocoa farms installed in the protected area was twice as high as in the rural area. In fact, during this period, the surface of cocoa farms increased by 1232.5% in the protected area compared to 567.9% in the rural area. The increase in cocoa cultivation was entirely to the detriment of natural vegetation (-34.7%) in the rural area, whereas it was detrimental to all the classes (-56.8%) in the protected area. The land-use change map indicates that the conversion of natural vegetation to cocoa is mostly concentrated in the protected areas. Thus, cocoa cultivation has had a greater negative effect on the landscape in the protected area compared to the rural area in the west of Côte d'Ivoire.

Evaluation of the effect of three modes of sowing on the growth and the productivity of fonio (Digitaria exilis (Kippist) Stapf) in the commune of Korhogo in Côte d'Ivoire

Casimir, Siéné Laopé Ambroise — 2020-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Fonio (Digitaria exilis (Kippist) Stapf), considered as a minor cereal contributes to overcome the periods of welding in rural zone. Its culture is made in an abstract way and the increasingly weak outputs requiring the revision of this farming system. The objective of this study is to contribute to the improvement of the productivity of fonio in Côte d'Ivoire. With this intention, in the commune of Korhogo, the effect of three modes of sowing on the growth and the productivity of fonio was evaluated in a device in randomized complete blocks with four (04) repetitions and one (01) factor. The observations related to the phenology, the parameters of growth and the yield. The results showed an output raised on the level of sowing to stolen and a good growth on the level of sowing in seed hole except the height of the seedling. However, it would be interesting for a future study, to evaluate the effect of these three modes of sowing, compound with various mineral and organic manures on the growth and the productivity of fonio. .

Assessing of water quality of wells and river used by Gabonese people in Libreville’s town: Case of Nzeng-Ayong Dragages district

Pambou, Yvon-bert — 2020-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Drinking water remains a scarce resource in many African countries. The quality of water comes from wells/river was studied through the global parameters (Temperature, T; Potential of hydrogen, pH; Electrical conductivity, EC; Dissolved oxygen, O2 diss; Total Suspended Solids, TSS; Salinity, NaCl; and ionic species, Xn). The samples were collected during wet season, in four wells and the river of Nzeng-Ayong Dragages district (Libreville, Gabon). Physical parameters (T, pH, EC and O2) were evaluated in situ, using a multi-parameter device (420-SET-G). TSS were determined after the dewatering step of the raw sample in a filtration cell equipped with a 0,45 µm filter membrane, and Salinity, estimated by colorimetric titration. Finally, mineral pollutants such as (Ba2+, Ca2+, Cl-, NO3-, PO43-, SO42-) and total iron (Fe2+, Fe3+) were evaluated by spectrophotometry, Hach DR 3900. Results show that, the average pH of wells’ water is close to 6.18±1.32 (acid water) while that pH of water from river is neutral (7.23±0.12). EC and dissolved O2 of wells are respectively 184.20±15.78 μS/cm and 8.93±0.97 mg O2/L whereas in the river the values are 37.98±0.85 μS/cm and 7.57±0.39 mg d’O2/L. The ion analysis shows that the two resources are almost not polluted by chemical species other than Ba2+ and PO43-. Pollution ranging between 4.75±1.71 and 4.33±1.15 mg/L of Ba2+, then between 1.31±1.13 and 2.77±2.07 mg/L of PO43- for wells and river, which the concentration is above of the maximum required (0.7 mg/L of Ba2+ and 2 mg/L of PO43-). The structure of soil and the anthropogenic releases could be explaining this alteration. Finally, household bleach treatment has a benefit effect on the reduction of the pollution, with the exception of TSS and Nitrates. This study will be extended to other sites and supplemented by microbiological tests, in order to map areas at risk.

Social and health impact of the lack of water in the regideso in the municipality of KADUTU

ILUNDU, Jackson LWESSO — 2020-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The water is very important in our life. We use water to prepare the meat; to wash our body; womens intime bath; to drink; ….Water deficiency in Kadutu have several consequences like cholera, typhoid fever, womens infections. Also, girls and womens can be exposed to rape.From this comes our main question, which sociosanitary incidence of the water deficiency of Regideso in the housekeeping of Kadutu ?All the results confirm our hypotheses and lead us to say that the water deficiency in Kadutu have several consequence socio sanitary for the inhabitants.

Vertically tapping significantly decreases dry rubber yield and alters physical and mechanical properties of raw rubber and vulcanizate

Chen, Xianhong — 2020-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

In China, harvest cost of natural rubber is high due to a declining rubber price, less favorable agroclimate, and skilled tapper labor shortage. Reduction in cost of latex harvest by tapping machine in a straight line will make rubber production more cost effective. To evaluate the feasibility of tapping in a straight line, a comparison of two tapping practices (horizontally/traditionally tapping and vertically/straightly tapping) was conducted in clone Reyan88-13. Compared with horizontally tapping, vertically tapping increases dry rubber content and Mg2+ content, significantly decreases initial latex flow velocity, dry rubber yield per cut length, reduces thiols content and Cu2+ content, and alters physical and mechanical properties of raw rubber and vulcanizate. Taken together, vertically tapping reduces tapping intensity, alters physical and mechanical properties of raw rubber and vulcanizate at the cost of less rubber latex yield.

Obstacles à la gestion hygiénique des menstrues par les adolescentes à l’école : Cas des élèves du lycée Esengo dans la mairie de Gemena, Province du Sud-Ubangi, RDC

Maurice, MANGI BENDE — 2020-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study is part of the Public Health field, in a transversal descriptive approach, oriented towards reproductive health. It covers the period from January to March 2020.Its objective is to identify the obstacles to the hygienic management of menstruation by high school girls in school. To achieve this goal, we used the survey as a method, the interview was used as a data collection technique, and the interview guide served as a data collection instrument. The Lycéennes constituted for us the study population, the chosen space is the ESENGO Lycée in the town hall of Gemena, Province of Sud-Ubangi in DRC. The sample size for this study is 80 high school girls chosen for convenience.It therefore turns out that age and ignorance combined are at the head of the obstacles identified. Girls who have not reached the age of majority do not have the right to information about their active sex life, talking about it remains a taboo in African societies, even more so than talking about defecation. (Hamdalaye HERE, 2000). Some of them are totally ignorant of the warning signs of menstruation, the lack of prefabricated towels (ignorance of their use and lack of financial means to get them (poverty), hence, resort to the collection of towels (pieces of loincloths, dirty fabrics, etc.), the sanitary facilities even existing within schools, are not used properly (less hygienic conditions, the non-separation of these facilities according to sex, and the absence of a permanent source d water supply ...) can be counted among the obstacles to the unhygienic management of menses at school. This pushes girls to return, to miss class, sometimes to abandon in case of leakage of blood stains on their This can compromise their academic or even professional performance.

Evaluation of the clarifying and antibacterial power of Moringa oleifera seeds on drinking water in the town of Parakou in Benin

Nikki, Eric Bio — 2020-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Around the world, water has always been a mysterious element. Designated as a natural drink, it is and remains a major constituent of our body. Aware that thousands of people do not have access to drinking water, this study aims to develop an organic suspension, extract of Moringa oleifera seeds capable of clarifying and partially disinfecting turbid and contaminated water intended for consumption. The study method initially consisted in collecting plant drugs in order to produce a suspension (extract of seed of Moringa oleifera). Secondly to study the physico-chemical (clarifying) properties followed by a microbiological (bacteriological) study before and after application of this suspension at different concentrations on crude water samples meticulously sampled from some wells in Parakou city. The experimental results have shown a strong improvement in the physico-chemical parameters involved, in particular color, turbidity and conductivity with clarification rates of 84.33% for color and 87.58% for turbidity; followed by a considerable reduction in the bacterial flora estimated at 66.46% of the total Coliforms; 81.19% of mesophilic aerobic germs; 77.78% of Escherichia coli, then a total elimination of faecal Streptococci with 100% and Staphylococcus aureus with 100%, thus confirming the improvement in the organoleptic and sanitary quality of drinking water by extracts of seeds of Moringa oleifera.

Relationship between corporate social responsibility practice and its effects on the botton-line

Tandoh, Isaac — 2020-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The study comparatively evaluates the relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility and Profitability in the fuel and gas sectors in Ghana. The descriptive survey design and quantitative methods was adopted to find a relationship between innovations in strategic stakeholder engagement with corporate profitability or bottom-line, with the mediating role of strategic stakeholder engagement leading to a firm’s bottom-line. An analysis of strategic stakeholder engagement and bottom-line of selected fuel and gas companies in the Kumasi Metropolitan, Asokore Mampong, Oforikrom and Ejisu Municipalities was provided.A five point closed ended Likert Scale self-administrable structured questionnaire and researcher guide to aid participants answer relevant questions was used to confirm that innovations in strategic stakeholder engagement fueled increases in corporate bottom-line of selected companies. The four major steps of analysing data collected from Atkinson’s (2002) categories of quantitative data analysis was used, following which the primary data/information gathered and coded was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences to guarantee validity and reliability of the various investigations conducted. The hierarchical multiple regression of the Baron and Kenny’s (1986) procedure was also adopted to analyse for study the mediating effect of innovation on the relationship between strategic stakeholder engagement and corporate bottom-line.The study opines the involvement of key stakeholder participation in the siting and general operations of fuel and gas companies given the divergent viewpoints of operators and stakeholders (O’Riordan, 2017). A discovery of a statistically significant positive influence of perceptions of CSR towards customers on an organization’s image in general intensifies the suggestion that mangers of fuel and gas sectors take special interest in innovative ways of engaging strategic stakeholders due to its influence and ripple mediating effect on corporate bottom-line to improve the performance of the business or induces increases in profit.

Characteristics of the school principal and performance of schoolchildren in life skills

Awongi, Augustin Issoy — 2020-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Part of studies on the efficiency of the education system, this study aims to determine the individual variables of the school principal which significantly influence the performance of schoolchildren in life skills. After analyzing performance, the conclusions are as follows:From the demographic background, the best performances are those of schools run by women; also, the oldest directors produce better results. This question refers to the director’s seniority and experience.Regarding qualifications, schools lead by Graduate Directors produce the best results against State Graduates and Licensees. The directors who have achieved a high percentage in state exams are not necessarily those with the best results for schoolchildren. As for the option followed in secondary school by the directors, no difference was recorded.Seniority as director and seniority in the current school affect results despite atypical cases. For recycling, non-recycled managers achieved better results than recycled. The best performances are those of the most populated schools, contrary to pedagogical expectations.Homogeneous schools are more efficient than mixed schools. The number of teachers and the number of qualified teachers in schools led to significant differences in performance.Schoolchildren's results differ significantly according to several characteristics of the principals. It seems important to consider these when recruiting and promoting teachers to this school steering. Considering that we are in the humanities sciences, these results should be considered with caution and relativity.

Value chain of fish farm on Ébrié lagoon (Cote d’Ivoire)

ABOYA, Narcisse — 2020-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Based on field research, observations, and interview, this article aims to describe the value chain of fish farming products in the Ébrié lagoon. It poses the problem of its lack of knowledge which undermines the good development of this sector. The article shows that this value chain is driven by various actors. A first group composed of the producer (fish farmer), distributor, wholesaler, retailer and consumer. These are the key players in the chain and perform the functions directly linked to the fish farming activity. In addition, they are supported by another group of actors (supervisory and extension structure, suppliers of inputs and equipment, scientific research, financial institutions). These two groups of actors work closely together for the proper functioning of the fish value chain in the Ébrié lagoon.

The smoked fishes’ insect pests and the status of chemicals used in their protection during storage in the Western Region of Cameroon (Central Africa)

Raoul, Tamgno Béranger — 2020-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the western Region of Cameroon, fresh fish is a little food available. Fish is most often sold in its frozen or smoked form because of the long period it can put in households before being consumed. Smocked or dried fishes are generally attacked by insect pests. In order to limit the losses due to these pests, processors and sellers of dry fishes use chemicals. The aim of the study was to determine the constraints linked to storage of smocked fish. The inventory of the species of smocked fishes was done in 10 camps of fishermen. 210 storage tools were inspected, then characterized and the smocked fishes identified. During this survey, 32 samples of Clarias gariepinus, 25 of Oreochromis niloticus and 16 of Hemichromis fasciatus was collected and put in observation at the laboratory. It appears that 13 species of fishes grouped into 5 families are smocked. The Cichlidae family is the most abundant (43.2%). The basket is the most used storage tool (65%) with the longest storage time (4 days). The rate of natural infestation is high in Clarias gariepinus (89.84%) and Oreochromis niloticus (88.12%). During storage, two species of Coleoptera were identified: Dermestes maculatus (735 individuals) and Necrobia rufipes (117 individuals). O. niloticus records the largest mass of drilling meal (5.92 ± 1.13g) and C. gariepinus the largest mass loss (39.44 ± 3.64g). To limit their damages, populations use 10 chemicals. These insecticides, all dangerous, divided into 3 toxicological classes are not approved in Cameroon.

Lukula, Stanislas Maroyi — 2020-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This research explores the performances of elementary school fourth form teachers in French, according to the content of the national program of elementary school in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Exactly it is about the knowledges in French language and the knowledges in methods and process for a correct transmission of the matter to pupils.The results of this study show that the global achievement has reached the level of 72 %. 122 teachers by 196, to say 62.2 %, have reached the success level fixed at 70 % (UNESCO), and 74 teachers by 196, to say 37.8 %, haven’t reached that threshold.The same results show also that the global achievement is at level of 16.31 % in methods and process. 148 teachers by 196, to say 75.51 %, do not exceed the note of 4/16. The teachers who reach the note of 8/16 or more, are 12 by 196, to say 6.12 %.This study shows at last that the age is the strongest predictor of teachers’ performances in knowledges of French language. It is followed by the oldness in the work. The oldness in the fourth form takes the final position as predictor of teachers’ performances.

Profile study of hospitalized patients for bipolar disorders at the Dalal Xel mental health center in Fatick (Senegal) from 2004 to 2013

Diégane, Tine Jean Augustin — 2020-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Background: Bipolar disorder, originally called manic depressive illness, is one of the most challenging psychiatric disorders to manage. Purpose: The objectives of this study are to research the socio-demographic and professional profile of patients hospitalized for bipolar disorder in the Dalal Xel mental health center of Fatick and to understand the factors associated with the evolution of the prevalence of bipolar disorder in the Senegalese context. Methods: It was a cross-sectional, retrospective, descriptive and analytical study. It was conducted in the hospitalization department of Dalal Xel Mental Health and included all patients hospitalized in this service between 2004 and 2013 and whose medical file was found. Results: The processing of the hospital service records made it possible to collect 6,896 patient files. Among these hospitalized patients, 731 were diagnosed with bipolar disorder (11.4%). The majority of patients were female (52.7%), lived in rural areas (53.4%), educated (66.2%). The majority had an occupation (74.1%) and were married (51.7%). The average age was 36.52 years with a standard deviation of 13.3 years. Between 2004 and 2013, the profile of the patient with bipolar disorder did not change for sex, age, professional activity, marriage. Religion and nationality remained influenced by the demographic context of Senegal. Conclusion: Bipolar disorder is influenced by biological (age, sex), social (married) and professional factors. The medical prescriptions must consider the patient's procreation and her professional activity. It is also important to involve the family in psychological support and to reinforce professional reintegration.

Covid-19 and nutrition: An empowering approach for preventing the Covid-19 epidemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)

Mirindi, Victor Buhendwa — 2020-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Background: The covid-19 has reached DRC. Numbers of confirmed cases and deaths are increasing despite the confinement strategy implemented since March 2020. In addition, mainly for economic reasons, the population is claiming for the confinement measures to be waived, which may lead to an increase of the risk of infection, morbidity and mortality related to Covid-19, which calls for a more focused prevention strategy. Nevertheless, Covid-19 prevention approach is more social distancing and hygiene oriented, with few attention to nutrition and other lifestyle aspects such as alcohol use, smoking and physical activity.Objective: to support the DRC health authority’s efforts for empowering populations for better prevention, by designing a more comprehensive approach including nutrition and other lifestyle factors.Design: This paper is a context analysis and a review and viewpoints about different health aspects that should be integrated when designing a national comprehensive strategy to prevent covid-19 in DRC.Conclusion and recommendations: The public health authorities to empower the populations against Covid-19 infection through a comprehensive approach consisting of sensitization at all levels, not only about social distancing and washing hands as it’s being the case, but also and of utmost importance, about nutrition and other lifestyle factors such as alcohol use, smoking and physical activity since they affect immunity. The nutrition factor should include the dietetic management of patients with chronic diseases and/or co-infections. Therefore, task forces for fighting covid-19epidemic in DRC should include nutrition specialists and researchers for more comprehensive approaches against covid-19, to the ultimate interest of the population.

North Macedonia within the western Balkan sub-regional security complex: A theoretical approach

Leka, Gjeraqina — 2020-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article, which builds on Buzan’s and the Copnehagen school’s security theorizing, explores the main security issues of a small and landlocked country of the Western Balkans, the Republic of North Macedonia. The internal demographic structure and the external bilateral contests, make this state an interesting case to analyze within the Balkan’s sub-regional security complex. The central argument raised here is that North Macedonia reflects an interplay of regional and internal security dynamics, expressed mainly through an overlap of societal and political security issues. Although in North Macedonia’s case, the societal security issues appear to be crucial, as national identity issues represent the main element around which circulate the greatest fears and insecurities of this country, the approach and way these issues seem to be handled reflect an intersection of the societal and political sector. Relying on main regional security complex theories, this article will construct and analyze the most significant security interactions taking place in North Macedonia and the sectors with most sources for securitization.

Eyenga, Théophile Mvula — 2020-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Under the Belgian colonial administration (1908-1960) and soon after the Congo independence in 1960, the Congolese teacher had a high standing of live. He was dignified by both the colonizer and his compatriots and belonged to this social class referred to as « évolués » (i.e. educated), which was considered as mediating group between Blacks and Whites, often called « Existence Zone ».Soon after his country’s independence, the teacher’s socio-professional status deteriorated as a result of the recurrent economic and social crises undergone by the country. This drove him into the so-called « no Existence Zone ». And in order for him not to perish, he designed survival strategies which, unfortunately, did not enable him to recover his initial status. This means that he has been unable to get out of the decaying situation ever since.Also, currently, in spite of the government’s endeavour to improve his socio-professional situation, the Congolese teacher is still deep-roosted in these survival strategies. There is still a long way to go to achieve the dream and make it alive. Let’s wait and see.

Nutritional status of a cohort of children aged 6 to 59 months in the health district of Mvog beti in Yaounde, Cameroon

Ntsama, Marianne Patricia — 2020-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Background: The nutritional status of children as well as the associated factors vary according to time, region, and the environment of residence (rural or urban). Limited information is available on the risk factors associated with preschool child undernutrition in Cameroon. Therefore, this study evaluate the nutritional status of children aged 6 to 59 months living in Mvog beti health district, Centre region of Cameroon.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that collected anthropometric and socio-demographic characteristics data in 102 children aged 6 - 59 months. Weight-for-Height z-score, weight-for-Age z-score and height-for-Age z-score were based on WHO’s Child Growth Standards. The association between undernutrition and associated factors was determined using logistic regression analysis.Results: Of the 106 children aged 6-59 months observed, 12.3%, 8.5% and 18.9% were respectively stunted, underweight and wasted. Low birth’s weight was the main factor associated with underweight. None of the selected variables were significantly associated with stunting. Father’s age and mother’s employment were significantly associated with wasting.Conclusion: Despite a relatively good food self-sufficiency situation, undernutrition is prevalent among pre-school age children in Mvog beti health district at prevalence above the national prevalence for wasting. Socio-demographic factors were associated with the different types of undernutrition.

The Public Service Qualitative Dimensions from the Citizen-Customers perspective: A Literature Review and Conceptual Model

Haddad, Abdelmajid — 2020-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the understanding of public service quality in its relationship with citizen-customers satisfaction. The methodological choice consists of a synthesis of public service theories, a conceptual frameworks of service marketing and models of service quality. This theoretical synthesis made also possible to discuss the concepts of service quality and their application in the context of public administration. Thus, this article proposes a conceptual model of quality based on seven qualitative dimensions of the public service influencing citizen-customers satisfaction. The theoretical results indicate that these qualitative dimensions make it possible to grasp the contribution of quality to mastering the complexity of public service through citizen-customers satisfaction.

GTON performance through governance: Literature review and proposal for an approach to improve the network

Belaziz, Hind — 2020-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

In recent years, we have been witnessing profound economic changes which imply a change in organizational boundaries. We note that the inter-organizational mode of operation is more and more relevant, it is thus presented as the appropriate scope for implementing new forms of governance in the service of innovation.Therefore, this article is an opportunity to make a synthesis of the literature having apprehended the concept of governance of territorialized networks of organization and its role in the performance of companies and networks as well as the territory. This is to highlight the different conceptions of the latter, as well as the role that collaborative work plays to improve networks.In recent years, we have been witnessing profound economic changes which imply a change in organizational boundaries. We note that the inter-organizational mode of operation is more and more relevant, it is thus presented as the appropriate scope for implementing new forms of governance in the service of innovation.Work explicitly dealing with the governance of territorialized organization networks (RTO) remains largely in the minority (Jones et al, 1997). However, the notion appears to be the central element allowing to ensure the competitiveness and the existence of these systems (Alberti, 2001).Therefore, this article is an opportunity to make a synthesis of the literature having apprehended the concept of governance of territorialized networks of organization and its role in the performance of companies and networks as well as the territory. This is to highlight the different conceptions of the latter, as well as the role that collaborative work plays to improve networks.

Valorization of olive oil wastewater in handmade bio soap produced in Al-Hoceima province (north Morocco)

El Abdouni, Aouatif — 2020-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Olive oil production generates olive by-products: pomaces (solid waste) and olive mill wastewater (liquid waste). The latter are a source of pollution for the environment; they are very harmful to the quality of water, soil and even air. Therefore, causing damage to environment which will affect humanity. Thus, the need for their treatment or recovery is necessary. The present inquiry aims at valorizing these margins in the field of cold soap production. The choice of the cold method is due to its ability to maintain the performance and characteristics of each oil used. Analyses show that the mixture of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), 40% of olive oil wastewater (oleic acid) obtained by natural decanting of olive mill wastewater, 30% of olive oil, 20% of cocoa oil and 10% of castor oil make a soap with a neutral pH and recommended criteria in the cosmetic field, which will lead to better results.

Networking and Sustainability of Grass-roots relay organisations in Western Cameroon: Case Study of CIEFAD and KUGWE Rural Resource Centres

Wouapi, Herve Alain Napi — 2020-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Purpose: This paper aims to chart sustainability and transition plan for rural resource centres (RRCs) by mobilising resources to continue provide services in the context of limited or no external funds.Design/Methodology/Approach: We exemplify the role of networking to the sustainability of RRCs by conducting an ethnographic study of two RRCs in the West Region of Cameroon. Networking has become an increasingly popular approach that aims to provide grass-roots relay organisations new opportunities for securing uninterrupted provision of goods and services to farmers. Social network analysis is the research analytical tool used to make network theory operational into an applicable set of key variables needed to map the networks that can secure the sustainability of RRCs in Cameroon.Findings: Customer of seeds, institutional organisations including development partners, research centres and municipalities greatly influence RRCs’ organisational and financial sustainability.Practical implication: RRCs have been commended by farmers as a responsible, cost-effective, sustainable and complementary approach to other agricultural extension approaches. As the fulfilment of farmers’ needs determines the viability of RRCs, it is crucial that the latter are successful in transitioning to their new role as service providers.Originality/value: Current there is emergence of new private actors offering agricultural services in Cameroon, and this research sample is of interest for grassroot relay organisations for identifying the requisite conditions to become autonomous and less reliant on external funding in their efforts toward fulfilling farmer’s demand.

The Impact of Culture on Teaching: A Study of the Impact of Teachers’ Cultural Beliefs and Practices on Students’ Motivation

Khamouja, Abdessallam — 2020-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the context of education, culture is considered the heart of our beliefs and practices; it has an effect on how we think, behave, perceive and communicate, all of which affect how we teach and learn. That is, cultural differences produce different beliefs and practices in the field of teaching, which affects students’ motivation either positively or negatively. This study examined the impact of culture on teaching in the Moroccan context, how it shapes teachers’ practices in the classroom, and the extent to which this affects students’ motivation. 26 high school students and 10 high school teachers participated in this survey. Data was collected using a questionnaire research method for both students and teachers. The results revealed that students put the blame on their teachers and teaching methods for the lack of motivation, whereas teachers still use the traditional teaching methods in the classrooms.

Quantification and characterization of fecal sludge in Aneho city for the choice of an appropriate treatment

Poromna, Hèzouwè — 2020-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Like the majority sub-Saharan Africa cities, Aneho city in Togo is experiencing the problem of sustainable management of fecal sludge. The objective of this study is to contribute to better management of fecal sludge from Aneho city. To achieve this, an inventory of the management of fecal sludge in the city was carried out, followed by the quantification and characterization of the sludge produced according to the different types of existing sanitation systems. The results showed that the fecal sludge sector is experiencing shortcomings in its management. The sludge mainly discharged by mechanical means (62%) is transported to an official unmanaged disposal site or to farmers' fields without treatment. The amount of mud produced per year in the city is between 3,534 and 7,442 m3. The physico-chemical characterization results reveal that the sludge from dry pits was more loaded with pollutants than that from wet pits. The sludge with a neutral characteristic and a high salinity is rich in ammonium, phosphorus, nitrates with a COD/BOD5 ratio equal to 2.1. Heavy metals including Iron, Copper, Zinc, and Manganese have a relatively apparent concentration in the sludge. The microbiological characterization showed the significant presence of fecal and pathogenic germs in the sludge. From this study, knowing of the sludge quantity and characteristics produced at Aneho, will allow choosing an appropriate treatment based on other local criteria.

Impact of Climate change adaptation strategies on rice farming households’ Income in the North and Centre of Benin

Ayedegue, Ulrich Lionel — 2020-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

To cope with threats from climate change, many adaptation strategies have been widely promoted and adopted by rice farmers. This study aims to assess the impact of adaptation strategies on the income of rice farmers. To this end, the En-dogenous Switching Regression (ESR) model has been estimated. Data are from a random sample of 144 rice farmers. The results obtained show that the ESR model is statistically significant at the 1% level. Complementary irrigation, cultural diversification and the intensive rice-growing system are adaptation strategies that have positive impacts on the net incomes of rice-growers. Cultural rotation is the only strategy that has a negative impact on the net income of rice farmers. Thus, these strategies are those on which the actors of the development of the sector must carry out more concrete actions on the view of establishing a real adaptation strategy capable of mitigating the effects of climate change and improving agricultural incomes in a context of reducing hunger, poverty and guaranteeing food security.

Effects of increasing doses of Tithonia diversifolia and lime on the growth and phytoavailability of copper on the Spinash culture cultivated in Lubumbashi (DR Congo)

Adolphe, Ngoyi Nsomue — 2020-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The choice of suitable (nature and quantity) amendments and the selection of varieties capable of limiting the transfert from the soil to certain crop organs are among the classic methods in phytoremediation. This present work aims to assess the effect of doses of Tithonia diversifolia and lime on the behavior and phytoavailability of copper on spinash culture. The trial was set up using the fully randomized five repeat system. The treatments consisted of 6 doses compost and 6 doses of lime compared to the unamended contaminated or amended control. The observation focused on the vegetation parameters and submitted to the analysis of variance. Before the test, the pH and the copper content of the soils were determined. Soil analysis results show that their pH is close to neutral, while the copper concentration is 3332 ppm in Tshamilemba soil, is 148 times higher than that of experimental field soils. The high copper content of soil in the Tshamilemba district did not lead to a revival of spinash growth, on the other hand an increase in the phytoaviability of copper. The reduction in copper content depends on the doses of amendments applied. This article has shown that the addition of amendments makes it possible to reduce the bioaccumulation of contaminated soil to pratice market gardening.

Design and implementation of distance learning via E-Learning in hydrogeology (ENS Martil, Morocco)

Alilouch, Redouan — 2020-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The study aims to integrate new information and communication technologies applied in pedagogical practice into university training. It consists of the implementation of distance learning devices via a platform and an interactive learning support (CD-Rom) for the benefit of students and also for secondary school teachers of Life and Earth Sciences, in the field of hydrogeology. These devices meet a great need among students and teachers in terms of training, and face the constraints (temporal, spatial and financial) that prevent them from attending a classroom training in this field. They provide distance training characterized by both communication and interaction, the use of mediatized teaching resources, relocation and autonomous management of training time. In this way, they solve the problem of absenteeism among _learners. This study presents the steps involved in the development of an E-Learning system, from the needs for study to its implementation and deployment. It makes it easy to deploy a system dedicated to online learning and collaborative work, because it corresponds perfectly to our needs (good communication and sharing of knowledge and know-how...).

Agricultural development to the test of private financing: Between the reluctance of financial institutions and the risk of non-repayment of loans in Benin

Daho, Jacques Evrard Charles Aguia — 2020-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The agricultural sector has managed to establish itself as an enabler for reviving Beninese economy without succeeding in gaining a place of choice in the mobilization of private funding for farmers benefits. On the basis of this observation, the research track taken within the framework of this scientific production consisted in questioning indicators of private financing for Beninese agriculture and the risks associated with access to decentralized financials systems credit services. To achieve this, activities reports and monitoring documents were subject to a continuous analysis. Results from this phase were used to define social indicators which were documented on the basis of a questionnaire and a semi-structured interview guide for a sample of 499 informants. Carried out on the experience of the decentralized financial systems involved in the GIZ / ProFinA project, the research highlighted a weak trend in bank financing and the weight of family structures, the profile of credit seekers, social constructions and social and religious practices on the repayment of credits.

Daïrou, Saïfoullah — 2020-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the city of Garoua in North Cameroon, a study was conducted among 100 tomato producers. The aim was to describe the tomato production system in order to identify constraints and prospects for improvement. Surveys and observations with actors reveal that tomato is produced throughout the year; this activity is conducted by 90% men from the Far North of the country. The production tools are wrinkled. The tomato is produced under two cropping systems: 72% under logs and 28% in pickets. The use of fertilizers and insecticides varies from producer to producer and depends on the producer’s budget. therefore, the facilitation of access to agricultural credit and land and the creation of a participatory research platform involving (producers; extension workers; researcher) would help to improve the productivity of the vegetable industry in general and the tomato industry in particular in the region. Land insecurity; lack of funding and supervision are the main obstacles to improving tomato production.

Analysis of intrinsic determinants of women entrepreneurship success in Cameroon

Domkam, Micheline — 2020-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Several studies have focused on the performance of women in entrepreneurship using the same measurement tools as those used to measure the performance of their male counterparts. However, many studies have shown the singularity of women's entrepreneurship, particularly with respect to the measurement of success. To bridge this gap, this paper aims to analyse the impact of factors specific to women entrepreneurs that determine their success in business. To achieve this objective, we used a sample of 142 women business owners, surveyed in three cities: Douala, Bafoussam and Yaounde. As estimation technique, we used a binary Logit model because of the dichotomous nature of the response to the question of whether a woman feels she has been successful or not. In order to reinforce the singular character of female entrepreneurship, we used two types of dependent variables: first, a so-called subjective variable, «Achieving flexibility between work and family lives» and an objective variable, «Annual income level». The results show that the model with «Achieving flexibility between work and family lives» as the dependent variable is better for predicting the success of women entrepreneurs than the model with «Annual income level» as the dependent variable. Moreover, these results show that globally; factors related to human capital are the key determinants of success for women entrepreneurs in Cameroon.

The study of the determinants of the senses' construction among parents concerning the illness of their infant suffering from the effects of perinatal asphyxia

Barkat, Asmaa — 2020-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Study’s aim: The objective of this work was to highlight the determinants of the senses' construction among parents concerning the illness of their infant suffering from the effects of perinatal asphyxia.Materials and Methods: This study is descriptive exploratory qualitative. It was carried out in the counseling center of the national reference center for neonatology and nutrition in Rabat, for infants followed by the pediatricians of this center, and at home for cases whose parents decided to stop following their infants without medical advice. On the basis of 255 cases of perinatal asphyxia with abnormal development, 30 families were recruited; 15 families have infants undergoing follow-up and 15 families have decided to abandon the care.Results: Following data saturation and with a 100% response rate, this study found that the construction of the senses in these parents is influenced by several determinants, including the parents' belief in the supernatural; their religious beliefs; their previous experiences with the disease; their personality type; and their interpersonal relationships.Conclusion: This study has shown that the construction of the senses among parents towards the sick situation of their infants is under the influence of several determinants. Given that, the senses constructed by these parents influence significantly their behaviors, reactions, and choices towards the situation of their sick infants. Taking these determinants into account when caring for sick newborns, infants and children is of great importance in order to participate in the reduction of infant morbidity and mortality rates at the national level.

Study of the existing link between the carer, patient relationship and the care’s renunciation: Case of infants with the sequelae of perinatal asphyxia

Barkat, Asmaa — 2020-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Study’s aim: The objective of this study was to study the existing link between the carer/patient relationship and the renunciation of care for infants with perinatal asphyxia consequences.Materials and Methods: This is a qualitative exploratory descriptive study, carried out at the day hospital of the National Reference Center in Neonatology and Nutrition for infants who suffer from the consequences of perinatal asphyxia and who are followed by pediatricians at the center. As well as the home for cases whose parents have decided to stop monitoring their infants while they suffer from health complications following their perinatal asphyxia. Indeed, based on 255 cases of perinatal asphyxia having registered an abnormal evolution, 30 families were recruited; of which 15 families have infants monitored and 15 families have decided to resign care.Results: After saturation of the data and with a response rate of 100%, this study demonstrated that the relationship between carer and patients is a vector for the construction of the decision to respect medical appointments or to give up infants’ care. Also, this study attested that healthcare professionals’ behavior differed from one group to another. The group of parents of the monitored infants argued that the health professionals in the various care structures gave them psychological support, and encouraged them to accept the state of their infants’ health. While the parents of the untreated infants have reported comments showing that health professionals have been a source of demotivation for them. Their behavior was indecent and their language was filled with negative messages.Conclusion: This study attested that the health professional can encourage parents to respect the medical appointments of their infants and, as a corollary, to participate in improving their state of health. Demonstrating, therefore, the importance of educating health professionals on the importance of the relationship between carer and patients and consequently reduce the rate of the care’s renunciation, and as a result, participate in the reduction of morbidity and infant mortality rates.

Climate variability and land use in the catchment area of the Yakouta dam (Burkinabe Sahel)

Ouédraogo, Blaise — 2020-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Changes in land use are an indicator of human action on the environment. Several factors influence agropastoralists in the Yakouta watershed in land use and occupation. Climatic extremes are real catalysts for the degradation of the biophysical environment, which is reflected, among other things, in the reduction of plant resources and the drying up of arable land. The needs of rural societies materialize through the use of space and resources, according to techniques and spatial logic that depend on a more or less complex social organization. The pressures exerted on space determine the adaptation responses developed by populations in order to maintain or improve the productivity of the environment. The objective of this study is to establish the link between climate change and land-use strategies in the Yakouta watershed. The methodology consisted in linking remote sensing through the processing of multi-date satellite images (2002, 2010 and 2018) and the analysis of climate data from 1961 to 2018. The results obtained show that more than 35 per cent of the space under consideration has undergone a change of occupation. In terms of climate, the IPS index has made it possible to highlight not only the dry and wet periods recorded since 1961, but also to establish a link between changes in vegetation cover and drought. In the light of these results, the investigations also looked at the adaptation strategies deployed by local populations.

Psychomotricity and Writing Disorder

Oubenaïssa, Abdeslam — 2020-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Dysgraphia is often treated as a minor problem. Nevertheless, special attention to these children suffering from writing disorders helps to highlight their psychological suffering in the face of these difficulties which they consider insurmountable; this has an impact on their school results. If these young children were taken into care from pre-school onwards to teach them the right gestures to adopt and to sit and move and to hold the writing tool, it is indisputable that this work on psychomotricity will teach them the right gestures and posture to write well, and thus be fulfilled in their schooling and working life.Based on the analysis of about ten articles dealing with psychomotricity and writing disorders, and by questioning some Moroccan primary school teachers about the cases of dysgraphia observed in their classes, we came to the result that most of these dysgraphia students have not followed pre-school education at all, or that this education did not give any credit to the importance of psychomotricity in the mastery of the graphomotor gesture in the student. Hence the urgency of thinking about a Moroccan education policy that would make psychomotor skills in preschool education a springboard for children's growth and development.

The use of techniques of playing western instruments by the ‘ud : Study the playing of Sherif Muheddin Haydar and Jamil Bashir

Lemhaïech, Amir — 2020-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

In our manuscript, we will address the different methods and techniques of playing, as well as the diverse forms used in composition, guiding to the presence of 'ud in modern art and in the finest orchestras of the word nowadays. And in the big concerts of solo (recital). Through western musicians’ innovators, who were curious to find the tune of the instrument expression, such as Sherif Muheddin Haydar, Jamil Bashir, etc. For example, these two mentioned composers were influenced by the composition and forms of occidental music, they are mastered playing the occidental instruments, besides the 'ud, we find the piano, cello and violin. In which led to; that these composers are the first piece’s composer of 'ud in different forms with techniques of unusual playing. So through our analysis, we will discover how these two 'ud players as western composers, were able to be used in forms of occidental compositions and also playing techniques of cello, violin, classic guitar to present the 'ud as a comprehensive and unique tool with a capacity of expression well audible, than just a simple companion in singing and in which level they succeeded. So that they will be musicians with the influence to other players of 'ud today in the Arab world.

Seasonal variability of raindrop size distributions characteristics regarding to climatic parameters over coastal area of West Africa

Bamba, Bakary — 2020-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

A seasonal variability study of tropical raindrop size distributions (DSD) and integrated rain parameters in West Africa coastal area (Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire) was done. The study covered the period 1986 to 1988 with a focus on 1987 for a complete annual cycle investigation using the EPSAT validation experiment data. The following parameters have been described: the median volume diameter (D0), the total number of drops per unit volume of air (NT), the ratio D0/NT, the rain rate (R) as well as the radar reflectivity factor (Z). During the May-June (MJ) and September-October-November (SON) seasons, the characteristics of DSD in June 1987 (D0 strong and NT low) compared to those of October 1987 (D0 strong and NT strong) could explain the high rainfall recorded during SON compared to MJ where the rainfall is lower. The Sea Surface Temperature (SST) analysis of these two seasons indicate a modulation of this inversion by ocean surface conditions. In general, a high SST induces important rain with spectra containing a large number of large drops due to strong convection associated with a large advection flow. Finally, raindrop size distributions appeared to be relevant indicators to characterize the specific behaviour of the rainy seasons.

Mbani, Mathilde Yayoro — 2020-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

This survey aims to examine on a moral level, the degree of satisfaction of the students that succeeds in the University of Kisangani while resorting to the means that are contrary to the personal effort. In second place, to see if these students are conscious of the negative consequences that these practices entail in their socio-professional life. Thereafter, to establish to establish it the responsibility of these negative attitudes bound to this kind of success. And finally, to identify the concrete actions to undertake for to put an end to these dishonest practices. For that to make, a questionnaire has been submitted to the graduate students of the Faculty of Psychology and the Sciences of the education and the one of Social studies, Political and Administrative.Of these analyses, he/it comes out again that the students are not satisfied with the non deserved success. These last are conscious that the illegal practices could cause them some problems in the active life. Thus, it would be interesting that other researchers approach this thematic while interrogating the points of the parents, teachers….

The Taxation, Public Debt and Protectorate Triangle in Morocco

Bahloula, Rachid — 2020-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Taxation, Public Debt and Protectorate Trianglein Morocco is in the attention center of tremendous importance; through studying the historical stations, which featured the Moroccan taxation system before independence, and its imposition on the Public Debt in order to comprehend the current state that swamped by the rise on the percentage of the debt and shortage in Moroccan tax system on contributing in shrinking the national funding disability and it can form a scientific substance may take a part in deepening our understanding approach to several economic incidents which encountered in Morocco over sensitive stage of its history.

An Institutional Approach to Stakeholder Participation in Cooperative governance: The role of Legitimacy

El Aarroumi, Asma — 2020-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The purpose of this paper is to shed light on how legitimacy, a core concept of the institutional theory, may present a relative framework for understanding stakeholders’ participation in cooperatives’ governance. Co-operatives are recognizing the importance of involving stakeholders in their governance structures. In fact, particular forms of cooperatives have emerged as a result, namely, multi-stakeholder cooperatives, a cooperative form that bring together multiple stakeholders with diverging interest and where governance is more sophisticated than homogeneous member cooperatives. Stakeholder participation in governance has raised researchers’ interest whose assumptions have often questioned the viability of this practice due to the multitude of interests. Hence, we believe that this question deserves our full attention. In this framework, this paper aims to shed light on the importance of the concept of legitimacy in understanding the link between cooperatives and their environment embodied by stakeholders’ involvement in governance. In other words, we study how stakeholders are able to serve the cooperatives’ common objective despite the divergence of their interests as we highlight the role of legitimacy, a central concept upon which institutionalism is founded.

Economic impact of line losses on the choice of cable section

Mutela, B. Mutela — 2020-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The choice of a section of power cable is generally the result of examination of two criteria: the criterion of maximum heating at full speed and the criterion of voltage drop compatible with the proper functioning of the controlled devices. But when the rate of use of the cable becomes appreciable, more than a thousand effective hours per year, a new criterion must be considered, it is the criterion of profitability. Under these conditions, the optimum section is obtained by: Section(optimum)=I(3ρr_i p/B)^(1/2) x11mm^2.

Geospatial, Statistical and Human Health Risk Assessment of Groundwater Contamination Around Waste Disposal Site at Khulna in Bangladesh

Hossain, Md. Refat — 2020-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Abstract Groundwater is an essential source of drinking purpose. Groundwater samples were collected from tube-wells from Rajbandh, Khulna dumping site as well as its adjoining area to find out the level of concentration of different water quality parameters. In order to find out the strength and the linear relationship between different pairs of parameters as well as to predict the level of pollution of groundwater, statistical analysis had been done. The significance level further verified by t-test. The effect of heavy metal on human body can spread risk. That’s why risk assessment was done on those parameters which were exceeded the allowable concentration level referred by The Environment Conservation Rules (ECR) (1997) according to USEPA guidelines (1989) considering ingestion and dermal pathways. The chronic daily intake (CDI), hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI) were evaluated. Furthermore, to check uncertainty of exposure parameters and risk values, Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) was used. Central Tendency Exposure (CTE) and Reasonable Maximum Exposure (RME) as well as non-carcinogenic condition were used for MCS operation. Nine different water quality parameters were collected from four different locations since a period of 2018. In this study an appreciable strong positive correlation was found for E.C with turbidity, alkalinity; turbidity with alkalinity also for chloride with TDS. A strong negative correlation was found for ph with turbidity, alkalinity, E.C. Water Quality Index (WQI) was used to analyze the groundwater quality of study site. The test result reveals that 50% water samples were found poor quality and 50% samples were found unsuitable for drinking purposes. The WQI ranges from 72.998 to 164.332. Which further analyzed by ArcGIS. RME showed relatively more risk values than that of CTE values. Therefore, the overall assessment reveals that there is a need of some treatment before usage of water and also require to protect the area from landfill contamination.

French loanwords and their areas of influence in Kihavu language

Kalegama, Moïse Byamungu — 2020-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Kihavu, like many other languages in contact, has adopted foreign words to meet the needs of its speakers’ daily life vocabulary and activities. This work discusses and analyses how and why french loanwords have been distributed to specific areas of influence in the nominal class system of kihavu. The result is that some alien words have been allocated to kihavu noun class system rather than other parts of speech. Therefore, they have acquired kihavu native words morphology by means of addition or reduction of suffixes prefixes or affixes. The data were collected from bilingual kihavu native speakers’ conversations. To deal with this socio-linguistic survey, four sections have been developed. The introduction presents the background, aim, hypotheses, research methodology, justification, and scope of the research. Chapter one deals with the literal frame and socio-linguistic presentation of kihavu language. Chapter two presents the allocation of loanwords per areas of influence. The last section gives the conclusion.

Dynamic of oocystal excretion of coccidiosis in female rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and their litters, from pregnancy to fattening

Dakouri, Serge Alain — 2020-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease whose control greatly influences the profitability of rabbit farming. During 7 months, the dynamics of oocystale excretion was studied in the town of Bingerville in Hyplus and local breeds does and their offspring. All does were mated to Hyplus males. A total of 456 aliquot samples from the 4 experimental groups were used, on the one hand, for diagnosis and evaluation of the coccidial load by mcmaster method. On other hand, means and morpho-biological criteria were used after qualitative flotation coproscopie for the identification of the different Eimeria species. A high prevalence of 100% and a total of 7 species of coccidia sometimes coexisting at 6 in the same individual were recorded. These are: E. Exigua, E. Perforans, E. Magna, E. Media, E. Coecicola, E. Irresidua and E. Intestinalis. Imported does (Hyplus) were more susceptible to coccidiosis than those from the cross between Hyplus and common breed (p˂0, 005). The observed excretion patterns revealed that the rabbits would be prone to coccidiosis in the beginning and the end of lactation while the sensitivity of the young rabbits would be more evident in the days following weaning. Furthermore, a joint analysis of the two coccidial profile show that does play an important role in the transmission of coccidiosis to their offspring.

Avifauna richness of the area of Marahoué, Mid-West of the Côte d'Ivoire

Mathieu, Koue-Bi Tih — 2020-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Marahoué National Park is home to almost half of the bird species in the Cote d'Ivoire. But apart from this Park, no publication has mentioned the avifauna of the entire Marahoue region, to date. Thus, a study, based on the census of birds along the tracks in 12 sites outside the Park and across the entire Marahoué region, took place over 19 months, from August 2010 to March 2013. It made it possible to count 30,758 individuals of birds of 211 species of birds from 54 families and 17 orders. Among these species, one is vulnerable and two others are almost threatened; A total 65 species are endemic to the Guinean-Congolese forest biome and seven species are subservient to the Sudano-Guinean savannah biome. The results of this study has completed the avian richness of the entire region to 400 species of 70 families belonging to 18 orders, with 32 species newly observed during the present study.

Assessment of the relationship between cranial capacity and intelligent quotient

Ozor, Ignatius Ikemefuna — 2020-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Background: Craniometric study is an important fraction of anthropometry that can be employed in the determination of cranial capacity of an individual. It indirectly reflects the volume of the brain and predicts mental ability. The aim of this research is to asses, compare and contrast sexual dimorphism in craniometric parameters and its relationship to intelligence, among Igbos resident in Enugu state. Materials and method: Two hundred and seventy-five (275) persons (148 males 127 females) aged 16-34 years were randomly selected. Cranial dimensions (cranial length, width and height) and weight and height of the individuals were taken and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient and chi square test of independence. Result: Cranial capacity has no significant correlation with intelligence quotient for all subjects (p>0.05). The male subjects in our cohort were observed to have higher cranial length, breadth, height, cranial capacity and intelligence quotient than the females. Conclusion: Findings from this study show that sexual dimorphism exists in craniometric parameters and there is no significant relationship between craniometric parameters and intelligence quotient among Igbos resident in Enugu metropolis. The findings from this study could aid forensic facial reconstruction and portrait sculpture. Hence, it would be found useful by the maxillofacial and plastic surgeons and even forensic experts.

Comparative growth of Azolla caroliniana and Azolla filiculoides under the influence of a fertilizing biologique: Filtrate of the chicken droppings (Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire)

Thiégba, Kouame Kouassi — 2020-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this survey is to contribute to the promotion and the production of the Azolla fern while increasing his/her/its quantity and his/her/its quality in the ecological conditions with the available and renewable matter to meet the expectation of the users. To achieve this work, the droppings of chicken have been appropriated and conditioned as filtrate to act as nourishing element to the culture of Azolla filiculoides and Azolla caroliniana. The gotten filtrate is constituted of primary nourishing elements (NO3- (34gm/L), NH4+ (5,99gm/L), PO43- (265gm/L) and 1227,22gm/L of K), of secondary nourishing elements (47,57gm/L of Ca, 28,35gm/L of Mg, 218,36gm/L of Na and 720,10gm/L of SO42) and of trace elements (0,56gm/L of Cu, 11,69gm/L of Fe and 1,18gm/L of Mn.). Then, the Azolla ferns have been harvested after 15, then weighed 23 and 29 days and dried to the shade during five days before being analyzed. The results show that the production of Azolla filiculoides and Azolla caroliniana is influenced by the length of culture because the production harvested after 15 days is different from the one gotten after 23 and 29 days, for each of the Azollas, but 23 days are revealed the interesting culture length for his/her/its harvest. To 23 days, the harvested middle quantity is of 6737,03g for Azolla caroliniana and 6754,45g for Azolla filiculoides. The middle length of their root is identical, about 2 cm. However, the analysis of the physico-chemical composition of Azolla caroliniana proves to be better that the one of Azolla cultivated filiculoides with the same filtrate and in the same conditions.

The role of foreign policy threats on inter-ethnic relations

Leka, Gjeraqina — 2020-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article examines the influence of foreign policy on the inter-ethnic relationship in multi-ethnic states. Focused on external disputes, which revolve around issues of national identity, the article attempts to find out how foreign policy constraints and pressures may affect the unity of ethnically different groups. From the existing literature on international and national integration, the article derives arguments which relate foreign policy’s behavior toward external threats to inter-ethnic unity or division. International integration policies, as part of the official foreign policy, influence the unifying mentality of ethnically different people, helping to foment a national (state) identity, based on civic elements. External obstructions to such policies, however, risk to transform foreign policy into an object of contestation between ethnic groups, who, due to the presence of external disputes, no longer share the same vision over the state’s foreign policy. Using an exploratory approach, this article uses the case of Macedonia to provide greater understanding of the arguments above, and consequently presents the empirical findings collected from semi-structured interviews.

Design of a telehealth system adapted for health care delivery in rural areas: Tele-consults between general practitioners and specialists

Takenga, Claude — 2020-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Several issues affect the delivery of care to patients, especially in rural and underdeveloped areas. Compared to big cities, issues of fewer resources, poorer access to services, limited availability of key health professionals, poorer health status, lower socioeconomic status, distance and travel mean have negative impact on health care delivery in rural areas. These differences mean that health care planning, program development and service delivery models that are appropriate for city-based communities, do not necessarily translate well into rural settings. Telehealth has proved to overcome geographical barriers, allowing the use of new technologies for health care providers to connect with each other or patients to receive care from distant providers. In this work we designed a telehealth system addressing issues related to the health care delivery in rural areas. Several use-case scenarios were designed and implemented. Data security playing a central role, a reliable telematics platform was developed with features ensuring a high data security and privacy according to the general data protection regulation of the European union. The system was applied for the cases of dermatology and diabetes care to patients in rural and remote regions of Germany and sub-Saharan Africa. During a two-month trial (2017 and 2018), 190 patients with skin disease were treated in the emergency department of the University Medicine Greifswald. The main reasons were hyperergic skin reactions 42%, bacterial, virus of fungal infections 34%, dermatitis 19%. 76% of the patients assessed the teledermatological approach as appropriate, 81% patients trusted in the treatment. 68 Subjects tested the system for diabetes management in Sub-Saharan Africa. Features of the ICT-based system together with the cross-sectoral collaboration between general practitioners, specialists and nursing services through the system, helped remedy to the shortage of medical care providers in rural areas and enhanced the quality of care delivery.

Water Condenser by Means of Liquid Cooling

Quiroz, Gregorio Castillo — 2020-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The invention consists in the construction of a water collecting prototype by means of condensation in order to study an alternative means for obtaining it. By implementing a liquid refrigerant conducted through serpentine-shaped aluminum pipes creating a temperature change between the surface of the tube and the environment. Finding that a significant amount of water can be generated with the considerable difference in temperature (ambient-prototype). With this, checking that the search for the alternative obtaining of the resource can contribute in a beneficial way to the needs of society.

Design and Implementation of an intelligent system for automatic verification of attendance and authorization in an examination room: Case of the University ULPGL

Vingi, Patrick Nzanzu — 2020-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Attendance control is a standard practice in every educational system. In response to this, methods used to take exam attendance are quite numerous, but emphasis keeps shifting towards automating the process. The University ULPGL (Université Libre des Pays des Grands Lacs) in Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo does apply the traditional manual method for identification and elaboration of attendance lists in exam rooms. This manual process of verifying eligible students and counting copies of participants causes a significant delay. Moreover, in such a system, cheaters may easily take exams for others. To address these issues, an intelligent and efficient system is conceived and developed in this paper. After enrolling all attendees by storing their data along with their unique badge code and/or fingeprint, the designed system automatically takes exam attendance and check for eligibility by applying the RFID and/or fingerprint technologies and searching for a match in the created database. To enhance security, the face image of the registered student for the scanned card or captured fingerprint is displayed in order to enable the supervisor to compare that face with the present student. This process eliminates fraud and saves processing and verification time. 60 students tested the system and the success rate was 100% while reducing the average processing time to 3 and 6 seconds per student instead of 25 seconds in the traditional manual process.

CHEMICAL SCREENING AND STUDY OF THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF FIVE MEDICINAL PLANTS (Anthonotha macrophylla, Azadiractha indica, Trema orientalis, Citrus limon and Ananas comosus) ON KISANGANI ANTIBIORESISTANTS SALMONELLA STRAINS (DR CONGO)

Okenge, Jules Lokonga — 2020-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

In order to identify and isolate the active principles of medicinal plants with antibacterial activity in the Kisangani region (DR Congo), five medicinal plants including Anthonotha macrophyla, Azadiractha indica, Trema orientalis, Citrus limon and Ananas comosus have been used for this study. The objective of this study is to characterize phenotypically the 17 strains of Salmonella, for the identification, and the chemical study of the active principles of medicinal plants used in the treatment of typhoid in the city of Kisangani. Strain characterization and chemical screening were used for the detection of Salmonella and phytochemical groups present in our plants. The liquid-liquid extraction made it possible to obtain the dried extracts of the major phytochemical groups after evaporation of the solvents employed. The method of inhibiting bacterial growth by diffusion in agar medium was used to study the sensitivity of Salmonella typhi strains to extracts of medicinal plants. The results of our research reveal that the phenotypic characterization showed that there is similarity between the 17 strains of Salmonella typhi studied and the reference strain. The chemical screening revealed the abundant presence of tannins and saponins in the leaves of Anthonotha macrophylla, Azadirachta indica and in the leaf of Trema orientalis, but traces of alkaloids in the leaves of Trema orientalis, as well as very abundant presence of sterols and terpenes as well as quinone in the bark of the Citrus limon root. In addition, the extraction of the active ingredients yielded respectively the following yields: 4.92% of the leaves of Trema orientalis, and 2.48% of the leaves of Azadiractha indica and 2.44% of Anthonotha macrophylla for the leaves. saponins. As for extracts of tannins, in Azadiractha indica, 22.76% and in Anthonotha macrophylla is 14.76%, while the leaves of Trema orientalis contain only 14.44%. Determination of microbial growth inhibitory activity extracts revealed growth inhibition of Salmonella typhi strains, saponin extracts and Tanic extracts of Anthonotha macrophylla and Trema orientalis were active on microbial strains tested (Salmonella typhi) with inhibition zone diameters means 13, 14 and 16mm in diameter for Anthonotha macrophylla and extracts of Trema orientalis with inhibition diameter of 14, 12, 11, 10mm. Azadiractha indica extracts showed antibacterial activity of 11mm in diameter.

IMPACTS OF BARKING ON BIODIVERSITY IN MUNICIPALITY OF PARAKOU: CASES OF CAICEDRAT, NERE AND SHEA

ABDOULAYE, Abdoul-Ramane — 2020-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The impact of debarking, a common practice in Parakou, is little known to the general public. This study, which focused on khaya senegalensis, Parkia biglobosa and vitellaria paradoxa, aims to determine the impacts of debarking on biodiversity in the municipality of Parakou in 2019. The methodological approach was based on the documentary research, interviews, ethnobotanical surveys, floristic and dendrometric surveys, data processing and analysis of results. The non-probability sample with exhaustive recruitment of the different types of actors in the study area consists of 116 people. The floristic and dendrometric surveys were made through six (06) 900 m² (30 × 30) plots installed in the reforestation area of Parakou. A total of 17 species belonging to 17 genera grouped into 7 Families are listed. The Parkia biglobosa is 36% the most exploited species in the town followed by khaya senegalensis (33%) and vitellaria paradoxa at 31%. The barks (45.43%) and the leaves (29.83%) are the most used organs (seven (07) categories of use). The scarcely diversified perimeter has experienced significant deterioration. Destruction of habitats, reduction of species, vulnerability to bad weather and attack by pests, are among the impacts of debarking on biodiversity. Knowledge of the processes and factors that govern the regeneration of these species is one of the perspectives to be taken into account in terms of their protection and conservation.

Agricultural productivity and food security of agricultural households in Benin : heterodox approach

YAÏ, Dimon E. — 2020-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this study is to test the approach of heterodox economists that household food insecurity reduces agricultural productivity. It covers 240 agricultural households in the communes of Kérou and Boukombé, chosen by the quota method, where at least eight (08) agricultural households out of ten (10) suffering from food insecurity. The theoretical basis of this study is focused on the causal relationships between agricultural productivity and food security. Heterodox economists postulate the hypothesis that food insecurity reduces the agricultural productivity of the household by the reduction of the productive capacity of the household. The estimation methods are done using ordinary least squares and the fractional regression model. The results showed that apart from the determinants of agricultural productivity, the food insecure household decreases by 0.0977 the level of agricultural productivity reached by the household at the critical threshold of 1%. The policy of increasing agricultural productivity becomes effective when the household is food secure. The transfer of zero hunger policy in 2030 should contextualize by identifying the causes and factors of its realization in Benin. The orthodox approach to food security would be analyzed in another paper.

Montcho, Rodrigue Sèdjrofidé — 2020-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Concerns, contempt and indifference, forms of social interaction objectifying, among other things, the difficulties that societies face, are exported today through social media. Digital consubstantial with social life also becomes a fertilizer for the expression of social phenomena such as worry, contempt, indifference and violence of all kinds. Faced with the difficulties they create, the victims develop many adaptation strategies in the city of Cotonou. This research aims to analyze the adaptation strategies of actors to the "worries, contempt and indifference" linked to new media in the city of Cotonou. To achieve this objective, a qualitative methodological approach based on the ethnomethodological approach is adopted. 75 resource persons were contacted by reasoned choice and snowball techniques. New forms of worry, contempt and indifference are produced through social media in the city of Cotonou. Their changes are linked to the individualization of socio-digital trajectories and the poorly regulated hyper-accessibility of new media. However, several adaptation strategies are developed by the actors according to their representations. With the persistence of deviance, the challenge of responsible digital education deserves to be taken up more.

Hydroclimatic rhythm and farming in the shallows in the town of Ouassa Pehunco

ABDOULAYE, Abdoul-Ramane — 2020-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Floods and extreme droughts, characteristic of the hydro climatic rhythm in the commune of Ouassa-Péhunco, influence the various agricultural productions and cause the occupation of the shallows. The objective of this study is to analyze the hydro-climatic rhythm of farming in the shallows of the commune of Ouassa-Péhunco. The qualitative and quantitative data used and processed by the statistical method made it possible to characterize the climate on the one hand and agricultural yields on the other. The results indicate that the rainy season begins from May to October with a peak in September and the dry season from December to April. With a late onset of rain, the shallows of the town of Ouassa-Péhunco flood from August to September according to the respondents with an alternation between rain and drought. The scarcity or availability of water resources impacts agricultural production in the lowlands through a drop in yield. Faced with this situation, adaptation strategies have been developed by the populations.

IMPACT OF COOKING TIME ON NUTRITIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF JUSTICIA GALEOPSIS LEAVES CONSUMED IN CÔTE D’IVOIRE

LOUKOU, Ahou Leticia — 2020-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aimed at determining the effect of cooking time on nutritive characteristics of Justicia galeopsis leaves. J. galeopsis leaves were collected from cultivated farmlands located at Abobo, commune of Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire) and boiled at 100 °C respectively during 30, 45 and 60 min. Then, nutrients and antinutrients compositions were investigated using standard methods. Some molar ratios between antinutrients and mineral were also calculated to predict the implications for mineral bioavailability. The results revealed that longer time of cooking (higher than 30 min) led to 5-14% drop in protein level, 21-36% in ash, 95-97% in vitamin C, 4-42% in polyphenol, 19-63% in flavonoids, 18-59% in tannin, 10-46% in oxalate and 12-34% reduction in phytate content in J. galeopsis leaves. However, cooking also improved lipids contents to 12-13%, carbohydrate 6-11%, fiber 13-44%, and the mineral bioavailability with iron, zinc, calcium and magnesium molar ratio respectively [Phytate]/[Fe] (0.04-0.06), [Phytate]/[Zn] (0.17-0.22), [Phytate]/[Ca] (0.00), and [Oxalate]/[(Ca + Mg)] (0.11-0.13). Furthermore, J. galeopsis leaves boiled during 30 min had the highest residual contents in proteins (13.33%), lipids (2.24%), ashes (12.33%), carbohydrates (72.09 %), phosphorus (16.83 g/kg), potassium (314.75 g/kg ), calcium (30.66 g/kg ), magnesium (5.20 g/kg), sodium (10.58 mg/kg), iron (458.98 mg/kg), polyphenols (79.91 mg EAG/100 g), flavonoids 13.39 mg EQ/100 g), tannins (54.44 mg EC/100 g). These results suggest that the recommended cooking time of J. galeopsis leaves must be less than 30 min in order to contribute efficiently to cover the deficit of nutrients of Ivorian population.

Birds diversity of ivorian southeastern shoreline

GUEYE, Monnoin Frédéric — 2020-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

A study was conducted on the Ivorian South-East shoreline, from January 2014 to December 2015, to improve the knowledge of Coastal Birds. Bird counts using the transect transect method identified 140 birds species belonging to 44 families of 16 orders. Nine species are newly observed in this environment. The stand also includes seven species on the IUCN International Red List of Threatened Species, 15 species endemic to the Guineo-Congolese forest biome and two species endemic to the Sudano-Guinean savanna biome. From a biogeographic status point of view, the species are of diverse origins, with 76 resident species, 38 migratory species, 34 of which are Palearctic and 26 are mixed species. At the level of preferential habitat, the stand has a preference for wetlands (57 species) and open habitats (57 species). Twenty-one species are secondary forest birds while 5 species are primary forest birds.

Modal specificity of the character of innovative Arabic orchestral works for Oud instrument

OUERTANI, Aziz — 2020-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The 'ûd instrument is a musical material element that brings with it a diverse artistic, cultural, civilizational, intellectual, epistemological, accumulations and mutations. As a result, the Arabic music has merged with the occidental civilization which has resulted in several transformations in the Arabic culture. This has created new artistic trends according to certain artistic and perceptive measures. In addition, these recent musical trends have contributed in creating a modern and practical framework for 'ûd which had an impact on the artistic and social status. This cultural integration has contributed in the development and the enhancement of the musical writing of the instrument and has adopted it in new musical styles. This brings us to study these different musical trends and their adequacy with the particularities of the Arabic speech. In this article, we provide a technical musical classification which deals mainly with modal character determination criteria of innovative works of 'ûd through a critical and analytical approach in which we tackle the musical trends problem. This article focuses also on the study of the art work position and its adhesion to the identity element in general as well as to the musical intonation in particular, from new concepts that define the art work identity without considering the specificity of approved norms, thus, it is an attempt to propose more complete classification of the art work which exceed the limits of approved norms.

Siyapata, Didier MUHINDO — 2020-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Throughout «Allah n'est pas obligé», «Les Étoiles écrasées» and «L’Ecart», Kourouma, Nkashama and Mudimbe raise the issue of epic inking in the contemporary Negro-African novel whose web of events is tinged with the orifice and the writing of the social absurd. From this scriptural collision results a profusion of materials of which the epic inspiration of our corpus, from comparative and narratology, constitutes the crossroads.

COVID-19 and US-China word war: What should Africa do?

Makengo, Benjamin Mwadi — 2020-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper argues that COVID-19 has indeed accelerated a number of events in the international arena. Events that should happen over time. The rise in level of US-China competition is one of them. It has come through the word war that it [COVID-19] has caused. A war that focuses on mutual accusations and suspicions about the origin and management of COVID-19, and in other decisions and actions of each other during this pandemic. “Global communication" is at the center of its stakes. And "soft power" prevails for this communication. A war that is moving the world. A world that is divided into two camps: "conservative" and "progressive", respectively dominated by US and China. The different corners of the world and countries are already increasingly giving the positions of their choice and belonging to one camp or the other. On that note, there is no need for panic and rush, nor passion, emotion and feeling for Africa. And also no need for it to fall again into the past’s mistakes. Africa should seek to play its cards right.

Problems related to the electronic contract in congolese law

Edmond, Mbokolo Elima — 2020-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article discusses the legal and tax issues surrounding the conclusion of an electronic contract involving people domiciled in two or more countries. It is a question of clearly treating the conclusion of the electronic contract in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The results observed in relation to this problem have revealed that in the Democratic Republic of the Congo there is no legal text which organizes the contract concluded via the Internet. The Congolese tax system does not manage to control the commercial or professional operations which are carried out on the Internet, favoring excessive tax evasion. From where we appealed to the rules of the decree of July 30, 1888 relating to contracts or conventional obligations. With regard to the application law, we have noted two principles, that of objective connection and subjective connection. This type of contract raises conflicts of jurisdiction; hence the solution was given in accordance with articles 147 and 148 of the organic law of April 11, 2013 which make the Congolese courts competent to hear disputes related to the electronic contract. Doctrine and comparative law emphasize that in the event of a conflict, two solutions are given. The first is in favor of recognition of the jurisdiction of the receiving country when it comes to the delivery of goods. The second is favorable to the jurisdiction of the issuing country. Without a railing system, this one is even more risky.

Martin, MAMBESA BAINAMBOKA — 2020-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The job market is becoming increasingly competitive and demanding these days. Question of making a judicious choice between one's vocation and social constraints in order to avoid a conflict against oneself (self-satisfaction) but also to meet societal requirements. In the DRC, at least each province has a medical training institution, if not more. Thousands of new students are recruited each year, while hundreds are poured into the job market, which is apparently saturated. A survey of an exhaustive non-probabilistic sample made up of 52 learners from the midwifery sector at the Gemena istm revealed some reefs between vocation and social constraints which govern the choice of option by the learners and to establish a reconciliation between the two. Our life, our professional career is sometimes completely sealed by the choice we make.

Effect of pig manure on the yield of two hybrid genotypes F1 (Mongal and Thorgal) exotic tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivated under cover at Kisangani (DR Congo)

Okenge, Jules Lokonga — 2020-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

This work aims to evaluate the output of two hybrid varieties F1 Mongal (M) and Thorgal (T) of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Cultivated in the ground enriched by manure of pig under shelter with Kisangani. It was caused with an aim of contributing to the improvement of the productivity of tomato on the one hand and recycling of waste resulting from the breeding of pig (manure of pig) to fight against the pollution of the environment on the other hand. It ran out of the period of May until September 2016 in the enclosure of the Faculty of Science of the University of Kisangani. To achieve this goal, an experimental culture of a device of the randomized blocks was carried out during which the observations and the analyses carried on the quantitative characters in particular the rate of lifting, the number of flowers, the number of fruits, the fruit weight, the index of the fruit shape, compartmental production and the output. The results obtained showed that: Section 1: Hybrid varieties F1 Mongal and Thorgal - Compartmental production: the hybrid variety F1 Mongal cultivated in the amended ground of manure of pig was more productive (10, 22 kg) compared to the hybrid F1 Thorgal cultivated in the ground enriched by manure of pig (6, 37 kg). - The output: the hybrid F1 Thorgal cultivated in the amended ground of manure of pig was high (3, 3 T/ha) that the hybrid F1 Mongal enriched by manure of pig (3, 19 T/ha). Section 2: Hybrid variety F1 Mongal and its witness - The compartmental production was higher at the hybrid F1 Mongal cultivated in the amended ground of manure of pig (10, 22 kg) compared to the hybrid pilot F1 Mongal (5, 49 kg). - The output: the hybrid F1 Mongal cultivated in the amended ground of manure of pig (3, 19 T/ha) was higher compared to its witness (2, 99 T/ha). Section 3: Hybrid variety F1 Thorgal and its witness - The compartmental production at the hybrid F1 Thorgal cultivated in the amended ground of manure of pig (6, 37 kg) appeared slightly higher than at the hybrid pilot F1 Thorgal (5, 9 kg). - The output was slightly profitable at the hybrid pilot F1 Thorgal (3, 4 T/ha) compared to the hybrid F1 Thorgal amended of manure of pig (3, 3T/ha). The test T of student applied to the production and to the output indicates that there is not significant difference between the two hybrid varieties F1 Mongal and Thorgal (p-been worth > 0, 05). The whole of these results shows that the response of two hybrid varieties F1 Mongal and Thorgal is not the same one with the application of manure of pig and consequently the hybrid F1 Mongal reacts better compared to the hybrid F1 Thorgal.

Rapid assessment of poaching in Kom National Park - Mengame Gorilla Sanctuary and its peripheral zone

MOUMBOCK, Elvis Mouyakan A — 2020-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Kom-Sanctuary National Park complex at Gorilla de Mengame located in South Cameroon precisely along the border between Cameroon and Gabon. It has an important exceptional biological biodiversity and is part of the Ngoyla-MINTOM forest massif. In order to improve knowledge on the state of poaching, a survey study was carried out between May and June 2019 with 70 people. Although the results of the study confirm the presence of poaching activity in the area, subsistence hunting is the predominant activity (79%). Three types of stakeholders were identified: primary, secondary and tertiary stakeholders. The respondents find that the most targeted species are duikers (Cephalophus silvicultor, Cephalophus dorsalis, Cephalophus monticola) (59%), pangolins (Manis gigantea) (16%), monkeys (Cercopithecus spp.). Hunters use home-made firearms for small-scale hunting and war weapons for large-scale hunting. The analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats revealed that cross-border poaching and lack of logistical/financial resources are the main threats. The improvement of the population's standard of living through the creation of income-generating activities (IGA) and the involvement of the population in all conservation processes are two essential axes to overcome this problem.

Farmers' perceptions of the climate change in the Upper Niger National Park in Guinea: (I) climate parameters trends and impacts on natural resources

Yonkeu, Samuel — 2020-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The study deals with farmers’ perception of climate variability and its risks on natural resources in order to analyze and assess the adaptation strategies of local populations to this variability and climate change in the National Park of Upper Niger. To this end, we surveyed 150 heads of households in five villages (Beindou, Kourasambouya, Yèrèdou, Sidakoro and Niako) and conducted focus groups with certain structured groups in these localities. The results of these participatory surveys were compared with climate data to assess the level of accuracy of this perception. For the analysis of climatic factors, daily rainfall data from the Faranah meteorological station for the 1961-2013 series were used. Also, the identification of future climate risks, a projection of average temperatures and precipitation by 2025-2050, was analyzed. The perception of populations on the climate converges with the results of the analysis on rainfall. The major climatic risks are drought, strong winds, shortening of the length of the season, the longer and more frequent dry sequence. The main resources impacted are crops, water resources, vegetation and soil. The different strategies have been put in place to deal with it. This aspect is developed in a second article.

The humorous processes of political caricature: A semiological analysis

Halimi, Asmae — 2020-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

This research takes into account caricature as an effective tool aimed at a heterogeneous audience. Its primary aim is to affirm the importance of this satirical design as a semiological sign used to communicate. Second, it attempts to induce its receiver to clearly locate the range of questions to be asked from it. To achieve this goal, we will first carry out an analysis of the components of the (political) cartoons extracted from the Moroccan daily newspapers. Then, we will make a description of these from a semiological perspective by highlighting the techniques used to produce this visual message that is both fast and effective.

Spatial and temporal variability of the rainfall regime using statistical and geo-spatial approaches and its impact on the runoff of rivers in Bagoe watershed (Northern Côte d'Ivoire)

ADJA, Germain Miessan — 2020-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The general downward trend in rainfall in West Africa since the 1970s has favored long periods of drought. The rainfall decrease has not only caused the depletion of water resources, but has also led to a disruption of the runoff regime of rivers. The objective of this study is to carry out a spatial and temporal characterization of the rainfall regime in the Bagoé watershed over the period from 1928 to 2000 in order to analyze its influence on the rivers runoff to better predict adaptation solutions. Statistical approaches and a GIS were used to characterize the rainfall variability which was then analyzed in relation to the runoff regime of rivers over the period from 1961 to 1986. The average annual precipitation recorded is 1397.04 mm with two dry periods (1928-1949 and 1976-2000) which frame the only wet period (1950-1975). A secondary rainfall rupture in 1949 and a principal rainfall rupture in 1975 were highlighted. The principal rainfall rupture in 1975 suggests a significant drop in precipitation from 1976 to 2000 marked geo-spatially by the predominance of 1100 mm and 1200 mm isohyets during the decade 1991-2000. This drop in rainfall led to a decrease in the water flow of rivers, also due to hydraulic activities in the basin. Adaptation solutions should therefore be found in the planning of development projects.

Tine, Benoît — 2020-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Studying a facet of a society implies being attentive to your daily life, especially at work. Today, work has established itself as a central value in our contemporary societies and has become an important source of identity building. It is undergoing profound changes, particularly in the customer relations sector. Our longitudinal study is based on qualitative data collection methods in two Dakar call centers and on the content analysis method. It shows that the work of call center agents is being distorted and transformed because of the conditions in which it is carried out against a background of rationalization and intensification. The work of call center agents is no longer the dream of the early days 20 years ago; the euphoria has given way to disillusionment. Behind technological developments and relocations, there are hidden labor clashes and misfortunes affecting the worker and his society: acculturation, poor management of human resources and working conditions.

In vitro evaluation of the antifungal activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Terminalia ivorensis and Mancozan 80 WP (synthetic fungicide) on Fusarium oxysporum

Angaman, Ruffin Kouakou — 2020-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

As part of the search for natural substances of plant origin as an alternative to chemical pesticides in agriculture, Terminalia ivorensis, to which antifungal virtues are lent, was used in this study to evaluate in vitro the sensitivity of Fusarium oxysporum. The antifungal activity was evaluated by the double dilution method on PDA medium with aqueous and ethanolic extracts at 70% leaf and bark of Terminalia ivorensis compared to Mancozan 80 WP which is a widely used reference fungicide. According to the results, only 70% ethanolic extracts have fungicidal properties on Fusarium oxysporum. The ethanolic bark extract of Terminalia ivorensis was fungicidal at CMF = 6.25 mg / mL. For ethanolic leaf extracts, the CMF was 12.50 mg / mL. The phytochemical sorting of the various extracts showed the presence of secondary metabolites which could justify the antifungal activity of Terminalia ivorensis and its use in traditional medicine.

BNP, NT-pro BNP tests : Which one to choose in a hospital setting ?

Dounia, Doss Bennani — 2020-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The role of the natriuretic peptide assay: brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal pro-BNP natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in the diagnosis and prognosis in patients with heart failure has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This dosage is more and more frequently requested in the hospital environment, particularly in the context of the differential diagnosis of dyspnea in a patient presenting to the emergency department. The difficulty for the biologist is to choose between the dosage of BNP biologically active hormone and the assay of NT-proBNP, non-active peptide. This is a bibliographic study that consists of the analysis of different clinical and bibliographic studies that have compared the dosage of these two cardiac markers. The BNP assay is faster and is characterized by a lower glomerular filtration dependence compared to NT-proBNP and a shorter half-life that allows to rapidly monitor its variations. However, because of its excellent stability, the NT-proBNP makes it possible to avoid the false negatives due to the delay of delivery in the university centers. It is performed by automated technique which allows an easy realization of a large number of tests and it also allows a better detection of the early stages of heart failure.

Dynamics of agricultural soils in the white Bandama watershed northern Côte d’Ivoire

BAMBA, Dramane — 2020-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The white Bandama watershed in its upstream part is strongly anthrophised. Its position in a semi-arid zone gives it a high vulnerability to water erosion. However, water erosion of soils is at the root of many environmental and socio-economic problems. It therefore appears necessary to evaluate soil losses due to water erosion. To do this, the Wischmeier and Smith equation, or Universal Sol Loss Equation: USLE, is therefore a tool of choice for the modeling of the erosive process. This model works with the multiplication of six erosion factors namely the erosivity of the rain, the erodibility of the soil, the inclination and the slope length, the vegetation cover and the anti-erosion practices, in an Geographical Information System. The results obtained are at the scale of the watershed and in spatial unit (pixel of the DTM). Thus, the value of the average losses in 1986 is 42.87 t / ha / year, this value drops to 25.98 t / ha / year in 2001 and stands at 36.53 t / ha / year in 2016. In addition, vegetation cover, erodibility and erosivity of rainfall are the factors that most modulate erosion in this basin.

Object Theater : Theater of testimony and collective memory

Khalid, Tadili — 2020-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article casts light on the particularity of the object theater as a practice that promotes the fight against obsolescence and the scrapping and disposal of manufactured products in favor of a new spectacular charge with a historical dimension. It is the manifestation par excellence of an aesthetic of recovery and testimony that can awaken the sense of the human and transmit cultural values to new generations from the exploitation of the memory component of recovered objects. Our approach consists in highlighting this passage from a witness object to a theatrical object that stimulates the imagination of the public and puts it in a perspective that is at once spectacular, historical and cultural. This observation allows us to deduce that the current craze for the object theater is intrinsically linked to the unprecedented perspectives it has offered to contemporary playwrights and directors in search of a new challenge to human identity.

Management of physical and electronic records: A comparative study of public and private sector in Botswana

Mabuta, Grace Mwenda — 2020-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Proper storage of records ensures that they are continuously accessible. Proper storage is a vital aspect of every records management program. Good records management will promote efficient and effectiveness in ensuring regulatory compliance, minimizing litigation risks, supporting making informed decisions by providing timely and sufficient information. The aim of the study is to assess records management practices in the private and public sector in Botswana. A cross-sectional study with quantitative approach was completed in Gaborone between January 2019 and May 2019. Respondents who were included in the study were record management officers who work in public and private sector. A snowball sampling technique was used to find a specific number of participants who works in the private sector while a purposive sampling technique as used for records officers who work in public sector. All statistical modelling was carried out using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 29. The study indicates records keeping system in both public and private sector being the manual and electronic. Public sector indicates that 65% of the records keeping are in electronic form. The associations between organization and security measure are presented in this study: CCTV cameras were associated with security measures that are in private sector. While for public sector alarm systems were associated with security measures. Public and public sector in Botswana has security measures but still need to implement more security measures to improve security of records. Both sectors have more electronic records than manual.

Contribution to understanding the contrast between economic growth and mass poverty in the Democratic Republic of Congo

David, MASAMBA FAMODE — 2020-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article discusses the factors that explains and justify the glaring disparities between the evangelization of the notion of economic growth and mass poverty. This is to analyze clearly the arrangement of the system of extraction of the economic growth of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The results observed in relation to this issue revealed that the Congolese economy is plunged into a system that generally promotes the depreciation of the national currency, thereby maintaining macroeconomic imbalances at the root of recurrent instability. This leads to the mass poverty generated by multinational corporations, (advanced) DRC rulers, oligopoly countries (consumers of raw materials), IFIs and military-commercial groups.

Comparative study of discard production by the macropropagation method of four varieties of banana (Musa spp.) in Mushweshwe

Pascal, LYADUNGA MUPENDA-KAZAMBA — 2020-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

In South Kivu, banana occupies the first place in terms of cultivated area. Although the yield of bananas is still low, production varies between 4 and 10 tons per hectare per year. However, heavy threats from diseases and pests are currently affecting the production of bananas and plantains. Among these threats, we find bacterial wilt of banana. The aim of this study is to compare four varieties of banana for the production of rejects by the method of macro propagation in Mushweshwe. Four varieties of banana were used so, two of beer (Yangambi and Nshikazi) and two others cooking varieties (Cavendish and Gros Michel) were multiplied by the method of macro propagation. The 4 varieties combined 200 strains (cormes) at the rate of 50 units per variety. The stumps were sterilized with hot water. The results showed mother strains of the Nshikazi variety had a significantly lower mean circumference than the others, but the average number of rejects produced was not significantly different between the four varieties even if this variety Nshikazi (53 rejects) was high followed by Yangambi 35 rejects in second place, followed by Cavendish with 34 rejections and finally Gros Michel with 32 rejects. The correlation analysis between strain size and the number of weaned rejects showed that at a certain level, strain size negatively affected the production of rejects. Thus all the varieties used are good for the production of rejects. Finally, the estimate of production cost shows that the use of local equipment for the production of rejects costs less than the use of the standard unit.

Boniface, ENGOMBE WEDI — 2020-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this article, we describe a hybrid architecture integrating firewalls, filtering routers, encryption algorithms and the proxy server as well as intrusion detection programs in an interface environment between Internet and Intranet. It is well known that the Cyber Security policy strategy has many advantages currently when it often intervenes in this environment chosen as a field of investigation for the identification of users who are not yet recognized to define a general policy of effective and efficient control. Indeed, the current approaches are based on a cyber security policy focused on a password not on which unfortunately is easily crackable using specialized programs used by hackers or pirates. However, our architecture is not based on architectures and therefore does not suffer from this limitation. On the other hand, it provides several levels of security thanks to the integration policy recommended respectively of filtering routers, proxy server and advanced encryption algorithms ensuring the security at several levels. Thus, this initiative taken, proves that our architecture makes it possible to compensate for the deficiencies of the previous in this article notably INTERNET and INTRANET.

Application of Multiple Intelligences-Based Approach in TEFL: English Teaching in Morocco as a Case Study

El Ghouati, Azize — 2020-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The current study is intended to assess the utility of Multiple Intelligence-Based Approach in improving the English performance of secondary stage learners. It adopts a two groups pre-test-post-test quasi experimental design. The experimental group consists of thirty-four learners of third year junior high school. The control group is composed of thirty-five students. Both groups are evaluated using a pre-test to determine their pre-course performance. The experimental group is taught English using a variety of activities whose goal is to stimulate every single facet of their intelligence during 17 weeks. At the end of the experiment period, a test was assigned for both groups. The groups’ scores were analyzed using T-test. Accordingly, the results unveiled that the proposed MI-based approach had a positive effect on the learners’ English performance. There were significant differences between the means of the pre-test and post-test of the experimental group.

Technolecte as a means of optimizing the teaching of literary works in secondary qualifying schools

Aabadli, Badr — 2020-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

After Independence, Morocco has made of bilingual education a worry of priority, a source of reflection without any seizes. A choice of society with a regular testimony, and this is to fix the educational policy within certain principles such as the openness to the other and cross culture perspective. From this stand point, the last issue of pedagogic guidelines, concerning high schools, revolves around introducing literary Moroccan and French books. Starting from this constat, which caters for the linguistic gap that exists between high schools and the university: It is true to ask whether literary textbooks play the role to which they are attributed to. Hence, what are the potential solutions to remedy this issue? And how can we render our high school centers of fecundation and fertilization of different cultures. Because if cultural diversity still imposes itself, teaching in multiculturalism, via the literary textbooks must be proposed to manage it and give it a value as well. In this presentation. We suggest to stress, first of all, the importance of literary textbooks in the teaching of foreign languages. Furthermore, we seek to find out solutions to bridge the linguistic gap that exists between the high schools and the university in terms of technolects and its benefits. Finally, we will put into practice the role that each one must play within the framework of the pedagogy of complexity. This is to develop the intercultural competence and to hook the learners to love the literary textbooks and in order to have an autonomous and intellectual citizen as claimed by the responsible of the Ministry of Education.

Boniface, ENGOMBE WEDI — 2020-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The work carried out consists of a framework for evaluation and support of a project to develop decision support tools based on data warehouse for the management of the forecast of Higher Education Institutions and Universities, EESU/HEIU in acronym. Currently, these tools occupy a prominent position in the evolution perspective of the management of infrastructure capacity according to student enrolment for each academic year by 2090 using the simple linear regression line. In this article, we are working on designing, implementing, and securing a Meta Object – class data warehouse deployed in a high – speed, optical fiber backbone environment. Then, we were interested in realizing EESU/HEIU management software around the nine most popular targeted applications, thanks to the WINDEV development platform.

Human Capital - Notion and Concept : Theoretical review

AIT SOUDANE, Jalila — 2020-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Despite the efforts of theorists to define one’s human capital, this concept remains ambivalent. The development of human capital is at the heart of the economic and social development of any developed or developing nation. The key to the success of developed economies is to develop their population first, in that case, investing in people and then moving on to material investment. This development scheme should be promoted and applied by countries aspiring to their development in general. To contribute to human development, it is crucial to identify the concept of human capital and dissociate it from all other concepts related to material, while emphasizing the fact that this capital belongs to the person who holds it through its categorisation. This paper provides a brief review of the concept of human capital from its formulation by its founder Theodore Schultz (1961), to its development by various theorists, namely Gary Becker(1964), Marshall (1894), Spence (1973), Chamak and Fromage (2006), Lepak and Snell (1999), Galunic and Anderson (2000), Hitt (2001)…While seeking the common trait between theorists in that field. It focuses then on two variables considered relevant to human capital development, namely Education and Training. Moreover, through this paper, we proceed to set the concept of human capital in the Management Sciences as well as in some research streams and theories concerned by this concept, namely, neoclassical theory, endogenous growth theory, capabilities theory, complex labour theory and efficiency wage theory. It is also important to underline the continuity and relevance of this concept in an era where globalisation is an absolute reality, through studies and research carried out by international organisations such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development “OECD.”.

The place of the problem in the teaching of plate tectonics in Morocco

Bidari, Aziz — 2020-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Successful teaching of earth sciences, in particular the theory of plate tectonics, requires, among other things, a pedagogical change, which is the factor that almost all teachers do not yet take into account. These sciences are unfortunately presented by our teachers in a way that leaves them in the eyes of our students as a series of discoveries that is made in a random and simple way and away from any problem that gives birth to them.

City branding : Town Brand « WeCasablanca »

IDRISSI, Khadija — 2020-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

In an international globalized and digitalized context, regions are called upon to stand out by resorting to communication and promotion tools, and in a larger scale to territorial marketing tools. Therefore, any debate on territories-applied marketing is virtually habitual among politicians and economic and territorial developers. Morocco has gone through an important phase in the process of territorialisation through the establishment of genuine economic regions equipped with authority and decision-making autonomy. In this framework, the adoption of territorial marketing has become a must to accompany Morocco’s strategy of regionalization Indeed The territorial brand is a growing phenomenon that offers the possibility to each territory to show its presence, its attributes, but also to extend our awareness, attractiveness and differentiate themselves from competitors. Since nowadays the territories of promoting excellence areas, think in solutions to differentiate and build an attractive image. Our research on the brand of cities up immediately in this perspective. This paper aims to show how city branding, may be a relevant carrier to seat the attractiveness and excellence of territories in general and those of the city of « Casablanca » in particular. The present work is structured around the following points. The first will be devoted to the theoretical and conceptual foundations of territorial marketing. The second point will highlight the link between the attractiveness of territories and urban marketing. In the third and final point, we will present the Casablanca branding strategy « WeCasablanca ».

Anaerobic digestion of fatty effluents by different inoculum bacteria

FADILE, Abdelali — 2020-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The anaerobic digestion of the fatty effluents is a biological process, which allows the energy production in the form of biogas. The present study is based on comparing the methanogenic capacity of different inoculum on greasy effluents that result from a restaurant located in Fez city in Morocco. The results showed that the best production of biogas with the inoculum is involved by the one composed of poultry manure and bacterial consortia compared to the other inoculum, during 15 days, the anaerobic digestion of the grease effluent produces 252 cm3 of biogas per gram of grease and achieve an abatement of 92 % as regards the Chemical demand of oxygen (COD) and an elimination of 98 % concerning greases content in the medium. Therefore, the use of anaerobic digester process of grease effluent is shown to be effective and highly gainful for the production of biogas and at the same time decreasing their harmful impact on the environment, therefore the possibility to adopt this process in industrial scale.

Petrographic study of basic rocks of the Mbuji-Mayi supergroup’s upper part

Derick, Ungu Ramazani — 2020-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Mbuji-Mayi super group, a large basin with a synclinal structure, extends around the Mbuji-Mayi and LUILU rivers in the center of the Democratic Republic of Congo with a more extensive extension to West Kasai Occidental and Eastern Katanga regions. It is about a mainly sedimentary unit divided into three groups (series) with knowing: the group BI, BII and the group of basalts. The group BI is composed of the sedimentary rocks constituted of sandstone, of limestones, of cherts or silexites and of intraformationnel conglomerate. In the lower part of this group are clastic rocks. Group BII, characterized on all its thickness by stromatolithic bases, comprises in the BIIc formation of associations of micro-organisms. And at the top of this group are capped volcanic demonstrations precede great casting dolerites rich in pyroxene, olivine and opaque minerals (goethite, chalcopyrite) and of amygdaloid and chloritized basalts with subophitic structure with microlitic porphyritic. The presence of lithographic limestone and the conglomerate intraformationnel testifies at the same time to the existence of the deposits of platform and instability of this basin where gravitating flows (slumping type and currents of turbidity) would have remobilized sediments siliceous old, hardened they redeposit the fragments in the same natural sediment gorged with water and soft. Geochemical and petrological studies are recommended according level of alteration of samples of dolerites and basalts. They have identified the origin of these volcanic sites.

ASOBEE, Oscar GBOISSO — 2020-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article aims to present an overview of the question on cooperative research between teachers by browsing the scientific literature (books, articles, websites, ...) relating to previous studies. This literature review has allowed us to collect important information on this subject by assigning us 7 objectives. The first objective focused on the conceptual clarification used to describe cooperation between teachers. The second objective concerns the nature of the cooperation. This precision is important because it unseals the complexity of cooperation and its different types in school environments. The third displays the list of cooperation indicators. As built, cooperation can only be apprehended and evaluated through its characteristic features. The fourth lists the conditions for carrying out the cooperation. There are prerequisites without which cooperation can neither start nor be established in a school structure. The fifth concerns the impact of cooperation. This has a natural impact, negative or positive, on schools, teachers and students. The sixth identifies the factors that determine the effectiveness of cooperation. Their use can be used for the effective implementation of a professional community in a school. Finally, the seventh evaluates the effectiveness of teacher cooperation on student performance. This presentation makes it possible to understand the relevance of its use as an indicator of the school effect or the teaching effect on academic performance.

Diagnostic analysis and typology of vegetable farms in the lower Bagga valley in the Tahoua region (Niger, West Africa)

HAMA, Oumarou — 2020-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present study conducted during the period from March 18 to May 15, 2019, concerns the diagnostic analysis of vegetable farms in the lower Bagga Valley, located between the rural communes of Bambeye and Kalfou, in the department of Tahoua, in northwestern Niger. The aim was to make a socio-economic and technical diagnosis of vegetable farms, in order to classify them into homogeneous groups. To do this, the study was carried out in three villages of Bambeye commune (Bagga, Bagga Malamawa, Rididi) and three villages of Kalfou commune (Bagga Tabla, Chacott, Lilango), all of them bordering the Bagga Valley. Thus, a sample of two hundred and twenty-seven (227) market gardeners chosen in a reasoned manner was investigated. The typology of the farms is carried out on the basis of the classification in dynamic clouds. Thus, this study highlights three types of market gardeners that are distinguished by a number of variables, including structure, operation and performance. The different groups are type I, which are large, professional market gardeners with a great productive potential; type II, characterized by small traditional market gardening with limited productive potential and type III, which are medium-sized market gardeners, professionals with a high productive potential, who seek to maximize profit. The analysis of the different farms shows that farmers are of all ages, they have insufficient equipment, relatively low operating means and limited access to credit.

Comparative study of the sowing dates of short and medium cycle rice in season A in the Yangambi region

Makanda, David Bantodisa Mayilu Koka — 2020-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Increased production is one of the essential elements in the fight against hunger and malnutrition. In DR Congo, rice is both a food and an economic issue. To keep nourishing an increasing population, the increase of rice yield through the development of improved varieties and cultivation techniques would enable this population to have enough food. With this in mind, a study was undertaken at INERA YANGAMBI to compare the yield of rice varieties sown traditionally by farmers in Yangambi by at the onset and at the end of the A season in order to minimize losses due to birds. Yield components (panicle length, number of panicles per m², number of grains per panicle and weight of thousand grains) and yield were evaluated. Results revealed that the performance components taken together influenced performance. The optimum yield of short and medium cycle varieties was obtained on June 15th and 29th. Short cycle varieties can be sown from June 15th and medium cycle varieties at the end of June. From this study it can be remembered that the farmer practice of sowing rice in June is to be encouraged.

MASALA, Jean-Christ KINANGA — 2020-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The originality of Wittgenstein's philosophy is decisive in his philosophical investigations. From a reinforced criticism of the Russell’s project and his own Tractatus, he redirects the questioning on ordinary language by abandoning the problems related to the foundation of scientific activity. The ambition to base mathematics on logic implies in turn to base logic. However, such transcendental knowledge cannot exist according to Wittgenstein, who maintains that there is no point of view outside language (metalanguage). Wittgenstein lost interest in language as a means of accessing the truth and began to study it in its current uses. That is why we are talking about the philosophy of ordinary language.

Proposed model of Muslim consumer behavior

Abdallah, Arafa Othman Mustafa — 2020-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aimed to identify and study the different and varied consumer’s behavior models well in order to provide a proposed model of consumer behavior for the Muslim within the existing models which are used by marketers for the sake of studying and analyzing the factors affecting consumer behavior and as a result affect his decision to purchase. In order to conduct this study, the inductive, deductive and the descriptive approach were used to devise a model of Muslim consumer behavior within the existing models in this field. This study has come up with several results, the most important of which are: 1- All models developed to explain the behavior of the consumer partially fit in the interpretation of the behavior of Muslim consumer because it ignored the role of faith comes first in influencing the behavior of the Muslim consumer. 2- The behavior of the Muslim consumer in the first place is influenced by religious values and moral standards. 3- Marketers should focus on the necessary and semi-essential products, then the luxury ones because the Muslim consumer is controlled by his faith in this area which urges him to mediate and not wasteful. 4- We, as Muslim, urgently need to frame all our marketing activities, especially the promotion, to be in full compliance of what is stated in our Islamic belief in many Quran and Hadith texts. 5- The Muslim consumer is in dire need of products that correspond to his actual needs, and advertisement commensurate with his doctrine and they should also designed to include messages that do not carry what contradicts with religion and morality.

Predictors of adherence to Isoniazid Preventive Therapy among people living with HIV: A cross-sectional study in Kisumu Central, Western Kenya

Seko, Evance Okumu — 2019-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Background: Despite scaling up Isoniazid preventive therapy implementation in areas with a high prevalence of HIV and latent tuberculosis infection >30%, there is a paucity of data assessing adherence which is pivotal to END TB control and elimination. We sought to determine the adherence level and its correlates among people living with HIV initiated on IPT in selected hospitals in Kisumu Central, Kisumu County. Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Jaramogi Oginga Teaching and Referral Hospital, Kisumu County Hospital and Lumumba Sub-County Hospital between June and July 2018. A random sample of PLHIVs aged ≥18 years, initiated on IPT between 2016 and 2018 were interviewed. Self-reported method was used to ascertain adherence. Data was collected using Commcare and analysed with STATA 14.0. A generalized linear regression model was used to generate the adjusted prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Results: Of 462 respondents, 282(61%) were females. The mean age of respondents was 37.9 [±10.4, SD]. Forty percent (40% [n=185; 95 C.I = (35.6%-44.6%) adhered to treatment. Respondents who had knowledge of latent tuberculosis infection were more likely to adhere compared to those who had no knowledge [aPR=1.6; 95%CI= (1.16-2.2), P=0.004]. Respondents who experienced IPT stock-outs were less likely to adhere as compared to those who experienced no stock-outs [aPR=0.15; 95%CI= (0.02-0.93); P=0.042]. Conclusion: The overall adherence level is sub-optimal against a set threshold (≥ 80%). Knowledge and IPT stock-outs were associated with adherence. Sustained awareness campaigns and uninterrupted supply of IPT would optimize on adherence.

NDISEBUYE, Albert RUKUNDO — 2019-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Active methods of use level evaluation in zoology at Goma primary school prove that they are confused the way used and consequently they are less controlled by degree terminal teachers.

The contribution of the active pedagogy in the teaching of biology

IRAQI, Wissal — 2019-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Active pedagogy has become a key element in the learning process of biology. The present work compares the two pedagogies (passive versus active). A study of 100 learners in middle school showed better results. A good acquisition of the skills taught to the learners, as well as a change in their behavior in the classroom were noted. Moreover, motivation, concentration and listening were improved.

Blaise, Lema Nkwalu — 2019-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

DR Congo with the National Program for Space and Technological Research (PNRST), is the subject of improvement of structure of satellite own the himself. The problem is to simulate and model the structure from the point of view viscoplasticity, vibration and cryogenic behavior at very high altitudes. Sizing will be facilitated by the following approach: 1. cracking among the modes of ruin of structures; 2. the mechanics of fracture among models dealing with the cracking of structures; 3. finite element methods among numerical methods applicable in fracture mechanics.

Modeling of a hydroplane structure by the finite element method

Blaise, Lema Nkwalu — 2019-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Global warming is making our rivers become non-navigable during the dry season, following a considerable decline; pushing the population to lock up. It seemed interesting to us to try to overcome this insufficiency by initiating the calculation of a hydroplane leading to a prototype. In this article, we will have to calculate the conditions of resistance of the structure of the hydroplane in maximum load, using the relations of the nonlinear elasticity and the plasticity in fracture mechanics, based on the finite element methods.

ADOPTION AND IMPACT OF IMPROVED CASSAVA (Manihot esculenta Grantz) PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY ON FARMERS WELFARE IN MEZAM DIVISION OF THE NORTH WEST REGION OF CAMEROON

Chi, Zie Tatiana — 2019-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of the evaluation was to assess the success of adoption and impact of ICPT at the farm level, and by implication the success of ACEFA’s program in facilitating the transfer of those technologies. The evaluation design combines elements of theory-based and case-based approaches. These stem from a realist perspective that recognises the complexity of interventions in the social world and the difficulty of isolating the impact of a single intervention, seeking instead to explore what works, for whom, in what circumstances and why. Toward this end, the evaluation methodology tested an ex-post theory of change developed with ACEFA via a survey of cassava growers conducted between January and July 2018. A four-stage, clustered, randomized procedure was used to select a representative sample of 180 cassava farmers. These farmers were administered semi-structured questionnaires about their cassava production, consumption, marketing practices, preferences for different cassava cultivar characteristics, and their knowledge of, and access to improved seed and fertilizer. Data were analysed using SPSS and the quasi-experimental method. The survey revealed that (63.90 %) of the farmers planted improved cassava variety with most cultivated variety being 96/1414 (66.1%). 62.2% practices the planting configuration techniques. Socio-economic analysis results showed that majority of the farmers were females (65.56%) and over 46 years of age with over 4 members per household. Majority of the respondents were married (75 %) having primary level of education (66.1%). Most of the respondents were not novice in cassava production. Majority of respondents (67.8%) own the land they use for production. However, the rate of fertilizer usage on cassava was relatively low as (30.60%) reported. Adoption rates were higher among females than male farmers. 77.39% of the respondents revealed that they adopted because the variety is high yielding and profitable. 55.38% of those who did not adopt revealed that dis-adoption is influenced by the availability and accessibility of local cuttings compared to improved cuttings.

Determination of the hyperacute and subacute stages of stroke by mathematical modeling of the density of oxyhemoglobins in the hematoma

Jean, BIAOU Dimon — 2019-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Hemorrhagic stroke is the leading cause of disability related to stroke, it is caused by the rupture of cerebral blood vessels. The rupture of the blood vessels pours the blood into the surrounding tissues causing the hematoma. In general, it is by simple visual reading of the brain CT scan image that the specialist must make a decision about the evolutionary stage and decide on the management. The present work aims to quantify the hyperacute and subacute stages of hemorrhagic stroke. We used a material consisted of haemorrhagic stroke CT scan images collected at Cotonou National University Hospital (CNHU-HKM) scanner unit. We also used MATLAB R2015a as processing environment. The proposed method is based on a priori knowledge of the hematoma, especially on its transformations during evolutionary stages. The method consisted in modeling by mathematical functions the distribution of oxyhemoglobins in the hematoma. On a sample of a database of 102 images, the method yielded a pass rate of 86.23%. This method of dating the hematoma will certainly be a decision-making tool in the diagnosis and management of haemorrhagic stroke.

Point position of the Bacteriological Physicochemical Quality and Wetlands Water Mapping of Guerbes-Sanhadja eco-complex (Skikda, Northeastern Algeria)

Laid, Bouchaala — 2019-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Algerian Numidia (North-East of Algeria) is composed of twenty freshwater bodies, most of which are marshy and enclosed in forested areas, some of them such as (Lake Tonga, Garaet Hadj-Tahar ....) have a legal protection (Ramsar site). They are rich in aquatic herbarium and attract a wide variety of aquatic birds. They have also the ability to store and restore progressively large amounts of water and allow the supply of groundwater and surface water.The ecological balance of these aquatic ecosystems is threatened by the impact of several factors such as unfavorable climatic changes and anthropogenic impact. In fact, discharges of domestic wastewater, directly, and without any prior treatment in certain water bodies, are the main causes of the ecological imbalance, which have adverse consequences on the environmental, agricultural, economic and health levels.In order to make an assessment of the bacteriological and physicochemical quality of the water of these hydro-systems, we have chosen 6 marshes of this complex: Garaet Beni M'hamed, Garaet Lemsaouessa, Garaet Chichaya, Garaet Sidi Makhlouf, Garaet Hadj Tahar and Garaet Sidi Magroun. For each site we have selected two sampling points.According to the results of the bacteriological and physicochemical analyzes, we found that all the water samples studied had a fair to good quality with minimal contamination at the exception of Garaet Lemsaouessa and Garaet Chichaya. The latter were characterized by the presence of germs, especially indicators of faecal contamination.

Perception of the interest of forensic entomology by agents of the judicial chain in Burkina Faso : state of play and perspectives

Kientega, D. Honoré — 2019-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Burkina Faso, corpses discoveries are common especially in Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso respectively the political and the economical capitals. These two towns are the most populous cities of this country. With a low rate of elucidation of criminal cases, legal entomology remains an asset for investigators if it is known. The purpose of the present study was to take stock of the knowledge of legal entomology among the main actors involved in the criminal investigations in Burkina Faso. To conduct this study, 192 actors in the judicial chain have been concerned. Among these actors, there was 107 policemen (55. 7%), 40 gendarmes (20.8%), 33 magistrates (17.2%) and 12 doctors (6.3%). After explaining the details of the survey, a series of questions was submitted to them. Of those responding, 86% recognized the importance of legal entomology and its introduction in their basic training.

EFFECT OF PERSONAL, DEMOGRAPHIC AND SCHOOL CHARACTERISTICS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF FIRST GRADUATE STUDENTS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF KISANGANI

Modeste, MBAYO LUKASU — 2019-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study examines the effect of personal, sociodemographic, and academic characteristics on the performance of undergraduate students at Kisangani University. Its objectives are to identify the effect of personal, sociodemographic and academic characteristics on the performance of first-year students on the one hand and to identify the determinants of first-degree success. For its realization, we worked with a sample of 200 randomly selected subjects in a population of 1188 subjects. The data collection was carried out using a questionnaire sent to the respondents and the documentary technique which led us to exploit the results of the students. In the end, it should be concluded that the performance of the subjects involved in this research is low. This was not positively impacted by the personal, school and sociodemographic characteristics described in this study. The effect of all these features is negative. As a result, these characteristics are far from being considered as determinant of the success of first-year students. Success is determined by several other factors, beyond the characteristics described at this level.

Study of oil mixtures for thermoplastic treatment : Case of polyethylene

MUNTUMOSI-SENZEDI, Mérite — 2019-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Experiments of partial cooking of the same quantity of polyethylene were carried out at fixed temperature and pressure in different solvents consisting of a mixture of vegetable oils. The final product obtained from certain oil mixtures showed three phases: a relatively fluid polymer-poor gelatinous phase, a polymer-rich gelatinous phase, and a solid phase consisted of polymeric lumps. The final product obtained from other oil mixtures did not show a solid phase of polymeric lumps, but only the polymer-rich gelatinous phase and the relatively fluid polymer-poor gelatinous phase. The polymer fraction effectively mixed with the solvent during the experiments of partial cooking was measured by the amount of the relatively fluid polymer-poor gelatinous phase. The amount of the collected relatively fluid polymer-poor gelatinous phase was studied in accordance with the Flory-Higgins theory as a function of the volume fraction of the oil mixture components in the initial solvent. This study shows that the behavior of the Flory parameter and that of the solubility parameter of the solvent can be described by the amount of the relatively fluid polymer-poor gelatinous phase. This study also suggests a method for obtaining an optimal two-component solvent that can mix with a thermoplastic polymer as polyethylene. The optimal solvent is the one that minimizes the amount of the relatively fluid polymer-poor gelatinous phase.

Actual statistics versus the reality of statistics : Experimentation on graduates of the education system in DR Congo - Case study of Gbado-Lite (Nord-Ubangi)

Gonzato Bina w N., Daniel — 2019-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

In a growing number of countries, there are complaints about the level (mastery of knowledge) of the pupils, particularly primary or secondary education. This situation is further exacerbated in DR Congo. This article is intended to be a barometer, based on a strict statistical procedure, the so-called “disaster of DR Congo’s education system.” The results of the statistical test must be a concern to every DR Congolese patriot on the future of his country, which has entered its final throes. Experts in science education must address a series of questions: the aims of education, the education curriculum, the language of instruction, the evaluation system, etc. We have to wonder whether the education in DR Congo is not sabotaged on purpose, to stupefy then to crush the people of Congo!

Factors associated with diarrhoeal diseases in a health zone that has integrated the sanitized village programme : Cross-sectional study in the Kailo health zone

Bonny, ASSANI WAKENGE — 2019-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Diarrhoeal diseases are among the most common and widespread diseases in the world. The overall objective of this study is to determine the risk factors for diarrhoeal diseases in order to contribute to the implementation of sustainable control measures in the Kailo health zone. We conducted an analytical cross-sectional study in two health areas in Katako and Nyoka. Approximately 400 households with at least one child under 5 years of age were selected by 3-stage probability sampling. The study period was from January to December 2017, and a survey sheet was used to collect the data. The analyses were performed using the EPI DATA 3.1 software and exported to the SPSS 23 software. The lack of handwashing facilities in households, (Odd Ratio=0.425 p=0.005 IC= 0.23; 0.78), ignorance of the causes of diarrhoea (Odd Ratio= 0.537 IC=0.33 ;0.87 p=0.016) and poor attitude towards the child's diarrhoea (Odd Ratio=0.514 CI at 95%= 0.298; 0.886) p=0.017). The study showed that the occurrence of diarrhoeal diseases in this health zone is significantly associated with the use of surface water as the main source of drinking water (OR=2.186 p=0.042), the lack of handwashing facilities in households (OR=0.425 p=0.005), ignorance of the causes of diarrhoea (OR= 0.537 p=0.016) and poor attitude towards children's diarrhoea (OR=0.514 p=0.017).

Environmental education and its findings on sustainable development and the sustainable future in schools in the town of Kindu

Bonny, ASSANI WAKENGE — 2019-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

In several reform projects, there is a concern to introduce into the curriculum different dimensions of education that address the main contemporary socio-environmental issues: environmental education (EE) is often formally legitimized, such as education for human rights, peace, democracy, intercultural relations, health education, development education and education for international solidarity. From the astronaut's perspective, the entire Earth becomes a management object: only oneThe new world order will be able to save the Earth and lay the foundations for the sustainability of the Development. The global or global or international perspectives that are proposed for contemporary education are part of an astronaut's ethics. This is why you will agree with us that the research carried out in the schools of the city of Kindu produced a very marked Nihilism during the respondents, because out of Sixty-four schools visited that do the one hundred percent of our investigations, it follows that 18 schools have an average knowledge of environmental concepts of about 35%.

STATIC ANALYSIS OF THE BEHAVIOR OF LOCOMOTIVE SPRINGS U22C

Mutela, M. R. B. Mutela — 2019-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article is devoted to the analysis of the behavior of the suspension springs of the locomotives U22C of the National Railway Company of Congo (SNCC in abbreviation) which springs undergo repeated breaks, reducing the availability of the machines. Operation and causing a lot of purchase and maintenance cost as a replacement. Indeed, the locomotives U22C which is discussed in this article have total weight of; that is 18.3 tons per axle and 4575kg per wheel. Since their start-up, these locomotives know a lot of breaks of suspension springs and our first reflex was to check the behavior of the springs on the strength of materials to ensure their effectiveness before considering other tracks of research of the causes of the breaks. Both the theoretical calculations and the press tests have shown that the static load of these springs cannot cause these breaks, the stresses and the weakening of these springs under this load being lower than the admissible limit. This being the case, other avenues of research that are not part of this article will have to be considered in order to find the real cause and remedy of them quickly.

AGRONOMIC CHARACTERIZATION OF LOCALS VARIETIES AND FOREIGNS OF TOMATOES (Solanum lycopersicum L) IN ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF KISANGANI (DR CONGO)

Okenge, Jules Lokonga — 2019-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

As for the agronomic characterization of local and foreign varieties, the average plant sizes varied according to the forms and varieties. Round Violet, elongated Red, elongated Violet and flat Violet were characterized by the biggest average sizes (56.03-60.68 cm) within local varieties. Round Red genotype presented the smallest size (36.80 cm). For the foreign varieties, Makis and Opal presented bigger sizes than Marmande (44.00 cm), Roma (39.73 cm) and Carotina (38.93 cm). The number of flowers produced, was numerically very high (59.33 to 62.58 flowers) for flat Violet genotypes, round Violet, and flat Red for the local varieties, and Makis (61.33 to 61.46) and Opal (37.33 to 41.86) for foreign varieties. In this variety, Marmande (28.13), Roma (29.66) and Carotina (12.06) produced less flowers. Local varieties produced more fruits (18.26 to 32.60) than the foreign varieties (5.48 to 12.45). The fruits of the foreign varieties (25.23 g to 45.88 g) weighed more than the ones of the local varieties (9.47 g to 17.35 g).

The University of Gbado-Lite (Province of Nord-Ubangi, Democratic Republic of the Congo) : From disaster to a normative and regulatory framework

Ngbolua, Koto-te-Nyiwa — 2019-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Over its history, the Congolese Higher and University Education has gone through several phases of reform. Despite this, the crisis in which the higher and university education sector is stuck continues to threaten dangerously the future of the nation because of a new fact and little known to the general public, the politicization of public universities of countryside and the instrumentalization of justice in an attempt to prevent the heads of establishments from fully playing their police role of the institution. Ultimately, excellence gave way to mediocrity, the ESU becoming a real place of the upper mafia, with as a consequence the distortion of the Congolese youth by so called professors without any doctoral degree of which the thesis was defended publicly and obtained legally. Faced with these “new plagues”, the challenges to be met are tremendous. Thus, the current study poses the diagnosis and retraces the path to be followed by a member of the scientific and academic staff respectively, within a normative and regulatory framework of Higher and University Education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. On the other side, we show how some politicians got involved in the academic management of the University of Gbado-Lite (considered here as a model system) to make it a private asset at the expense of quality assurance. Thus, the use of the "Congolese diaspora" in order to strengthen research and teaching capacities of our universities has given rise to organized and maintained cheating on a large scale.

Mathematical performances of 4th grade teachers in Kisangani primary schools in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Lukula, Stanislas Maroyi — 2019-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

This research explores the performances of elementary school fourth form teachers in mathematics, according to the content of the national program of elementary school in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Exactly it is about the knowledges in mathematics and the knowledges in methods and process for a correct transmission of the matter to pupils. The results show that the global achievement has reached the level of 49.48%. 28 teachers by 202, to say 13.9%, have reached the success level fixed at 70%, and 174 teachers by 202, to say 86.1 %, haven’t reached that threshold. The results show also that the global achievement is at level of 14.60% in methods and process. 8 teachers only by 202, to say 4 %, have reached the threshold of 70%. This study shows at last that the age is the best predictor of teachers’ performances in knowledges of mathematics. It is followed by the professional experience and the school network. The oldness in the fourth form takes the final position.

Siyapata, Didier MUHINDO — 2019-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Throughout “l’Ecart”, a novel by Yves Valentin Mudimbe and “Les étoiles écrasées” by Pius Ngandu Nkashama the problem which is pointed concerns the oral traces in the modern negro-African novel. The comparative approach, as a basis of our investigation depicts therefore, by a socio-poetic aspect, the different scriptural elements that make the loady of the question understudy. It goes from what is oral in order to establish a poetic form of oral literature in the body of our research.

EFFICIENCY DETERMINANTS FACTORS OF THE CONGOLESE TEACHING SYSTEM: CASE OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS TEACHERS IN KABARE CENTER

Gérard, MUBANGU WA KAPALA — 2019-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present research is conducted in secondary schools from Kabare centre and it focuses on factors of teaching efficiency in the schools of our concerned. It aims at analyzing the effects of those factors on the findings of secondary schools pupil’s results in the state assessment in the year 2013-2014. We have applied the analytico-descriptive, approach, analytical approach for data collection and the quotas techniques that allowed to design a stratified sample of about 89 teachers. The index of percentage and the overage to analyses and interpret the findings have been applied for this research. The above statements proved that those schools are in a colossal need of qualified and skilled teachers to overcome any weakness on their disposals.

Academic achievement and educational level of parents

Alejandro, Siancas Escobar Darwin — 2019-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article determined the relationship between academic achievement and the level of education of parents. The study was focused on the students was studying the second grade of elementary education, during the years 2016. The design of the research was explanatory and not experimental, quantitative type. We considered the econometric methodology used by (Huff and Schaller, 2009) they was estimated a simple econometric model that predicts the academic achievement of children, as a function of your own characteristics and their family. Obtaining of the data of the student's sex and level of studies of the parents, a sample population of 96 students (51 male students and 45 female students) and 96 mothers were considered, the scores of each student were obtained from the census evaluation of students, Ministry of Education-Peru. It was found that female students show higher academic achievement in reading comprehension and mathematics compared to male students. The level of studies of the parent has a positive and statistically significant influence on reading comprehension when associated with female students, in contrast the level of studies of the mother has a positive and statistically significant influence on reading comprehension when associates him with male students. The mother's level of education has a positive and statistically significant influence on mathematics when associated with male students and also with female students.

IDENTIFICATION OF C4 FOOD PLANTS IN THE COMMUNITY OF FRANCEVILLE IN GABON

Lepengue, Alexis Nicaise — 2019-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

C4 plants are plants with modified photosynthetic metabolism, allowing overproduction of organic matter, compared to other so-called C3 plants. It is for this reason that C4 plants are used primarily in the nutritional and nutritional formulations of infants. Current data on these plants are only limited to Western work done on a limited sample. This work has been done to identify the C4 food plants found on the Gabonese market. A collection of food plants was thus carried out on the central market of Franceville, and the samples studied in the laboratory. The determination technique was based on anatomical identification of perivascular sheaths at the level of cellular cross sections. The results obtained showed that out of 32 species analyzed, only 5 plants belonging to 2 families were of C4 typology. These are local lemongrass (Cymbopogon cytratus, Poaceae), maize (Zea mays, Poaceae), sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum, Poaceae), Chinese lemongrass (Cymbopogon sp., Poaceae) and folon / amaranth (Amaranthus sp. Amaranthaceae). The presence of C4 plants on the Gabonese market seems relatively weak.

VULNERABILITY TO DROUGHT PLANT TRAINING NATURAL COURSES IN CENTRAL AND NORTHERN BENIN

BONI, Y. — 2019-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Generally, in the tropical countries and particularly in Benin one of the main risks that threatens the life of the human, animal and plant beings is the drought. The objective of this research is to analyze the vulnerabilities to the drought of the study area, in order to evaluate their influences on the pastoral ecosystems of the center and north of Benin. For this to happen, the Pluviometrics Indications of Deficit and the pluviometrics discrepancy have been determined. The mapping results permitted to evaluate and to extract the area occupied by each modality of vulnerability. The analysis of the results shows the zones with low vulnerability to the drought are more extended (2 554 316,78 Ha) with a cover area of 65,50% of the study area and an unequal distribution. While the zones with moderate vulnerability to the drought are of about 1 022 637,48 ha and occupy 26,22% of the study area. Whereas the zones with strong vulnerability to the drought (322 729,738) occupy 8,28% of the study area.

Marcel, KAZADI MWIN KASHEB — 2019-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the Territory of Ikela Democratic Republic of Congo as in most black African societies, peace aspirations led to develop pacification techniques whose aim is to avoid or at least curb violence and open conflicts. This gave rise to a range of dissuasive practices, restrictive and conflict prevention modes. This case Pact "BONGEMBE BOKUHE or" treated in this study. The Pact has promoted peaceful coexistence and social cohesion between peoples BOYELA group and ENE KOKA YANGENI the town in the Territory Ikela in the Democratic Republic of Congo. However, this pact "BONGEMBE or BOKUHE" was only appeased their social relationships, but it also encourages the commission of certain facts despicable violation of law and morality. This dialectic raises several questions specifically, that of perception pact "BONGEMBE or BOKUHE" by these two peoples despite its advantages and disadvantages. Thus, in this reflection, we have tried to answer this question. We demonstrated that the pact "BONGEMBE or BOKUHE" under examination consists of a set of customs, practices and beliefs that are accepted by the people of Boyela ENE KOKA group and the village YANGENI as binding rules of conduct. It is part of their social and legal systems and their life style. So that the majority of our sample deems fit this pact.

Geochemistry behavior of the sequence stratigraphy of 3rd order of the Albian deposits on east of the Abidjan margin (Sedimentary Basin of Côte d'Ivoire)

d’Assise, ANO Nyamekai François — 2019-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The geochemical study of the sequences of 3rd order of the East of the margin of Abidjan permitted to identify the source rocks of the albian deposits. The pyrolytic methods applied to 30 samples of cuttings, from the drillings Freedom 1 and 2, revealed three types of organic matter at the early of maturity, the types III, II/III and II in the sequences. The variation of the origin of the organic matter in the systems tracts of the sequences testifies a change in the environment of deposit in phase with the eustatic fluctuations. The passage from the type III or II/III to the type II, eventually coupled with a rise of the values of the TOC and/or S2, in this study, evokes a rise in the marine level which would support the good conditions of safeguarding of the organic matter. The albian source rocks in the drilling Freedom 1 are bad source rocks whereas those in the drilling Freedom 2 are good producing source rocks of oil and/or gas hydrocarbon.

Knowledge, practices of mothers towards fever in newborn children and factors influencing in Cameroon : Case of Biyem-Assi health district

DONGHO, Ghyslaine Bruna DJEUNANG — 2019-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Fever in newborn remains one of the major reasons of pediatric consultations. Utilization of the healthcare facility is sometimes late leading to the increased risk of death. The aim of our study was to evaluate knowledge and practices of nursing mothers attending the immunization ward and to identify influencing factors. This was a cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study conducted in February 2014 in Biyem-Assi health district, center region, Cameroon. The interview was done using a standard paper-based questionnaire. Data entry and analysis was performed using EPI Info software version 3.5.3. A total of 275 mothers was interviewed. The median age was 26, IQR [23; 30) years. About 82.9% (n=228) had attended at least secondary school and 1.5% had not been to school. About 54.6% (n=149/273) of children present for immunization were females; median age was 03 months, IQR [2; 9]. Half (137) of our respondents had good knowledge of fever in newborn. Concerning management of fever in newborn, 62.9% (n=173) of mothers reported self-medication compared with 22.9% (n=102) who, in case of fever, went to a healthcare facility. Level of education and occupation appeared to be the key factors that influenced knowledge and practices on fever in newborns. The level of knowledge and practices of mothers in Biyem-Assi health district concerning fever in the newborn seems to be quite good. However, given the factors influencing them, there is need to further educate mothers on screening and appropriate management of fever.

The process of performance evaluation in a university hospital centre : Inventory and perspectives

NIA, Hafida — 2019-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Hospital performance is a multidimensional concept, difficult to define. Several models for measuring and evaluating the performance are present in the literature. The Moroccan Ministry of Health is seeking to establish a standard tool to assess the performance of hospitals, including university hospitals that provide tertiary level care. The Ibn rochd University Hospital of Casablanca adopts a performance evaluation process that complies with the regulations in force and respects the organization stipulated in its internal regulations. The objective of this paper is to describe this process and its content of performance measurement indicators constituting the activity report, and to analyze them according to a managerial vision made by a research team in management sciences. Within the framework of this work, we based ourselves on non-participating observation and also on benchmarking with the various actors involved in the process. The analysis of the process and indicators allowed us to identify a number of dysfunctions and to propose areas for improvement.

France’s military interventions in intra-state armed conflicts in Africa : Comparative study of cases of the Central African Republic, Mali and Rwanda

Eustache, KILWA SIBUMBA — 2019-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Since the end of the bipolar system, Africa has faced the resurgence of intra-state armed conflicts. Faced with these intra-state armed conflicts, there is a solidarity of the international community, at the top of which are some international organizations and some major powers that intervene militarily in that intra-state armed conflicts. Regarding the military interventions of the major powers, it must be noted that France is one of the major powers that is most active in Africa. His military interventions multiplied during the post-bipolar period. But the opinions are divided on the effectiveness of these military interventions. They are effective for some and ineffective for some others. On the one hand, we draw up the active balance and on the other hand the passive balance of these military interventions. The factors contributing to the active balance of these military interventions include the search for their legitimacy, their promptness, France’s military capacity and its influence on the international scene. And the factors contributing to the passive balance of these military interventions include the quest or preservation of interests on the part of France, the failure of the global approach to armed conflicts favoring the three D (Defense, Diplomacy and Development) and the failure of the democratic system in African states. But the statebuilding is the best solution that could effectively pull African states from the intra-state armed conflicts that are eating them up. It’s up to every African to think about how to rebuild the state in Africa.

Time Series Classification and Clustering for Voltage Behaviour Prediction from Vehicles stored inside Automotive Yards

Peralta, Carolina Flores — 2019-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

An Automotive Yard stores a big number of vehicles that stay in the site for different intervals of time (days, weeks or months), requering preventive maintenance during their stay. Through Internet of Things Sensors, the battery voltage of each vehicle is recorded every day generating a large data transformed into time series to analyze it. Classification and Clustering Algorithms based on K-Nearest Neighbors were developed using scikit-learn tool, for the extraction of knowledge from the IoT Data, specifically battery voltaje behavior patterns according to certain vehicle models. The performance of the algorithms was obtained making a comparison between them. The information founded will be of help for the planning of preventive maintenance carried out in the logistics processes of the automotive yard, minimizing the replacement of batteries and along with this the economic and ecological cost.

Analysis for Travelling Salesman Problem using Improved Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm

Hlaing, Zar Chi Su Su — 2019-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) is a recent algorithm used for solving optimization problems and is the model on the behavior of real ant colonies. It has been used exclusively for solving problems in the combinatorial optimization domain. Traveling salesman problem (TSP) is one of the well-known and extensively studied problems in combinational optimization and used to find the shortest roundtrip of minimal total cost visiting each given city (node) exactly once and it can be applied to solve many practical problems in real life. ACO is a good search capability and a high-performance computing method for TSP. But, the traditional ACO has many drawbacks such as stagnation behavior, trapping in local optimal and premature convergence. This paper implements and evaluates a specialized version of ant colony optimization capable of searching in travelling salesman problems and evaluates its performance under a range of conditions and test cases. The proposed system is an improved ant colony optimization algorithm with dynamic candidate set strategy is adopted to rapid convergence speed and adapting parameter to improve the performance in solving TSP. Algorithms are tested on benchmark problems from TSPLIB and test results are presented. From our experiments, the algorithm has better performance on TSP and analysis results are presented.

Determination of Radiocarbon concentration (∆14C) and CO2 emitted by fossil fuels in Dakar region (SENEGAL) from tree leaves using mass balance equations

Sène, Matar — 2019-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this work is to compare the local Suess effect in Dakar region to the global one during 20th century using tree leaves. Therefore, Δ14C have been measured to give the variability in time. The curve obtained from this study compared to the global one used as reference is lower. The peak of curve for this study is 773‰ in 1964 where the one obtained in the same time by Nydal and Lovesth (1996) in Dakar is 800‰. These differences values are due to the local Suess effect corresponding to the emission of fossil fuel (CO2ff) in the atmosphere. Fossil CO2 (CO2foss) is the major contributor of anthropogenic CO2 to the atmosphere. In order to quantify these emissions the mass balance equations has been used allowing us to investigate the variability of the emissions. These analysis shows that CO2foss decreases in wooded areas and increases in non-wooded areas, i.e. in more industrialized areas.

Effect of the invasive liana Sericostachys scandens Gilg and Lopr. (Amaranthaceae) on the spatial structure and recruitment of woody plant species within Kibira National Park in Burundi

Habonayo, Richard — 2019-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Lianas play an important role in several aspects of forest dynamics. This study aims to (1) compare the spatial distribution of woody species between invaded and non-invaded areas by Sericostachy scandens and (2) assess the effect of the density of adult trees of a given species and woody regeneration and young tree stages of other species on the recruitment of the target woody species in both invaded and non-invaded areas by S. scandens within Kibira National Park (KNP) in Burundi. The abundance of woody species (regeneration, young trees, adult trees) was measured in 100 plots of 50 m × 50 m each, evenly distributed in the invaded areas and the non-invaded ones. The analysis of the spatial distribution of woody species was carried out through the computation of the Green index. A multiple regression was performed to test the effect of conspecific adults trees density and the average density of heterospecific woody regeneration and young tree on recruitment of woody species. The Green index values showed that all woody species had a random spatial distribution, regardless of S. scandens invasion. Overall, the density conspecific adults’ trees have a positive or insignificant effect on regenerations and young trees in both invaded and non-invaded areas. New studies focused on the influence of abiotic and biotic factors of the areas are essential for a thorough understanding of the distribution of KNP woody species and the mechanisms of their coexistence.

Ethnobotanical assessment and socio-cultural importance of Uvariopsis tripetala (Baker f.) G. E. Schatz in southern Benin : An aromatic plant threatened with extinction

Amouzoun, Akhénaton Adonaï Mahouklo Bada — 2019-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Uvariopsis tripetala (Baker f.) G. E. Schatz is a multipurpose aromatic plant listed as a vulnerable species by IUCN. It is threatened with extinction in Benin and its importance for local populations remains poorly documented. The purpose of this study is to analyze the traditional knowledge of local populations and the determinants of the use of U. tripetala in order to develop conservation and sustainable management strategies. To achieve this, 255 respondents, randomly selected from 5 socio-cultural groups (Adja, Fon, Holli, Mahi and Nagot) were interviewed through semi-structured ethnobotanical survey. Citation frequencies and ethnobotanical parameters (indices of diversity and equitability of the respondent, the consensual value of the types of use and the ethnobotanical value of use of an organ) were calculated. Factorial Correspondence Analysis was performed from a designed matrix. The results reveal that local populations have knowledge in the usage categories of food, magic, medicine, worship, household energy, oral and dental hygiene. In total, 24 uses have been identified and classified into 8 categories, the most cited of which are worship, medicinal and food uses. The most solicited organs are the stems for worship, the leaves for traditional medicine and the fruits for food purpose. Ethnic group, sex, age and instruction level are the factors that significantly influence the knowledge of U. tripetala uses. The rational use of the various plant organs and the sensitization of populations on the proper methods of cutting its stem could help to improve the sustainable management status of this species.

Theoretical Confirmation of Seasonal and Solar Radiation Impacts on Outdoor Atmospheric Aerosols (PM2.5, SO2 and CO) in FCT Abuja, Nigeria

Shehu, M. S. — 2019-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Aerosols PM2.5, SO2 and CO were studied within the Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria (F.C.T Abuja), the area comprises of 6 (six) councils “AMAC, Abaji, Bwari, Kuje, Kwali and Gwagwalada”. The study covered a period of one year (2017-2018), irrespective of the seasonal variation of the study area, the impacts of aerosols on incident solar energy for the period was observed. The National Space Research and Development Agency (NASRDA) uses the atmospheric satellites (AS) data of within an altitude 6 Km from the ground level. The data came in NETCDF format, which was extracted by a specialized software called the Arc Map 10.4.1, converted and exported in DBF format which can be read by Microsoft excel. The study shows that the human population in F.C.T increased with (r= 2.6 ±1) months per year which negatively affect the aerosol concentrations and the seasonal impact analysis conform to adiabatic process with respect to the atmospheric variables, as the concentrations were found to be higher in dry than in wet season. Also the Solar radiation impact study reveals a change within solar insolation range of 5.5-6.5 Kwh/m2/day(CO), 2.8-4.5 Kwh/m2/day (SO2) and 4.0-6.5 Kwh/m2/day (PM2.5) and a percentage decrease of 8.42 %, 29.50 %, and 2.87 % was recorded respectively. Which implies a relative impact of solar energy on aerosol (i.e. higher intensity solar energy also reduces a small fraction of the atmospheric aerosol) and vice-versa.

Strengths and weaknesses of autonomous management of classified forests by local populations in Burkina Faso

BONKOUNGOU, Joachim — 2019-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Burkina Faso has 14% of its territory covered by classified forests. The state ensures an increasingly participative management. However, the trend of degradation and deforestation continues and these classified forests play little part in the fight against poverty. A joint diagnosis made it possible to measure the ardent need of local populations to be more involved, which could lead to real ownership. The paper investigated the strengths and weaknesses of empowering forest management involving local people. After a literature review, the study conducted individual surveys and focus group interviews with local populations, technical agents, and forest management groups (FMGs), customary authorities and local elected officials. The empowerment of management for the benefit of local people can be based on various contracts between the state and the private sector and / or communities. FMGs do not report to local people and seem to be the only local beneficiaries of this centralized state management. In order to put an end to this trend of degradation and to make local people benefit from their forests, an involvement towards empowerment is essential, especially in this context of climate change.

Analysis of agricultural adaptation practices to climatic hazards in maize production in Northern-Benin

GBASSI, Alidou BAH SABI SERO — 2019-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Climatic hazards, known as anthropic issues, are permanent threat to agriculture. Thus, beside the observed new climatic conditions, several agricultural practices are being developed. This study is led in order to characterize and understand better the determinants of such the agricultural practices. Data collected from 280 maize cultivators in Northern Benin have been used to do a Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) and logit models were specified. The results revealed that the perception of both the emergence of new grass species, insect pests, late starting of rains and rising temperatures influences positively the producers who, for adaptation, increase the dose of chemicals and opt for extending agriculture and adopt new varieties of seed. But, it influences negatively adopters of agroforestry and adopters of none chemical agricultural practices. Concerning the perception of the early arrival of rains, it influences positively the adoption of agricultural practices, which are likely to increase the ecological vulnerability of the producer in face of climatic hazards. Furthermore, the experience of the producer and the Access to extension service, increase the chance of adoption of ecologically unsustainable agricultural practices.

Geographical study of mosquito development factors in the potential malaria-risk localities of Chiépo, in Côte d’Ivoire

TIA, Lazare — 2019-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The eradication of parasitic diseases transmitted by vectors such as the malaria carrying mosquito depends partly on vector control which requires the knowledge of their development conditions in space and time. As a contribution, this study aims to determine geographically the environmental and anthropogenic driving factors that contribute to the development of mosquitoes in Chiépo sub-prefecture located in the forested area of Côte d'Ivoire. The study focuses on characterizing the spatial dynamics of mosquito breeding sites, analyzing population’s behavior and socio-economic activities in the study area. To achieve this, geospatial data collection based on GIS techniques have been coupled with entomological methods of culicidal fauna prospection. The results of the investigations show that natural ecosystems, populations’ behavior, lifestyle and poor prophylactic knowledge, coupled with the type of socio-economic activities, contribute to the development of mosquitoes by providing them with breeding sites, rest shelter and availability of their blood meals at short-distance. Breeding sites are mainly permanent (42.9 %) and temporary (37.4 %). They contain three genera of mosquito larvae predominantly Culex (47 %) which is present in 80 % of the localities of the study area. High larval density localities are Chiépo (Anopheles and Aedes), CFI and Guiguidou (Culex).

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Optimization and Agronomic Nutrient Use Efficiency for Improved Wheat Performance

Nakanwagi, Josephine — 2019-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study was carried out to determine the optimum nitrogen and phosphorus rates for achieving optimum yields and nutrient use efficiency for wheat in highlands of Eastern Uganda. An on station randomized complete block design experiment was conducted at Buginyanya Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute. Two varieties Fahari and Pasa were treated with four levels of nitrogen (0, 30, 60, and 90 kg ha-1) and three levels of phosphorus (0, 7.5 and15 kg ha-1). The fertilizer treatments were each replicated three times. The highest grain yield of Pasa and Fahari was 3211kg ha-1, 2726 kg ha-1 respectively obtained at a nutrient combination of 60 kg N ha-1 and 15 P kg ha-1. The same nutrient combination resulted into highest number of tillers: (Pasa 4 and Fahari 5), kernel per spike of 40 for Pasa and 32 for Fahari. Maximum total kernel weight, spike length and plant height were obtained at 90 kg N ha-1 and 7.5 kg P ha-1 nutrient combinations. Pasa produced a significantly higher Agronomic Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Agronomic Phosphorus Use Efficiency obtained at 30 kg N ha-1 and 7.5 kg P ha-1 nutrient combinations, compared to Fahari at the same N and P rates. Optimum N and P fertilizer combination for best grain yield of both wheat varieties tested is 60 kg N ha-1 and 15 kg P ha-1 combinations.

DAGBELOU, Vinablo Kodjo Dominique — 2019-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The agro-pastoral zone of central Benin is marked by the scarcity of watering points and the degradation of pastures. The use of agropastoral resources leads to conflicts between farmers and pastoralists. The present article on the management of agro-pastoral conflicts in the Benin center, aims to studying the modes of management of agropastoral conflicts by the protagonists. Specifically, it is a question of determining the causes of the conflicts between farmers and herders, to make the typology of the conflicts of use of the agropastoral resources, and to determine their modes of regulation by the different actors. The methodological approach adopted consisted of a field survey, and an analysis of the different conflicts and their method of settlement. The data processing revealed five types of conflict and two modes of dispute resolution according to the protagonists.

MWATY, BWAMI MUSOMBWA — 2019-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This scientific publishing consisted to evoluate the relationship between chemical structure and pharmacological activities of an antipaludical plant “Hygrophilla auriculata ”. The process consisted to a thin layer chromatography using two standards moderns’ drugs with are usually used to treat paludism. Final results revealed factor retention (Rf) similar of quinine sulfate and another equal to the Rf of “L-artem forte”. This result leaded us to conclud that there are similarities in chemical structure of some active ingredient of Hygrophilla auriculata and the modern anticipaludical drugs.

A preliminary study on the herpetological fauna in the forest refuge of Dzu, Dzoo, Nzerku 3 and Nzonzo in Relict Altitude Forest of the Albert Lake Escarpment (RAFALE), (Djugu territory, Democratic Republic of the Congo)

Franck, Masudi Muenye Mali — 2019-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the relict forest shreds located in Ituri in the territory of Djugu, on the shores of Lake Albert in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), a preliminary study on herpetofauna was carried out. According to this research, 19 amphibian species and 21 reptile species were harvested in 12 days between April and May 2017. Samples were taken from four research sites: Dzu (N01.94753°; E030.88848°), Dzoo (N01.92742°; E030.89179°), Nzerku 3 (N01.94119°; E030.90612°) and Nzonzo (N01.90352°; E30.91030°). The principal objective of this study was to inventory the herpetological fauna of the Relict Altitude Forest of the Albert Lake Escarpment (RAFALE) landscape. During the night, amphibians were captured by hand by using headlight. A herpetological stick was used to collect reptiles. These biopsies consisted essentially of tissue from the tongue and muscle. Specimens were photographed alive then fixed with formalin (10%), before being preserved in alcohol (70%). Results are interesting and show that the habitats are very rich and diversified. There were more diverse reptiles than amphibians. Considered as a 'red area' where studies are known to be hostile, through this research, it is appropriate to point out that the potential for further in-depth research and focusing efforts for the sustainable conservation of this area is both possible and still urgent.

RADIAL FLOW TRACER TEST FOR INVESTIGATING COEFFICIENT OF TRANSVERSE DISPERSION IN AN AQUIFER IN THE EASTERN NIGER DELTA, NIGERIA

Ugbena, G. K. — 2019-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Studies have shown that the flow dynamic of water in aquifer is very complex and it is difficult to observe or characterize directly the processes that occur in the porous media of the soil structure. As a result of this, carrying out studies on the characteristics of contaminants at the subsurface often relies on indirect measurements of the parameters of the system. However, the continuous use of tracers in simulation studies to model hydrological characteristics at the subsurface have provided an important tool for understanding the flow and mixing dynamics of water resource systems. Result obtain from this tracer test shows that multidimensional transport in an aquifer involves both longitudinal and transverse dispersion in addition to advection and can be achieved using a radial flow test. Transverse dispersion in an aquifer can spread dissolved contaminant faster than advection by molecular diffusion when flow velocity of groundwater is highly low. The initial concentration of dissolved contaminants at a source point can cause an upstream spreading by molecular dispersion in an aquifer. The use of tracer test can provide preliminary information for site characterization and groundwater monitoring to help in the design of environmental network to evaluate possible accidental migration of contaminants once it occurs in aquifers and plan suitable mitigation actions to safeguard our water resources.

MWATY, BWAMI MUSOMBWA — 2019-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This scientific article had as objective to compare the antipaludic activities and efficiency of Hygrophilla auriculata plant than those of antipaludic modern drugs. The method consisted to mixture samples of strongly infested blood with Hygrophilla auriculata extracts in some samples and modern anti-malaric dugs in others. After incubation of 24h, 48h and 72h we passed to the parasitologic test. Obtained result revealed the high efficiency and antimalaric activities of Hygrophilla auriculata crudes extracts than modern anti-malaric drugs such as Quinine and “L-Artem Forte”. This leaded us to conclude that Hygrophilla auriculata plant has a hight antipaludic activity so it must be used to treat people great leak region.

Note on the amphibians and reptiles of the Mungbwalu (Ituri Province) and Mutwanga (Province of North-Kivu) in DR Congo

Franck, Masudi Muenye Mali — 2019-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

An inventory of amphibians and reptiles had been carried out in the Ituri forest and Mutwanga. The herpetofauna of this region has never been the subject of a recent study. In order to analyze its biodiversity, 4 remote sites of each other, all located in the primary forest had been sampled. The collection of data had been carried out during the dry season from December 25, 2014 to January 12, 2015 (18 days). The prospecting of sites took place during the day and the night. In total, 182 specimens of amphibians divided into 32 species, 4 families, all belonging to the Order of the anurans and 37 specimens of reptiles diversified in 18 species, 7 families and grouped in two Orders had been inventoried. The capture of the species: Hymenochirus boulengeri, Hyperolius rossii, Amietia desaegeri, Amietia ruwenzorica, Xenopus lenduensis and Xenopus ruwenzoriensis were interesting, because these species are poorly documented in the region.

BISIMUANA, Athené KAMONDO — 2019-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The promotion of praxeological law leads us to conclude that the current military judicial code and the military penal code, instituted by two successive laws 023 and 024 of November 18, 2002 are characterized by a rigor inherited from the decree of December 22, 1888 of the colonial legislator establishing the military courts. This explains the "symbolic traps" within these codes, hence the urgent need for their reform so that the Congolese military justice is humanized and conform to the social experience, the socio-military praxis. It must be said that there is need for the development of the praxeological military judicial law, capable of detecting "symbolic traps" in the various texts and codes that characterize the current military judiciary, and which will be the most effective response the problem of the humanization of military justice, particularly the abolition of military jurisdiction in peacetime, as in the Belgian and French legislation that constitute the bedrock of Congolese law.

Boko Haram, a situation of poverty of the displaced populations : Case of the sites of the Urban Commune of Diffa

Djibo, Hassoumi — 2019-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

What is the place of the displaced victims of Boko Haram in the society of Diffa? This research question is supported by the hypothesis that the conflict engendered by Boko Harem is fueling poverty in the Diffa region. The main objective of this study is to demonstrate the level of assistance provided by humanitarian workers to the displaced. The study was conducted following a field survey in the accommodation sites of the victims of the conflict. The results of the study reveal that the conflict has left the displaced in an emergency situation and requires the participation of all.

Vedaste, CITULI ALINIRHU — 2019-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The coastal environments are highly coveted for their tourist and economic interests and constitute fragile ecosystems, sensitive to human’s actions: Pollution, artificialization, drying up, industrialization, urbanization, etc. shipbuilding has often contributed to aggravating the phenomena of erosion and retreat of coastlines. The heightening of coastal of Lake Kivu creates many pressures, particularly in the south basin. This southern basin of Lake Kivu is coveted by housing, hotels and churches, and is at the crossroads of commercial activities that alter them more and more. Out of a total of 19.14km of study, the occupied area is 11.07km with a high concentration of dwellings between the National Coffee Office (Bagira) and LABAOTE (see map). All these anthropogenic actions are source of pollution and destruction of the ecosystem of Lake Kivu in general and its littoral in particular. To remedy this, this article proposes to start the sectoral relocation of the occupants of the southern basin of Lake Kivu. Failing this, transitional strategies consisting of setting up a waste management network, delimiting the public domain, etc. are recommended for this purpose.

Jean Paul, BYAMUNGU MIHIGO — 2019-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

States in the South are no longer able to fulfill their redistributive function, that is to say to provide for the socio-economic needs of their population. In this context, the rural and urban populations of these countries are obliged to develop new forms of solidarity and mutual assistance in order to find solutions to the problems they are confronted with. Although the use of this notion is recent as elsewhere in Francophone Africa, it nevertheless relies on the organization of inherited practices of volunteering and adherence to collective work very old Twenty years ago, the Kabare chiefdom developed savings and credit groups on the model of solidarity mutual. Farmers are grouped either according to the environment, the affinities and according to their activities are fixed an amount, the deadlines and the beneficiaries by rotation. Designed to provide basic financial services to their members, these endogenous initiatives operate in the informal sector and receive no external input in terms of funding and training. In addition, the difficulties of appropriation of these decentralized financing structures by the members constitute the blockages in the evolution and the perpetuation of the financial services. Added to this, the low membership rate of the members, the low contribution rate of low household income, the poor organization due to lack of expertise, the proliferation of savings and credit institutions, the overlap and competition caused by the current diversification of Village Savings and Loan Association.

Investigation of phytoconstituensts and screening of some bioactivities of Stemona Curtisii Hook. F.

Aung, Thanda — 2019-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Medicinal plants are abundant in Myanmar. In the present research, the root of Stemona curtisii Hook. F. was chosen for investigation of some phytochemical constituents and bioactivity studies. Acute toxicity of 95 % ethanol extract from roots sample was investigated by methods of OECD guidelines for the testing of Chemical 425. Screening of root extract was done with the dosage of 2000 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg body weight in albino mice. Antimicrobial activity of pet- ether, methanol, ethyl acetate, 95 % ethanol and watery extracts from roots of S. curtisii was investigated against six species of microorganisms such as Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus species by agar well diffusion method. Among them, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of S. curtisii exhibited inhibition zone diameter in the ranges of (12 15 mm) and (11 20 mm) against all tested microorganisms. According to the results, it can be inferred that root of S. cutrisii may be used as remedy for the treatment of diseases related to the microorganisms tested.

Burume, Justin Bigabwa — 2019-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This research intends to present, analyze and forward a view on the socio-economic impact of paid transport of people by small bus in Bukavu city. The results of this study will enable the public authorities to set up appropriate structures, mechanisms and supervisory measures for this sector, thus guaranteeing healthy social and economic conditions for the population. The main question of our study is: “What is the social and economic profitability of the actors in the transport of people on small bus? We emitted a hypothesis according to which all the actors would get some income, reason why the sector becomes more and attractive. However, the growth of the sector would create other ill-effects. To check the hypothesis, we used both quantitative and analytical methods. This study was carried out in Bukavu city on small bus owners and the population who use this mode of transport. At this end of the study, we come to the conclusion that paid transport of people in small bus has a social and economic impact in Bukavu city, mainly on the social life of motorcyclist, the income of small bus owners, public transport of population and the public receipts. The ill-effects of the growth of this sector is the increase of traffic accidents, the emergence of professional illnesses (paralysis, bronchitis …) and the decrease of school children numbers.

Awongi, Augustin Issoy — 2019-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article laid down the objective to identify the characteristics of the teacher in function of which the performances of the schoolboys out of skills life differ significantly. Based on the demographic characteristics, the qualifications, the experiment of the teacher and the composition of the class, this study led to the results hereafter: Two characteristics of the demographic background of the teacher proved significantly acting on the performances of the schoolboys: the sex and the age of the teacher. In the teacher’s background of the qualifications, it is the percentage carried out with the state examinations which proved to be significant contrary but not the studies’ level. For the experiment of the teacher, all the variables retained for this study had an effect on the performances of the schoolboys: duration of the diploma, seniority in teaching, at the school and in the class and recycling. Let us note nevertheless that recycling showed a contrary effect rather. Concerning the composition of the class, a significant effect was found to the number of pupils and the percentage of the girls in the class. About these results, certainly, the teacher’s characteristics constitute a substantial component in the education quality sought so much by all. However, it will not be rational to consider the significant variables here proven without taking account of the context, the medium and the moment in which evolves/moves an education system and especially of the effects of the analyses differentiating the "teacher’s characteristics" from the «educational practices".

Patrico, KALALA MUTANDA — 2019-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Les entreprises de transport public des personnes dans l’ex province du Katanga doivent se doter d’une stratégie de marketing pour enfin tourner sans ambages ni emboitement.

Review of RSFQ logic for space applications

Kebbati, Youssef — 2019-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The state of the art of RSFQ logic shows that this technology is viable for different areas of application. In fact, we have seen a significant increase in the number of circuits developed over the past twenty years, and the performances achieved: speed, power consumption, integration density and also in terms of technology: new JJ, submicron technologies ... the space domain, this technology has not yet found its place and this despite the need for more and more important in terms of computing power. The generation of cold remains the main lock of this technology. In this article, we will list missions carrying cooled instruments that could integrate the logic of the RSFQ. We will then expose the scientific objectives and the space agencies concerned.

Preliminary data of the avifauna of the urban dam of Koko (Korhogo, Côte d’Ivoire)

Magloire, Niamien Coffi Jean — 2019-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Birds community of the urban dam of Koko in Korhogo Commune (Côte d’Ivoire) was studied for the first time from February 2016 to January 2017. Direct observations using the method of line transects with a 15 minutes points were used to identify the qualitative composition of the bird’s community and to test the influence of the site on the distribution of bird species. One species of birds, Streptopelia decipiens (Hartlaud Finsch, 1870) was observed for the first time in Côte d’Ivoire. The order of the Passeriformes and the family of Ardeidae were most represented. In terms of their biogeographical status, the resident bird species were majority (59 %). The distribution of bird species varied with site and season.

Promoting Growth of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises through Innovation of Talents' Ideological Education and Ability Cultivation

Zhang, Chunying — 2019-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the new era, China's economy is in the key period of changing its development mode and driving force of growth. With the continuous improvement of China's market economy system, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are facing development opportunities and challenges. Under the background of deepening the reform and opening up in an all-round way, how to enhance the comprehensive ability of enterprises has become a key issue to promote the high-quality development of SMEs. In order to effectively promote the high-quality development and growth of SMEs in China, this paper first analyzed the current situation of employees' ideas and abilities. Based on this, some innovation management strategies and methods were put forward. The proposed management strategies and methods can also provide some references for the development and management of related enterprises in other countries and regions under the background of the new era.

The Lagoons’ Fault impact on the genesis of bituminous sandstones of south-east of the Ivory Coast: Lithological and environmental aspect

Assale, Fori Yao Paul — 2019-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The trace of the Lagoons’ Fault permitted to understand the distribution of bitumen in the onshore sedimentary basin in South-east of Ivory Coast. The bituminous formations met are made up mainly of bituminous sandstone which are sometimes associated with other bituminous formations (microconglomerats, sands, kaolins, glaucony, marly limestones and fossiliferous rocks). The bituminous sandstones are quartz wackes resulting from the consolidation of old quartzose sands by the bitumen. There are nano-vacuums between the grains quartz and the bitumen of these sandstones. This bitumen comes from the hydrocarbons which were formed in South of the Lagoons’ Fault in the surroundings of Eboïnda. They were spread by diffusion through paleo-beaches and communicating paleo-channels before reaching the layout of the Lagoons’ Fault and its satellite faults. It is thanks to these faults and to other communicating paleo-channels that the bitumen could migrate to North of the Lagoons’ Fault between Samo and Grand-Bassam even beyond on a distance of at least 75 km. The bitumen is trapped in the form of lenses in fluviatile paleo-channels and paleo-beaches located between Eboïnda and Grand-Bassam. The migration was done from East to West. The bituminous sandstones are in outcrop, subsurfaces and in the sublagoonals; that involves a contamination of soils, phreatic water table and lagoons surrounding.

Growth characteristic and condition factor K of Clarias Jaensis (Boulenger, 1909) caught in the floodplain rivers of Mbô (Cameroon)

Christelle, Tchouante Tzukam — 2019-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The study on the characteristics of growth and condition factor K of Clarias jaensis was made in the floodplain of Mbô in Cameroon according to site, season, sex and size class. To assess the structure and dynamics of the population of C. Jaensis, in order to reduce mismanagement of fishing, 230 fish caught by "hawk" type gill nets, hooks and baited traps were collected monthly in three sites (Menoua, Nkam and flooded ponds) among fishermen between November 2016 and September 2017. The measurements and weighings of the total and standard lengths, then the total weight and eviscerated weight of the specimens ranged from 12.00 to 52.00 cm and 10.50 to 47, 50 cm respectively; Between 9.99 to 1165.59 g and 8.65 to 1119, 80 g. Overall, this species has a positive allometry growth. However, it showed seasonal variations. Thus, in the dry season, it passes from positive allometry to negative allometry regardless of sex and state of maturity, then isometry growth in the Nkam River to allometry positive in Menoua and flooded ponds. Condition factor K varied between 1.05 and 1.17 regardless of the factor considered. However no significant differences were observed. In view of these results, C. Jaensis could be considered as potential candidate for aquaculture

Doukoure, Mamery — 2019-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

This work presents the results of palynological analysis of the Albo-Cenomanian interval of two wells located on the Abidjan margin in the offshore sedimentary basin of Côte d'Ivoire. It aims to reconstruct deposition environments during this interval coinciding with the oceanic anoxic event (EAO1) recorded in the Atlantic. After classical chemical attacks with strong acids, the palynomorphs extracted from 114 cuttings samples were identified and counted. The results show that out of 9786 registered palynomorphs 5108 belong to the Y-3M well and 4678 to the Y-4M well. Quantitative analysis of spore groups, pollen grains (Classopollis, Ephedripites, Araucariacites), elateres and dinocysts revealed a predominantly continental (littoro-deltaic) depositional environment with marine incursions. This sedimentation occurred under a predominantly arid to semi-arid palaeoclimate under relatively humid conditions in some places. These palynological quantitative approaches will help to refine the deposit environment of the Albian in Ivory Coast.

Biomass production and quality of Arthrospira platensis in open culture as affected by leaf extracts of Manihot esculenta Crantz (Euphorbiaceae) and Laportea aestuans (Urticaceae) at Yabassi-Cameroon

Melvin, MUTLEN — 2019-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Cyanobacteria Arthrospira platensis var Toliarensis is a food source with high nutritional qualities due to the diversity and richness of its constituents. However, its production in a synthetic medium is very expensive given the high requirements in mineral elements of this micro-algae. The present study conducted at the Spirulina Production Pilot Unit of the Institute of Fisheries and aquatic Sciences of the University of Douala at Yabassi aimed to evaluate the effect of the different doses Manihot esculenta Crantz (Casava) and Laportea aestuans leaves extracts on biomass production and nutritional characteristics of postharvest dry biomass of Arthrospira platensis. To achieve this objective, 11 experimental culture substrates were developed, 10 of which were based on extract of Manihot esculenta leaves at different doses (10 g / l, 20 g / l, 30 g / l, 40 g / l, 50 g / l) and based on extract of Laportea aestuans doses (at the same doses are respectively 10 g / l, 20 g / l, 30 g / l, 40 g / l, 50 g / l) and 1 referential medium ( Modified Jourdan medium). ). All the media previously prepared were subsequently seeded with 5 ml / l of a strain of Arthrospira platensis for each respective medium. A daily check of the physicochemical parameters was carried out, as well as weekly harvests in order to evaluate the productivity of each culture medium. A characterization of nutritional parameters (quantification of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, phycocyanin and moisture) of post harvest biomasses from different media was made later. A comparative analysis of dry biomass obtained from different experimental culture media based on Manihot esculenta leaf extract at different doses (10 g / l, 20 g / l, 30 g / l, 40 g / l, 50 g / l l) and those with the extract of Laportea aestuans doses (respectively at doses of 10 g / l, 20 g / l, 30 g / l, 40 g / l, 50 g / l) compared to the reference medium of Jourdan shows a significant difference (P˂ 0.05) between treatments. The culture medium at a dose of 50 g / l of Laportea aestuans (M11) had a significantly greater effect on biomass production than all other experimental media with an average biomass of 5.65 ± 0.32 g / l. These results are also reflected in the better nutritional profile of post-harvest biomass from this environment, particularly their protein content (an average of 55.44 ± 0.38%) and carbohydrate (an average value of 33.93 ± 5.45%) in lipid (9.97 ± 1.11) in moisture (16.30 ± 4.66%) but also in phycocyanin (11.66 ± 2.97%) compared to other experimental media.

Online to Onsite: A Case Study of Information System for Capturing Museum Visits

SU, Fang-Yi — 2019-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The National Science and Technology Museum creates an “Online to Onsite visitor behavior system”(OOVBS) into ”Explore IoT Exhibition”. The system is installed in all interactive units, through app, beacon technology and program for capturing personal experience during a museum visit. Besides, we adopted Stephen Bitgood’s behavior observation scale: the degree of involvement, the state of operations, the degree of reading, and the content of discussion into this interactive unit as criteria for evaluation. We will be able to retrieve visitors’ data that included basic information, comments and feedback, as well as comprehensive performance of visitor behavior via this system, by starting and operating interactive units with the corresponding identifiers of the applications demonstrated at the exhibition that they download. This article presents an “online to onsite” exhibition mode of intelligent museum to access learning behavior of visitors and build data analysis.Through the actual implementation of a visitor database for the exhibition, audiences’ visiting behavior and learning mode can be documented and evaluated. If the concept of a ‘museum group’ system can be developed in the future to integrate all museum audiences’ information, it will have an impact on the museum’s exhibitions, education, and operations.

Patrico, KALALA MUTANDA — 2019-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Cette observation mise à la portée des lecteurs, émane d’une observation faite dans les lieux ou s’exploitent artisanalement les minerais du cuivre au Lualaba et dont la motivation majeure n’est autre que de montrer comment se crée des nouveaux territoires socio-économiques. Cette étude a été menée dans la province du Lualaba principalement dans les territoires de Mutshatsha, Lubudi et Kolwezi. Ainsi, les autorités locales et provinciales devraient considérer ces territoires socio-économiques comme sources des gains pour organiser une structure du marché selon le modèle et organiser la cohabitation des anciens occupants avec les nouveaux (ceux qui sont venu des autres contrées et cités d’autres province) pour l’exploitation du cuivre dans ces territoires. A ce jour, plusieurs territoires sont nés (non encore encadré) et pas connu de l’administration Territoriales.

STUDY OF THE VARIABILITY PHENOTYPIC OF TOMATO ‘FRUITS OF LOCALS VARIETY AT KISANGANI (DR CONGO)

Lokonga, O. — 2019-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

This work aims to do the study of the genetic variability of the local tomato. The results showed that genetic diversity of local tomatoes is summed up into 6 botanical forms (round Red, round Violet, flat Red, flat Violet, elongated Red, and elongated Violet) among which round Red phenotype was the most represented (56.5%).

Food behavior of humans - Impact on wildlife and the emergence of intercommunal conflicts : Case of Ikela territory (Ikela / Tshuapa / DR Congo)

LONGELA NZASI, Bruno Augustin — 2019-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The food function is interdependent of all species sharing the same ecosystem. The way of which the man filled this function can disrupt and to disturb this middle strongly. In our survey, we left from the question: what impact can - it to have the man's food behavior on fauna and the emergence of the conflicts inter - communal? This question allowed us to fix us two objectives in our survey: to show the harmfulness of an essentially flesh-colored food behavior in farming environment, to show the risk of conflict emergence inter - communal. The result shows that the Ascagna monkey is at a rhythm the game the clearer soup elevated and the rarity of this game in some sectors of the territory brings the invasion of the sectors rich in Ascagna monkey and multiplies the incident between tribes. The very elevated rhythm of withdrawal is harmful as well as the access to this resources that becomes more and more rare triggers a competition inter and intra communal.

Performances of the dismembered Ecuadorian school system: Statistical analysis of the 2014-2015 education data

ALOKO, Homer LIFULU — 2019-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present study highlights the indicators of performance of the school system of the province of Ecuador currently dismembered. It analyzes the indices pertinants input, process of schooling and those of output with regard to the unfavourable position that this province occupies in the questions of schooling of the children in the country. With this intention, the data collected in 2014 at the time of a diachronic study by the Cell Technique Provinciale for the Statistics of Education (CIPSE) and consigned in a statistical directory were the subject of an exploitation and a major analysis. It proved with the finish that, although the pupils are registered in mass (rough rate of admission to the primary education is 154,4% and 44,9% with the secondary), they do not finish many enough (the rate of completion is 65,9% with the primary education and 20% with the secondary). Many are those which stop in the course of road (the rate of loss is 80% with the secondary and 34,1% with the primary education). Among those which leave the system at the secondary level, one counts more girls (89,5%) that boys (70,6%) and more of the children of the rural mediums that those of the urban environments. The coefficient of effectiveness is estimated at 65,9% at the primary school when it is 20% only at the secondary school. The IRR classifies the new provinces in two groups. On a side less provided education for provinces and the most provided education for other.

M.H.J., BOMOI — 2019-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present work aims to study the legal instruments of the Democratic Republic of Congo on the management of chemicals to assess the level of their implementation. This descriptive study covered 31 legal texts, including the Constitution of the Republic, an ordinance-law, eight laws, a framework law, seven ordinances, seven decrees, six decrees and 21 international conventions. The results of the analyzes from the inventory of legal texts show that the country suffers from a problem of the implementation of these different legal texts in the management of chemicals. Thus, for rational management of these products in DR Congo, state authority in control over the life cycle of chemicals (from import to waste management) should be strengthened and a regulatory authority.

Red meat production in the slaughter areas of the rural commune of Falmey (Niger)

ISSOUMANE SITOU, Moustapha — 2019-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the quantity of slaughtered animals and the seizure patterns of red meat produced in the three slaughter areas of the rural commune of Falmey in Niger. These are the slaughter areas of Falmey, Bomba and Belindé over a period of seven months (from 1 January to 31 July 2018). The methodology adopted in this study is divided into two stages. The first step (live phase) is devoted to the determination of the origin of the animals, assessment of their numbers and the control of the health status of the animals by an ante-mortem inspection. The second stage (dead phase) is that of the control of the safety of meat and viscera by a post mortem inspection. Three species of domestic ruminants (3176 goats, 512 sheep and 478 cattle) were slaughtered. 100% of these animals came from local farms. At the level of the goat species 509 organs were seized including 38.11% intestines, 32.02% livers, 20.63% lungs. Similarly, in sheep and cattle livers and intestines remain the most seized organs because of putrefaction due to the delay of stripping operations. An organization of the slaughtering activities is necessary in order to reduce the putrefaction of the viscera. The municipal authorities as well as the parent ministry must support the slaughter areas with state-of-the-art equipment and technicians.

Grégoire, KARUMBA RUKEBA — 2019-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Dans un contexte où les populations de la chefferie de Buhavu en territoire de Kalehe vivent dans un environnement malsain en proie aux catastrophes naturelles, malgré les potentialités végétales du secteur environnemental, nous avons réalisé que les aléas naturels, politiques et anthropiques sont les facteurs qui entrainent ces catastrophes naturelles avec des effets manifestes dans les débordements de cours d’eau et vagues, le glissement de terrain et effondrement des collines, l’affaissement et éboulement des sols ainsi que l’érosion des sols. Les impacts négatifs qui en découlent sont environnementaux, sociaux, économiques et politico-administratifs noyant les habitants dans une vulnérabilité environnementale malsaine et meurtrière. Cinq stratégies se révèlent incontournables dans la résistance à ces catastrophes naturelles dont nous avons évalué, lesquels résultats demandent une préservation, sans quoi la catastrophe naturelle sera continuelle et non maitrisable : les bonnes pratiques culturales et lutte anti-érosive, le déboisement/reforestation, la règlementation de l’exploitation des ressources naturelles, la délocalisation de la population et l’urbanisation contrôlée avec un système d’alerte précoce.

KAJIBWAMI CIZA, Benjamin — 2019-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Le diagnostic fait sur les effets du changement climatique observés dans la ville de Bukavu, montre que la sécheresse, les pluies tardives et violentes parfois et même la disparition des certaines sources d’eau ou point d’eau sont les risques climatiques majeurs. Les effets profonds du changement climatique sont dus à l’utilisation des énergies fossiles à 97% pour la cuisson et à 32% pour la lumière et la déforestation due à la consommation des charbons de bois, etc. Il devient impérieux de mieux comprendre les efforts déployés par les importateurs des panneaux solaires dans la région pour faire face aux changements climatiques et qui aura une solution socio-économique. La présente étude s’intéresse à la compréhension qu’ont les populations de la ville de Bukavu des manifestations des changements climatiques, de ses effets perceptibles dans la ville et même dans les milieux périurbains et les mesures qu’elles développent pour y faire face. Elle est basée sur des études qui ont été menées sur 455 ménages enquêtés et interviewés sur la consommation des énergies en général et l’énergie solaire en particulier, choisis dans les trois communes de la ville de Bukavu d’une manière aléatoire. Les résultats de cette étude a montré que les populations de la ville de Bukavu est qui est le plus vulnérables a une lecture des phénomènes climatiques essentiellement fondée sur des savoirs localement construits. En effet, l’énergie solaire électrique photovoltaïque connaît dans ces dernières années, un développement timide qui ne laisse pas envisager à l’avenir une sérieuse concurrence avec l’électricité conventionnelle ; si des stratégies nationales et provinciales communes ne sont pas mises en œuvre pour un développement durable, l’atténuation du changement climatique par l’utilisation des énergies renouvelables sera sans succès dans la ville de Bukavu et en RD Congo en général. Si la production de l’électricité photovoltaïque est partout possible et réalisable, celle de la technologie constitue encore un frein car pratiquement limitée.

Working Conditions of Health Professionals at Gemena General Referral Hospital 2017-2018

Widobana, Daniel Matili — 2019-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

his article presents the summary of a transverse exploratory study carried out within the framework of a study led to the General Hospital of Reference of Gemena on 70 professionals of health in this institution in the chief town of the Province of the South-Ubangi in Democratic Republic of Congo; it is a evaluative research in order to improvement of the working conditions of the professionals of health in the hospitals. Considering the impact that the working conditions produce on the employees of a medical institution, this research leaves the report of the fall of the outputs of work by tiredness, the stress, the insufficiency of adequate materials, the bad policy wage, the plethoric manpower of people receiving benefits, the insufficiency of materials of care, the precariousness of hospital hygiene and the modicity of wages and premiums for professionals of health not doctors. The results obtained reveal that the working conditions of professionals of health of the HGR Gemena are less favorable (average 52%). What proves that the "SOCIAL" conditions of work are not taken into account; what bring the demotivation and the dissatisfaction instead of work. By comparing the various categories of the following left again professionals of health some socio-professional characteristics (training areas, sex, age and occupational categories), the study did not reveal any statistically significant difference between the categories observed and expressed at the time of this research.

PROCESS OF TITLING IN THE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AREA OF MARGEN IZQUIERDO RÍO CHUMBAO, ANDAHUAYLAS, PERU, YEARS 2004 TO 2017

Díaz, Felipe Rafael Valle — 2019-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The purpose of the research was to determine the result of the titling process in the area of agricultural production contained on the left bank Chumbao River, Andahuaylas, from 2004 to 2017. The study areas were: Ccoñecpuquio, Lirios, Choccepuquio, Cuncataca, Rumi Rumi and Los Angeles. The design of the research: descriptive. The sample was 364 farms converted by land use change. The population was 620 rural properties. The results of the titration process materialized in the conversion of land use from 367.14 hectares to 291.32 hectares, percentage of 79.34%. The change in land use in the area of agricultural production contained in the Chumbao river left margin, displaced the 291.44 hectares of temporary crops between starchy corn, vegetables and others. The sectors of Ccoñecpuquio, Choccepuquio, Lirios and Rumi Rumi, stopped being pantry of the city of Andahuaylas and main suppliers in the Sunday fair of the city of Andahuaylas, to become urban areas. The loss in production volumes only of the starchy corn crop in more than ten years of conversion of land use, reached the amount per year of 466.12 mt. The monetary value from 2004, onwards, for more than 10 years of sale of real estate assets reached the amount of s /. 2, 913, 200 billion soles, which were injected into the local economy.

ASOBEE, Oscar GBOISSO — 2019-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

La présente étude a consisté à l’élaboration d’un instrument de mesure sur la coopération entre les enseignants des écoles primaires de Kisangani. En fait, la collaboration entre enseignants peut être appréhendée comme un dispositif organisationnel scolaire (socio-professionnel) pour améliorer les compétences des enseignants, par ricochet augmenter les résultats des élèves. Pour ce faire, un questionnaire (60 questions, en raison de 20 par dimension et 5 par niveau) a été élaboré. Pour valider son contenu, après l’évaluation des juges portant essentiellement sur les aspects sémantiques et syntaxiques constatés chez les enseignants, nous l’avons essayé auprès d’un échantillon de 20 enseignants d’une Ecole Primaire de Kisangani. Après cet essai, 162 enseignants ont pris part à l’enquête proprement dite. A l’issue de cette enquête, les analyses statistiques des données collectées ont été conduites au moyen de l’analyse factorielle (AF) et de calcul du coefficient α de Cronbach au cours de deux analyses exploratoires successives. La première analyse lancée sur 60 items, a spécifié 3 facteurs et abouti à un KMO médiocre (0.63), mais significatif ; une variance totale expliquée équivalant à 32.13% et un coefficient α de Cronbach satisfaisant correspondant à 0.88. La deuxième analyse a été appliquée sur 41 items afin d’améliorer la mesure KMO. Celle-ci a dégagé une bonne mesure KMO (0.77), une variance totale expliquée de 34% et un coefficient α de Cronbach satisfaisant de 0.91 avec 4 items à faible poids. A l’issue de cette analyse, une fiabilité satisfaisante du questionnaire a finalement été dégagée (α de Cronbach de 0.92).

Axillary supernumerary breast : Case report and literature review

BENCHAKROUN, Khadija — 2019-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

During embryological development, the mammary glands appear on the mammary crests that extend from the armpit to the inguinal fold. The persistence of gland on these ridges outside the usual localization of the breasts describes the supernumerary breast. Through the case of a patient who presents a breast supernumerary we put light on the data of the literature on this entity but remains under diagnosed.

Contribution of geomorphological analysis in the study of surface fracturing in the Tangier region (NW of Morocco)

MAMOUNI, Amal — 2019-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The application of geomorphological study and analysis approaches (Analysis of enveloping surfaces and the hydrographic network) made it possible to characterize the organization of all the elements of the landforms, the main factors controlling the geomorphological evolution of the Tangier region and the correlation of all these results with previous data from the local and regional natural and geodynamic context of the said region. In order to highlight the existing relationships between morphology - lithology and morphology - structure couples. Thus, the Tangier region is marked by: - a morphostructural context marked by a very important structural control. - a tectonic and neotectonic activity affecting the entire region, thus giving an intense fracturing that is ordered according to a very diversified range of directions. - very close relationships between the couples: Morphology - lithology and Morphology - active tectonics, conditioning all anomalous flows in the region.

Profiles and reasons for departure of sub-Saharan migrants : Analysis of survey data in Laayoune (Southern Morocco)

ECHRIDI, Elghalia — 2019-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article presents a study on the demographic and socio-economic profile of sub-Saharan migrants in an irregular situation in the Laayoune City. We then analyze the reasons and reasons for migration. A questionnaire was prepared for this study and randomly distributed to sub-Saharan immigrants. The data obtained is analyzed by means of a software program: (Sphinx Lexica 2000). The study showed that the average age of the studied population is 29 years of which 20% are women, the majority of sub-Saharan migrants in Laayoune are of Senegalese origin followed by Malians, this young population decided to stop their studies by working to finance their migration project, at the interpersonal level. As concerns the socio-professional category, the study showed that 62.42% are workers and 35, 71% are unemployed. Finally, the possibility of finding work more easily in the country of final destination and poverty remain two factors that encourage immigrants to leave their origin countries.

The performance of the port passage and its impact on the competitiveness of the port: Case of the port of Agadir

ELMENSSOURI, Abdellatif — 2019-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the context of globalization of trade flow acceleration, agility, reliability and efficiency in logistics management of bilateral and multilateral relations in the port transit for export level emerge as determinants of competitiveness of ports logistics. In this context, this thesis is to identify and explain the indicators of the performance of port transit for export, before testing their effect on improving the competitiveness of ports logistics. To conduct this research, we conducted two studies, an exploratory qualitative and one quantitative confirmatory, and with key stakeholders and actors - both private and public sectors - in the port of Agadir.

Ecological aspects of anchovy : Engraulis encrasicolus (Engraulidae. Teleostei) in the moroccan atlantic cost

HICHAMI, Nawal — 2019-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Anchovy is a small fatty fish. But it is mostly unsaturated fats. beneficial for the heart and the vessels. It contains the famous omega 3, whose protective effects on the cardiovascular system are widely recognized. The Moroccan sea, for centuries, contains a coveted natural treasure. The Moroccan anchovy that reflects the tradition, history and authenticity of fishing in Morocco. If Morocco has become a major exporter of semi-preserved anchovies, it is because the Moroccans were able to extract from their contrasting seas quality productions recognized by their originality and Moroccan identity and have produced canned with industrial know-how, recognized as a guarantee of quality. This know-how, which guarantees the authenticity and typicality of Morocco, is today a heritage that Morocco continues to preserve and enhance. Recognized for a long time by consumers, fresh Moroccan anchovies, with salt or oil, vinegar or spices, make their authenticity a motto of quality, identity and originality.

Bessisa, Justin Bahinduka — 2019-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Uganda, two countries of the Great Lakes region, share a long border that encourages fluxes of all nature. During last years, this border limit was not revealed that a space of exchange. On the other hand, it nourished the tensions that took the exploding shapes that raised the veil on border disputes between the two countries. In spite of will displayed by the parts to solve these conflicts peacefully, some security incidental is not stopped. This article interrogates stakes of the persistence of these conflicts and the factors that nourish them. It uses itself, besides, to analyze the impact of these conflicts on the cooperation between the two States and propose some tracks of reflection in view of the resolution efficient of these conflicts.

Bessisa, Justin Bahinduka — 2019-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

April 19, 2018, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Uganda signed an agreement concerning commercial cooperation in the Ugandan city of Kasese. By this agreement, the two States committed to vary the exchanges of goods and services, to promote the investments in the sector of the factory and to eliminate the trade barriers. This agreement intervenes in a context where the two countries try to turn the page of the adversarial relations that they maintained during last decades. However, the present survey interrogates the opportunities of this bilateral agreement. Besides, an attentive exam is dedicated to the obstacles that reduce the efficiency of this cooperation and to the corrective measures capable to optimize the commercial cooperation between the two States.

Rehabilitation without metal : At the service of global holistic dentistry

El Khayati, Saida — 2019-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Nowadays the evolution of toxicology knowledge of metals has put the issue of prosthetic metals at the forefront of the news. Ionic migrations from dental prostheses is a clinical reality, but little importance is given to this phenomenon despite the iatrogenic effects that may result. The release of metal ions inside the oral cavity following the phenomena of galvanic corrosion can disrupt the neuro-vegetative systems of our patients or even selectively block certain so-called metallo-enzymes enzymes governing their cellular processes. The purpose of this work is to illustrate a holistic approach to dental management combining biomimicry and electro-magnetic balance to serve the overall health of our patients.

Global performance monitoring for corporate social responsibility

OURINICHE, Nabil — 2019-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The company's mission is not limited to financial goals, because their mission has been expanded to achieve social goals. This vision leads to participate in the corporate social responsibility strategy, involving the achievement of the three fields of sustainable development: Social, economic and environment. The corporate's performance in the corporate social responsibility strategy is named by the term global performance. However, several researches show that monitoring the global performance present a huge difficulty for the company which means driving the three principal dimensions of the corporate social responsibility at the same time with the same way. This article presents a literature review about monitoring the global performance of companies engaged in the corporate social responsibility approach, specifically a theoretical study about corporate social responsibility contribution in the Balanced ScoreCard for monitoring the company's Global Performance.

Universities: The difficult implementation of Management Control - Case of a Moroccan University -

LAHJOUJI, Kaoutar — 2019-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The modernization of the public sector and the reform of public education are in the heart of debates in Moroccan universities. Indeed, the situation in this sector has become very alarming because of the problems of massification, professional integration, and governance. Under the impulse of the LOLF and the New Public Management, Moroccan universities are obliged to develop a management control system to attend performance and results. However, the specificity of the university's activities raises the question of the compatibility of such systems with such context and highlights the role actually played by management control within these institutions. This article discusses the role of management control prescribed in the literature, particularly the regulatory aspect and contribute through a case study, to identify the place occupied by management control within this organization as well as the role it fulfills in the Moroccan universities.

Darasi, Fahd — 2019-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this article is to understand the current situation of artisanal fishing in the Moroccan Mediterranean (Belyounch, Fnideq, Martil and Kaa asras), and the components that characterize it (techniques, target species, boats, seamen, etc.). by analyzing the data collected from a survey conducted in these sites. The study is carried out through surveys between April 2014 and June 2014. The artisanal fishing sector in the selected sites could be characterized by different components. Thus, we can note the following characteristics: Presence of about 308 active boats; and direct employment offers to almost 1160 fishermen. Twelve gears are used in all sites. They are divided into three major groups: traps, nets and hook-and-line gear, in addition to dragging. The fishermen practice 12 techniques, with 2 to 3 methods per boat. The fish species most caught by fishermen are: (besugue, bug, sea bream, dorado); cephalopods (octopus, squid, cuttlefish); clupeidae (Sardine, Allache); carangidae (horse mackerel) and the smooth clam.

Reproductive biology of the main swimming crabs species exploited in the lagoons of Southern Benin

Eugène, DESSOUASSI Comlan — 2019-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The capture of the crabs of the genus Callinectes is one of the income generating activities of the waterside communities of Benin. The present paper aimed to provide basic information on the reproductive parameters of the main crab species of this genus in Benin’s lagoons. The crabs were collected from february 2017 to january 2018. The sex-ratio of Callinectes amnicola is not different from the theoretical rate of 1 male for 1 female (p>0.05) in contrary to Callinectes pallidus (p<0.05). The first maturity size of Callinectes amnicola males is 11.87 cm (East Complex) and 10.78 cm (West Complex), respectively. For females, the size of first maturity is 10.07 cm (East Complex) and 11.20 cm (West Complex). The first maturity size of Callinectes pallidus male is 9.99 cm (East Complex) and 9.17 cm (West Complex). Callinectes pallidus female are mature at 7.68 cm (East Complex) and 6.45 cm (West Complex). Breeding of both species occurred at Lake Nokoue in areas near the Atlantic Ocean from february to may. The ovigerous females of Callinectes amnicola with carapace width greater than 9.5 cm are more productive than those of lower widths. All collected ovigerous Callinectes pallidus females show good reproductive productivity.

Evolution of Water and Land Resources for Irrigated Crops in the Rural Municipality of Dan Barto (Kantché Department - Niger)

Mahamadou, ILLOU — 2019-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Irrigated crops are the government's preferred option for combating the quasi-structural food insecurity in rural Niger. These crops are developing in a context of degradation of natural resources, especially water and land, the main factors of production. In the rural commune of Dan Barto and in the other rural communities of Niger, the increase of the yields must pass by an efficient control of these principal resources. This study, which focuses on the evolution of water and land resources, aims to analyze the evolution factors seen by local populations in order to promote irrigation in the area. The methodology was based on an analysis of quantitative and qualitative data collected in the field using an interview guide and a questionnaire. Two types of interview (individual and focus group) allowed the collection of data. The main results show that the Dan Barto site exploits surface water. This resource has evolved according to the majority of farmers. Irregular rainfall and silting are the main causes. With regard to the land, it is the mode of access that knows an evolution, diversifying around the inheritance.

INCLUSIVE EDUCATION’S SCIENTIFIC BASIS

UPOLWUN, Eugene UCOUN KENO — 2019-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Several educational approaches are applied in educating disabled people. Notably: separated or discriminatory education, incorporated classes within ordinary schools and inclusive education. Many Congolese educative operators advocate that there is no way to educate together invalids and valids in ordinary classes. Hence they ignore new theories of reference which sustains integrative or inclusive education. This article is updated in order to enlight and to enable them with useful information related to scientific basics of this new approach. We think that DRC needs this information to realize its objective of education for all to what it has subscribed for several decades.

Osée, Kayumba Mugoyi — 2019-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this article on educational alignment in mathematics and French in Goma primary schools is to: "Check whether, during the teaching-learning process, Goma primary school teachers apply the theory correctly pedagogical alignment ". In other words, check if there is consistency between the components of the pedagogical alignment. The results of the study show that these teachers have shortcomings in the application of this theory. Training is therefore necessary.

Osée, Kayumba Mugoyi — 2019-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study is about operationalizing the objectives of mathematics and French learning and their appropriateness to the evaluation issues in Goma Adventist elementary schools. It aims - To verify if Goma Adventist elementary school teachers make mathematics and French learning objectives operational in accordance with Mager’s three criteria (action verb, achievable and measurable). - To verify also if the evaluation items that they submit to the learners are consistent with the starting objectives. The investigation results reveal that teachers in Goma Adventist elementary schools have serious lacunae in the theory of pedagogic objectives operationalization and that training in this field is therefore required.

APPLICATION OF A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) TO HIGHLIGHT FORMATIONS THAT SUPPORT GOLD MINERALIZATION IN COTE D’IVOIRE : CASE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF KATIOLA

Yacouba, DIAKITE — 2019-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

This work aims to identify potentials sites suitable for mining research through the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The method of pair comparisons by the hierarchical analysis process developed was used to the ponderation of criteria to generate different thematic maps. By the technic of complete aggregation based on the ponderation, these different maps were combined to produce the indicator map to result in the synthesis map. The map of potential sites for the auriferous mineralization which is a synthesis map reveals that 10% (350Km² or 3500ha) of the study area is moderately mineralized, 30% (1050km² or 1050ha) is mineralized and 13% (455Km² or 45500ha) is very mineralized. This map is of great importance for possible auriferous explorations. It highlights the auriferous potentialities of Katiola department.

Performance of Tamarix aphylla (L.) H.Karst. var erectus on salty acid sulphate soils of Ndiaffate terroir, Kaolack (Senegal)

FAYE, Elhadji — 2019-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The increasing salinization of Sine Saloum river basin lands is on a scale that far exceeds the current reclamation and use capacity of populations. For this, a biomechanical design associating a levee network and Tamarix aphylla (L.) H.Karst as a biological pump was implemented in Ndiaffate village in 1998. The experimental design was a randomized complete blocks with three treatments, a control and five replicates. The treatments were three planting densities (4 x 3, 4 x 4 and 4 x 5 m). Ten years later, it was important to evaluate species and its effects on salinity and acidity of studied lands. Systematic monitoring of plants was conducted. Diameter, height and number of T. aphylla stems, salinity and acidity of the experimental plots were measured. Data analysis shows that planting density has direct effects on T. aphylla growth and undirect effects on soil salinity and acidity. The 4 x 5 m treatment seems to give the best success rates and growth. A significant difference was found between height, diameter and regeneration means. A follow-up of the amplitude of chemical parameters’ seasonal variations seems to be necessary.

Comparison of metallic trace elements accumulation capacities in three market garden species, lettuce (Lactuva sativa L.), spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) and amaranth (Amaranthus paniculatus L.), grown on agricultural sites in the city of Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire)

KOUAKOU, Kouassi Joseph — 2019-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Like many cities in the world, the city of Abidjan has experienced, in recent years, a significant development of market gardening. At the same time, the popularization of urban agriculture is controversial in terms of food security given the exposure of crops to pollutants, including trace elements, generated by agricultural practices and urban activities. In this work, we have compared, by a principal components analysis, the potential for the accumulation of five trace metals, cadmium, copper, lead, zinc and nickel, by three market garden species, lettuce, spinach and amaranth. The market garden species came from two market gardening sites, Marcory and Cocody, and the experimental plot of Nangui Abrogoua University. The results showed that lettuce has a greater capacity for accumulation of the five metals than for spinach and amaranth. However, amaranth and spinach from the three sites showed almost the same metal accumulation capacity.

Maternal prognosis of childbirth during augmentation of labour with oxytocin in Goma town, DR Congo

Musimwa, Imani Prince — 2019-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The use of synthetic oxytocin is now widespread in the stimulation of labor, almost substituting the normal physiology of childbirth and yet it remains a high-risk molecule. The objective of this study was to determine the maternal prognosis after augmentation of labour with oxytocin in our maternity wards. A case-control study of women who gave birth in three health reference facilities. The sample was of convenience consisting of 824 women in labor with a good prognosis of vaginal delivery at admission. We maintained 412 stimulated cases and 412 unstimulated controls, thus 1 case for 1 control. The software EPIINFO 2000, 7.2.2. version and SPSS 20 version helped us to analyze the data. The results reveal a high labour stimulation rate in the city of Goma is 54%. The stimulation protocol was not respected: Bishop score was not evaluated in 56.8% of cases with 91.3% of cases stimulated by a high dose of 10 IU of oxytocin diluted in 500 ml. There were short intervals of increase ≤ 29 minutes in 18.5% of cases and 90.6% of the stimuli did not receive tococardiographic monitoring. The maternal prognosis was characterized by a high frequency of cesarean section (OR=1.95), artificial delivery (OR= 25.50), the post-partum hemorrhage (OR=2, 29) with (p < 0, 05). The resuscitation for disseminated intravascular coagulation (OR=1.29) and the maternal death characterized by (OR= 2.00). Unregulated augmentation of labor by oxytocin involves in increasing maternal morbi-mortality.

Modeling infiltrations in underground structures using a finite elements method : A subway tunnel application in Paris

Bouchenafa, Walid — 2018-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

This work is devoted to flow modeling in the urban underground. This article presents a methodology for estimating infiltration discharge entering a tunnel as a function of groundwater table. Discharge entering the tunnels by groundwater infiltration is modeled and detailed by a numerical approach based on underground flows simulation model. It is about mathematically solving a flow problem in an unsaturated porous medium. This problem until now is not yet well understood in underground flows field in subway tunnels. Finally, an application example and validation performed on one of Paris subway tunnel is presented.

External factors of opposition to the use of contraceptive methods by women in Kinshasa (DR Congo)

Nene, Kabyahura Novi — 2018-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The study of the external factors of opposition to the use of contraceptive methods by women in Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of Congo was initiated to find out what influences women of childbearing have to resist to use of the contraceptive methods. We conducted a questionnaire survey of 2,373 women in Kinshasa, which allowed us to identify the neutral or external factors that are the basis of resistance to contraception, they are: - The gender of the head of the household; - The crisis of society; - Lack of women education; - Lack of awareness among women by qualified agents. These factors are the targets to be overcome through appropriate scientific actions for greater contraceptive practice. The Epidata Software under the SPSS version 20 application has been used to establish consistency between the literature review and the experimental observations in the field.

BONNI, Gustave — 2018-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The study on the efficacy of phytosanitary treatment programs based on neem extract or kaolin was undertaken in the center of Benin. The objective of the work was to identify a treatment program that is more effective than the outreach in the area. To achieve this goal, a Fisher block device with 6 treatments and 4 repetitions were set up on two sites. The treatments developed consisted of an untreated plot; of a treated plot to the program popularized (PP); of a plot treated exclusively in Kaolin 5%; of a plot receiving: 3 neem-2 emamectine/acetamipride-2 neem; of a plot receiving: 2 emamectine/acetamipride -2 neem-1 emamectine/acetamipride -2 neem and of a plot treated in the mixture of neem + emamectine/acetamipride on 7 applications. Ten applications were conducted with the kaolin used alone and 7 with the other objects. The results showed good control of endocarpiques larvae by programs N°4 and N°6, consisting respectively of 3neem-2 emamectine/acetamipride-2 neem and of 7 treatments in the neem mixture emamectine/acetamipride. The average number of larvae in the green bolls obtained on plots treated following these two programs has not been statistically different from that of the treated plots following the program popularized in the area. This average number of larvae was also reduced as compared to untreated parcels (p=0.0029). The program exclusive to the kaolin 5% has controlled the endocarpiques larvae, Pectinophora gossypiella and Thaumatotibia leucotreta as well as the popularized program. The number of plants attacked by pests of foliage, including Haritalodes derogata and Aphis gossypii has been reduced respectively by 34.7% and 47% against 95.6 and 82.4% on average by the other treatment programs. The program N°5, starting by two treatments to emamectine/acetamipride was in contrast less effective on the control of the endocarpiques larvae in the area. This study has shown that phytosanitary treatment program consisting of applications of neem extracts alternating or in mixture with an alternative product to pyrethroids can effectively control endocarpiques larvae on cotton, limiting resistance to insecticides and reduce The stress on environment due to chemicals.

Settlement of the individual work conflicts at the labor inspectorate and the High Court in Kindu from 2015 to 2016

ANDJELANI, Carine RADJABU — 2018-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The principle of prevention in labor law is the administrative procedure by which the company takes its lead to defeat any disputes that may arise when applying the provisions of a working relationship between the employer and employee. That being so, we understand that the prevention of labor law is reserved, de jure, against the power of the employer because the latter has an administrative prerogative that tends to set the working arrangements to which the worker must comply, in this sense, the rules of procedure, decreed by the employer is the first generator of individual conflicts that should occur between the two parties. Social protection for employees is provided by both the state and the private supplementary insurance bodies. Every employee is a social work, that is to say that he is registered with the social security. Labor law guarantees respect for trade union rights and standards of safety at work and the protection of workers.

The effect of felting double woven designs on their physical and mechanical properties

Al Amoudi, Hanan Abdullah A. — 2018-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The properties of the physical and mechanical fabric play an important role in the determination of the characteristics of the fabric and its function. These properties are only a reflection of structural specifications of the fabric from textile structure, threads, materials, and other processes. The composition of the double fabrics allows the construction of two layers either separate or connected with a variety of designs, and two different materials to each layer, which gives the resulting cloth many of the characteristics that may distinguish it from others, and make it suitable for cold or warm atmosphere or both together and at the same time achieve a sense of comfort in terms of appearance with meeting the goal of the use. The purpose of this research is to study the effect of felting a double fabric according to the appearance and properties of the resulting cloth, which was woven from cotton yarns to one of the two layers of fabric and wool of the other layer and with geometric designs of the two sides of the face and back. Laboratory test and statistical treatments showed a clear effect on the appearance of the fabric before and after the felting and significant differences of statistical significance for some of the physical properties of the double-layered fabric before and after felting and differences between equal and unequal designs after felting.

Woman and butcher's shop: The sellers of tchandi-tchandi in Niamey (Niger)

AKALI, Haoua BOUBACAR — 2018-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present article treats with sellers of tchandi-tchandi and aim at determining the part of the woman in the job by butcher's shop in Niamey. This work was realized thanks to a survey made with a sample of 400 sellers of prepared meats. She took place in the streets of 19 districts situated between 2nd and 3rd districts of Niamey. The results (profits) show that the sale of tchandi-tchandi is an activity dominated by the women. During decades, the hard living conditions favored the insertion of the woman in certain modern and traditional jobs. In spite of these efforts, the women occupy the small shops of street. Today, the phenomenon of urbanization generated a strong consumption of meats prepared in cities as Niamey, capital of Niger, where lives about 40 % of the urban of Niger. The fast population growth of the city, came along with a high demand in meat in a context where an important fringe of the population is poor. The access to the quality meat has them difficult because too expensive. That is why, the women filtered in on the preparation and the sale of tchandi-tchandi, a meat poor quality but accessible to everybody. So, they developed this new activity in which, they are usually excluded in particular in the field of the sale of meat.

Lutete Doris, Mansiantima — 2018-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

One of the major problems encountered in factories is the maintenance of production equipments. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the failures of the centrifugal pump units used in the Regideso / Lukaya plant to draw and distribute water, while investigating their causes. The results expressed graphically showed us that the pump units regularly experienced problems, a situation that led to periods of instability in the distribution of water.

Lutete Doris, Mansiantima — 2018-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The reliability indicators determine the state of equipments in operation. In this article we have calculated the different reliability indicators of the pump units of the Lukaya pumping plant used for the collection and the discharge of water. The values found made it possible to understand that the motor pump units are experiencing more and more a loss of performance and calls for the improvement of the practical availability variable.

Modeling test of the process of realization of innovative projects in an engineering school in Morocco

ZERGOUT, Imane — 2018-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Nowadays, the concept of innovation is omnipresent in political and economic discourses and in technological, socio-economic and scientific development plans. This returns to the fundamental role of innovation in solving complex problems in a revolutionary way that helps lead countries to development and prosperity. The realization of an innovation is not the result of a random act, but the result of a process rich in scientific and technical tools and methods using material and human resources. These human resources must possess specific technical and transversal innovation skills. These competencies are reflected in the competence frameworks for engineering education, which increasingly emphasize the need to train creative and innovative engineers capable of succeeding in major development projects. To this end, engineering education, whether in engineering schools or universities, must manage and structure the resources and activities needed to promote innovation in a well-defined process. Thus, the objective of this work is to propose a systemic modelling of the process of realization of an innovative project in the training of engineers. To do this, case studies were conducted in an engineering school in Morocco. This involves studying innovative projects for implementing an "ISO 14001" environmental management system in an engineering school. These studies identify several elements that characterize the innovation process such as: input elements, output elements, control milestones and resources. The added value of this research work is the understanding of the complexity of the innovation system in the context studied through its representation. This will facilitate the identification of barriers to innovation in engineering education and help put in place an appropriate action plan to promote innovation and creativity.

The aesthetic onalys inlays : A real challenge of structural and aesthetic conservation

El Khayati, Saida — 2018-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Progress in the field of biomaterials and the evolution of collage techniques have allowed practitioners to develop adhesive dentistry that aims to sustainably rehabilitate the teeth cut to a minimum and can meet the aesthetic demand of our patients with reliable treatments namely indirect partial aesthetic restorations. The choice of this type of fixed rehabilitations is all the more justified by a greater sustainability of indirect restorations by contribution to direct fillings. However, the use of metal alloys as amalgam-type or indirect indirect filling is still in common use in some countries. The objective of this work is to illustrate via a reliable and simple clinical approach the service that we can offer to our patients by realizing onlays onlays aesthetics respecting the structure, the biomemitism but especially the therapeutic gradient.

Numeric impression vs conventional impression : Systematic review

El Khayati, Saida — 2018-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

After conquering the world of the fixed prosthesis, the digital impression opened to the prosthesis, orthodontics and implantology. Certainly its benefit is present if only for the treatment of the imprint and its archiving, but the concept of evidence-based medicine is broader than that. Several clinical studies have focused on the study of the comparison between optical and conventional impressions, but only a small number of publications reflect a critical analysis of the literature, namely the randomized controlled clinical trials nowadays corresponding to gold standard in terms of level of evidence and systematic quantitative reviews and meta-analyzes of these tests. Within the fixed prosthesis department, we are equipped with a machining machine and in order to make our workflow totally digital, we wonder about the usefulness of introducing the optical impression in our practice. This work was organized in four parts according to the IMRAD structure (introduction, materials and methods, results and discussion). This is a systematic review of randomized, quasi-randomized controlled trials conducted according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes) criteria and the articles were analyzed according to the PICO model (Patient / Problem, Intervention, Comparison and Outcome).

ALOKO, Homer LIFULU — 2018-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The survey examines the influence of the variables of the school environment, the variable indivuduelles and those of the domestic environment on the performances in mathematics of the schoolchildren of 5th year of Bunia and Kisangani (RDC). To this effect, the data have been collected in 2014 on 48 primary schools of the two aforementioned agglomerations, did 4131 schoolchildren answer a reliable test (α =0,78) math and has a questionnaire of information been exploited to this end. The results showed a meaningful regression coefficient between 7 variables of three categories and the performances of the schoolchildren in mathematics. The contribution of all these variables combined to the total variance of the performances of the schoolchildren rise to 4,1%.

ALOKO, Homer LIFULU — 2018-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The survey scrutinizes the effect of the well-being feeling in the school on the scores in mathematics of the schoolchildren. This well-being to the school covers some personal features (behavioral, emotional, cognitive) of the pupil, but as sometimes social (relations with the equals or the adults of the school community) and contextual (ambiance, rules, discipline, school requirements, ...). To collect the data, a reliable math test (ɑ=78) and has a questionnaire of well-being to the school been managed to the schoolchildren (2703) of 5th in 48 schools selected by the uncertain sampling technique, stratified and weighted. After descriptive, correlative and regressive analysis, the scores of the schoolchildren appeared very dissatisfactory. The well-being contributes non meaningful manner (0,8%) to the total variance of the scores of the schoolchildren. What shows the very mediocre quality of life in the Congolese schools.

Fabrice, NIPO BIGIRINAMA — 2018-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The gravity of international crimes has led the international community to condemn them as a whole, and whose national laws have sprouted in order to build a more peaceful society based on justice. The trial being always a dangerous situation, procedural guarantees must be respected and on the basis of which will be examined the value of the conclusion of the final result of the jurisdictional work. The realization of this objective demonstrates that the history of humanity is full of immeasurable efforts to ensure the judicial protection of all parties to the trial, particularly the accused. On the one hand, African leaders have updated an African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights in which an African Human Rights Court has been established. On the other hand, it adopted the guidelines and principles on the right to a fair trial and to legal aid in Africa. Regarding the situation in the DRC, it should be noted that myth or reality, in any case, the Rome Statute instituting the ICC is internalized in the customs of Congolese magistrates that go to its direct application. Having been the scene of several violations of international humanitarian law and human rights law, the DRC, through its constituent of 2006, has scathed to incorporate the essential legal and procedural safeguards provided for in international law into its Constitution.

Fabrice, NIPO BIGIRINAMA — 2018-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aftermath of terror, the trauma of violence, the reflexes of exclusion, the mechanisms of self-defense and sometimes the desire for revenge risk jeopardizing the chances of a genuine rise of democracy in the Member States of the CEPGL. This analysis was intended more as a beginning, a reflection in the effort of historical restitution that it does not provide solutions, to build the CEPGL of tomorrow on an increased sense of alternating democracy, recognizing the rights of the political opposition as surveyed in different constitutions and laws across these states. The politicians in power in the region must realize that they are in no way appropriate to make the opponents assume responsibilities they want to get rid of as actors in the history of failures in the application of constitutional provisions, laws and political agreements. It has been found from our research that the political opposition has not been a constitutional reality in the CEPGL with regard to its constitutional history. On the one hand, we note the absence of the provisions expressly sanctioning the political opposition and the institutionalization of the single party, on the other hand; despite this legal vacuum, at times the opposition has existed in a factual way.

MATITI LUKWESA, Fidèle — 2018-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present study is intended as a proposal for sustainable solutions to the problems that microfinance institutions are currently facing in their development, as effective tools for prudential management and smooth functioning in financial services for beneficiaries. The question that arises is the rapid acceleration of MFIs that open doors every day and face operational and managerial difficulties due to a lack of information on the evolution of financial statements, which is the major problem for the MFIs. efficiency in the administrative organization and financial management of microfinance institutions. At the end of our investigations, it appears that the 3 cooperatives are chargeable accumulated operating losses having made negative their own funds because of the charges; 54,4% related to the tax and tax for 19%.

STUDY OF THE VIABILITY OF POLLEN GRAINS OF ELEVEN VARIETIES OF TOMATOES (Solanum lycopersicum L.) CULTIVATED IN KISANGANI (DR Congo)

Lokonga, O. — 2018-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

As regards the study of in vitro pollinic fertility, the best conditions for germination and elongation of the pollinic tube are obtained at 20 g/l sucrose, 0.62 g/l of boracic. On the whole, foreign varieties (Carotina, Marmande, Makis, Opal, Roma) have a weak indicator of viability as compared to local varieties. Fertility of different flowers analyzed according to their position on the plant, is generally decreasing from bottom to top. These results could explain some cases of failure of fertilization when crossing-over different varieties of tomatoes. The results also show the importance of choice of the flower used when sampling pollen grains.

ILUNDU, Jackson LWESSO — 2018-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Hotels grow like mushrooms every day, whatever their form, through the city of Bukavu. From this comes our main question, does the proliferation of hotels in the city of Bukavu contribute to the improvement of the socio-economic life of the inhabitants of Bukavu ? All the results confirm our hypotheses and lead us to say that the proliferation of hotels contributes to the socio-economic life of the inhabitants of Bukavu.

EVALUATION OF THE ACCEPTABILITY OF WATER PRODUCED BY REGIDESO AT THE NGUBA PUMPING STATION

Mushagalusa, Byumanine — 2018-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study appreciates the level of acceptability of the drink water produced at the station of pumping of Nguba by the households of the cells Nguba and Muhumba in the commune of Ibanda and analyzes the physicochemical properties of this water and bench a comparison with that produced with the factory of Murhundu. The results of the our investigations into the ground near the households supplied with Regideso starting from the station give up the use of this water like feed water and prefer being fed with the water of Murhundu to the reasons which the water of the station is not better physicochemical quality departure its treatment which is incomplete. After the laboratory, the physicochemical analyses show that all the analyzed parameters are in the acceptable one except for the samples of the station of Nguba where conductivity, the chlorine concentration, the turbidity and the suspended matter.

BISIMUANA, Athené KAMONDO — 2018-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Since the establishment of the military courts in DR Congo by the colonial legislator by decree from December 22, 1888 until February 18, 2006, date of the promulgation of the Constitutions of the Third Republic, the Officer of the Military Public Ministry remained regulatory body for preventive detention and the setting in motion of public action. To say that there are absences from the procedure of the direct summons as mode of seizure of the military jurisdictions and absence of the chamber of advice required for a suitable justice. The recognition of the procedures mentioned above remains a prerequisite for the proper administration of Congolese military justice.

Managing the absence of the maxillary lateral incisor

Boujoual, Imane — 2018-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The absence of the superior lateral incisor (agenesis, trauma, caries, periodontal disease) is problematic towards the therapeutic decision, which is often multidisciplinary. The choice of the appropriate treatment plan depends mainly on the availability of the space of this tooth on the arch. So we will have mainly 3 options: - To open the space by an orthodontic treatment before the prosthetic rehabilitation (implant, bridge ..) - Or to close the space by orthodontic traction of the canine that will undergo a modification by subtraction or coronoplasty to simulate the anatomy of a lateral incisor. - Or even to abstain when it comes to symmetrical bilateral absence that does not affect the aesthetics of the individual. This review of the literature summarizes possible approaches to replace the upper lateral incisor and the decision factors of these therapeutic approaches.

Place of ICT in teaching dental medicine : An exploratory study among 60 students

Boujoual, Imane — 2018-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Background: The integration of Information and communication technology (ICT) is crucial for increasing the learning quality for students. Objective: To investigate the perception of students in Dental Medicine towards the use of ICT in teaching Dental Medicine, to assess their effect of easing the learning therefore to detect the best appreciated method in teaching. Method: Our study is an exploratory retrospective survey questioning 60 dental students in the second year of studies in the Faculty of Dental medicine of Casablanca. Results: 88% of students were satisfied after integration of ICT in the practice teaching compared to the classical methods. However, only 45 % of students preferred the video projections alone compared to the practice demonstration around the educator. Out of which, 71% of students raised the benefit of the des videoconferences saved in the eLearning platform as a tool of previous preparation of the practice tasks and confirmed the d’un mixt teaching combining the ITC (video demonstration) and the live practice demonstration. Subsequently, the questioned students proposed other fields of exploitation and application of ICT in teaching dental medicine. Conclusion: The integration of ICT by using les Video-projections during the practice works for the students in dental medicine has showed a benefit and easing effect on their learning. However their exclusive use isn’t sufficient, and will not allow replacing the classical methods of teaching but can complete them for a better assimilation.

DONATIEN, NGAKANGA MUKUMU — 2018-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

We designed a system consisting of two propellers. The first propeller works with the natural wind speed, the second propeller depends on the compressor compressed air that will be started when there is excessive decrease in the natural wind speed. When the wind resumes its normal speed, an optical encoder will give instructions to the microprocessor to stop the motor-compressor.

MUGISA LIRIGO, Richard — 2018-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Under the impetus of the International Financial Institutions (IMF, BM), the DRC set up in 2002 a mining code with a competitive and attractive tax system that enjoyed a ten-year stability period. It was at the end of this period that the Mining Code of 2002 was amended and supplemented by Law No. 18/001 of 9 March 2018, which mainly revised the 2002 tax regime and introduced new measures. However, instead of using the 2002 mining code as an immutable base for reform by safeguarding almost all tax incentives and rebalancing these benefits with non-financial provisions such as social responsibility, the new tax data introduced by law of 2018, seem to jeopardize the DRC's position as an investment land while the application of the mining code from 2002 to 2017 could lead to a major movement of influx of mining investments in the country.

MUGISA LIRIGO, Richard — 2018-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Although the DRC's nature conservation laws consider artisanal mining in protected areas as an illegal activity and incompatible with conservation objectives, the hunting grounds of Garamba National Park in the Province of Haut-Uélé (DRC) is experiencing an influx of miners from all sides, which poses a threat to the integrity of the PNG. Examining the strengths and limitations of each of the exploreable options for solving this problem, this article proposes the participatory definition of a transition, similar to participatory zoning, to reconcile the imperatives of nature conservation with local communities’ rights.

OMBA, Dan KAPOLI — 2018-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Nous nous sommes assignés de mener une étude d’identification des viandes de brousse vendues dans la ville de Kindu. Notre problématique avait tourné autour des questions ci-après : quelles sont les espèces les plus vendues aux marchés de la ville de Kindu ? Quelle est la forme des viandes de brousse la plus présente aux marchés de la ville de Kindu? Les vendeurs des viandes de brousse de la ville de Kindu participent-ils à la conservation de la faune sauvage du Maniema ? Pour mieux cerner les différentes problématiques de notre investigation, nous avons formulé les hypothèses selon lesquelles : les espèces les plus vendues aux marchés de la ville de Kindu seraient les singes ; la forme la plus présente des viandes de brousse aux marchés de la ville de Kindu serait la forme boucanée ; les vendeurs des viandes de brousse ne participeraient pas à la conservation de la faune sauvage du Maniema. Pour atteindre nos objectifs, nous avons utilisé la méthode rétrospective s’appuyant sur la technique documentaire et la méthode prospective, qui avait porté sur la technique d’enquête par questionnaire, effectuée en trois étapes dont une pré-enquête, le choix d’échantillonnage et le dépouillement. L’échantillonnage a été déterminé en interrogeant 77 vendeurs de la viande de brousse choisis au hasard dans la ville de Kindu. Après analyse, nous avons obtenu que : les singes sont les espèces les plus vendues aux marchés de la ville de Kindu avec 45% ; 83,1% des enquêtés disent que la forme fumée (boucanée) est la forme des viandes de brousse la plus présente aux marchés de la ville de Kindu; 61% de nos enquêtés vendeurs des viandes de brousse s’approvisionnent sur l’axe Lokando, cela nous a amené à confirmer qu’ils ne participent pas à la conservation de la faune sauvage du Maniema, car l’axe Lokando mène au Parc National de la LOMAMI.

Determination of the susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae s.l. to some pyrethroids in the oil palm exploitation areas at Mouila (Gabon)

Koumba, Aubin Armel — 2018-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of malaria vectors to pyrethroids and to detect the presence of kdr mutations in two peripheral agricultural sites in the city of Mouila. The study was conducted during the rainy season in 2017. Anopheles were collected at the larval stage by the "dipping" method and reared in the laboratory until the adult stage. Susceptibility tests were performed on the F0 generations according to the protocol recommended by WHO. The insecticides used were alphacypermethrin (0.05%, 0.25%, 0.50%), cyfluthrin (0.15%, 0.75%), etofenprox (0.5%, 5%) and bifenthrin 0.20%. The individuals of Anopheles gambiae s.l. from the tests were identified by the PCR technique. The survivor and dead mosquitoes were used to detect kdr mutations via PCR. The members of the An. gambiae complex of the study sites were composed of two species, An. gambiae s.s and An. coluzzii, with a predominance of An. gambiae s.s. The test results showed a resistance to alphacypermethrin (0.05%, 0.25% and 0.50%), cyfluthrin 0.15%, etofenprox 0.5% and bifenthrin 0.20% in both study sites and a suspicion of resistance to etofenprox 2.5% in the Moutassou site. Populations of An. gambiae s.l were susceptible to cyfluthrin 0.75% in these study sites (≤ 98%) and etofenprox 2.5% in the Mboukou site (100%). These two insecticides could be used for vector control after resistance has been observed to permethrin and deltamethrin (at low doses).

DIAGENETIC CONTROL ON THE PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALBIAN-CENOMANIAN SANDSTONES IN THE IVORIAN BASIN, WEST AFRICA

FEA, Isaac — 2018-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper presents the results of the detailed petrographical analysis of sandstone samples from three wells from the offshore Ivorian Basin. The study reveals the presence of three types of sandstones in the Albian – Cenomanian succession, namely subarkoses, arkoses and lithic arenites, with dominant detrital minerals comprising quartz, feldspar and lithic fragments. The main authigenic minerals comprise calcite, siderite, silica, kaolinite and pyrite, while the key diagenetic events include compaction, dissolution and recrystallization of feldspar, neoformation and replacement of feldspar, and finally cementation. Primary pore spaces are reduced or occluded by calcite, silica, siderite and pyrite. Secondary porosity was created locally from the dissolution of feldspars but has been partly reduced by authigenic kaolinite. The presence of illitized kaolinite overgrowths and dissolved feldspars, together with significant quartz and the mainly concavo-convex and stylolithic contacts between quartz grains, suggest that the Albian-Cenomanian sandstones of the Ivorian Basin have reached an advanced stage of diagenesis. These diagenetic processes affect petrophysical values which varied as a function of depth.

Uterine rupture due to invasive gestational trophoblastic neoplasia: Case report

GROHS, Mohamed Achraf — 2018-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a complex pathologic entity requiring adequate management and surveillance to prevent and diagnose patients with gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) early. causing a major myometrial invasion leading in rare cases to uterine rupture, reporting in this article a case of uterine rupture on GTN, this is one of the rare case published, we present the case of 25-year-old patient, followed for GTD moving to GTN, chemotherapy was started according to the FIGO score which classified her at low risk, she consulted in a state of shock, the diagnosis of hemoperitoneum was made, emergency laparotomy revealed uterine rupture requiring haemostatic hysterectomy.

Validation of an instrument measuring : Interactional Profile of Teachers (IPT) through teacher-pupil relation in sixth primary year

Amandine, Kpiogine Kamiaka — 2018-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Carrying on the validation instrument measuring Interactional profile of teachers through the teacher-pupils relation in the classes of sixth years primary of Isiro, this study want propose a tool of measure of the main-pupils relation in our schools. It is while basing us on the Trainee's Profile Interactional (PIS) that we constructed and arranged the structure and the items of the questionnaire. This instrument is composed of 30 items regroup in four measurements. All main tests for a plausible factorial solution used at the time of two analyses proved to be satisfactory. Is our KMO value of 0.80, is the test of sphericity meaningful (Chi square = 5560.15 to p = 0.00< 0.05). Also, the value of α coefficient (0.68) is acceptable. These results indicate the validity of constructs of our questionnaire. Taken into consideration these results, we reached our objective, the one to construct a psychometric instrument from our model of the departure to measure the quality of the Teacher-pupils relation in the classes of sixth year’s primary of Isiro. The final structure of this instrument (Interactional Profile of the Teacher) is constituted of four factors and 30 items.

NTAMBUE, David MALALA — 2018-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The quality of higher and university education is currently, in DR Congo and in several countries of the world, a theme addressed in the various educational policies. Due to the attention given to this question by practitioners of education and other partners who are interested in examining and evaluating the efficiency of higher and university education, we have evaluated the impact of the organization and the planning, the delivery, and the evaluation of teaching inputs on the learners’ performances by using a pre-experimental approach. To this end, we used the multiple regression on the results of 2022 students in ten learning form levels. We show here the possibility of predicting students’ performance by globally appreciating the contribution of three dimensions (planning and organization, delivery, and evaluation of learning inputs) in the total variation in the students’ performance. The results obtained for the different level forms show that the multiple regression coefficients found are not significant, since the associated probabilities are ≥ 0.01. Thus, planning and organization, delivery and evaluation are not good predictors of students’ performance regardless of the learners’ promotion. Their contribution to improving students’ performance is minimal.

VUNGBO, Eustache MOLE — 2018-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aims to see if student gender can influence academic success in the first cycle of study at Kisangani University. To verify the existence of an association between the sex of the students and the modalities of the success, we resorted to the test of chi-square of the independence. It allowed us to accept the null hypothesis of the independence between sex and success in the two promotions of the 1st and 2nd graduates with a slight superiority of the students in the modality of receipts. The observation is similar in 3rd graduate with a superiority rather of students.

Building a Smart education in developing countries: Case of Chad

Leouro, MBAIOSSOUM Bery — 2018-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

ICTs are gaining more and more areas. Education will not be the rest. But introducing ICT into a college or high school in a developing country like Chad is a complicated process because the operating conditions of ICT components are not always met. In this work, we will examine different possibilities and difficulties faced by these secondary schools in the process of introducing ICT into educational activities in Chad. We propose some ways to address these situations; and finally we provide some advices to the main actors of the education system.

Comparative study of physicochemical parameters and dissolved heavy metal dynamics in tropical waters (Bété, Mé, Djibi Rivers and Aghien lagoon) in south of Ivory Coast, West Africa

KOFFI, Jean Thierry Koffi — 2018-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The study investigates the spatial and temporal variation in water quality parameters at nine different locations in Mé, Bété and Djibi Rivers as well as Aghien Lagoon near Abidjan city for twelve consecutive months. Physicochemical parameters concerned are pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll-a, total phosphorus and total nitrogen. Dissolved heavy metals analyzed are Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd and As. The assessment of physicochemical parameters shown the deteriorate of water quality with significant changes particularly in the Djibi River with high mean concentrations of total phosphorus (0.51 mgP.L-1) and total nitrogen (7.60 mgN.L-1). Nevertheless, the overall mean concentrations of heavy metals in water Cu (1.43 µg.L-1), Cd (0.06 µg.L-1), Pb (0.2 µg.L-1), Zn (9.16 µg.L-1), As (0.3 µg.L-1), Ni (2.77 µg.L-1) were lower than WHO Standard for Drinking Water Quality. Dissolved heavy metal percentage indicates that the order of concentrations was Zn>Ni>Cu>Pb>As>Cd. Multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to group the different sampling sites on the basis of spatial similarities and classification, based on contamination sources and origin of pollutants in rivers and lagoon. In conclusion, this study clearly infers the fact that the cause of pollution in this region is mainly due to domestic and industrial effluents, agriculture and finally natural source.

Land issues and urban agriculture : Case of the Funa Valley in Kinshasa

BYAMUNGU, Désiré BISIMWA — 2018-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The demographic evolution of the megalopolis of Kinshasa leads to an occupation of lands subject to agricultural uses. The subdivision on agricultural land causes conflicts between developers, new land occupants and farmers on these lands. A spatial analysis and a socio-economic survey on land occupation, land conflicts and their management in the Funa Valley in Kinshasa were carried out with the aim of highlighting the level of occupation of the Funa Valley and the different issues related to this occupation. The results of the analyzes show that: - The spatial analysis of the occupation of the valley shows a strong evolution of the anthropic presence on its slopes as in the valley bottom. - 61% of occupants in the valley own the land; - 52% of occupants of the valley, in one of its slopes, Block A, have a time of installation in the valley of 5 years and that this time of installation in the valley is strongly linked to its blocks; - The majority of occupants in the valley have permission to build and the types of documents in their possession are strongly related to the blocks of the valley; - 50% of occupants in Block A do not practice farming and 50% of occupants in block C practice of agricultural activity. The practice of activity in the valley is not linked at all to its blocks. Several land conflicts are cited in the valley such as: the illegal sale of parcels by customary chiefs, illegal occupation of agricultural land by non-market gardeners, etc. Of these conflicts, the most concerned are the customary chiefs. The management of these conflicts is often referred to the district chief and the justice ministry.

The spoken reflexion : Efficient technique for the teaching of mathematics

Osée, Kayumba Mugoyi — 2018-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The differential psychology shows us that people are different from one another. Confronted to the theories developed by Legrand and Garanderie and to the reality of the teaching land in teachers of schools the situation of this theory becomes the contrary. Thus, having assessed that the mental procedures of the child can be original and different from their teachers, the author wants to impregnate himself if really teachers are informed of the existence of this mental and procedural difference at some as for their pupils. How do they proceed to discover this originality of thought? Does he exploit which technique of teaching? What teaching techniques does he exploit? The spoken reflection or he teaches in the total ignorance of this? The results of the study indicate that in general teachers accuse a notorious ignorance in this domain of the pedagogy of the mental management and the differed pedagogy.

Franchise : Concepts and theories

AIT SOUDANE, Jalila — 2018-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The franchise remains one of the most effective privileged ways to develop even in a national and international territory. It has been in the long-term since its appearance in the 1970s in America, then in Europe, and has spread to emerging and even developing countries. Its persistent character and the success of its formula known as "win-win" push a most of companies that operating in different sectors to integrate. This article provides a general overview of franchise, notably its definitions and its theoretical foundations, by presenting the different theories that explain this phenomenon. So the objective is to discuss the literature in this context and identify the different forms of franchises.

Living in the city by hook or by crook ? Perspectives on the poorly housed in the cities of Lomé and Kara in Togo

Eralakaza, OURO BITASSE — 2018-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present research aims at showing the residential logics of the inhabitants of the precarious settlements in Lomé and Kara and to try to propose perspectives to get out of the indecency of the precarious dwellings in the Togolese cities. To achieve this, she combined three approaches: document analysis, direct observation and in-depth individual interviews with 33 inhabitants of precarious settlements. The research has highlighted the rise of precarious habitats caused by the rapid growth of Togolese cities; then, it identified three main types of perceptions of precarious habitats: precarious housing as a shelter, precarious housing as a symbol of urbanity and finally as a transplantation of rurality in the city, thus reflecting the unfinished nature of Togolese cities. The precarious habitat option is a strategy of keeping in the city. In addition, by questioning private housing on the one hand, and rental housing on the other, notably through the case study of the Katanga slum in Lomé, the article shows the system's failures. Before concluding that, in Togolese cities as in other African cities, residential occupancy responds to forms of urban transactions oscillating between indigenous traditions and modern import. Finally, the research proposes to address three main challenges to get out of indecency, including the strengthening of the regulation of land and rental lease and the promotion of social housing.

Optimization of the pasteurization of Saba senegalensis nectar

Sarr, Medoune Gaye — 2018-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Wild neglected fruits as are known for their beneficial effects on health and the fight against malnutrition. This is the case in Senegal of the fruits of Saba senegalensis wich are consumed more and more in the form of nectar whose nutritional and organoleptic qualities must be preserved. The objective set by this work is to optimize the pasteurization of the nectar in order to preserve its whole quality.The minimum pasteurizing value (VP) is determined and then different pasteurization scales to obtain this VP are tested. The vitamin C of the obtained nectars is monitored for 60 days at 4; 20; 30 and 37 ° C. A 50-minute VP gives microbiological stability for two months at 4 ° C and retains the nutritional qualities of the nectar. Thus, the optimal 73 ° C / 16 min scale is used for this fruit nectar because it preserves 63.38% of the vitamin C. The use of the Ball, Arrhenius and Eyring models during the tests makes it possible to predict adequately the losses of vitamin C. The 73 ° C / 16min scale better retains the nutritional and organoleptic qualities of the nectar of Saba senegalensis.

SEARCH FOR CLAYS FOR THE MANUFACTURING OF ALUMINOSILICATE REFRACTORY BRICKS IN THE ABIDJAN ZONE

BOFFOUE, Moro Olivier — 2018-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

With the aim of searching clays that can be used to produce aluminosilicate refractory bricks, characterization studies were carried out on several clays of the region of Abidjan (Ivory Coast) with refractory potential. These studies concerning the chemical, geochemical, mineralogical and thermal characterization showed that clays of Alepe and Anguededou are very rich in kaolinite and have high alumina, and less proportion of melting alkalis and colouring oxides to be refractory clays. The use of geochemical AB diagram of La Roche adapted to clays indicates those Alepe and Anguededou would have a refractory character. These clays after the various characterization tests have also presented interesting chemical and physico-thermal aptitudes to be used in the elaboration of refractory bricks for the manufacture of ovens, blast furnaces, incinerators etc...

Galactogenic propriety of tigernut Cyperus esculentus

NDIAYE, Bou — 2018-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Breastfeeding is essential in infant’s growth and development. Thus, several thousand children suffer from insufficient breastfeeding. Dealing with that, Tigernut (cyperus esculentus L.) is used by rural populations for his Lactogenic properties. This study aims to bring out the potential of nut on mammary gland development and milk production in wistar mice by the histological approach. Mice are divided into four groups; groups 1 and 2 represent respectively the negative control group (rabbit food and water) and the positive control (rabbit food and medicine standard), groups 3 and 4 are tests groups and are fed by tigernut. The histological sections of the different groups were observed using an photonic microscope OPTIKA 4083 B3. A significant development of the mammary glands is noted in the mice of lots 3 and 4, an expansion of the alveoli, and glandular ducts was observed, the connective tissue is invaded by many dense fat cells, the muscle bundles are denser and held the milk ducts are filled with dense granules of protein aceous nature. In group1 rare fat cells are identified and muscle bundles distended. The mammary glandular units present an empty light, a thick and hypertrophied epithelium with tall (non-active) cylindrical cells. The milk ducts are dilated and empty. Lot 4 (positive control) has clusters of granulations of protein nature, the fat cells are very dense comparable to those of batch 4 and 3. This results confirms that tigernut has lactogenic properties.

Synchronous vulvar and breast cancer : A case report

KENFAOUI, M. — 2018-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Synchronous vulvar and breast cancer is rare. A 49-year-old women presented a lesion in the the retroareolar region of the left breast and a lesion located in the vulvar region. She underwent breast conservation surgery with resection of the nipple-areola complex with axillary lymph node dissection and radical wide local vulvar excision with inguinal lymph node dissection. The pathology of the breast showed infiltrating ductal carcinoma and that of the vulva revealed squamous cell carcinoma. Only tree such cases have been previously reported.

Alioune, Sow — 2018-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Cette revue bibliographique rassemble les informations publiées sur le baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) et ses différentes parties. Les résultats recensés dans la littérature ont fini de montrer toute la variabilité morphologique et phénologique du baobab. La production fruitière est attribuée à des caractères génétiques, des phénomènes physiologiques et des conditions pédoclimatiques. Les graines de baobab sont très riches en protéines, en lipides et en glucides. L’huile des graines de baobab extraite le plus souvent, de manière artisanale, par pression ou par solvant est actuellement très prisée par les industries pharmaceutiques et cosmétiques. En effet, la composition de sa fraction saponifiable et insaponifiable ainsi que ses propriétés physico-chimiques permet de ressortir toute la qualité de cette huile. Par ailleurs, les propriétés des méthyl esters de l’huile sont très similaires de celles du colza. Ainsi, l’huile est reconnue pour ces propriétés nourrissantes, émollientes et adoucissantes sur la peau. Elle est utilisée dans le traitement des blessures, des douleurs, des affections dermiques, des cheveux, des ongles, de l’acné, de l’eczéma et du psoriasis.

MATABARO BASHIZI, Jean — 2018-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present paper is a reading of painting of Congolese miseries in «Mathématiques congolaises» by In Koli Jean Bofane; a Congolese writer who is passionate about Congolese literature over the last two decades. To cary out this study, we used sociocritical, thematic and pragmatic methods. The interest of this activity lies in the fact that the image of the Congolese as represented in this novel presents life in the Congo as a sterm and each one tries to draw his cassava from the fire. The article focuses on the infernal life in the Congo, its violence, painting and misery. The text focuses on the relevance of the words used in this novel.

Tax structure, Tax burden and economic growth : Empirical analysis for Morocco

JAOUI, Radouane — 2018-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this paper is to estimate the combined effect of tax shocks on economic growth. More explicitly, in order to assess the dynamic interactions between economic growth, tax structure and tax burden, impulse response functions of growth are estimated using a vector autoregressive model. The regression results suggest that a tax structure based on indirect taxes is more favorable to economic growth. Moreover, tax burden has a negative effect on growth.

Monitoring of the morphology of the Vridi-Port-Bouët coastal unit (Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire)

Mamadou, Touré — 2018-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The coastal unit between the Vridi canal and the Port-Bouët lighthouse, south of Abidjan, is the subject of this study. It was followed over two periods (November 2015 and October 2016) following the eviction, downstream, on the waterfront of several precarious neighborhoods (Derrière Wharf, Adjouffou, Gonzagueville, ...). This study uses GPS data coupled with worksite level data to reconstruct the morphology of the study area as well as its description and evolution from different beach profiles. The acquired data is processed from the software "MapSource", "Excel" and "Surfer". For each profile, the different morphological units of the range were determined from classical terminology. In general, all the recorded profiles have a straight or concave shape. This is characteristic of an unbalanced beach profile with sand start and erosion. The length of the profiles varies between 16 m and 53 m. The elevation difference is between 4 m and 7 m with a variable slope (2.86 ° to 14.03 °). They are reflexive beaches with a strong erosional tendency.

Short-run non-linear effects of fiscal policy on economic activity in Morocco : Swtching regime empirical analysis

Ghazi, Anouar — 2018-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper aims to evaluate the non-linear macroeconomic effects of fiscal policy on activity in Morocco. We estimate a three-variable MS-VAR over the period from 1990 to 2015 (quarterly basis). The results reveal that the economic activity in Morocco experienced at least one regime change in 1998. Indeed, two regimes emerge: i) the first one occurs over the period 1999 to 2015 and the ii) the second one from 1990 to 1998. In both regimes, fiscal policy does not significantly affect economic activity, and so its effects can be qualified as non-expansionist. Moreover, fiscal policy is found to be pro-cyclical especially over the period from 1999 to 2015, displaying a non-Keynesian behavior. In other words, the fiscal policy in Morocco does not play its role of stabilization policy.

Analyzing the determinants of profitability of organic and conventional cotton in Benin

Silvère, Tovignan D. — 2018-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study analyses the profitability of organic and conventional cotton in Benin and assesses their determinant factors. The research was carried out in three districts including Glazoue, Banikoara, and Tanguieta. Those localities belong to different agro ecological areas. For the purpose of this research, we used a quantitative approach based on structured interviews. We adopted a stratified sampling in three stages (national, regional and local levels). In all, we interviewed 215 household-heads (males and females), of which 111 conventional farmers and 104 organic farmers. It stands out that cotton production (both conventional and organic) is profitable in all the three areas. Organic cotton is more profitable than conventional cotton in spite of its lower yields. In fact, organic cotton farmers make use of locally available inputs, which are cheaper than the chemical inputs employed by conventional farmers. Moreover, organic cotton farmers benefit from premium, which combined with the low costs of production compensate the yield gap. Overall, the main determinants of the profitability of cotton (conventional and organic) include: the intensity of technical support, amount of credit, quantity of family labor force, level of education, practice of fallow, and the quantity of family labor devoted to pesticide sprays.

Famer’s perceptions on Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) in the Sudano-Sahelian zone in Cameroon

Bayé-Niwah, C. — 2018-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present study is part of the Home Garden project and Domestication in the Sudano-Sahelian region of Cameroon. The aim of the work is to contribute to the promotion of Moringa oleifera Lam. for its better valorization in Cameroon. An ethnobotanical survey was conducted among 158 stakeholders of Moringaceae in 15 communities in the Sudano-Sahelian zone through the Rapid Participatory Reseach Method (RPRM). The questionnaire is based on the knowledge, practices and indigenous knowledge of the people on M. oleifera. It appears that the leaves and seeds are the most commercialize in the region. The leaves, roots and seeds are the parts used in traditional medicine. Famer’s of the Sudano-Sahelian area of Cameroon treat 19 diseases with the different parts of the plant. Six diseases (dental caries, HIV / AIDS and malnutrition, diabetes, high blood pressure, sore eyes and typhoid) are commonly treated in the study area. The plant would be introduced in the Sudano-Sahelian zone of Cameroon by the Fulani to 17siècle. The Guiziga, Mafa, the Moufou and Toupouri use six criteria based leaves, pods, seeds and trunk to distinguish each trees of M. oleifera. These qualitative criteria can be used baseline data for the morphological characterization of the species. These results can be used as database for the selection of ecotypes solicited by populations.

TIAMA, Djakaridia — 2018-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Le nord du Burkina Faso, était jadis une région où les ignames communément appelées « yùyà » étaient très prisées et cultivées. De nos jours, cette culture est en voie de disparition. Cependant, quelques paysans ont su conserver les principaux groupes variétaux qui sont : « nyù » ; « waogo », « boussa » et « rogui ». La présente étude a été ainsi initiée pour connaitre les systèmes de culture, les variétés paysannes ainsi que les usages qui en sont faits. Une enquête menée à Arbollé, a permis de montrer que les « yùyà », groupe d'ignames du genre Dioscorea, jouent plusieurs rôles à la fois à savoir alimentaire, médicinal (traitement de diarrhée infantile, malaises après la ménopause, régulateur de tension, stimulant sexuel……) et aussi socio-économiques (offrande, vente) importants. Les pratiques culturales sont très peu diversifiées selon les connaissances endogènes héritées et les moyens financiers des paysans. Les uns utilisent la paille pour la protection et les autres les pieds secs de sorgho. Les principales techniques de fertilisation des sols sont l’utilisation de la fumure organique et la rotation des cultures.

Epidemiology of drug consumption among young aged 9-22 Years at schools in Abidjan (Ivory Coast)

OUATTARA, Niemtiah — 2018-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

In order to evaluate the proportion of the provided education for young people who probably consumed drug, an epidemiological investigation was carried out in 3141 pupils; out these 2135 were boys and 1006 girls. Among the interviewed pupils, 316 (10.06%) admitted having already consumed at least once of drug. Among them, 258 boys (either 12,08%) already consumed drug against 58 girls (or 5,77%). This study evaluated the proportion of the consumers by age bracket. Thus, three age brackets were considered to range from [9-13 years, [13 - 19 years, and [19 - 22 years]. The results indicate that 578 pupils from 9 years old and less than 13 years, 27 (that is to say 4,67%) consume these substances. Among the 13 years old pupils to less than 19 years, 173 on a total of 1634 individuals consume drug (either 10,59%) and 12,49% of the pupils from 19 to 22 years are also consumers. The consumption of drug was also evaluated at its subjects surveyed by level of study. Thus, the distinction is made between the first cycle and the second cycle. On this subject, one notes that on 1575 subjects questioned with the first cycle, 150 (either 9,52%) admitted having consumed drug against 166 out of 1566 pupils questioned (or 10,60%) with the second cycle. Our studies have shown that age and level of education would influence drug use.

Biye, Alphonse — 2018-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The investigations have been conducted in Lubunga urban-rural area because of its direct connection to the survey sites, where exploitation, sale as well as artisanal transformation of rattans are current activities. The socio-economic and ethno-ecological investigations on strategies of exploitation of rattans from June 2008 to December 2009. The survey has carried out in 12 villages in periphery of the Forest Reserve of Yoko and Lubunga. There were about 62 households of cutters - sellers, 14 households of cutters artist villagers, 13 households of artists of the rattan canes, 22 households of artists from Lubunga and 16 households of dealers of products made from rattan. The findings showed that the techniques of selective cut (choice of mature stems) and reasoned cut (the cut doesn't make itself at the level of soil) for exploitation of rattan canes are practiced by the villagers. The results revealed that exploitation, transformation and sale of rattans generate to the households daily incomes. A cutter-transforming and dealer has an income of 375 USD per month; a carrier by train has an income of 1137 USD per month, a carrier by bicycle has an income of 511 USD per month, a carrier by lorry has an income of 267 USD per month, a dealer of the articles has an income of 186 USD per month.

Biye, Alphonse — 2018-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study enabled to schematize the stages of work following principal centers of advantages of rattan sector, forest, via the village markets, 13 sites that 12 zones of rattan transformation and the Lubunga zonein order to better understand the socio-economic analysis of rattan sector surroundings of Forest Reserve of Yoko. This descriptive part showed the existence of thirteen types of actors at level of rattan sector from harvest to consumption and of thirteen villages identified; twelve have been surveyed because the Forest Reserve of Yoko was excluded. The financial approach applied to these sectors showed that the activities of various agents are profitable. While the economic approach showed that the whole of value chain is not economically profitable. The exploratory study revealed the existence of a sector under development precarious and nondurable because except the conflicts which exist between the riparian populations and the States which maintain them, the rattan moves away and nobody thinks of his replacement.

Gratitude as a predictor of Depressive Attributions

Ali, Amena Zehra — 2018-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present study was conducted to determine whether gratitude can work as a protective factor against depressive (pessimistic) attributions that people make about their lives. The study had two hypotheses; one expecting a negative correlation between the two variables and second expecting gratitude to predict lesser depressive attributions. For this purpose a sample of 328 participants (161 men and 167 women), with ages ranging from 17 – 40 years (x ̅=22.88, SD=4.244) was taken from various universities of Karachi city. Depressive Attributions Questionnaire (DAQ) and Gratitude Questionnaire-Six Item Form (GQ-6) along with a demographic information questionnaire were administered. Findings, using IBM SPSS 21, showed that the two variables have significant moderate negative relationship (r (328) = -.293, p<.001) and Gratitude was found to be a significant predictor of reduced Depressive attributions (β= -.45, t = -5.533, p < .001). Gratitude also explained a significant proportion of variance in depressive attribution scores (R2 = .086, F (1, 326) = 30.614, p < .001). It is therefore concluded that the attitude of gratitude or thankfulness does reduce the pessimistic view people develop about their lives.

The technical system of producing kilishi (slices of dried meat) in North Cameroon: constraints and opportunities for valorization

NDIH, Aimé Christian — 2018-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

A survey based on thirty units of kilishi manufacturing units "kilishierie" was conducted in the three regional cities of North Cameroon (Ngaoundéré, Garua and Marua), in order to characterize the actors, their organization, their technology, their building and perception of kilishi quality (a dried meat or smoked meat sliced, seasoned with a cocktail of ingredients and roasted or not over wood fire). It appeared from this survey that, the technical system was 77% dominated by the Hausa, 47% were cameroonians, 27% nigerans and 3% nigerians. The organization was essentially tribal with very few relations between the actors of the different production units. The production technology varies from one producer to another and according to the spaces, mainly in the technique of unwinding, drying and the formulation of seasoning for coating the slices of dried meat. The meat used for kilishi production came from 61% of Goudali zebu, 30% Bororo zebu and 9% Fulani zebu. Of the 105 carcass muscles, only 09 muscles (slice tender, sirloin steak, walnut lodge, round of lodging, fillet, rump, scoter, slice and chuck) were used and implied the frenetic research for noble meat. The investigation revealed two types of unwinding meat, the 15cmx5cmx5cm and along the muscle and 2 drying modes (drying in the sun and dry-smoking), which resulting in a dozen of types of kilishi. The construction and perception of quality by actors at the level of all unit operations were identified. The main limiting factors of the technical system were related to the variability of the quality and the availability of meat, the technical constraint of the unwinding techniques, the practice of uncontrolled drying and packaging. The major consequences of these factors are the low hygienic value of the product and its variability. The control of these factors is therefore an important issue for the improvement of this technical system. The annual production was estimated at about 132.5 tons of kilishi for a cash value of about 1.650 000 000 FCFA.

Djaowé, Joseph — 2018-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper presents a theoretical and empirical analysis of the effects of institutional quality on the attractiveness of FDI by the Cameroonian economy. In order to do this, the research attempted to explain the relationship between the variation in the explanatory factors generated on the volume of FDI entering Cameroon through econometric modeling by adopting the VAR (Vector autoregressive modeling) approach for 1996 to 2014. The results of the research revealed a negative and significant effect of corruption and political stability on FDI in Cameroon. Thus, economic policy measures will have to focus, on the one hand, on the stepped-up implementation of the means of combating corruption and on the other hand, the continued maintenance of political stability in Cameroon.

Polycarpe, Barhege Bashombe — 2018-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present study has been conducted in the biology laboratory of Bukavu Teacher Training College (Institut Supérieur Pédagogique de Bukavu), in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is intended to check the assumed antifungal properties of Allium sativum extracts, given that its commonplace use in the fight against human mycoses. Therefore, various aqueous extract concentrations of the above mentioned species have been tested on the air mold cultivated on Sabouraud agar to get reliable scientific data. The results showed that these extracts inhibit altogether the development of molds from 50% mass concentration. These antifungal properties proved experimentally would be taken advantage of to take up the main challenge related to the prevalence of several cases of mycoses, the rarefaction of antifungal products, and the destruction of farm products by fungi and their infection by mycotoxins.

CONCEPTION DE L'EDUCATION SEXUELLE PAR LES ETUDIANTS LOGO HABITANT KISANGNAI EN REPUBLIQUE DEMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO

MASANGU, Marcel NYEMBA — 2018-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this study, related to the design of sex education by Logo students living in the city of Kisangani in the Democratic Republic of Congo, we worked with a sample of 80 subjects from six institutions of higher education and university. Using the survey method, data collection was done using a questionnaire. In the end, we realized the respondents have a varied consequence of sexuality. The purpose of sexuality is multiple, including offspring, exercising in future marital life, discovering each other and having fun with the opposite sex partner. Respondents also expressed a negative opinion about pre-marital sexuality, although they were interested in any discussion of sexuality. The experience of morality and sexuality is at once disordered, commerce, sometimes a voluntary act. The nature of sexuality is to be discouraged. For some, it is imposed, while for others, it is responsible and does not prepare for married life. Similarly, the respondents stated that they were not introduced to morality and sexuality, although sexuality is considered an initiation to marriage and intimacy. High school is the most cited information channel.

Availability of water resources and climatic variability in the lower valley of Oueme, south Benin (West Africa)

COCKER, Fêmi — 2018-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

One of today's key research challenges is now to provide and anticipate climatic changes so that we can respond and adapt to these future developments. Global reheating of the earth and weather forecasts are a growing risk of climatic changes that are not without consequences on the ecosystems whose the watershed of Oueme. The objective of this study is to analyze the availability of water resources with the climatic variability in the lower Oueme valley in south of Benin. The data and methods used are rainfall, ETP, planimetric data, land use extracted from Landsat 8 OLI / TIRS 2016, ArcGIS 10.1 software for mapping, Khronostat 1.01 for detection of ruptures and field observations, etc. This information after treatment helped to determine the physiognomy of the climate in the lower Oueme valley. The results obtained show an unequal distribution of rainfall marked by the continuous changes of the natural conditions of the basin. The study identifies three phases in the evolution of rainfall. The first 1987-1990 is marked by rainfall surpluses. The second is characterized by rainfall deficits between the period 1990-2006 and the last one characterized by a very strong instability in the evolution of the rainfall, concerns the period 2006-2016. The application of Pettitt test to this chronologic series revealed a break in stationarity at the 95% threshold, thus highlighting two sub-periods, 1987-2006 and 2007 -2016. This rainfall decrease anchor decrease of superficial flow between 0,2% and 1% in the lower Oueme valley.

Corporate Social Responsibility in Morocco : Between Effective Engagement and Marketing Investment

Mounir, Yaser — 2018-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has a long and varied history associated with the evolution of the concept and the definition of corporate social responsibility (CSR). on the other hand, although it is possible to see CSR fingerprints around the world, formal writings have been most evident in the united states, where a considerable number of publications have accumulated. this movement of corporate social responsibility began in the 1950s in the United States before it appeared in Europe in the 1990s. indeed, from the appearance of the book «Social Responsibilities of the Businessman (SRB) » of Howard R. Bowen who is identified as the founding father of the concept of corporate social responsibility, different definitions have been written in relation to this concept, and to this day no definition seems to have the consent around the world to achieve universal thinking. our objective through this document is to highlight the conceptual evolution of corporate social responsibility and we also present the various most widely used definitions that are exhaustive in nature.

Elections in Morocco through the electoral system and the electoral division

EL GOZMIR, Brahim — 2018-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Elections are very important for the survival of representative democracy. They regulate competition over the exercise of power and consequently allow citizens to freely choose their representatives. Electoral engineering, through electoral cutting tools and the voting system, can make this competition more transparent. The specificity of each political power inspires these tools. A progressive political system, such as the case of Morocco, attempts to make them perfect whenever the political and social circumstances require it. The political history of Morocco, after independence, shows indeed this disposition of the Moroccan political system to progress on the path of democratization. The electoral system and the electoral division represent, among other things, elements that contribute to this democratic opening, especially after the year 2002. These two tools on which electoral engineering depends are constantly adapting, for the Moroccan case, with the socio-political demands that are more and more freed.

MUNGAZI, Dido MUKULUMANIA — 2018-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

En jetant un regard sur la vitesse de croissance, trois engrais organiques incluant un sol non amendé ont été testés sur seize jeunes plantes de Moringa oléifère pour évaluer leur croissance. Les trois engrais organiques étaient issus des bouses de vaches, balle de riz et sciures des bois provenant respectivement de l’abattoir, des rizeries du marché ELILA et de procure de Kindu derrière la cathédrale Saint-Esprit. L’essai a été conduit en pépinière suivant le dispositif expérimental complètement randomisé à 4 répétitions. Une analyse de la variance a été réalisée sur les hauteurs, les diamètres au collet et sur les nombres des feuilles de chaque traitement après tous les sept jours, et cela pendant deux mois. Les résultats obtenus ont relevé que l’application des fumiers organiques avaient une influence des jeunes plantes de Moringa, mais à l’absence de fumier organique il y avait comme résultats : - La moyenne générale était de 35,75 cm de hauteur ; - La moyenne générale en diamètre au collet était de 0,97cm ; - La moyenne générale en nombre des feuilles était de 15. Avec l’application des fumiers organiques, il y a eu les résultats suivants : - Bouse des vaches 33,5 cm de hauteur comme moyenne générale ;0,99 cm de diamètre au collet, et 15,25 feuilles comme moyenne générale ; - Balles de riz ont donné comme résultat en moyenne générale 21,5 cm de hauteur ;0,77 cm de diamètre au collet et 14 feuilles ; Par contre avec la sciure de bois ont donné en moyenne générale les résultats qui suivent : - Hauteur :20,25 cm ; - Diamètre au collet :075 cm et - Nombre des feuilles :12. L’application des fumiers organiques étant satisfaisantes, le test de ppds suggère l’application des bouses des vaches comme engrais organique approprié car il ya eu une différence significative entre les traitements.

MYANGO, MUTCHAPA MUSIWA — 2018-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

La présente recherche avait pour objectif de comparer le rendement en racine tuberculeuses de différents types de boutures de manioc cultivé à Kindu. Pour matérialiser cette étude un dispositif en carré latin avec 3 répétitions et 3 traitements a été mis en place. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que le rendement obtenu avec les boutures de la variété Butamu (améliorée) a été de 62,3% supérieur au rendement obtenu avec les boutures de la variété Kindewe (nouvellement locale) et 66% supérieur au rendement obtenu avec les boutures de la variété Kabombo (locale). Ceci serait dû au fait que les boutures de ces deux variétés (Kindewe et Kabombo) ont été sensiblement attaquées par la mosaïque Africaine de manioc et qui ont finie à donner des racines de faibles poids qui étaient à la base de leurs faibles productions bien que leurs reprises soient bonnes. Par contre les boutures de la variété Butamu étant améliorées ont données un rendement meilleur, car ils gardent encore leur performance physiologique. Notons que ces boutures de la variété Butamu ont fait une bonne reprise, bonne croissance et la production a été largement supérieure aux autres.

Problematic of the reflection of the radio electric waves of the Global System Mobile (GSM) antennas on Kivu-lake in RD Congo

NFUNEBASHIGA, Roger BALINDAMWAMI — 2018-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The subscribers of the GSM network in provinces of the East of the RD Congo in this case of the North and South-Kivu, are sometimes taken beforehand in charge by the GSM network of Rwanda without any agreement of international Roaming. Our survey aims to clarify the problematic of reflection of the waves radioelectric of the GSM antennas implanted to the borders of Rwanda and the RD Congo. The reflection of the waves radioelectric influences the quality of telecommunication in Bukavu following conductivity of the Kivu lake that separates these two regions. At the time of the implantation of the issuing antennas of the radioelectric waves, the geographical coordinates, the technical features of the antennas and issuing are consideration.

BISUSA, M. Alphonse — 2018-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Les tiques et surtout leur mode de reproduction par espèces ont fait l’objet de notre élevage, nous référant a de l’expérience de l’institut zoologique de Neuchâtel en Suisse en 1980. Le présent travail a pour objectif de faire un approfondissement de connaissance sur la bio-écologie des tiques du Kivu : Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (NEUMANN 1901), Boophilus decoloratus (KOCH 1844), Haemaphysalis leachi leachi (AUDOUIN 1827) et Hyalomma truncatum (KOCH 1844), cela pour nous permettre de connaitre comment faire leur capacité de reproduction selon les espèces enfin de prévenir la lutte. Dans l’ordre de leur ponte nous avons successivement : Haemaphysalis leachi leachi donne 4921 œufs, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus 3508 œufs, Hyalomma truncatum donne 2743 œufs et Boophilus decoloratus donne 1801 œufs. Les œufs ont des colorations beige mais qui évolue vers beige foncé vers la maturité.

ABALO, Miesso — 2018-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The problem facing the ego as a subject in the world is existential. Posed from a phenomenological point of view in Fichte, this problem is not only likely to make the self a subject in the sole intension of distinguishing it from the object, from the nonego, from the world, but to show that there is a position originating from the self, from the world and from what has already been posited. Thus, any synthesis obtained from the self goes beyond any gaze of the given, of the being in order to grasp it in the experience of the identity of the subject and the object. The synthesis of this identity highlights the need for philosophy to have the basic principles on which it now rests as a new way of philosophizing after Kant. Thus, the modalities that contribute to this way of philosophizing will make of the ego, especially from Fichte, the backbone in the reflection on the correlation conscience-world. It's about making me a subject in the world, an absolute subject.

Energetic dentistry: Towards a holistic system of care for our patients

El Khayati, Saida — 2018-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Nowadays the use of metals or even amalgam in dentistry is still relevant in some countries. These materials, widely used for making crowns and bridges placed in the mouths of our patients, are responsible for local and general adverse effects. In order to respect the principles of energetic dentistry and to meet the esthetic expectations of patients of our time, all-ceramic rehabilitations must be included in the therapeutic arsenal of any practitioner concerned with preserving the overall health of his patient. The aim of this work is to illustrate a modern clinical and technical decision-making approach, respecting the illusion of the natural and the morpho-functional project in order to achieve a fixed prosthetic rehabilitation looking for the fusion between neuro-musculo-articular balance, equilibrium smile and overall health of the patient.

El Ibrahimi, Fatima — 2018-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Corneal neovascularization is defined as the appearance of vessels within the normally avascular corneal stroma. It is the end stage of most inflammatory diseases of the anterior segment. In recent years, several studies have shown encouraging results in the treatment of corneal neovessels by anti-VEGF. We conducted a prospective study in ophthalmology B, based on the study of the efficacy and tolerance of intra-stromal injections of bevacizumab in 10 patients with corneal neovessels with a follow-up of 6 months.

Kinetic and thermodynamic study of the adsorption of fluorine in aqueous solution on calcined bones

Gadji, El Hadji M.R. — 2018-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article studies the elimination of fluorine in aqueous solution by calcined bone has been implemented. Series of experiments were carried out to study the influence of certain parameters on the adsorption rate such as: particle size, stirring speed, contact time, adsorbent mass and pH. The results obtained show that the calcined bones adsorb the fluorine quite rapidly during the first minutes to reach a defluorination efficiency of 85% after 60 minutes of contact between the adsorbent-adsorbate. The kinetics of adsorption of fluorine by calcined bones shows a better fit to the second order model with a regression coefficient of 0.9919. The tests carried out make it possible to determine the type of adsorption, which is in agreement with the BET model with a regression coefficient very close to unity. The thermodynamic parameters obtained reveal that the adsorption is spontaneous and exothermic.

Yabusa, Caroline WONGBA — 2018-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study intended to make a diagnosis of the technical teaching in the city of Bondo. To arrive there, we interrogated the chiefs of school establishments, the titular teachers of the courses of options of these establishments and, we resorted to a grid of observation to identify some relative information to existence and the quality of the present school infrastructures. At the end of this investigating, it proves that the technical schools of Bondo miss the minimum for its good working (lack of furnitures, insufficiency of manuals, of shops, of the local, etc.). Broadly speaking and fattening pond, one notices that these schools are not qualified to organize the technical options, which require the daily practice on behalf of the teacher and pupils. Even though some schools provide effort again in order to improve their practice, the situation is not encouraging. As consequence, we must pull a lot of attention on the formation of teachers, the equipment of the schools in infrastructures, movable and manual because the school results depend on some.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE FHIA - 25’ BANANA TREE BEHAVIOR ON AN ENRICHED SOIL IN ORGANIC MATERIALS : COW’S EXCRETA,TITHONIA AND ARSH

Balzac, NTAZONGWA BUZERA — 2018-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the region where Banana tree Bacterial Wilt Disease has decimated banana tree plantations after many years, peasants who have only this culture as source of income co-op do not know what to do in order to cope with this continuing plague which lasts for more than a decade. Nevertheless with more or less resistant varieties including the FHIA-25 in the introduction, hope is allowed. However, in the process of planting plantations, regardless of fertilization and which our study has focused on the organic and mineral amendment, nothing can open on an issue to restore the banana fields around the huts in the agglomerated villages. Therefore, soil enrichment based on Tithonia, cow manure and ash is a way out among alternatives allowing farmers to resume the restoration of their banana plantation’s heritage. The results are promising in an endemic zone of banana wilt, sign of devastation, the respect of settlement with organic manure coupled with a versatile fertilizer produced with Tithonia and wooden ash, banana growing rapidly and the vigor of the plants presents an identical aspect to that under the natural conditions, with more performance on soils recognized as being too poor.

Class composition effect on performances of the pupils of 4th primary school of Bunia and Kisangani in French understanding

Legono, Jean-Paul BELA — 2018-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present paper examine the impact of class composition on achievement of the fourth primary year pupils in french understanding of Bunia and Kisangani, two cities of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. To arrive there, we exploited the data of the Service of Scheduling and Assessment in Education of the University of Kisangani. After analysis of the data, it proves that 45% of variance of the performances is located to the level of the schoolchildren and 55% to the level of the class. While introducing the individual variables in the model, these last explain 12% of the total variance of the performances of the schoolchildren in french understanding. While considering every hierarchical level, the variance non explained by the individual features rises respectively to 43% and 45% to the levels of the pupil and the class. Of all variables of the class composition introduced in this survey, only two among them display meaningful interrelationships with the results of the pupils. It is about the initial level of the pupils and the language spoken in family.

MILKING MODES AND MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF COW MILK IN THE AGGLOMERATION OF THE MULUME MUNENE FARMS : CASE STUDY AT MUKUBAGANYI FARMS

Beauté, LWABOSHI CHIBIKWA — 2018-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Milking as practiced in farms without devices ensuring hygienic measures in the highlands of Mulume-Munene in South Kivu drew our attention to study the hygienic quality of milk according to milking mode. Hand milking in most cases in an open kraal or barn is prone to many risks of microbial contamination. The results show that despite the existence of total coliforms, faecal coliforms, staphylococci and streptococci below the average threshold in gross value, especially less than 1x106 and 1x102 / CFU, there is no tuberculosis bacillus. Note that this milk is directly consumed fresh or marketed after processing into curd, That is "Mashanza".

IDENTIFICATION OF THE PRODUCTION CONSTRAINTS OF SWINE SPECIES IN LURHALA (WALUNGU TERRITORY)

Franck, BATUMIKE BANYWESIZE — 2018-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Many species of domesticated animals are raised for food. Livestock farming methods have also changed more significantly to produce and satisfy the demand for meat. In an area where the demographic pressure is exponential, the rural population is engaged in raising pigs, 75.6% of whom are determined to opt for stabling when 22.2% despite the conviction, continue to practice semi-stabling in order to cope with the difficulties of access to feed and quality agricultural waste. Nevertheless, 2.2% resort to caretaking in public places and trails at the time when this breeding system carries animal diseases, 31% of which are African swine fever and which decimates entire herds, 24.4% of verminosis and particularly zoonoses. In all the cases, the breeders do not have any standard of premixing yet based on local ingredients in supplementation of the fodder that seems to be the staple food. As a result, work to improve the growth curve of animals in relation to a balanced diet remains poorly known by farmers in rural areas. This can be summed up in three technical, economic and social constraints without which this breeding cannot prosper.

Effect of feature of the pupils of 4th primary on their output in french understanding

Legono, Jean-Paul BELA — 2018-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper describes the results of the pupils of two cities of the oriental province/RDC, while being based on the data of a longitudinal study, led by the Service of Scheduling and assessment in Education of the University of Kisangani, since 2010. Being based on the French understanding, we noted that the level of the pupils is weak. In spite of it, some variables permit to predict this output, like language spoken in family and the pupil's initial level (pretest). A pupil who speaks French in family is superior, as regards to output, in relation to his colleague who speaks others language; also, more a pupil's level is raised to the pretest, more his output is better at the end of school year. It is necessary to show that the increase disadvantages pupils because a repeater is less effective than a non repeater.

ANALYSIS OF ANTHROPIC ACTIVITIES IN THE DOMAIN OF HUNT OF MONDO MISSA AND GANGALA NA BODIO

Edouard, DJUMA NGOY — 2018-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Since 1980, the National Park of Garamba is registered on the list of goods of the world heritage because of the presence of populations of rare emblematic species and threatened a population of elephants notably (Loxodotaafricana) and the last populations of giraffes of Congo (Giraffa camelopardalis congoensis) and of white rhinoceroses of the North (ceratotheriusimum cotton). Our objective in this work is to Surround all the problematic bound to the human activities exercised in the domains of hunt of Gangala Bodio na and of Mondo Missa, to value the impact of the all these activities on the conservation of the park. Thus, in spite of the different laws on the activities regulating the domains of hunts of Mondo Missa and Gangala na Bodio, there are always subversive activities that the convenient population, between other the exploitation of woods and ores.

BYABUZE, Luc BARHALEMBERWA — 2018-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The rate of annual deforestation in DRC passed from 0.44% (for the period of 2000 to 2010) to 1.25% (for the period of 2010 to 2014) estimates FAO. The danger is thus so eminent that it is important to act urgently. The objective of our research was to understand the challenges of the irrational use of the forest resources with Kamituga, in the province of the South-Kivu and to propose tracks of solution for a sustainable development. An investigation was conducted near 765 people, was coupled with the interviews and documentation. The results raise that the number of forest owners doubled between 2014 and 2017 passing from 620 to 1200. The population to 52.2% is justified by the research of the money for survival while 83.7% live in the ignorance of the laws protecting the environment. The negative impact of deforestation is felt to 79.5% on the natural environment and 20.5% on the human environment. To cure it the awakening and the action of the actors concerned at the local level, national and world prove to be essential.

Analysis of the behavior of the KINIGI variety with two fertilizers and three spacings in Nyalugana marshland / Ciherano

Beauté, LWABOSHI CHIBIKWA — 2018-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the search for solutions to increase the productivity of the potato "Kinigi variety", two parameters have been considered, namely the spacing and variance fertilization of two types of fertilizer and three spacings. The results show that with different spacings, application of compost and guinea pig dung, yield increases in number of tubers and by weight, which would contribute to the fight against food insecurity in the region.

Influence of nursing socio-demographic factors on the accessibility to the artemisinin based-antimalarials in children under 5 years age at Gbado-Lite city (Nord-Ubangi, RD Congo)

Kotanda, Christophe B. — 2018-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The artemisin based-therapeutic combinations (ATC) are an approach developed to solve the malaria parasite chemo-resistance problem in endemic area. The aim of this study is to evaluate the factors associated to the weak proportion of children under the age of 5 years treated with the ATC against malaria. The data collected on a sampling of 9177 treated children in 13 health centers in Gbado-Lite city in 2014 have been analyzed with the help of Epi-info software package (version 3.5.4). The number of children treated with the ATC is weak (58.9%) in spite of the availability in ATC (87.7%). The socio-demographic factors and the life styles of the ATC prescribers are not associated to the weak proportion of the children treated with ATC (p>0.5). Nevertheless, a strong non-significant association is observed with alcohol consumption by the prescribers of ATC (p>0.72). A weak non-significant association is noted in male (p=0.52) and with the seniority of the prescribers (p=0.71). The factors like age, marital status, monthly income, study level, lodging and consumption of tobacco are not associated with the weak proportion of children treated with ATC. The influence of the number of staffs working in the health centers on the proportion of children treated with ATC is variable according to the considered structures of health. It is therefore desirable to develop advantage of the strategies for a rational prescription in order to guarantee a better malaria treatment in children at Gbado-Lite city.

Extradition Right in Democratic Republic of the Congo

Baya, John Likolo — 2018-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The extradition is an international procedure, instituted on basis of a convention or an international agreement, by which a sovereign State called required State, accepts to deliver an individual being on its territory to another State or to an international repressive jurisdiction, applicant, to the ends of judiciary pursuits (judgment or execution of the pain). The extradition is a judiciary collaborative mechanism between the States to fight the cross-border criminality. It is demonstrated through the present study that the Congolese right doesn't ignore this mechanism because there are international or national legal rules on this matter exists. Of the exam of the legal instruments, it is demonstrated that the extradition in Congolese right obeys, like in other modern States, to the conditions of bottom and shape of which the non-observance would drive to the dismissal of the extradition demand. It was shown in this study that the extradition is of the Government's expertise that has the last decision, which decision escapes completely the jurisdictional control even the administrative one. However, none would ignore the intervention of the Congolese judge on the subject, which intervention appears by the exequatur of the judicial pieces that comes with the demand of extradition and possibly by the arrest of the person needed. Besides, the politicization of the Congolese judicial system does not permit other States to extradite toward the DRC in spite of demands formulated in good and due procedure. To allow the institution Extradition to assure its role fully, it is clear that the DR Congo proceeds to the reform of its extradition related to right while straightening its political and judiciary system on the one hand and while concluding conventions of extradition on the other hand in the under sub-regional and regional settings.

The structures of Legal and Administrative aid to the Children in conflict with the law in Gbado-Lite city (Province of Nord-Ubangi, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Konzema, Dieudonné Kaya — 2018-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Convention of the United Nations relative to the child's rights is the international legal Setting of reference for all question of the childhood. The Democratic Republic of Congo as having left taking since a lot of years, had to get in order taking its content in this legislation. This obligation has been executed with the advent of the law no 09/001 of January 10, 2009 carrying protection of the child. This legal setting had foreseen to put on foot of the judicial and administrative structures to attend this category of no one once it puts the act that the law qualifies default because its vulnerability imposes to reserve him a particular treatment. But practically, the applicability comes up against an unspeakable cacophony. On the one hand, in other cities and territories of the country, one simply notes the absence of these structures and on the other hand, it is a heterogeneous mixture between the jurisdictions of common right and jurisdiction for miners, procedure of common right and special procedure for miners. All these difficulties make that these miners don't benefit from an aid that the international and national texts reserve to them.

The contribution of Landsat 8 data in the characterization of lithological units of the West Congolian sub-basin : The Case of Kisantu and its surroundings, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Lokilo, Emmanuel L. — 2018-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

In order to better constrain the utility of multispectral datasets in the characterization of surface materials, Landsat 8 data were evaluated in the discrimination of geological classes in KISANTU and its vicinity. Ground-based measurements collected from the study area highlight the importance of limestone in that area. The spatial distribution of exposed lithologies in the study area was determined through an image resulting from a band ratio (band 7/band 6) that shows the distribution of clays coming from the alteration of the rocks below; and another image using a band ratio transform (band 6/band 7) to identify limestone. Despite some shortcomings coming from the unsupervised classification, the merging of band ratio and the principal component analyze gives an overall representation of the spatial distribution of exposed geological materials in the study area.

Bioaccumulation evaluation of Heavy metal in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822), Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (Lacepède, 1803), Mormyrops anguilloides (Linnaeus, 1758) and Coptodon rendalli (Boulenger, 1897)

Nzapo, Honoré Kongo — 2018-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The bioaccumulation of four heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cu and Cd) in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822), Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (Lacepède, 1803), Mormyrops anguilloides (Linnaeus, 1758) and Coptodon rendalli (Boulenger, 1897) fluently fished and sold in Kingabwa district (Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo). At first, the results of physico-chemical analysis of water of inspected sites (2) revealed that the values of pH and temperature are in the standards as recommended by WHO and FAO, while the conductivity as well as the dissolved total solids in inspected sites are very weak.. Yet, the two sites are polluted by heavy metals. Secondly, the dosage of heavy metals by atomic absorption spectrometry revealed that all tested fish are polluted. However, the Cadmium has not been detected in the muscles of three fish: Clarias gariepinus, Coptodon rendalli and Mormyrops anguloides. Meanwhile, Coptodon rendalli species didn't reveal any presence of Lead in its muscles. The results obtained show that the consumption of these fish can represent a health risk for the exposed populations notably fishers and their family who consume these fish at least once per day. Thus, by formulating the hypothesis that the fisher or his family is the more exposed and while increasing the quantity of fish for example from 0.025 kg/j to 0.5 kg/j, we can note that the coefficient of danger is superior to 1 for the cadmium and then the danger becomes apparent. It is therefore desirable that the Democratic Republic of the Congo authorities can develop a better policy for the management of the interior waters in order to avoid possible health problems linked to the pollutions of these waters.

Contribution of Landsat 8 imagery in the detection and mapping of lineaments in the surroundings of Madimba, in West Congolian (Central Kongo, Democratic Republic of Congo)

Yang’tshi, Michael N. — 2018-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Oil blocks have been delimited by parallels and meridians squares since years up to now in DRC. This technics is not suitable and common, that is why in order to better limit the different oil blocks in the West-Congolian sedimentary basin, we used the Lansat 8 data to bring out lineaments which help to set geological structural model. Lineaments probably coming from tectonic movements have been identified throughout the surface of lithological units in the West-Congolian basin. The principal component analysis, the band ratio and some filterings helped to get more details about that. Data coming from existing maps combined with groundtruth data have been compared to teleanalytic data.

Personal Resources, Work-Life Balance and Job Satisfaction on Manifestation of Workplace Stress: Evidence of Relationships in a Sample of Women Bankers

Busari, Afusat Olanike — 2018-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study investigated the relationship between Personal Resources, Work –Life Balance and Job Satisfaction on Manifestation of Workplace Stress in a Sample of Women Bankers working in First Bank Plc in Oyo State. In each of the 33 Local Government Areas in Oyo state, there is at least one First Bank, thus the respondents of this study spread over these LGAS. Descprtive research design was used in this study. A purposive sampling technique was used to select the 182 women bankers that constitute the respondent of this study. Four null hypotheses which were formulated and tested at 0.05 level of significant guided the study. Four instruments were used to elicit information from the respondents. They are:- Occupational Stress Index (OSI), Job Satisfaction Scale, (JSS), Work - Life Balance Scale and Personal Resources questionnaire. Descriptive statistics comprising of frequencies and percentiles of categorical data have been used to describe the profile of the respondents. In order to calculate the reliability of study variables, scores of Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was utilized. A simple and hierarchical regression was employed to test the hypotheses. Pearson correlation has also been used. The relationship between twelve dimensions of occupational stress index (OSI) and the satisfaction with life, work-life balance, job performance, and job satisfaction have been determined following Pearson correlation the relationships are negatively correlated and statistically significant at p<0.05. Six dimensions of occupational stress have negative correlations with satisfaction with life scale. Nine dimensions of occupational stress index dimensions are negatively correlated with work-life balance. Suggestions and recommendations were made that women bankers should find time to participate in recreational activities (e.g. music, sports), management and utilization of free times and weekends, regular exercise, and moderate food and drinks (avoiding excessive consumption of coffee, tea or ciggarettes).

LINANGELO, Stanislas B. — 2018-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Our study was about access on drinking water in the urban rural population of Bumba. It was about getting ways how the population of this city could organize themselves to provide drinking water for themselves, which they need for their life. In fact, in a particular way, an emphasis was put on the quality of the water that they use and its repercussion on the public health. Water, considered inaccessible and of bad quality according to the investigations, is responsible for hydric diseases. Its inaccessibility, to the population, is specially due to deterioration of the installations, to the dysfunction and long distance to the water providing wells. Water quality problems in Bumba is explained by the lack of treatment of consumption water by the majority of its population, impotence of the public powers, the e lack of voluntarism as far as improvement of population life conditions is concern, lack of mobilization and programs integration "water and health". Bad practices in Hygiene and cleaning makes populations vulnerable, mostly infants who are the most exposed to all hydric diseases (dermatosis, gales, diarrhea, intestine infections, parasitosis, etc.) "Drinking water for all" question has become, since some years, the target of many international conferences and preoccupies the whole humanity. Generally, these results reveals to us that, not only drinking water accessibility and its basic cleaning are difficult in Bumba, but also the population behavior.

LINANGELO, Stanislas B. — 2018-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Drinking water treatment and waste management have alarming dimensions in rural DR Congo, particularly in the Bengamisa region, and are currently experiencing continuous and permanent degradation. Also, there is a disparity between cities and within cities and this is expressed in terms of quality and quantity of drinking water between well-equipped areas (regular areas) and poorly equipped areas (irregular areas). However, water scarcity is characterized here by the abundance of dirty water whose use is a hindrance to the economic and social emergence of the population. The criteria for water scarcity in the Bengamisa region are lack of or poor access to drinking water, the preponderance of water-related diseases and above all the "doubt" that consumers have about the quality of water. of this resource. In general, the objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of plastic bottles in the treatment of drinking water by solar radiation, but also on human health. To achieve the objectives, we treated the drinking water by SODIS method, which consists in exposing under water the water contained in the PET plastic bottle for its purification. Thus, the following physicochemical parameters were the subject of our analyzes: pH, M.O, color, turbidity, nitrate, nitrite, total iron and temperature; and this before and after photo-purification of water. Indeed, it is clear from our investigations that the photo-purification of water does not change the physicochemical parameters of the drinking water so much. Similarly, it should be noted that not all plastics are innocuous and we must be wary of buying not only bottled water but also other products / foods packaged with plastic. But, it is rather important to know what kind of plastic you have to do; and that all codes, in general, are mentioned on the bottom of bottles, containers, corks, etc. To do this, the plastic bottle based on polyethylene terephtalate (PET) is more recommended than the others, because of its performance in solar recipe. It should also be remembered that consuming bottled water harms the wallet, the environment, and "could" harm health.

Bienvenu, WILONDJA KAKONDJA — 2018-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present article proposes a web application model that may enable university jury members to publish student results online and students to access their results on their mobile phones. Thanks to this model, students in a good network coverage area will receive their results on their phones in real time, without any need to go to campus and to connect to the Internet or to access a website. Thus, university students and institutions will be spared the trouble witnessed during the publication of results in the city of Bukavu.

NDISEBUYE, Albert RUKUNDO — 2018-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The vision of the subject treated is to update the problems caused by the effect of school results in primary school and their outcomes in one first semester in the first year of their secondary school for the same students of the 55th CEBCE/Goma town.

Perception of the university by the Congolese society : Case of the Kisangani town and the city of Ikela (Kisangani / Tshopo / RD Congo)

LONGELA NZASI, Bruno Augustin — 2018-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The university today, designate an establishment that makes operate the production within (research), the conservation (publication), and the transmission (studies superior) of different domain of knowledge. We were interested in the opinions of the pupils meadows finalists on the question. We left from the main question: what perception the pupils meadows finalists have - them of the university? of this main question, we cleared two conjectures; the pupils meadows finalist would have a good perception of the university and they would keep a good picture of the university. The quantitative and descriptive approach has been kept to verify our conjectures. Three schools have been chosen at random in the city of Kisangani and two schools have been chosen in the schools of the city of Ikela. The questionnaire acted us as instrument of harvest of the data, the frequential numbering and the analysis of the results, served us to pull some findings.

Study of the spatial variability of some properties of hydromorphic soils (gleysols) used in irrigated or flooded rice cultivation in the region of Bélier (central Côte d'Ivoire)

Bi ZRO, Ferdinand Gohi — 2018-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present study aimed to determine the variables that distinguish the hydromorphic soils (Gleysols) used in irrigated or flooded rice growing in the region of Bélier in Côte d'Ivoire and to explain the causes of their variability in order to better apprehend their use in a context of precision agriculture. To do this, a quantitative characterization of the physicochemical composition of these soils was carried out. Soil samples analyzed in the laboratory were collected at various locations in the study area on plots currently or formerly used in rice production. The analytical results of these samples were subjected to a principal component analysis that revealed four homogeneous subsets of soils. These subsets of soils were fundamentally distinct from one another by their silt, clay and organic contents which also emerged as their fertility determinants. Thus, the study will have shown the interest for the rice producers of the zone to carry out a preliminary analysis of the spatial variability of the soil parameters before any agricultural development of the soil.

Education of people with disabilities in the Democratic Republic of Congo from 1960 to 2016: What to do ?

UPOLWUN, Eugene UCOUN KENO — 2018-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

After fifty-six years (56) of its independence, DRC doesn’t succeed to organize special teaching everywhere at its national territory. Out of thirty (30) educational provinces, only twenty-two (22) provinces organize special teaching (An average of 109 special schools out of 51 377 ordinary schools). Eight educational provinces are lacking in this special teaching, may be Eighty (80) national teaching subdivisions don’t take care of disabled children. What to do? DRC must adopt new approaches which allow organization of this specific teaching everywhere. Hence inclusive education seems to be the most suitable approach to assure education for all in DRC; but many conditions of it success must be gathered. So, in the future, RDC must reform its educative system.

FOURTH FORM SECONDARY PUPILS’ ATTITUDE IN USING THE PERIODIC TABLE OF CHEMISTRY ELEMENTS

Laurent, PONDO MWETAMINWA — 2018-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study focuses on the attitudes developed by the fourth from pupils at the secondary school in Bukavu town, especially in the suburb area of Bagira faced with the use of Periodic table of chemistry elements for the school year 2016-2017. Its aim is only to analyze and estimate the pupils’ answers linked to the usage of this work tool of chemistry, in order to give the learning impact on the course of chemistry. So we have proceeded by the survey research method by means of questionnaire intending to collect the pupils’ answers. Our sample came out from the occasional technic sampling, while the index of percentage allowed us to analyze and interpret the data of our research. The results focus on the importance that pupils attach to the use of periodic table of chemistry elements.

Evaluation of the effect of extracts of some medicinal plants on strains of enteric pathogenic bacteria and intestinal flora by antibiogram tests

Balzac, NTAZONGWA BUZERA — 2018-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present work is a contribution to the study of the fight against enteric diseases by traditional therapeutics. It evaluates the effects of the aqueous extracts of Ephorbia hirta, Ipomea Involucrata, Mangifera indica, Musa ensete, Oxalis corymboza and Psidium goyaya and those of organic extracts based on methanol from the barks of Mangifera indica on strains of normal flora; E. coli and Enterobacter aerogenes and pathogenic strains of Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei by the antibiogram test technique. The first tests with aqueous extracts for all plants provide valuable information on empirical recipe values. Some plants commonly used in the fight against diarrhea have an antibacterial effect. This is the case of Mangifera indica (barks and leaves), Musa ensete and Psidium goyava. These extracts also have in fact the strains of E. coli or Enterobacter aerogenes which represents a danger for the normal intestinal flora. Other plants, on the other hand, have no antibacterial effect or have a very reduced effect. Thus Oxalis corymboza and Ipomea involucrata appear to be involved in other antidiarrheal mechanisms. Euphobia hirta has a specific action on E. coli but it could be said that its antidysenteric role is specific to amoebiasis. Mangifera indica barks provide the most relevant extract, acting on all strains with the exception of Enterobacter aerogenes. The aqueous extracts based on methanol obtained after dilution give, during the tests, the MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) of a few mg / ml for Shigella sonnei (10-3 dilution) of a few tenth of mg / ml for Shigella flexneri and Salmonella typhi (dilution 10-4) and some one hundredth of mg / ml for E.coli (Dilution 10-5). The MIC for E. coli confirms the empirical recipes. The hypothesis that these barks are frequently used in cases of gastroenteritis in children is verified. The antibiogram tests carried out provide details on the empirical recipes and make it possible to affirm that the barks of Magnifera indica are effective against the gastroenteritis of children; the active ingredient is soluble in methanol, some plants present a danger for normal intestinal flora hence the need to associate vitamin B complex and that other plants have no antibacterial effect.

Mwamba, Izaora — 2018-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Two drying techniques (solar and oven) were used to dry a variety of commercially mature mango. We have a drying efficiency of 33% for sun dried mango (SDM) versus 26% for oven dried mango (ODM); the relative humidity is 14.17% ± 0.01 for SDM compared with 8.25% ± 0.01 for ODM. We observe a decrease in dry matter for SDM compared to ODM. Mango dried in the sun has a high concentration of vitamin B6 and C; in mineral elements (Ca, Mg and Fe). But we also noted the presence of vitamins (A, D and E) after the drying operations. For microbiological parameters, we obtained results meeting the limits set by the ISO 4833 standard which governs the microbiology of the food chain. The method of solar drying in view of the results obtained proves to be the one that boosts the nutritional properties of mango.

Brownfield Development Scenario in India and Prospective Challenges

Patnayaka, Ravindra — 2018-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Sustainable development approach of the contemporary times is vitalizing the potentiality of Brownfields. Future developmental strategies anticipate Brownfield development to confer the optimization of greenfield development strategies. ‘Brownfield Development’ is considered to be one of the wisest approaches in the redevelopment applications from the past few decades across the globe. Practicalities demanded a technical approach in identifying and treating brownfields so as to get sustainable results. Successful case examples accorded that scientific treatment of brownfields yielded effective results in US and UK. This paper helps in knowing the characteristics of brownfield sites; understanding the implications of scientific treatment of brownfields with successful case examples across the world. This paper focuses on critically analyzing the scenario of ‘brownfield development’ in India; contemporary status and expected future challenges. Brownfield development strategy in India is limited to urban planning framework, with a negligible count of technically dealt projects. India, being a developing nation with rich diversity and resource potential, anticipates sustainable results in redevelopment implications. This study predicts certain challenges such as environmental related issues, managerial techniques, technical assistance for remediation, infrastructural development, shortcomings in contemporary methodologies in India etc. And, tried to recommend few strategies by taking due reference from successful examples on real time. Inferring from the predicted circumstantial lattice, this research concludes with identifying the necessity in formulation of an exclusive ‘Brownfield Code for India’.

URBAN DYNAMICS AND MUTATIONS OF THE ABOMEY AND BOHICON TERRITORIES (BENIN REPUBLIC)

TOSSOU, N’gnonnissè Mèdéhouénou — 2018-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The population's growth in both territories of Abomey and Bohicon has generated a dynamic of spatial occupation transforming these different spaces. This article has analyzed urban dynamics and the changes that take place there. The adopted methodology combines the documentary research and the diachronic method. The data from the various censuses of the population, the observation and the Landsat TM, ETM +, OLI / Shots images were processed and analyzed. From 1986 to 2017, tree and shrub savannahs and swamp formations lost respectively 89% and 35% of their areas in Abomey, while in Bohicon these savannas lost 94% to the detriment of built-up areas, mosaics cultures, fallow lands and marsh forest. The artificialized surfaces of the territories are 50% and 62% of which 17% and 19% of built-up areas respectively in Abomey and Bohicon In addition to its cultural and administrative functions, Abomey acquires the university function while Bohicon financial, tourism which adds to commercial, administrative and industrial function. The growth of these territories is done by adding new surfaces to the central urban core, so as to merge two districts forming a conurbation. Real urbanization rates have oscillated before settling between 2013 and 2017, to 84% for Abomey and 58% for Bohicon. These transformations would be nourished by peri-urbanization, which certainly could lead to urban sprawl, the factors of which will have to be identified for the sustainable management of these territories.

The residential practices of students at Alassane Ouattara University: Between inadequacy of university residences and proximity to the place of study

Thibault, OUSSOU Anouman Yao — 2018-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Stricken by a deterioration in its infrastructure and equipment, the Ivorian university has experienced a renewal of its space by the rehabilitation of all its university infrastructure since 2012. This study aims to analyze the causes and consequences of different residential practices of students enrolled at Alassane Ouattara University. This investigation is possible thanks to a gray literature on the issue of student housing, cartographic backgrounds on the space studied, as well as field work including interviews, a questionnaire and direct observation. The results of our case study reveal that UAO students can not all find accommodation in university residences because of their inadequacy. Thus, the latter then adopt several modes of housing with their many consequences for their accommodation namely, university residences, students hosted and students renting excluding residences academics. Moreover, despite this multiple mode of residence, students prefer the proximity of university sites for their accommodation to the extent that they all prefer to approach these sites to benefit from the services offered.

The study of factor perturbator of communication network

FOMULAC MISIRAGENDA, Germain — 2018-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this reflection, we want to discover the origin of the problems which the users of telephones meet during the transmission and/or the reception of an electronic message. We discovered 9 frequent problems which the users of the telephone face. This is the way after analysis of data, we found diverse originate of these problems among which: the mismanagement of the band passes by the suppliers who record more subscribers than their information superhighway and it is added the system of activations which influence the users to emit at the same moment while the band passes available is low, the geographical situation, the use of an ineffective equipment it leads to the multiplicity of antennas everywhere in the city nevertheless a single effective antenna with a powerful transmitter would be enough, etc. We found that with the implication of the State and of the providers (network suppliers), we can limit the risk and put the users shielded from these problems for an effective communication. The telephony being a technology that got established in all the life of the man and it in all the domains, we were interested in these challenges to try to propose a track of solution both to the users, and to the suppliers through the State which is the regulating archetypal organ.

Biye, Alphonse — 2018-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

A survey on the evaluation of costs of fight against the malnutrition of vulnerable children has been conducted in Kisangani. This investigation aimed to value the loads that cause the restoration of a child badly fed living in Kisangani in a family. The results of this survey showed that: - The CNT Mwana Mupenda reached a maximum number of healed children at the 8th month of observation, with a rate of 438.09%; - The CNT Bambou achieved a maximum number of healed children at the 24th month, with a rate of 1752.17%; - The CNT CELPA got a maximum number of healed children at the 51st month, with a rate of 209.3% ; - The CNT EUB reached a maximum of cured children at the 19th month, with a rate of 320. 37 %. These results can be justified by the effort provided by the operators charged of health in the setting of sensitization of population and availabilities of supplies and inputs in the CNT as well as those of the parents.

Effects of fermentation on the physico-chemical and functional characteristics of composite flours made from cashew Almond (Anacardium occidentale ) and wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Bleou Jean Jaurès, TOUZOU — 2018-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential of fermented cashew kernel flour and unfermented kernel flour to be used in pastry and bakery. For this reason, these flours were produced and incorporated in varying proportions (20%, 40%, 60% and 80%) in wheat flour. The physicochemical characteristics and functional properties of cashew almond composite flours have been studied. The results showed that the fermentation of cashew kernels helped to significantly increase the protein, lipid and total polyphenol contents of cashew kernel flour. Also it was noted an improvement in the bioavailability of iron, zinc, calcium by fermentation. From 20% incorporation of cashew kernel flours, the physicochemical characteristics and functional properties studied of composite flours differed significantly (P <0.05) from those of wheat flour. Given the high oil absorption capacity and water absorption capacity (P <0.05) compared to wheat flour and the good nutritional quality of cashew kernel flours, they could be used in pastry and in bakery.

Ecotoxicological characterization of the effluents of the University Private clinics of Kinshasa treated in UASB by the bios tests with the «Gambusias affinis»

LUBIENO, Louis O. — 2018-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Hospital worn water of the University Private clinics of Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of Congo) was evaluated for ecotoxicological tests. The physicochemical parameters of the effluents of the university private clinics of Kinshasa taken in situ and ex situ test a variation active either with the rise for some, or with the fall for others. On the ecotoxicological level, worn water of the university private clinics has a toxicity against the species halieutics such is the concrete cases Gambusia affinis which were useful to us like indicator of toxicity of these effluents .On the four sites of taking away, it was noted that the rate of survivors decreased of a site with another. The rough concentrations (100ml) of the effluents did not grant less chance to the individuals to survive. The effluents are toxic with a lethal concentration going from 52ml to 100ml. After a test of treatment in UASB of the whole of the effluents of the university private clinics obtained at the various outlets, the effluent has a very low toxicity at the populations of Gambusia affinis. After treatment, this effluent is toxic with a lethal concentration around 100ml.

Phytosanitary Status of the Orange Tree (Citrus Sinensis) Cultivated in the Ruzizi Plain: Case of Sange

Kikuni, Thomas MUPENDA — 2018-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The goal fundamental of this work consist in studying the state phytosanitary of orange tree in Ruzizi plain (DR Congo). So seven illnesses have been signaled like constraints to the culture of orange in Ruzizi plain, DR Congo. The greening was signaled in Ruzizi plain with an incidence of 71.01% and severity of 2.8. The higher incidence was recorded in Kamanyola grouping with 78.9% and lower incidence in Sange area with 62%. The sigatoka was signaled in Ruzizi plain with an incidence of 57.05% and severity of 2.89. The higher incidence was found in Kiliba grouping with 70.5% and lower incidence in Sange area with 48.5%. The gall was signaled in Ruzizi plain with an incidence of 53.35% and severity of 2.98. The higher incidence was found in Sange area with 60% and lower incidence in Bwegera area with 47%. The tristeza was signaled in Ruzizi plain with an incidence of 56.17% and severity of 2.98. The higher incidence was recorded in Bwegera area with 62.8% and lower incidence in Kamanyola with 45%. The aphids were signaled in Ruzizi plain with an incidence of 72.3% and severity of 2.83%. The caterpillar was signaled in Ruzizi plain with an incidence of 79.85% and severity of 3.12. The higher incidence of caterpillar was recorded in Sange area with 86.4% and lower incidence in Kamanyola with 73%. The mite was signaled in Ruzizi plain with an incidence of 57.65% and severity of 2.92.

Phytodiversity and structural parameters of the Djoumouna peri-urban forest (Brazzaville - Congo)

Kimpouni, Victor — 2018-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Djoumouna periurban forest, in Brazzaville, was studied according to three plots of one hectare each. With an original area of 8.5 ha in the 1990s, this forest has declined by 49%, following human activities, in twenty years. The floristic inventory revealed 898 trees of dbh ≥ 10 cm, either 299 ± 18.68 trees.ha-1 on average; Specific diversity reveals 106 species corresponding to 36 families, the most important of which, following IVF are: Fabaceae (78%); Rubiaceae (41.2%); Euphorbiaceae (35.2%). According to the IVI, the dominant species are: Pentaclethra eetveldeana (22%); Elaeis guineensis (15%); Pentaclethra macrophylla (14%); Plagiostyles africana (13.5%); Hymenocardia ulmoides (10.5%). The Shannon index averages is 3.44 ± 0.10 for maximum diversity average of 4.14 ± 0.03. The Pielou index average is 0.83 ± 0.02, no dominance is found within the phytocenoses. Data from biological indices coupled with floristics show that this ecosystem has a high specific diversity, against a low floristic richness. The diametric structure coupled with the skewness reveal a bad natural regeneration of the ligneous trees. The similarity coefficients of Jaccard (30-47%) and Sørensen (46-64%) show a difference floristic composition. This heterogeneity is the appearance of the area-species curve. The analysis of diaspores shows the importance of sarcochores (73% of species and 62% of individuals), hence zoochoria as the main mode of dissemination. This mesophilic and tropophilous forest is characterized by the Fabaceae of which Pentaclethra eetveldeana and Pentaclethra macrophylla are the markers.

Jonathan, MINANI MUSOBWA — 2018-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

La présente étude se propose de présenter, d'analyser et d'émettre un avis sur l'impact socio-économique d'un modèle optimal de production d'une entreprise industrielle dans la ville de Bukavu. Les résultats de cette étude permettront au pouvoir public de mettre sur pied de mécanismes l’allégement de taxation car ces genres d’activités contribuent au développement économique et social de la ville de Bukavu en particulier et de la Province du Sud-Kivu et de la RDC en générale. La question principale de cette étude est la suivante : Quel est l'impact socio-économique d'un modèle optimal de production d'une entreprise industrielle dans la ville de Bukavu ? Nous avons avancé l'hypothèse selon laquelle le modèle optimal conduirait à la réalisation d'un bénéfice élevé et qui permettrait d'une part de créer d'autres investissements d'extension comme l'installation d'autres lignes de production à Goma et à Uvira et avec comme conséquence l'embauche d'une partie de la population et d'autre part le modèle conduirait à la disponibilité des produits Bralima sur le marché mais aussi l'accroissement du chiffre d'affaires des vendeurs de dépôts relais et avec comme conséquence l'accroissement de revenus et ces revenus permettraient de subvenir aux différentes charges familiales mais aussi déboucherait à la création d'autres petites activités génératrices de revenu. Ce travail a du recours aux méthodes quantitative et analytique. Cette étude a été menée dans la ville de Bukavu et portait sur la société Bralima. Après étude, le modèle a un impact social et économique dans la ville de Bukavu.

EVALUATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF SLAUGHTERING OF CATTLE ACCORDING TO THEIR ORIGIN SITES : CASE OF THE CENTRAL SLAUTHERHOUSE OF BUKAVU (ELEKAT)

Franck, BATUMIKE BANYWESIZE — 2018-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study was carried out at the Bukavu central slaughterhouse known as the Ruzizi II / ELEKAT public slaughterhouse. The aim was to evaluate the slaughtering performance of slaughtered cattle within this slaughterhouse, not only taking into account their provenance, but above all by relying on their genotype expressed in the format and system breeding. The zootechnical parameters were determined by the barymmetric method to take the size at the withers or the Ugandan zebu comes first, the oblique length of the trunk of the animal or it is the Rwandan zebu that comes before and the thoracic perimeter of which the bull has a high score, here it is Swiss brown. While the yield components consisted of weighing the animal before slaughter for live weight and after slaughter, the weight of the carcass. The results obtained showed that the genomic expression retains its value whereas the system of breeding plays little. It was found that the average zebu yielded a slaughter yield which was low by 44% followed by the small-size zebu with a yield of 46% at the time when the taurine reached a high yield of order of 49%. Nevertheless, it appears that the hazards of transport and food play on these results.

CAUSES FOR SEIZURE AT THE PUBLIC SLAUGHTERHOUSE RUZIZI II / ELEKAT-BUKAVU IN SOUTH KIVU PROVINCE

MITUGA, Ntwali Victor — 2018-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The causes of animal organ seizures at the Ruzizi II public slaughterhouse (ELEKAT) and their biological consequences are a major global concern (veterinary-biological-financial-social), which attracts the attention of more than one researcher and for which a record of considerable losses of meat, but also silver remains unknown until now. This in fact led us to carry out a retrospective study over a period between 2013 and 2015. To this end, our working methodology was based on the survey carried out at the public abattoir Ruzizi II of Bukavu, commonly known as Elekat (Katanga Breeding) during the aforementioned period. The results obtained are as follows: - 20 different causes of meat seizure were inventoried, most of which are diseases. Among these causes, Distomatosis (or Fasciolosis) is dominant. - The actual beef losses amount to 6256 Kg for the period of study from 2013 to 2015. The Liver is the most seized organ, of the order of 4388 Kg for 4 reasons including Distomatose, Echinococcosis, Cysticercosis and Hepatic Abscesses. - Heart and Spleen have small weights in meat seizures of 0.5 kg each, and for a single cause (Pericarditis for the Heart and Abscess for Spleen) We recommend: - Purchase of meat inspected by the veterinary service - Sensitization of butchers on the cleanliness of their equipment, including clothing, in order to avoid contamination of the meat. - The continuation of the study in the other slaughterhouses and killings of the city and which, moreover, are more archaic, for the progress of science and veterinary public health. - A mini laboratory is essential to the slaughterhouse to improve the detection of seizures and to count down the epidemiological situation of the provenance areas, as the region is part of the overall context of the Great Lakes subregion ( CPEGL).

Territory and economic dynamics

LAMAALAM, Sadika — 2018-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Local development initiatives emerged strongly in the 1970s and has become increasingly important in recent years. Therefore, the strong potential of the local development can improve and regenerate the economies and societies. The aim of this paper is to present the dynamic concept of Territory in a Globalized World. As well as to show the link between Territoriality and other concepts like: innovation and proximity.

AN ATTEMPT TO A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES IN ENGLISH AND MASHI

CIZUNGU, Guillaume MUSHAGALUSA — 2018-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

A language aims at communicating and communication always means transfer of information from a source to a target. In any language community there is a variety of functions that constitute its structure and ways of available to its members which is different from a given community to another. English and Mashi being languages in different areas, they have some similarities and differences in their ways of being used especially in different patterns and meanings by speakers. This article will present the way English conditional sentences are used in English and the way they are used in Mashi. The latter is language spoken in Bushi area Such as Walungu and Kabare territories in South-Kivu Province in DRC. English as a foreign language in Bushi and an Indo-European language, it does not correspond systematically to the same construction ways. This article, therefore uses conceptual meanings to equip English /Shi language learners and speaking people with strategies that will help them learn English conditional sentences with less difficulties and provide teachers of English with some techniques that they may utilize when teaching conditionals to Shi /English speakers learning English/Mashi.

YUMBI, Cherif ANGUNDJI — 2018-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

A study has been conducted on the identification and inventory of kinds of fish species Synodontis and Distichodus captured in the Congo River Lualaba in its part in Kindu. The methodology was the collection of data on fish species and genera Synodontis Distichodus field and treatments. The study specimens were harvested in different Beach of the Congo River in its Lualaba part, where fish are sold. The individuals harvested were obtained by purchase from the fishermen who use the nets as the main catching gear. The identification was made by browsing the available literature (identification keys and previous works). The study revealed that 3 species of fish of the genus Synodontis and 2 species of the genus Distichodus have been inventoried. The results of the qualitative survey shows that the species Synodontis Synodontis budgetti for the genre dominates with 25.64%, followed by the species Distichodus sexfasciatus with 21.37%, with 20.51 and decorus Synodontis Synodontis pleurops with 17, 09%. The species Distichodus rostratus is the least represented with 15.39%. As for the quantitative inventory, our results reflect the Synodontis species pleurops and Distichodus rostratus are less represented in the sample is 17.09% and 15.39%. As for morphometric measurements and weight, species Synodontis budgetti is longer with 4307mm and has a high weight 1171G and species Distichodus rostratus is short with a length of 1777 mm and the species has Distichodus sexfasciatus weight up to all species with 151g.

TSHOMBA, Joseph MANGA — 2018-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

A study was conducted at Lake Ndjale to identify the fish that inhabit this aquatic ecosystem. This study contributes on the one hand to the knowledge of the fish fauna and to preserve in order to consider the introduction of the interesting species in pisciculture to improve the nutritional state of the population and its income. We thought that Lake Ndjale would overflow a relatively diversified ichthyofauna that would be poorly or poorly known. At the end of this study, we obtained the following results: - The fish inventory covered a collection of 648 fish divided into 9 families, 11 genera and 12 species that 9 families and 11 genera of the fish were listed. The families of Cichlidae and Mormyridae each have two genera and each genus bears one species. The families of Hepsetidae, Bagridae, Citharinidae, Mochocidae, Distichodontidae and Notopteridae are single-species families with one species per genus; except the family of Alestidae which is also mono-genus but with two species. - The analysis of the relative index of fish communities in Lake Ndjale provides sufficient evidence that the Mochocidae family is the best represented. It has 508 specimens in all the samples ie 78.61% Synondotis, Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (6.8%), Marcusenius sanagaensis (5.41%), Oreochromis niloticus (4.79%), Brycinus derheni (0.92%), Hemichromis fasciatus, Hepsetus odoe and Distochodu rostratus (0.61%), Gnathonemus peterssi, Xenomythus nigri and Citharinus latus are only 0.46%. Based on our results, our hypothesis is verified and confirmed.

HOUSEHOLD WASTE MANAGEMENT POLICY IN KINSHASA AND RESILIENCE TO SHOCKS

WENGA-WITHA, David — 2018-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The question of management of household waste in Kinshasa attracts more and more attention to everything one last time. Many other researchers have already analyzed it widely and enough and some of their recommendations still deserve further scrutiny. Indicators of the effectiveness of policy interventions in relation to the rationality of the management of the environment are measured by the absence of the psychological shocks as a result of the build-up of waste in unaccustomed places of the city. This image prompts signals of alarm or stimulations that are the basis for events, such as irritability, anxiety, depression (...) and disorders in the functioning of the organs. The removal of all causes of shocks and the implementation of safety policy able to organize the operation of household waste pre-collection in priority is one of the solutions of resilience to shocks. The context of resilience is seen as well, and not only have the ability to absorb disruptions but also to reorganize the structures so as to keep and not lose its essential functions. A good household waste management policy has the following objectives: the preservation of the health of citizens, the protection of the environment. The key is that the Government is able to improve the living conditions of the population through support total or partial of the social problems which keep people in misfortune. There are also options to make changes at all levels: ethics, attitudes, behavior and mentality.

FISHING TYPOLOGY ON THE LAKE OF AYAME 2 DAM (COTE D’IVOIRE, WEST AFRICA)

Blahoua, Georges Kassi — 2018-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study was conducted monthly in the man-made Lake Ayamé 2 from June 2015 to May 2016. This study was conducted monthly in the man-made Lake Ayamé 2 from June 2015 to May 2016. For the data collecting, a questionary survey was administered to fishers. The interviews were also held with the lake manager and the fishers, and the facts as observed in the field were made. A total, forty (40) fishermen were identified whose the Malians (52.5%), the Burkinabe (25%) and the Ivorians (22.5%). The fishing is practiced by both professional (foreigners) and occasional (Ivorians) fishermen. It mainly concerns adults men aged respectively between 30 and 45 years and 45 years plus. The majority of fishermen received primary school. Fishing gear used by Ivorian and foreign fishermen in this lake are gillnets, conical fishing baskets, casnets and harpoons.

The empirical determinants use of « telephony of option and of simple phone » in the sub-prefecture of Bouaké

Camille, ADOU Bosson — 2018-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

At the worldwide scale, it is generally said that the mobile telephony is a product of large consumption, a good product that its quality depends on the use. Yet the access of a technology generally precedes its use. Africa is one of the favoured broacast of mobile telephony. With consistently, the evolution of the technologies increase, the issue of use according to the type of mobile phone brings out a serie of element discriminating some social layer. These determinants are as well as socio-economics cultural technico-geographics. This research aims at analyzing the determinant factors of the use of a type of phone in sub-prefecture of Bouaké that could be instigator or discriminating. To achieve that study, our methodology focuses on the gray literature and fields survey. The results of our survey points out that phone of option are more used by teenagers whereas the simple mobile phone is only used by adults. Furthermore, a lot of constraint first of all show the coexistence of grey area and white area, followed by the weak of electricity supply are the key of the simple mobile phone in some area of Bouaké.

Diby, Houphouet Jean Claude — 2018-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The strong involvement of the State and private companies have promoted the development of rubber growing in Côte d'Ivoire. In the department of Aboisso located in the South-East of Côte d'Ivoire, this culture has experienced a real boom with the support of its actors and management structures. The present study proposes to identify the actors and structures of the rubber sector in Aboisso. Specifically, she wants to highlight the role of each entity in the success of this culture in this department. Based on the literature, survey data and data analysis, this study made it possible to establish the state of the types of actors and the different structures involved in the sector while noting their involvement. The analysis of these results reveals that the dynamism of the actors and the good organization of the structures to favor the success of this culture in the department.

AUGUSTIN, BIGIRIMANA RUCHOGEZ — 2018-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study is the fruit of the investigations (searches) which were done during two years (from 2015 to 2016) about the question of “How young people of Ibanda City (Freetown) in Bukavu plunge in practice and in the life of alcoholism. Practically, though the notice we would like to know this bad behavior of this category of people, who is, however the future hope, and suggest some ways (traks), in different domains, in order to save what can be saved on time.

ETIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION IN THE BASOKO GENERAL REFERENCE HOSPITAL (DR CONGO)

OGWA, Chimène M. — 2018-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

A study on the etiology and management of hypertension was conducted in the urban-rural town of Basoko. Its objectives were: - Determine factors that cause high blood pressure; - Assess the management of the disease at the Basoko General Reference Hospital; - Implement adequate therapeutic strategies for the management of high blood pressure, based on the recommendations of the High Authority for Health (HAS-2005). A sample of 32 hypertensive subjects was diagnosed and treated at the Basoko General Reference Hospital. After analyzes, it was revealed that high blood pressure affects people over the age of 55 or older, and predominantly male. Stress, age, alcoholism and smoking are factors that predispose individuals to high blood pressure in Basoko. The treatment of this disease is based firstly on the hygiene-dietetic measures, then follows the treatment with the antihypertensive. The majority of hypertensive subjects hospitalized at the Reference General Hospital were discharged from the hospital with an improved state of health.

Ethnobotanical study of plants used by Pygmies for reproductive health in Mbandaka and surrounding areas / Equateur Province, DR Congo

Odette, Kabena Ngandu — 2018-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this study was to provide information on medicinal plants used to improve the reproductive health of pygmies’ women. An ethnobotanical survey was conducted in July 2016, involving 96 women living in Mbandaka commune and in four neighboring villages of Mbandaka town, on the basis of a fact sheet. The identification of the plants was carried out in relation to the specimens available in the herbarium of the garden of Eala in the city of Mbandaka or to the Laboratory of systematic botany and plant ecology of the University of Kinshasa. We have inventoried 35 plants species belonging to 27 families. The most represented being Euphorbiaceae (9%) and Asteraceae (9%). These 35 species are reported for 12 indications of use and are involved in the manufacture of 39 recipes. The leaf (43.6%) is the organ that brings the many recipes, followed by bark (33.3%). Among the methods of preparation of recipes, beating and decoction are reported at the same frequency (28.2%). The main modes of administration of these receipts are oral (34.4%) and vaginal (34.4%). Wearing the plants organs on the hips is the least common mode (4.3%). Sexual appetite (22%) is the most common use, followed by birth spacing (12%) and vaginal narrowing (12%). These data reveal the way of life of the Pygmies and some problems to be solved in the context of reproductive health. It is important to establish the scientific basis for the phytotherapeutic uses reported by the surveyed population.

Madrandele, Peter Talaguma — 2018-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

La problématique de la gestion des limites territoriales est une réalité qui s’observe à travers le monde et tous les cinq continents en sont touchés. Certains Etats, provinces, territoires voire villages chercheraient à tout pris à étendre leurs hégémonies par l’agrandissement de leurs espaces territoriaux et tous les moyens ou stratégies sont mis en œuvre quant à ce. Les Etats africains en général et la République Démocratique du Congo en particulier est aussi touché par cette question de conflit des limites. Presque toutes les provinces de la République Démocratique du Congo connaissent ce phénomène ; c’est le cas notamment de l’ancienne province orientale démembrée singulièrement entre le territoire d’Aru (actuellement situé en Province de l’Ituri) et le territoire de Faradje (un des six territoires de la Province du Haut-Uélé). Il s’observe que chacun de ces deux territoires affirme haut et fort que la chute de Ngbungbu se trouve sur son espace. Le contrôle de cette chute constitue l’enjeu majeur de ce différend. Après analyse, nous pensons qu’il est plus qu’urgent que le Gouvernement Congolais par l’entremise de l’Institut Géographique du Congo puisse s’impliquer sans délai pour la délimitation définitive de ces limites afin de faciliter la cohabitation paisible entre les entités en présence.

Udongo, Christian Utheki — 2018-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Les textes constitutionnels rassemblent les règles qui fondent le statut de l’Etat et encadrent les phénomènes politiques : ils posent les règles du jeu politique et distribuent les rôles entre les différents acteurs. La rédaction d’une constitution est d’ailleurs une barrière contre l’absolutisme et l’arbitraire du pouvoir ; ce qui n’est pas d’application dans certains pays sous-développés. La République Démocratique du Congo, depuis son indépendance en 1960, a connue plusieurs révisions constitutionnelles par le fait que les dirigeants congolais manquent la culture du respect des textes dans le but de s’éterniser au pouvoir tout en foulant au pied les prescrits de la loi fondamentale. Ce sont ces violations constitutionnelles qui constituent l’objet de la présente étude. Ces violations des dispositions constitutionnelles et critiquer les stratégies mis en œuvre quant à ce. La méthode systémique, la technique documentaire et l’interview libre ont été utilisées pour la réalisation de ce travail. A l’issue des investigations, il se dégage que le système politique congolais dont les régimes politiques sont violés depuis la première à la troisième république en passant par la transition et la deuxième république regorgent des institutions politiques irrégulières dont les animateurs ne respectent pas la constitution.

Collins, Makaka Pap’Ekaka J. — 2018-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

La Constitution Confère au juge les compétences de sanctionner toutes les violations de ladite constitution, des traités et accords internationaux, lois ainsi que des règlements. Toujours dans la soutenance de l’Etat droit et des droits humains, le constituant dispose que dans le cas où il n’existe pas d’autres juridictions compétentes, de demande d’indemnités relative à la réparation du dommage exceptionnel, matériel ou moral résultant d’une mesure prise ou redonnées par les autorités de la République. Il se prononce en tenant compte de l’équité. Nous aspirons que l’installation des juridictions de l’ordre administratif soit matérialisé. La majorité des congolais ne se limite à revendiquer leur droit que par devant les juge judicaire oubliant que dans le domaine administratif, il y a des mesures prises ou ordonnées par les autorités de la République leur préjudiciant matériellement et moralement. L’avènement des tribunaux administratifs serait une avancée très importante dans la promotion de l’Etat de droit et dans la promotion des droits humains en République Démocratique du Congo.

ANALYSIS OF THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF WATER FROM BUHAMA AND KALIMBI SOURCES IN THE HEALTH AREAS OF LEMERA AND KASHEKE, SOUTH-KIVU, RD CONGO

Dunia, Kasereka — 2018-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study assesses the physicochemical and bacteriological quality of water from Buhama and Kalimbi springs in the health areas of Lemera and Kasheke in South Kivu from analyzes of the physicochemical and bacteriological properties of drinking water in these health areas. The results of physico-chemical analyze show that these waters, in general, are within the WHO recommended standards for drinking water. From the bacteriological point of view, it appears that some sites are polluted and carry germs that can harm the health of the population causing water-borne diseases. Thus, measures to combat this microbiological pollution aiming at setting up a committee supported by the political and administrative leaders for the management of water and the sensitization of the population on the water management and the water diseases must be taken before that the situation no longer becomes dangerous.

NTAMBUE, David MALALA — 2018-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

Improving the quality of higher education in D.R. Congo and in Several countries in the world is currently the priority objective fixed in different educative policies. Due to attention given to this question by those who seek effectiveness of higher education, we have evaluated the quality of teaching thanks to achieved performances of students by resorting to experimental approach. In this regard, we have compared the results of two thousand and twenty two (2022) students in ten promotions who have been submitted to pre-test and post-test. Considering students performances during pre-test and post-test, all the promotions are superior to 0,15. Nevertheless, students’ performances during post-test are superior to those of pre-test.

VUNGBO, Eustache MOLE — 2018-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study examines the possible report between the criteria of registration to the University of Kisangani and the academic success in the first academic cycle (3 years) in Democratic Republic of the Congo. The data on which door this publication, were brought together in 2014 and concern 2683 students registered in 8 Faculties in the first one graduat. It emerges after the analysis that the criteria of registration are not scrupulously respected. Besides, the effects of the criteria of registration are not systematic on the academic success at the level of the first academic cycle.

COMPLEXITY OF SYMPTOMATIC TREATMENT OF BOVINE FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE IN THE RUZIZI PLAIN IN EASTERN DRC

Edouard, NDIYO BAHOGWERHE — 2018-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The weight and numeral productivity of traditional and half-stabulation livestock in the Ruzizi plain is threatened by a permanent state of endemic diseases and epizootics, among which foot-and-mouth disease inflicts morbidity and mortality on cattle herds in the communities of this entity. In view of the scattered efforts in finding solutions through a vaccination program, the study conducted consists of a synthesis of the complexity of a treatment of this viral epizootic or treatment mainly symptomatic, drastic and advanced comes to the rescue up to 100% danger for both calves and adult cattle in the area around the pilot farm based in Bwegera. While the action may seem costly, however to the uncertain preventive vaccine solution and the eradication measures not in sight, we contributed by this contribution of lesser evil.

CONTRIBUTION OF AGRICULTURE IN THE ECONOMIC RECOVERY OF THE MANIEMA PROVINCE FROM 2010 TO 2012

YUMBI, Cherif ANGUNDJI — 2018-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present work on « the contribution of agriculture in the economic recovery of the Maniema province from 2010 to 2012 ». The overall objective of this study is to measure the contribution of agricultural production in the recovery Economic development of the Province of Maniema. To achieve this goal, we have formulated our issues around the following questions: What is the contribution of Agriculture in the economic revival of Maniema? And what are the obstacles to the development of the agricultural sector in The Province of Maniema? In view of the concerns raised, we believe that agriculture would not have an impact on the economic recovery of Made of low production. Then we believe that this situation is due more particularly to the lack of several Financing of food security in the province (lack of continual supervision of agri-multipliers, lack of Phyto Sanitary product, climatic disturbance due to irrational deforestations, non-accessibility of several roads of Agricultural service disseminated in the 4 corners of the province of Maniema) and lack of project to raise culture Perennial (agricultural plantations). Indeed, we note that the growth rate of agricultural production in 2011 and 2012 have either reached the negative or dropped to worrying proportions. This drop in production has negatively influenced the ratio of production to population, which ratio determines the degree of satisfaction of the population's food needs by local production. It is noted that this ratio is minimal, which means that the agricultural production of Maniema has not been able to feed the whole population of Maniema. The province, to fill the deficit, proceeds with the importation of the food products thus causing a release of currency and a delay in the economic revival. So, under these conditions, agriculture in Maniema has not been a stimulating element of economic growth.

A Cross-cultural Pragmatic Comparison of Some Polite Forms in English and Kihavu

David, Byamungu Byandima — 2018-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article probes into Leech’s Interpersonal Rhetoric and more precisely the politeness principles chosen in expressing politeness in English and Kihavu. It pinpoints the main differences and similarities of politeness as well as the different cultural features pertaining to connotational aspects of politeness in both English and Kihavu. It draws instances from actual speech situations in either language to show how politeness is expressed by English people differently from Havu people owing to their different cultural backgrounds. Throughout this research, the findings have revealed that an accurate selection of the politeness principle to employ and a good mastery of the English culture by Havu people are vital to avoid being misconstrued by English interlocutors, especially in the perspective of cross-cultural communication. Further, this research has been possible thanks to the library and ethnographical researches, the socio-linguistic and pragmatic approaches, the analytical method and interviews.

Assessment of the reasons of the cholera upsurge in Lubunga (Province of the Tshopo, Democratic Republic of Congo)

OLEKO, Joseph - Désiré WA OLEKO — 2018-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

An etiological investigation of cholera has been conducted in the city of Kisangani, to the township of Lubunga (Province of the Tshopo). A sample 528 households were chosen there. 504 households have been kept after the criteria of inclusion and only 480 had obeyed the criteria of non-inclusion; either a rate of exploitable answers of 95,2%. This allowed us to identify the reasons of the repetition of the cholera epidemics while verifying its 4 factors of risk there through the customs of the population living for more than 3 years and, having accepted to answer the questionnaires of the investigation correctly. These reasons are: Consumption of infected water, non-hand washing, mismanagement of excreta, existence of unhygienic latrines, poor handling of corpses and flooding. This survey shows that 83.3% of households consume untreated river water. Drinking water management utensils are insufficient in number or on average two utensils per household. And 63.0% of these utensils are poorly cleaned (sand, ash, handmade or river water). 59.5% of households do not practice the technique of washing hands properly before eating. 56.2% of households have unhygienic latrines and 24.1% of households live without latrines. 59.5% of households practice the mishandling of corpses during cholera epidemics according to their customary ritual, and 39.5% of households mismanage their latrine excreta.

FISCAL POLICY AND STABILIZATION OF PERMANENT COMPONENT OF ASYMETRIC SHOCKS IN THE WAEMU

HOUNGBEDJI, Honoré Sèwanoudé — 2018-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper measures the effectiveness of the Convergence Pact, Stability, Growth and Solidarity to stabilize the permanent component of various asymmetric shocks within the WAEMU countries. From the techniques of non-stationary panel econometrics and polynomial approach, we specify an empirical model whose data cover the period 1983-2015. The results show that, for better mitigation of the different components of asymmetric shocks and stimulation of economic activity, it would on average produce a basic fiscal balance by 3% in terms of tolerable deficit. This target is in line with the standard adopted by the new provisions of the Convergence Pact, Stability, Growth and Solidarity.

Marie, Nkinamubanzi — 2018-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

In worldwilde, sepsis is a leading causes of infant mortality most in low developped countries. The aim of this study was to describe sociodemographical and clinic characteristics of communautery bacterial sepsis of children. Methodology: It was descriptive, observational study. One hundred and three children between 1 month and below 15 years were recruited in five sanitaries structures in Goma town between 11 november 2012 and 29 january 2013. Age, sex and mother education level were described and clinical signs and comorbidities. Blood was cultured. Results: Sepsis is most frequent in low aged children, male sex, and secondary and low level mother education. Cough is a frequent sign and anemia is associated with sepsis in 52,43% of cas. Enterobacteriae is most bacteriaes in sepsis communautery. Conclusion: We describe socio demographic and clinical characteristics of sepsis. Bacteries were identified. It is very necessary to continue this study by a regular folow.

ALOKO, Homer LIFULU — 2018-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study examines the connection between the feeling of personal effectiveness and the performances in mathematics of the schoolboys of fifth year of Bunia and Kisangani in Democratic Republic of Congo. With this intention, the data were collected in 2014 near 4131 schoolboys of fifth year divided in 48 primary schools by a reliable test of mathematics. (α=0,78) et un questionnaire d^' auto-description Grace at the analysis of the statistical regression, it proved that the feeling of personal effectiveness explains 6,6% of the original variance of the performances of the schoolboys of cinquème year of these two cities in mathematics.

RWAGASIBIRA, Emmanuel KANYESHURI — 2018-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The treated subject or topic envisages to clarify national and international opinions on the problems lived for the young ladies of Goma town, who haven’t studied and their perspectives future.

Validation of the role of the student's age on parental involvement in children academic outcomes: Case study of grade thirteen students of the modern high schools of the district of Kara

MEWEZINO, Esso-Mondjonna — 2018-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this research is to deepen the knowledge and to validate the effects of the age of the student on the parental involvement in his or her schooling and the implication of this parental involvement on the student’s academic results or performance in the Togolese context. To do this, 472 parents were chosen from among those who enrolled their children in Form Seven classes in the commune of Kara. They responded to a questionnaire we submitted to them. A review of the literature on this issue has identified benefits for children, teachers and parents related to parental involvement. The analysis of the answers obtained from the survey allowed us to evaluate the effect of the student's age on the involvement of the parent in the formal education of students.

Study of the sanitary risks bound to the use of the pesticides in the culture of cotton in the township of Djidja in Benin

AIKPO, Firmin H. — 2018-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The township of Djidja did not remain in margin of the systematic use of non negligible quantities of pesticides that causes numerous illnesses to the producers. The objective of this research is to study the sanitary risks incurred by the producers of cotton in the township of Djidja following the use of the pesticides. Of the questionnaires, the observations and the GPS surveys are used for the collection of the data. The investigations concerned the set of the 323 producers constituting the sample. They are achieved in each of the retained villages. The pesticides used by the producers distribute themselves in two (2) classes of toxicity. Among the producers of the township of Djidja, the symptoms due to the pesticides are numerous and varied. One notes that the cutaneous irritation represents 73.68% of the symptoms. The headaches are felt by 66.56% of the producers. The nausea is returned by 60.99% of the producers. Fatigue is the symptom the more returned (97.52%). The loss of appetite (42.11%), the respiratory difficulties (47.06%) and the diarrhea (31.89%) are also uneasiness felt by the producers after the applications of pesticides. In case of poisoning to the pesticides, the producers of the township of Djidja use different possibilities of care. It is important to reduce the used quantities and the possibilities of exhibition to the pesticides in the township.

BYUMANINE NTABAZA, J. Roger — 2018-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

This scientific publishing consisted by phytochemical screening and evaluation of anti-diarrheic effect of aqueous and ethanol extract of Leucas Martinisensis, a medicinal plant of Bushi (Laureaceae). The process consisted by qualitative chemical analysis of natural substances contained in this plant and biological activities test of their aqueous and ethanol extract on bacterial stumps of E. Coli; V. Cholerae; Sh. Flexineri and Salmonella polyvalento. Obtained results showed that among of founded substances this these plants extracts some of them were efficient on bacterial studs and others not. Some of these extracts were efficient as are some witness and diarrheic drugs. This justifies the using of Leucas Martinisensis plant in traditional treatment of diarrhea.

Neurofibroma of the breast revealing a Von Recklingenhausen disease: a case report

Mona, Rezgani — 2018-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Neurofibromatosis type 1 is a genetic disease characterized by changes in skin pigmentation and the growth of tumors along nerves in the skin, brain, and other parts of the body. Neurofibromas are the most common benign tumours of Neurofibromatosis type 1 developing at any point along a nerve with a neuro-cutanous tropism. This genetic affection is an autosomal dominant disorder with complete penetrance and an important phenotypic variability. Disease manifestations occur at the childhood mostly before five years. Nevertheless, many de novo cases remain undiagnosed well into adult life. Neurofibroma that occur in the breast and constitute a revealing signs of the disease at adulthood are extremely rare. We report a case of a 30-year-old woman presenting a neurofibroma of the breast revealing Neurofibromatosis type 1.

Effect of the level of dietary proteins on the chemical characteristics of Guinea Pig meat (Cavia porcellus L.) in the Western Highland of Cameroon

Gilbert, Zougou Tovignon — 2018-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the light of evaluating the chemical characteristics of Cavis meat, 54 animals of age 3 weeks, partitioned in 3 groups of 18 animals each (9 males and 9 females), were monitored individually up to 8 weeks of age and subsequently used for the exercise. Each group received a ration containing 14%, 16% or 18% of crude protein (CP). After 12 hours of fasting/starving, all the animals were slaughtered and muscles (loin, shoulder and thigh) were obtained. The lipid content of the loin of Cavis placed on the ration containing 16% CP (1.75%FM) was comparable (p>0.05) to that of animals that consumed diet containing 14% and 18%CP, respectively 2.50% FM and 1.68% FM. The lipid content of the shoulder muscle from Cavis placed on 16% and 18%CP in their rations were statistically comparable (p>0.05), respectively 2.50% FM and 3.44% FM, but significantly (p<0.05) higher than those placed on 14%CP diet (1.00%FM). Apart from the water content which presents no significant difference (p>0.05) between the different muscle parts, that of lipids, proteins and ash of the thigh muscles were significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of the shoulder and loin muscles. The calcium content of the thigh of Cavis placed on a diet of 18% CP was comparable (p>0.05) to that of animals placed on a diet containing 14% and 16% CP. The sodium content of the loin of cavis placed on a ration containing 14% CP was comparable (p>0.05) to that of animals fed with rations containing 16% and 18% CP. The potassium content of the thigh of Cavis placed on a diet of 16% and 18% CP was comparable (p>0.05) but significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of Cavis fed diet containing 14% CP. The Zinc content of the loin, thigh and shoulder of the animals of batch RC1 (14%CP) and RC2 (16%CP) were statistically comparable (p>0.05) but significantly (p<0.05) lower than those of batch RC3 (18%CP). Apart from contents in Mg and Zn which do not present any significant difference (p>0.05) between the different parts of the muscle, the Ca, Na, K and Fe proportions of the thigh muscle were significantly (p>0.05) higher than those of the shoulder and loin muscles.

TERRITORIAL DECENTRALIZATION IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO: A NEW LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT OF DECENTRALIZED TERRITORIAL ENTITIES

MALOMALO, Christophe LOTIKA — 2018-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Our research is entitled: territorial decentralization in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a new lever for the development of the Decentralized Territorial Entities. However, in conducting this study, we have pursued the following objectives:- Demonstrate the impact of territorial decentralization on the development of decentralized territorial entities in the Democratic Republic of Congo;- Analyze the factors that will underpin the development of decentralized territorial entities;- Identify practices that block the development process of local entities. At the end of our investigations, we arrived at the result according to which there are certain practices which hinder local development although the Democratic Republic of Congo has opted for the new management mode which is the territorial decentralization. Finally, in order to conclude this reflection, we felt that, in order for local development to take place within the framework of territorial decentralization, the Congolese political and administrative authorities must change their mentalities in order to trace a new path of development The basis of the other countries of the world.

PROBLEM OF REPRESSION AND COMPENSATION FOR SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN THE COURTS OF THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: CASE OF THE TRIBUNAL DE GRANDE INSTANCE OF KISANGANIDE FROM 2010 TO 2013

MALOMALO, Christophe LOTIKA — 2018-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objectives of this research are to identify the frequency of cases of sexual violence and the proportion of judgments rendered in relation to sexual violence, to determine the frequency of allowances by the number of judgments rendered in relation to sexual violence, Frequency of allowances by number of judgments rendered, executed and the applicability of Congolese laws and finally to highlight the strengths and limitations of the Congolese judicial procedure in matters of sexual violence before the High Court of Kisangani. At the end of our analysis, we have the following results: several cases of sexual violence were registered before the District Court of Kisangani between 2010 and 2013 when the latter to better deal with all these files. It should also be noted that there was a lot of campaigning, sensitization financed by the various partners and a repression at the zenith was observed during the pre-election period. Finally, based on our findings, we also found that victims of sexual violence do not have easy and fast access to the courts. This has led to discouragement by victims who prefer to use customary negotiated solutions.

EVALUATION OF TOXICITE COMBINEE OF SALTS OF LEAD AND CADMIUM IN SLIGHTLY ACID AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT

KUSONIKA, Athanase N. — 2017-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

We proposed to undertake an experimental study on the combined toxicity of Lead and Cadmium in aquatic environment, for describing well the danger which run the alive beings which live there and on which the life depends on it. To achieve our goal, we used as biological material Gambusia affinis, a species sensitive to toxicity in order to check if the combined effects of heavy metals in fact Plomb and Cadmium would be the cause of disturbance in aquatic environment. We proceeded to test each salt individually and to determine the CL50 of them;then, to prepare a solution combined with the concentrations corresponding to the value of ½ CL50 of these two salts tested according to méthode(5). Taking into consideration these results obtained, the constant following is released:The Cadmium tested with the concentration of 0,1 G and its dilutions, is very toxic with a CL50 around 0,003 Mg that the solutions of Lead to the same concentration with a CL50 around 0,006 Mg. The biological tests of laboratory made it possible to prove the toxicity of each salt separately and to confirm the combined toxicity of these two heavy metals, owing to the fact that the combination of their ½ CL50 gives synergistic effects to the populations of Gambusia affinis. This study will precisely allow the scientific community, to the industrialists, and the government to manage our environment well, in order to especially avoid the danger due to the pollution with heavy metals which constitutes today a plague threatening the species of the aquatic environment, water, and the life of the human beings in general, in the mine fields of the DRC being a significant mining country.

AUGUSTIN, BIGIRIMANA RUCHOGEZA — 2017-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

La Province du Sud-Kivu est l’une de 26 provinces que compose la République Démocratique du Congo située à l’est du pays. Les années de guerre n’ont évidemment pas profité à l’économie de la province, quasi à l’arrêt aujourd’hui. Le Sud-Kivu a en effet servi de porte d’entrée aux différentes guerres d’agression que le pays a connues et dont les conséquences sont encore importantes sur la vie socioéconomique de la province. Un des grands problèmes majeurs de cette province, en particulier et de la RDC, en général, est l’insuffisance et l’état en délabrement avancé des infrastructures de transport qui rend difficile la circulation des personnes et des biens. Autant son isolement externe criant, autant à l’intérieur du territoire national l’enclavement est réel et pose un véritable problème de développement, de par son étendu territorial, son enclavement et une situation de fragilité économique constituent les éléments fondamentaux du contexte dans lequel évolue le secteur des transports. Suite à cet état, le secteur aérien demeure le seul moyen pouvant relier les grands centres pour ainsi faciliter les échanges commerciaux. Ce caractère fondamental de coopération très étroite du secteur aérien unit le pouvoir public et l’initiative privée pour le renforcement du pouvoir économique en vue de participer au développement de la province.

BOUSDIG, Khadija — 2017-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Within an organizational setting characterized by a continuous production or services evolution and known by the emergence of a new era of information technologies, the leaders/managers are in the obligation to seek an optimal management mode by practicing a layback and a critical scrutiny of their managerial strategies. The application of the coaching method is hence regarded as practical tool box capable of stimulating the professional action by pushing forward the managers to use a variety of actions able to generate new behaviours more appropriate and more beneficial than those already practiced by the managers.

Analytical study of the experimental approach in textbook “Fi Rihab of life and earth sciences" The third year of the secondary school, the Kingdom of Morocco

Benbrahim, Mohamed — 2017-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The textbook is a learning tool that helps learners to develop positive attitudes, knowledge and skills. This implies that the textbook offers situations based on a variety of scientific approaches. The experimental approach is one of the most widely used approaches in life and earth science teaching and contributes to the preparation of an individual able to adapt to his or her environment. In this context, the question arises to what extent the life and earth science textbook integrates the steps of the experimental approach? To answer this question, we have analyzed the "Fi Rehab Life and Earth Sciences" textbook of the third year of secondary education. This analysis has shown that some stages of the experimental approach have been well developed while others are neglected. This requires extra effort when revising or designing textbooks, taking into account all stages of the experimental approach and focusing on the learner. The latter is the most important clue in the development of the teaching and learning process.

BYUMANINE NTABAZA, J. Roger — 2017-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

This scientific publishing was about the phytochemical screening and evaluation of anti-diarrheic activity of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Spilanthes Mauritiana plant. The process consisted to the qualitative chemical analysis of natural substances contained in and anti-bacterial test of their aqueous and ethanol extracts on bacterial stumps. Final result showed that the plant contain 85% of researched actives ingredients, and 50% of these ingredient was efficient to bacterial stumps as are some witness anti diarrheic drugs. These justify the traditional treatment of diarrhea with Spilanthes Mauritiana.

Comparative study of the diameter structure of Pterocarpus soyauxii Taub. (Fabaceae) in the permanent subplots of the Yoko Forest Reserve and the Biaro Forest (Ubundu, Democratic Republic of Congo)

Lomba, Christophe B. — 2017-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Study of diameter structure of Pterocarpus soyauxii Taub species has been undertaken in Yoko Forest Reserve and Biaro Forest into two permanent dispositive of 400 ha each one. This work has objectives based on density distribution by diameter class and pedological parameters in the two selected sites. All stems of dbh ≥ 10 cm of the studied species have been inventoried, measured through 40 bands of 10 ha each one and soil samples were also collected in the two sites. 1051 trees were indexed with 663 inventoried in Biaro forest. This one present a good reconstitution of stems species for having many individuals into inferior diameters classes. The results of the pedological analyses showed that the two sites have an acid soil.

Identification of deforestation roots and socio-environmental incidence in an economy of the market in the hinterland of Kisangani city (Tshopo province) in Democratic Republic of Congo : Effects and strategies

Christopher, Otomba Ikoko — 2017-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study conducted as part of the reforestation mechanism aimed to determine deforestation engines and social and environmental impacts in the vicinity of the city of Kisangani in the Democratic Republic of Congo, while proposing solution strategies. The method of purposive sampling surveys and participatory research method action (PRMA) and the documentary method were applied to the data collection. The ranking technique in the focus group, observation and interviewing techniques have helped us get the required information in this fact. For data analysis, we used the Excel program to statistical inference for other quantitative analyzes. In this investigation, we selected the following : - Population growth and deforestation resulting impact on the activities and available resources ; - Each village has its realities on alternative activities, but the burning up system of field in agriculture remains the peasant activity and the main driver of deforestation in the hinterland of the city of Kisangani. Perceptions of different problems from one area to another; - Options (strategies) for the development should be developed in a participatory manner. The framing of the farmers in other income generating activities like breeding, small trade, etc., according to the site but also on the agricultural techniques with reduced environmental impact such as the rotation of crops with leguminous plants, the use of the improved varieties and the agro-forestry would permit to decrease the human pressure on the environment.

HANDJILA, Joseph NGUAPITSHI — 2017-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Democratic Republic of Congo is an under developed country. Her growth requires the contribution of different domains of social life. It is on this ground that this study has been devoted the analysis for the variables of performance at ISP, ISC and ISTM Ilebo, which ascertains progressive depreciation of higher learning education system in particular, in this part of national territory and in the DR Congo in general. Notwithstanding the growing of the higher learning public institutions in teaching at Ilebo, there is a question of quality assurance when these higher learning public institutions in teaching don’t make the competitive degree of education. We only noticed the indicative of performance below: human resources, governance, financial resources, students, academic activities, the mobility of academic and scientific staff, scientific activities, basic equipment, library and influential negative partner at the excellence level of teaching In ender to take up the challenge ISP, ISC and ISTM should involve Congolese higher learning institutions actors as much at external level as internal so as to make an effective competitive trimming at national and international level.

KENDEWA, Marie-Paul AWA — 2017-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Les errements des accords sino-congolais, contrairement à toutes les attentes de la République Démocratique du Congo pour son émergence, constituent les enjeux qui continuent à tarauder la méninge des analystes congolais. L’inertie de la RDC à la participation avec force aux échanges commerciaux internationaux constitue un défi majeur à l’émergence de cet Etat. En ce sens, cet article démontre la nécessité pour la RDC de revisiter et de réorienter carrément ces accords si possible vers son industrialisation lourde en lieu et place des infrastructures. De toute évidence près, l’industrialisation de la RDC serait une prospective possible de la diversification de l’économie nationale et pourquoi pas de la transformation des minerais en vue d’obtenir un plus-value de ses produits de base. Il sied de signaler que les matières premières sur base desquelles les accords sino-congolais ont été conclus, sont les ressources épuisables et non renouvelables et de ce point de vue, les tonnages estimés des minerais par ces accords sont colossaux voire dangereux pour la gestion durable de la RDC et sont capables de dépouiller ce pays de son slogan à tort ou à raison de scandale géologique. D’où cette étude appelle la RDC à l’usage rationnel de son boom de minerais et tenir compte des générations futures (le développement durable). L’utopisme et l’irréalisme sont présents sur la coopération sino-congolais et le futur possible pour l’émergence de la RDC en devient hypothétique car cette recherche démontre qu’il s’agit d’un accord de coopération Léonin Où seule la Chine tire la part de lion. A ce fait, l’étude fait une interpellation à la diplomatie économique de la RDC à agir conséquemment pour que les accords sino-congolais puissent être l’élément déclencheur de développement de la RDC.

The merchandising of the corn by households agricultural producers in grouping of Bugorhe

NTACOBASIMA COKOLA, Christian — 2017-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The agricultural producers of Bugorhe are confronted to difficulties that stop them from extricating profit of the merchandising of the corn that they produce. The corn is merchandised in cool state during the seasonal abundances and his/her/its price is generally low. So, after harvest and analysis of research data on the agricultural households of Bugorhe, the following results have been gotten: - 86,45% of agricultural households investigated are affected by the disruption of price of the corn; 60,41% confirm the instability of the corn price that they produce; 79,16% affirm that they generally sell their corn in the field; 83,33% sell their corn to the local retailers during the seasonal abundances; 82,29% lack possibilities to integrate markets to strong commercial opportunities, etc; as main agricultural producer difficulties investigated. - 70, 83% recommend that he/it would be desirable that the corn is in merchandised big quantity and distributed on the big markets to strong commercial potentialities, to strong demands so that it generates more financial returns to the agricultural producers; whereas 41,66% and 37,5% are favorable so that the product is distributed and merchandised on big markets and on the urban markets so that the agricultural producers win more in this activity.

The creation of the use to the young idle profit and resource less of Kavumu and Miti thanks to the emergence of the public transport between Kavumu and Bukavu

NTACOBASIMA COKOLA, Christian — 2017-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The public transportation using taxis-motorcycles and vehicles of any sometimes second-hand marks, is a real contributor for the creation of the employment for the benefit of the idle, at a loose end and deprived young people stemming from poor rural families at present in the rural centers situated in the North of the city of Bukavu in Sud-Kivu, particularly the centers of Miti situated in 23 kilometers in the North of Bukavu and Kavumu to 30 kilometers of Bukavu on the road number 2 connecting the cities of Bukavu and Goma east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. However, in consideration of inadequacies observed and described in this article, the informal operators exploiting vehicles of any marks and second-hand and dilapidated taxis-motorcycles, do not assure in a regular and satisfactory way this service left by the State and left with the only private actors. This publication which had the aim to demonstrate the contribution of the emergence of the public transport in the creation of the employment to the young persons at a loose end, idle, deprived and abandoned by Miti and by Kavumu, arrived at the following results: - 588 uses of vehicle drivers have been created in four years of 2013 to 2016, either 147 uses per year in the two centers; 138 uses for conveyors of vehicles, either 34 uses by year and 32 agents of parking lots of 2013 to 2016, either 8 uses every year, whatever these uses are sometimes precarious. - 510 uses of motorcyclists or taximen-motorcycle (either 127 per year), 38 uses of agents employees to parking lots of taxicab-motorcycles are 9 uses created the year, 37 uses of recovers, either 9 uses per year in the center of Miti. - 732 uses of motorcyclists or taximen-motorcycle (either 183 per year) for Kavumu, 51 uses of agents’ employees to parking lots of taxicab-motorcycles are 12 uses the year and 16 uses of recovers, either 4 uses per year still for the young idlers of the center of Kavumu.

Mashako, R.M. — 2017-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

La prise en charge holistique d’un nouveau-né malformé est complexe et laborieux aussi bien pour le personnel soignant que pour la famille. L’objectif de notre étude était d’identifier et décrire les différentes malformations congénitales externe objectivée a la naissance dans notre milieu et période d’étude ; qui est mené à l’unité de néonatologie de l’hôpital provincial du Nord-Kivu et cela du 1er Janvier 2011 au 31 Décembre 2016. Sur une population de 1539 nouveau-nés admis dans cette unité de néonatologie, nous avons inclus d’une manière exhaustive et de convenance 52 nouveau-nés. La présence d’une ou plusieurs malformations était notre critère important de jugement pour l’inclusion. Les diverses variables considérées : sexe, âge maternel, parité, assiduité aux CPN, présence d’infection urogénitale, types de malformations et issus. Ont été recueillie sur une fiche d’enquête individuelle préétablie à cette fin. Les données ont été saisies, traitée et enregistrée sur le logiciel Microsoft Word et Excell 2010. L’analyse était faite sur le logiciel SPSS 20.0. Ainsi l’étude révèle une fréquence de 3.4%, une prédominance du genre féminin à 53,8%. Les malformations digestives sont les plus fréquentes à 48,0% et on note un taux de décès de 59,6%. En conclusion, une recherche étiologique s’avère nécessaire pour planifier une prévention adéquate.

Matondo, M.J. — 2017-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

A study of the problem of low food production to the development of Maniema. Case of the rice sector in the city of Kindu and its hinterlands was conducted in the province of Maniema, Democratic Republic of the Congo in order to determine the causes of low food production in general and rice particularly in Kindu and its hinterlands. After two years, the variety of rice of 5 months was more used by the producers compared to all the other varieties despite its low productivity. There is a significant difference exists as to the methods of acquisition of rice fields, given that many of farm households are dealers who occupy the large tracts of land without developing them and the traditional farming techniques were more applied than modern techniques.

Impact of Water Reforms on the Urban Environment

Mnyone, Godrich Ibrahim — 2017-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Beyond doubt water is vital in promoting the population's well-being and quality of the urban environment. However, in the cities of the developing countries, the supply of water does not match water demand. This paper briefly present part of findings of a study carried out in Dodoma Municipality on Promoting Low Income Housing for Livelihoods of Low Income Households. The aim of the paper is to create awareness of the public on the impact of water reforms on the urban environment in Dodoma Municipality. Concerning methodology, the intensive fieldwork was carried out in four study areas namely Chidachi, Chilewa, Chadulu and Maweni because the neighbourhoods have used piped water for a decade thus have adequate and accessible data and information on the impact of water reforms on the urban environment in Dodoma Municipality. Specifically, the study investigated the impact of water reforms on the urban environment in Dodoma Municipality. Data collection methods were documentary review, physical observation, interviews and focus group discussions. The data was analysed by using computer software namely IBM SPSS Statistics. The study found that one of the water reforms was commercialization of water service delivery. The water authorities got autonomy on water supply. To improve water services, new water tariffs were introduced as a result there was overly high burden water costs which in turn limited availability of water for irrigating flower gardens. For instance, out of 34 institutions involved in the study four have developed and maintained flower gardens. In addition, 35 households out of 240 respondents involved in the study had flower gardens. The paper concludes that water reforms have brought about negative impacts on the urban environment. Socially, the water reforms have largely benefited members of the high income households who occupy a relatively small area of the urban population. In Dodoma, the high income households also own plots in unplanned settlements. However, due to dispersed nature of the high income plots their flower gardens have improved urban vista at the household level but failed to bring out beauty vista of the entire urban environment. Basing on the findings, the paper recommends that there is a need to review water tariffs to encourage urban environmental groups to efficiently promote flower gardens. Promoting flower gardens will first beautify the urban environment. Secondly, promote flower gardens will increase employment opportunities. More people will be employed by the environmental groups in growing pot flowers, in landscaping and selling pot flowers.

CAUSES OF THE REGRESSION OF THE CULTURE OF VOLUBLE BEAN IN GROUPING OF MITI

RUJAMIZI MULUMEKONE, Justin — 2017-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present study was carried out within the framework of knowing the evolution of the culture of voluble bean in the grouping of Miti. This culture is a leguminous plant which is consumed much by the inhabitants of the countries of the large lakes, where a person consumes per annum a quantity is equivalent to 50kg. However very significant for the inhabitants of the poor countries because its proteins measure with compasses those of origin with difficulty animal shows by the latter. Separately the voluble bean, there exists also the dwarf bean, but since the varieties of voluble bean were introduced, we saw all the agricultural producers embracing these last after they noted his production higher compared to dwarf bean. For testified acceptance to this culture, we saw all the farmers adopting sowings on line according to whether the popularizes theirs recommended, tans disc for the other cultures the majority sows their cultures in bulk, in spite of the councils received by some organizers. With this adoption, one could find almost everywhere this culture in all the fields and that for all the crop years. Curiously, after a time, we attended a regression, so that the culture is quasi non-existent in the medium. After study, we realized that most of the evaluated owners with 85% gave up the culture following the lack of the tutors and only one small number gave up for other reasons.

The economics of microfinance

SAYARI, Zied — 2017-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

In general, the history of microfinance is very diversified from one continent to another and from one country to another. It is therefore difficult to define precise phases or stages in the evolution or structuring of the new modern market of these solidarity microcredit. The history of the soft sector leads to the study of the informal economy, bartering, pawning ... which were once reliable and successful techniques enabling the poor to survive and simultaneously and to be able to participate in economic growth. In this paper we are interested in answering this question; Why measure the impacts of microfinance? This paper aims to test this assertion. Based on a literature review applied to a sample of developed and emerging countries, we highlight that the shift to this credit system and whether it coincides with improved growth rates and higher macroeconomic stability.

Legono, BELA — 2017-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study proposed to evaluate the level of the school assets in French and mathematics of the pupils of 6th year primary educations of the catholic agreed schools of the town of Kisangani, and to seek to it (them) characteristic (s) being able to predict their results. On a population of 5727 schoolboys of 6th year registered in 41 catholic primary schools of the town of Kisangani, during the school year 2009-2010, we retained 372 schoolboys, drawn in a random way in 12 schools. We used descriptive method. With the exit of this investigation, the pupils of sixth year of the catholic schools of the town of Kisangani, obtained results lower than the criteria required by UNESCO, that of 70%, the proof French (except 5 schools) and of mathematics (no school). And as regards the characteristics, only the characteristics of the teachers appeared predictors of the results of the pupils in mathematics. Like consequence, we must drawn much attention in the training of teachers, because it training level of a teacher makes possible to predict the results of his pupils.

Ecology of Uronema elongatum of some rivers of littoral region, Cameroon

NDJOUONDO, Gildas Parfait — 2017-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Galloping and anarchic anthropization is degrading more and more the fresh water resources available on the surface. The general objective of the study is to determine the ecology of Uronema elongatum of the current freshwater of the Littoral Region, Cameroon in order to propose its use as a biological indicator of the quality of the rivers of this Region. The specific objectives are: (1) to make a floristic inventory of the algae of some rivers of the Littoral region and to describe the morphology of the species Uronema elongatum; (2) to measure physicochemical parameters associated with these rivers; (3) make a floristic inventory of the macrophytes of these rivers and (4) establish probable correlations. Pelagic algae as well as those attached to stones and macrophytes were sampled. Physicochemical parameters were measured. Uronema elongatum is filamentous with looped chromatophores. Its density decreases with mineral-organic pollution of rivers with a maximum value at the Miana river of 1.250 ind/l. This density is greater on macrophytes and very low or absent on stones. Uronema elongatum has large cells (15 μm) in less polluted rivers and small in highly polluted rivers (5 μm). It emerges that Uronema elongatum is a filamentous, epiphytic, pollu-resistant species that proliferates in the current waters of the Littoral region in Cameroon. This species can be used as an indicator of pollution in this region.

Indicators of equipment management of network sanitation

MBADINGA, Armand — 2017-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

This communication talks about the methodological problem of ornamental the results of visual inspections for the assessment of the anomaly level of the object of study. This question is studied on the case of sanitation networks but the results can be transferred to other areas. The anomaly level can be defined by three arguments: specialist rules, comparison of a summary note with threshold values and analysis of a longitudinal profile. The calibration of the threshold values requires comparison of the results of assignment of anomaly levels with the statements of the specialists serving as reference. We propose a calibration index that takes into account the costs associated with the different allocation errors.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE WATER QUALITY OF KAMBO AND LONGMAYAGUI RIVERS FROM BIOLOGICAL DIATOM INDEXES

NDJOUONDO, Gildas Parfait — 2017-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The anarchic and rampant human impact in the city of Douala is the cause of the deterioration of its wetlands. The overall objective of the study is to determine the water quality of Kambo and Longmayagui rivers of Douala located in peri-urban and urban center respectively from Diatoms indexes. Organic materials and stones were sampled in each river. A total of 43 species belonging to 9 families and 22 genera were identified. The Diatom index is 4.0 to Kambo river (site 1) and 6.9 to Longmayagui river (site 2). These indexes show that Kambo river is less polluted, while Longmayagui river is polluted. The most frequent and abundant Diatoms in the samples of the two streams, Batika river characteristics (control) and Kambo can be used as indicators of unpolluted environment. These are : Amphipleura pellucida Kuetzing, Aulacoseira granulata (Ehrenberg) Simonsen, Cymatopleura solea Bourrelly, Cymbella amphicephala Naegeli, Cymbella cesatii (Rabenhorst) Grunow, Cymbella frustula Krammer and Lange-Berthalot, Cymbella naviculiformis Averswald, Diatoma mesodon (Ehrenberg) Kuetzing, Fragilaria capucina (Kuetzing) Lange-Bertalot, Melosira varians JG Agarda, Navicula accomoda Hustedt, Navicula nivalis Ehrenberg, Nitzschia fonticola Grunow, Pinnularia gibba Ehrenberg and Tabellaria flocculosa (Roth) Kuetzing. Monitoring, based on biological indexes of algae could be developed in order to prevent risks of disruption due to various pollutants.

EVALUATION OF THE CONTENTS OF SOME CHEMICAL PARAMETERS ON THE NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF Ipomoea batatas (SWEET POTATO) AND Zea mays (CORN) GROWN IN THE WETLANDS OF KAMBO AND LONGMAYAGUI RIVERS (DOUALA)

BA’ANA ETOUNDI, Marie Louise — 2017-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Toxic metals have a polluting with toxic to living organisms even at low concentrations. The overall objective of the study is to determine the impact of some pollutants on the nutritional quality of corn (Zea mays) and potato (Ipomoea batatas) grown mainly in wetlands of Kambo and Longmayagui rivers. Nitrates, phosphates, cadmium and lead were measured in water and in different corn and potato organs grown in the swampy fields Yassa and Arir with 3 repetitions, respectively. The results obtained show that plants produce fields have chlorosis and necrosis and a yellowing of the leaves. Potato tubers rot and show clearly are not consumables. Ears of corn obtained are big but have some spaced seeds. The cadmium content is high in corn seeds 0.10 ± 0.02 mg/kg dry matter and corn tuber 0.08 ± 0.09 mg/kg of dry matter. This content is greater than the tolerance in humans from 0.005 mg/kg dry matter. The lead content is high in the potato tuber 35.00 ± 0.03 mg/kg dry matter and corn 17.00 ± 0.00 mg/kg dry matter. These lead levels are high the threshold of tolerance in different organs of these plants to the standard of 0.05 mg/kg of dry matter. The nitrate and phosphate are higher in potato roots and corn stalks in relation to other organs. The finding of very advanced level of degradation of wetlands Douala directly affecting the nutritional quality of crops shows that it would be desirable that people and governments aware of the pollution on health over the poor quality of products consumer cultures of these lowlands.

N'TUMBA, Pontien MULANGU — 2017-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Assessing the MDGs with regard to the EFA in Goma, the description of child schooling made it possible to show that the proportion of unschooled children aged 6-14 years in the surveyed households is of 25%. The situation is even amplified by the fact that 53. 5% of households acknowledge having children that dropped out of school in the 2013-2014 school year or in the previous years. Considering children’s lack of access to education, it transpires that the causes of their dropping out of school and exclusion from educational institutions are insolvency (59%), parents’ joblessness (47. 5%) and the lack of school-fees (52. 5%). In an illustrative manner, the majority of stakes are typically socio-economic.

Role of significant others on high school students subject/career selection: An exploratory study

Zahra, Syeda Tafseer — 2017-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of the present study is to explore the factors/significant others that influence the decision making process of high school students concerning their career choice/subject selection and to find out the most suitable time for the implementation of career exploration program in the course of studies. For this purpose semi-structured interviews were done form 120 male and 80 female students (from high school, college and university), their parents (n=80) and teachers (n=100) through convenience sampling and four questions were asked from them. First question was open ended while remaining three had few choices and open response option. The data was collected from Pakistani government schools, colleges and universities. On the collected data thematic analysis was done along with the percentages. Results highlighted the role of parents as the most significant person in students’ life who influences their subject selection and this way determines the future career. Next the most recommended time for career counseling services is when students had passed their secondary school exams and just enrolled in high school and is going to choose subjects. On the basis of above findings it is concluded that career counseling should be done at high school stage and parents should be the part of counseling sessions.

THE STRENGTHS OF THE REPRESSION SYSTEM OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE INFRINGEMENTS UNDER VICTIMOLOGY IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO

DJOZA, Jean Paul KISEMBO — 2017-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article seeks to know whether the Congolese system of repression of sexual violence has got some strengths. Indeed, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is a post-conflict country that has suffered too much from the pangs of war, whose monstrosities are more noticeable in sexual violence. These infringements are serious insofar as they run counter to the universally accepted value of sexual freedom. Congolese criminal law is no exception to other criminal systems of comparative law. In this sense, Act No. 06/018 of 20 July 2006 modifying and supplementing the Criminal Code, has made a great deal of fundamental innovations (requalifying rape, including other offenses of sexual violence with many more serious penalties). The same applies to formal innovations (such as the victim 's right to initiate proceedings, the victim' s right to compensation, mandatory private session, irrelevance of criminal immunities in the event of sexual violence, prohibition of transactional fines, miscellaneous expert reports..). Finally, Act No. 09/001 of 10 January 2009 on the protection of children has criminalized certain other sexual assaults, mainly against a child. Such are the strengths of the Congolese penal system in the repression of sexual violence.

RESTORATIVE JUSTICE WITH REGARD TO THE LACK OF PENALTIES AND COMPENSATION FOR SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO

DJOZA, Jean Paul KISEMBO — 2017-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Congolese criminal justice encounters a lot of difficulties in the repression of sexual violence offenses. This concerns the slowness in the conduct of both pre-judicial and judicial instructions, and the failure to enforce criminal convictions. Factors favoring such non-fulfillment include delays in the delivery of judicial decisions outside the statutory time limit, the determination of the amount of compensation by the judge in accordance with his firm conviction, and the insolvency of convicted persons. To the facts stated above, we can add enforced execution against the condemned state, the procedural complexity required to execute a judgment, the very advanced state of disrepair and criminogeneity of the prisons, and houses of incarceration over the country also favor escapes. Evasion favors the non-execution of judicial convictions. To remedy this, restorative justice is proposed to the Congolese legislator. Indeed this form of justice offers several restorative paradigms of both the perpetrator of sexual violence, as well as society and victims. Based on this, criminal mediation, penal composition, the Family Group Conference, the Restorative Conference, the Sentencing Circle, and community service are more appropriate to criminal justice against sexual violence in Democratic Republic of Congo.

KAVANGE, Anicet BAHATI — 2017-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Cassava clothes a strong nutritional potential and is a means of struggle against the food insecurity in the region, it constitutes an important source of calories. Its culture procures some important incomes to the small producers through the world. Tubers of cassava, as well as its drifted products, flow out everywhere without difficulty. In spite its importance, so much at the level of the food security of populations, South-Kivu’s province arranges a middle score of poor food consumption, the territory of Mwenga represents among territories having recorded scores of food consumption most critical of the province (64,8%). Although cassava presents a big faculty of adaptation to different ecological conditions, its output knows several constraints, the utilization of very appreciable local varieties to illnesses and the devastating, practices inappropriate farming, the no implication of actors to push producers. We raised that 34% of cassava producers have an age group that varies between 31-40years old, a great number of women. It would be bound to the fact that men interest themselves to the mining activities to the detriment of agriculture in our middle of survey. Producers are confronted to the difficulty of access to the credit to achieve this activity, the no political actor implication and no governmental for the improvement of this culture whereas agriculture constitutes the main source of income of 42% of producers. The upsurge of illnesses as the mosaic, the Cassava brown Steak disease, the «cercosporiose», and the «bactériose» constitutes a brake for the growth and the development of the culture. The surface cultivated by the peasant has a negative correlation (r=-0,212) with cassava’s price. What would mean that more the surface is not big, more the price that it fixes is affordable, and beneficial. We also notice that the cultivated surface has a positive correlation with the workforce for the reaping, the ploughing, and the first weeding.

Structural analysis of the diameters of Musanga cecropioides, Prioria balsamifera and Prioria oxyphylla and their vulnerability towards illicit exploitation in the Yoko forest reserve (Ubundu, Democratic Republic of the Congo)

Lomba, Christophe B. — 2017-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present study is based on the structural analysis of the diameters of the three species: Musanga cecropioides R.BR, (Parasolier), Prioria balsamifera (Vermoesen) Breteler (Tola) and Prioria oxyphylla (Harms) Breteler (Tchitola) Illegal settlements by people living on the Yoko Forest Reserve. P. balsamifera and P. oxyphylla do not have a good regeneration, M. secropioides to a trend towards a good generation but does not have individuals from class 9. The results show that M. cecropioides is declared non-vulnerable (94.5%) in Yoko while P. balsamifera and P. oxyphylla are said to be vulnerable. This is explained by the low vulnerability index obtained for these two species, ie 30.9% and 26.7%.

Study on the behavior of three improved varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L., Poaceae) in cultivation at Kungu territory (Sud Ubangi Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo)

Bedi, Benjamin N. — 2017-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

A study on the adaptation of improved varieties of rice was carried out in ISEA Bokonzi experimental site in Kungu territory, Sud Ubangi province (Democratic Republic of the Congo). The main objective of the study was to evaluate the adaptation of these three improved varieties (IRAT 112, NERICA 7 and NERICA 4) in the territory of diffusing. The results showed no significant differences between them and all varieties were well adapted in the ecological conditions of the experimental site. However, in the harvest, NERICA 7 revealed a great yield of rice in husk.

Compared effectiveness of the Coconut (Cocos nucifera) oil and DEET against the blackfly (Simulium squamosum, Diptera: Simuliidae) bite in an endemic area in Democratic Republic of the Congo

Kambama, Luboya — 2017-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

Onchocerciasis affects 20 to 30 million people worldwide, 95% of them in live Africa. An estimated one million blind people are affected by onchocerciasis. It is transmitted by the bite of females of the genus Simulium, of which more than 1300 species have been described in the world. The 15 health areas of the Kinshasa city under ivermectin, do not cover all the meeting points between blackfly and man in the simulidian foci of Kinshasa. The best way to protect against exophilic vectors (exophagous), which in addition have a biology little known like all the species of black flies known until then, is the use of the repellents of which the most used currently is the DEET. But these products are not very accessible to the African populations (due to cost and availability). It was then necessary to propose a solution adapted to our societies. Thus, the repelling efficiency of Cocos nucifera oil was tested against DEET against Simulium squamosum. Selected technicians were treated by anointing their legs and forearms, each with a particular repellent and placed on the ground to capture the black flies according to the traditional method of catching on human bait. Blackflies captured by repellent treatments were counted and their numbers compared using statistical tests. Statistical analysis of the number of blackflies caught by treatment revealed no significant differences between DEET and Cocos nucifera. In dermal application, the oil of Coconut has real repulsive properties against Simulium squamosum compared to DEET.

Effect of Nourishment and fertilization on the growing of Oreochromis niloticus (Linaeus, 1758) (Cichlidea), bred in semi-drained pond in the Sud Ubangi (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

Bosanza, Jean Bernard Z. — 2017-10-02T00:00:00-00:00

The influence of combination of agricultural product (rice bran)/fertilizer (goat dropping and manner NPK-17-17-17) was tested within 9 months in growing performances of Nile tilapia, bred in semi-drained pond. The mean results showed that the parameters of aquatic environment, in particularly temperature (29°C - 36°C) and pH (5.5 – 6.5), fluctuate in the tolerance limits of Nile tilapia. Growing performances are interesting: Rice bran combined with mineral or organic fertilization profit well to Nile tilapia growing with 0.42g/day of weight advantage against 0.29g/day for the witness. It is the same for yield which is 1.8 times and 1.7 times more the witness, about an increasing of 80.5 and 67.6% of natural productivity, respectively for NPK-17-17-17 and organic fertilizer goat dropping-based.

Effects of Multimedia Family Planning Promotion on Women Contraceptive Use in Arumeru District

Mwejuma, Isa Sekro — 2017-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Contraceptive use has been shown to increase rapidly in Tanzania in recent years, but it remains unclear whether exposure to messages about contraceptive through multimedia has a positive influence to use and at what magnitude. This paper used a cross-sectional data from 67 women of reproductive age collected in 2014 about the effects of multimedia on women contraceptive use at Kiranyi ward in Arumeru District in Arusha. The data were used to examine extent of multimedia in promoting contraceptive use among these women, the influence of multimedia on women contraceptive use and determining the association between multimedia and women contraceptive use. IBM SPSS Statistics version 20 was used for data analysis. Findings indicated that about 61.2% Radio and 20.9% Television are the common media used in promoting women contraceptive use. Multimedia shows a great influence on women contraceptive use as 82.1% of the women interviewed claimed to have adapted contraceptive use after they heard contraceptive use advertisement from media. Media information affects women contraceptive use behavior through changing attitudes, adapting contraceptive use. Findings also revealed that there is an association between multimedia and women contraceptive use at p<0.001 in which 82.1% of the women of reproductive age interviewed in the study area adopted contraceptive use after heard contraceptive information from the media. It was concluded that multimedia family planning promotion had an effect on women contraceptive use. The Researcher recommended that responsible players should strengthen multimedia messages to ensure effective dissemination of contraceptive use information hence create enough knowledge and awareness on understanding proper women contraceptive use.

CONFLICTING INTERESTS OF STAKEHOLDERS IN GOVERNING AND UTILIZATION OF FOREST RESOURCES: A CASE STUDY OF CHENENE FOREST RESERVE, BAHI, TANZANIA

Nkonoki, J.B. — 2017-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study explores the management of forest resources from perspective of rural communities and other stakeholders who use those resources in different ways for a wide variety of reasons. The purpose of this study was to identify and understanding key issues related conflicting interests of different stakeholders in governing and utilization of forest resources. The relationships between forest resources and people are mediated through institutions. Institutional arrangements shape resource access and control, and are fundamental to understanding patterns of stakeholders’ interests. This study grouped stakeholders into three groups, which were regulators, facilitators and users with different interests with regard to conservation and use of forest resources. Combining a focus on securing livelihoods with rural community negotiating and decision making processes enables this study to discuss and analyze among different stakeholders which is a key to achievement of more equitable forest resource management and distribution of benefits. This study analyzed and understands conflicting interests of different stakeholders that take place within community as a result of governing, and utilization of forest resources.

RUJAMIZI MULUMEKONE, Justin — 2017-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The grouping of Bugorhe is one of 14 groupings which account cheffery of Kabare, in the east of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Following the war of 1994 which led to the genocide in Rwanda, Hutu were refugee in Bugorhe by setting up there their camps thanks to then undoubtedly High commissionership for Refugees (HCR). About the year 1997, it was it tower of the RDC with a war known as of release which used the soldier’s Tutsi in order to reverse the capacity of Mobutu. With their arrived and their passage, all the camps of the Hutu refugees were destroyed and those last those which were likely to escape are directed in majority towards the National park of Kahuzi- Biega, a park located at the western part of the grouping of Bugorhe. With their arrived in the forest, unfortunately, the latter did not delay to leave the forest by causing acts of vandalisms to their hosts of yesterday who have nourishes them, sheltered them while killing, by raping the girls in the presence of their parents, their brothers, the moms in the presence of their husbands and in front of all the children, the fields cultivated by Congolese in end being collected by these same attackers, the peasants victims of these acts could not support and were obliged to move away in order to seek a place of takes refuge. Here is how the grouping of Bugorhe will be of a blow over-populated bus being crossed by the road Bukavu- Goma, but also sheltering the National Airport of Kavumu/Bukavu; the part being on both sides road is so much is made safe little and Being it much importance attaches to it. This being, the entity received a great number of moved interns, with this situation, waste multiplied as well as an anarchistic construction. After observation curiosity pushed us to make this study in order to account to us for the quantities of waste which produce the households but also the mechanisms of management of the latter in order to cleanse the medium. After study we noted that more than 60% of household more than one kg per week however produces the 100% of our surveyed confirmed that there is no public dustbin in this medium, that enables us to make a confirmation which it is possible to find by-here and by-there waste in small pieces where the peasants and even and especially at public places live. The sensitizing of the population on the management of waste as well as the adoption of a public dustbin as of other strategies would be a response to healthiness in grouping of Bugorhe.

RUJAMIZI MULUMEKONE, Justin — 2017-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The phenomenon of the famine is a problem that touches the big part of the population of the Democratic Republic of Congo in general and the one of the South-Kivu in particular. The agricultural production being least following multiple reasons as the excessive exploitation of soil without thinking about restoring him elements exported by cultures, the no respect of the cultural techniques succession, the disruption of seasons and other climatic risks; these dive the peasants agriculturist in a misery that makes that of time some have tendency to yet abandon the agricultural sector one of lever of development and survival in farming middle of the R D Congo and the source of the food substances. This being, we led this survey in view to demonstrate comparison that can exist as for the influence of the chemical manure (N P K) and the organic manure (manure of farm) on the dwarf bean so that the producer makes a discriminating choice between the two according to his financial means as well as his faculties to use one or the other. To the term of this experimentation, the manure of farm proved to be more important than the N P K and parcels no fertilized for nearly all observed parameters; bigger biomass, good harvest indication, weight of 100 seeds most elevated... The N P K stood in second position during the experimentation.

CAT INTOLERANCE TO THE KETAMINE TO THE LETHAL DOSE LEVEL DURING SURGICAL OPERATIONS: OVH CASE IN ABDOMINAL LAPAROTOMY

SANVURA MATUMUABIRHI, Vincent de Paul — 2017-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The usage of the ketamine as a general anesthesia to the animals fellowship (dog and cat is the most used in such conditions that the effective veterinarian in field conditions result to premeditations. The smallest animals hard to weight and consequently to which the dose is administered becomes more estimative than reality, are cause of poisoning by overdosage and who from there die at 80% between 6 hours to 10 hours after operation. Except secondary effects and the toxicity of betalactamines (penicillin G) and aminosides (dihydrostreptomycine) associated as convulsions, the muscles paralysis and the balance’s troubles; the mucous membrane’s dryness manifestations of the tongue and gums, ending the respiratory collapse had been observed. The death of the cat is usually caused by overdosage.

Ecological crisis - Demonstrations and consequences on the population : Case of kisangani and Ikela (Kisangani / Tshopo / RD Congo)

LONGELA NZASI, Bruno Augustin — 2017-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The ecological crisis as well as his/her/its demonstrations captivates the attention of the entire humanity. In our survey, we left from the question: what they are the demonstrations of the ecological crisis? This question allowed us to fix us two objectives in our survey: to present the different demonstrations of the ecological crisis and their consequences on the population; to show that the demonstration of the ecological crisis varies from a middle to another. To reach these two objectives, we consulted the documents treating the ecological crisis and the investigation done in the city of Kisangani and the farming city of Ikela. The result shows that in the city of Kisangani and the farming city of Ikela the heat, the drought and the floodings are the demonstrations of the ecological crisis. The heat is observed in the cities and the drought in the farming surroundings. What shows that the demonstrations of the different ecological crisis according to the middle. At the end, we raised some questions that can be the subject of the ulterior studies.

Diversity of benthic macrovetebrates and physicochemistry of the Tshula river, in Lake Kivu basin, DR Congo

Mucheso, Jean-Marie — 2017-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates of Tshula River in Bukavu basin of Lake Kivu and physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters influencing their populations were studied during 8 monthsat four sampling stations. Two phyla were identified: Arthropods dominated (88.5%,23 taxa out of 26) and Annelids (11.5%, 3 taxa). According to the number of individuals per species, Chironomustentans dominates (52.7% of the total), followed by Simulium venustum (24.1%) and Baetis sp (11.9%). The Shannon diversity indices seasonally averaged H'=1,174 for the rainy season and H'= 0.64 for the dry season. The abundance of the pollution sensitive Chironomids confirmed the high pollution levels of this river alike previous studies. Physico-chemical parameters vary between the sites and influence 78% the variation of benthic macroinvertebrates numbers. Conductivity, dissolved oxygen, total phosphorus and suspended matters influence most significantly the diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates.

BYUMANINE NTABAZA, Jean Roger — 2017-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

This scientific publishing consisted to the evaluation of relationship between chemical structures and pharmacological activities of Spilanthes Mauritiana extracts, an antdiarrheic plant founded in Bushi. To arrive there we proceeded by the thin layer chromatography using two standards moderns drugs used in diarrhea treatment. Final results revealed spots of analogical retention factor (Rf) with the standards used, such as ciprofloxacin ®, Negrame®. This leaded us to conclude that there are similarities between some principles ingredients contained in Spilanthes Mauritiana and the witness moderns drugs used in diarrhea treatment.

MUSOMBWA, BWAMI — 2017-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

This scientific publishing consisted to evaluate the relationship between chemical structure and pharmacalogical activities of Leucas Martinisensis extracts, an ant-diarrheic plant of Bushi. To arrive there we proceeded by thin layer chromatography using two standards moderns drugs used in diarrheic dieses treatment. Final result revealed spot of analogical retention factor (Rf) with the standards drugs used, such as Cyprofloxacin®, Negrame®. This result leaded us to conclude that there are similarities between some principles ingredients contained in Leucas Martinisensis plant and the witness modern drugs used in treatment of diarrheic dieses.

Reliability and Validity of Indigenous Death Anxiety Scale

Faiza, Afreen — 2017-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The purpose of the study was to assess the reliability and validity of self report Indigenous Death anxiety scale (IDAS). The Urdu version of scale was administered on 224 Pakistani Muslim population .Their age ranged from 16 to 46 years and above. Test –retest reliability for 15 –days interval showed good indices of (r=.81, p<.01). The convergent validity of present scale with Templer’s Death anxiety scale (r=.60, p < .01) and discriminant validity of present scale with Revised Life Orientation Test (r= - .61, p < .01) demonstrated significant values. We concluded that that present scale is a cultural specific, reliable and valid tool for measuring death anxiety.

Reduced Order Model Based GPC for a Binary Distillation Column

Abraham, Anuj — 2017-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this paper, an optimal Generalized Predictive Control (GPC) is developed for binary distillation column using first principle model and linearized models. The nonlinear multivariable binary distillation column process is simulated with first principle differential equations and its linearized 16th order and reduced 5th order models were obtained. The GPC is designed based on original linearized model, reduced model and nonlinear first principle model. The performance of GPC with the above three considered model structures were compared. The response of GPC with reduced 5th order model shows similar characteristics of linearized 16th order model. Hence, the computation complexity can be reduced using a reduced order model for a binary distillation column process, without compromising on the performance.

Synergistic Potential between ATAWADAC (Anytime Anywhere Anyway Anyway), PKM (Personal Knowledge Management) and Mobile Applications in DR Congo

Isaac, Kabuya Kamiba — 2017-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

Being connected anytime and anywhere with access to any requested content from any device is a current societal challenge known as ATAWADAC (AnyTime AnyWhere AnyDevice AnyContent). This paper raises the issue of the synergetic potential that mobile access offers to ATAWADAC services and its integration with Personal Knowledge Management (PKM) in a growing environment realized through mobile applications worldwide and in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) in particular. The DRC has a 3G mobile network reaching only 0,8% of the population, the equivalence of 0,56 million inhabitants with no mobile computing. M-learning (Mobile Learning) can only exist when mobile computing networks and PKM platforms are implemented. From research conducted through literature reviews and published electronic data, as well as based on a mathematical and graphical demonstration; we were able to provide some answers to these issues and present in this paper key findings on mobile data usage, mobile network coverage and mobile Internet in the DRC. This was achieved by using two methods. The first method investigated the prerequisites for the existence of ATAWADAC services which cover i) ubiquitous computing ii) mobile computing iii) portable computing, iv) ambient intelligence and v) mobility. The second method consisted of demonstrating through graphical interpretations and calculations how to integrate the following four concepts: i) the mobile computing equation ii) the value of 3G mobile network in DRC iii) the PKM chain and iv) the three layering models defining the relation between the ATAWADAC, KPM, and mobile applications as a concrete result of our analyses and findings on M-Learning. Besides the description of these methods, this paper presents an interpretation of the results found and proposes avenues for future research.

EVOLUTION OF CONGOLESE CRIMINAL SYSTEM OF STRUGGLE TERRORISM AFTER 11 SEPTEMBER 2001

HAMADI, Goethe ALI — 2017-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The 11 september 2001 events in the United States of America have constitued undeniably a decisive turning point in the terrorism history. Since this fateful date, the virulent and tragic spread has not spared the DRC than the remaining part of Africa. In reaction to this criminal phenomenon and its tragic consequences, movements of technical adaptation or renforced severity of criminal systems of struggle against terrorist criminality have marked States at the national level as well as the international level. The assessment of Congolese criminal system of struggle against terrorism following terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 lets foresee a process of puntual adaptation of criminal normativity and institutional frame. It informs (tells) that before the 11 September 2001 situation, the Congolese criminal right of struggle against terrorism comprises a criminal lesgislation wich, though not including norms specific to terrorism, comprises pertinent systems able to prevent and repress activities related to terrorism. But because of the 11 September 2001 attacks, the Congolese criminal system of struggle against terrorism is clearly improved. First, the banning of activies related to terrorism on the national land is constitutionally devoted. Second, the law-maker develops (deploys) a pertinent criminal right that takes place in the general judiciary frame, but not in the exception criminal legislation of struggle against terrorism. However, despite dynamics (process), the state of Congolese criminal judiciary against terrorism provides information on major limits that let foresee the perspective of improvement.

Bandwidth Analysis and Optimization of Ч shaped Microstrip Patch Antenna with Artificial Neural Network

Roy, Pritam Singha — 2017-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this paper an artificial neural network optimization technique and models is used for analysis the bandwidth of Microstrip antenna. The Ч shaped Microstrip patch antenna designed and use operating frequency 6.83 GHz to analysis the bandwidth of antenna. Artificial neural network models used and varying the different parameters of Microstrip antenna to measure the bandwidth and its results is compared with artificial neural network results. The most common dielectric substrate Polyethylene =2.25. ANN is vey suited for analysis the proposed antenna and gives more easy calculation and design of microstrip patch antenna.

The modeling of technological governance

AJEDDI, Majid — 2017-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this paper, we study the technological governance dynamic international within a new frame work which extends models used in the literature. The technological governance is now recipient of the technological projects within the new organizations. Which are the rules of technological governance international like its borders? Which are the methods of its quantification? The objective of our research is then to construct a global model of evaluation of the technological governance dynamic by method of physical science. Firstly, we will try to formulate the equation the technological governance. Secondly, we will borrow the model of dynamic Newtonian. In order to be clarified on the evaluation and measure of the technological governance and to find out the variable upon which it depends. Kinematics and Newtonian dynamics will serve to quantify the technological advance of firm or industry which will make it possible to inform the decision makers about the state of health of their technology and to guide them in their ulterior strategic choices.

HITIMANA, Justine — 2017-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The 1994 Genocide committed against Tutsi took more than one million victims in only one hundred days. This study deals with Hutu extremist women participation in genocide. These women came from all segments of Rwandan society: teachers, peasant women, young women, students, religious and even mothers. This study analyses the extent of the cruelty committed by Hutu extremist women against the Tutsi during the genocide. These women even killed their children and their families. After the Genocide, several among these Hutu extremist women were guilty of crimes of genocide including sexual abuse against the Tutsi. The findings of this research work highlight the barbarity of Hutu extremist women throughout the 1994 Genocide committed against the Tutsi.

STRUCTURE AND DYNAMIC OF PERIPHYTICS ALGAE OF BATIKA (YABASSI) AND TONGO’O BASSA RIVERS (DOUALA)

NDJOUONDO, Gildas Parfait — 2017-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The rampant and uncontrolled human impact degrades increasingly freshwater resources available in surface. The overall objective of the study is to determine the diversity and distribution of microalgal périphytics communities Batika and Tongo'o Bassa rivers. The specific objectives are to make a floristic inventory; measure the physicochemical parameters associated with these rivers and to identify their spatial and temporal variations. Organic materials and stones were sampled in each river. A total of 87 species were identified, of which about 39.08% of Diatomophyceae, 26.43% of Chlorophyceae, 11.49% of Cyanophyceae, 09.19% of Zygophyceae, 08.04% of Euglénophyceae, 03.44% of Dinophyceae, 01.14% respectively Chrysophyceae and Prasinophyceae. Diatoms are the most frequent class in samples of river stations. Chlorophyceae are the most dominant class and dense in all stations. The Uronema elongatum, Mougeotia sp. and Oedogonium sp. 1 species are common to all stations. The specific changes in algal communities between stations located upstream from the stations located in the transition and downstream are striking, with a richness and diversity in higher epiphyton station 1 (46 species) and lower the epilithon station 6 (8 species).

AN IMPROVEMENT CLASSIFICATION ALGORITHM UTILIZING STREAMING DATA

Ibraheem, Hind Ra'ad — 2017-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The data stream has recently emerged in response to the continuous data problem. Stream data is usually in vast volume, changing dynamically, possibly infinite, and containing multi-dimensional features. The attention towards data stream mining is increasing as regards to its presence in wide range of real-world applications, such as e-commerce, banking, sensor data and telecommunication records. Similar to data mining, data stream mining includes classification, clustering, frequent pattern mining etc. techniques; the special focus of this paper is on classification methods invented to handle data streams. Performance of data stream classification is measuring by involving processing speed, memory and accuracy. Also, a classification algorithm must meet several requirements in order to work with the assumptions and be suitable for learning from data streams so studying purely theoretical advantages of algorithms is certainly useful and enables new developments. Here we present a comprehensive survey of the state-of-the-art data stream mining algorithms with a focus on classification because of its ubiquitous usage. It identifies mining constraints, proposes a general model for data stream mining, and depicts the relationship between traditional data mining and data stream mining. In this paper, we propose a new streaming data classification algorithm based on Hoeffding tree algorithm called Fast Decision Tree Algorithm (FDTA) as an improvement method to classify stream data and compared between them according to the three measures which are classification accuracy, memory space and execution time.

Legono, BELA — 2017-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

This work consists in evaluating the effectiveness of the primary schools of Kisangani, appreciate the equality of the assets of the pupils of sixth primary year and to highlight some individual and family variables of the pupils and the characteristics of the schools, to identify those which would make it possible to make a good prediction of performances of 6th form pupils in primary school in mathematics. With this intention, we proceeded to an investigation near 372 pupils of sixth primary year, resulting from 15 primary schools of Catholic, Official and Privar conduct of the school year 2009-2010, which pupils were drawn in a random way. We used descriptive method for realize this work. With the exit of this study, the results show that these pupils differ with regard to their degree from control from the objectives from training from mathematics; the pupils of the schools concerned are neither effective, nor equitable yet, only the variable related to the process of teaching allowed to predict performances of the pupils in mathematics. Consequently, it is necessary to take care that the teachers really exempt in this branch, in other words, an effort must be provided for the adequate training as of these teachers.

Legono, Jean-Paul BELA — 2017-09-02T00:00:00-00:00

The style of teachers, mainly their attitudes results from the context. It results from the experiment, and does not become an automatic routine control insofar as they are developed by the means of very slow interactions (action/reaction), and becomes built well established by each individual only after a period. The attitudes can be modified only by each individual, when it becomes aware, through elements and indices, that new attitudes would be adapted to react to the environment. We must worry about the negative attitudes of teachers because they affect most of pupils. Within the framework of this article, we put ourselves the question to know which is the attitude of teachers of some Kisangani’s schools towards their pupils? This attitude is it in correlation with the results of pupils in reading French comprehension? The results show that the correlation between attitudes of the teachers and pupil’s results in French comprehension is generally weak. This for saying that the positive attitudes expressed by teachers towards their pupils were not correlated with the results of pupils.

An Overview of Uniqueness and Novelty of XDMA for Data-Centric XML Datasets

Selvaganesan, S. — 2017-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

In XML keyword search, the exact detection of user’s intention while searching, and grading of the result in the existence of query keyword ambiguities have been difficult problems. In recent times, many keyword search approaches for XML databases have been developed to resolve these problems. XML keyword search using Dual indexing and Mutual summation based Algorithm (XDMA) is one among the prominent keyword search approaches for data-centric XML Datasets. Also, it is proved that XDMA is more effective in keyword search for data-centric XML datasets. In this paper, we present precisely the uniqueness and novel features of XDMA in comparison with other keyword search approaches for XML databases.

Critical study of Congolese system of repression of international crimes : considerations on crimes committed by ugandan rebels of L.R.A. (Lord’s Resistance Army)

GININGAKPIO MIUDIPALO, Désiré — 2017-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The history of the Democratic Republic of Congo has been marked the last two decades by a multiplicity of armed conflicts of which that of Lord’s Resistance Army of Joseph KONY. During these armed conflicts, massive violations of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Right have been perpetrated (war crimes, crime against humanity, etc.). The judiciary answer to this great number of crimes has always left the public on its lust (thirst) at the extent to create disillusionment face to the justice among population. The Congolese judiciary system of repression presents because of this fact many weaknesses due to the absence of a real independence of judges, to the subjugation of judiciary power by executive power, to a few number of magistrates, to international relationships weight in the instructions of certain affairs, to the non-execution of sentence condemning to damages and to the lowness of judiciary power budget, etc. This state of things has led to a malfunction of justice and needs a reframing even a reform of Congolese judiciary system and needs to rethink criminal cooperation between states affected by the rebellion of Lord’s Resistance Army in order to insure a fair trial to victims and their butchers and to make (render) efficient the struggle against impunity of international crimes in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Effect of different fertilizing elements on the development of two species of Trichoderma spp.

El Kaissoumi, Hanane — 2017-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The compatibility of two species of Trichoderma spp. was tested in vitro and in soil with different fertilizing elements (N, P, K, Ca) added to increase concentrations in the solid potato-based medium. After 48 h of incubation, CaCl2, KNO3 and KH2PO4 at 400 mg/L showed an inhibitory effect on mycelial growth of Trichoderma harzianum strain (Tcomp) and Trichoderma viride strain (TV1) compared to controls varying respectively from 9.66 to 28.33 and 10.33 to 29.16 / 90.00 mm. For cons, the NH4NO3, (NH4) 2SO4 and CaSO4, 2H2O had a mean toxicity against the two strains tested, mycelial growth was ranged from 50.50 to 64.00 / 90 mm. After 7 days of incubation, both strains were able to produce conidia; their numbers have varied respectively from 6369.00 to 117833.20 / 245843.00 conidia / mm2 and 6793.00 to 67221.70 / 649635.00 conidia / mm2. The pH was slightly basic in the potato liquid medium before culturing and after the addition of the products at different concentrations (7.64-8.60). The pH became acid after culturing of the two strains; it varied between 3.13 and 5.85. Fresh weights were low in the presence of 50 mg / L of Calcium Chloride and medium for other products from 0.01 to 2.79 and 3.04 to 6.69 respectively compared to control 7.31 - 9.28 mg. Dry weights were low in the presence of the tested products compared to controls from 7.31 - 9.28 mg. In soil, both strains were able to grow on barley straw fragments at a concentration of 400 mg/L. The colonization percentage varied respectively between 63% and 94%. Two strains of Trichoderma showed substantial compatibility with the most part of fertilizers tested in vitro and a great capacity to keep the soil in the presence of different elements. Thus, the antipollution properties of Trichoderma spp. can be used in agriculture in soils with excess of nitrogen and phosphate. They also have the ability to increase the capacity of nutrient uptake by plants.

Lycium europaeum: vegetative species with a multiple use

Touati, Jihane — 2017-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Lycium europaeum L., an economically important traditional medicinal plant, which can be used for re-vegetation purposes under various ecological factors due to its ability to form an association with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Our study presents a synthesis of information and hypotheses found in different consulted scientific studies regarding the importance of this plant, its adaptability potentials and its biological characteristics, in order to provide scientific support to encourage the cultivation and valorization of this plant in Morocco.

Frequency and causes of sexual violence on the minors in the city of Basoko (in DR Congo) : Investigation of the civil and police authorities of the City of Basoko

MOLAMBOLE, Victor E. — 2017-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

For some time now, sexual violence has become a topical issue in the world in general and in DR Congo in particular. Similarly, sexual violence is highly detected, while their psycho-traumatic consequences, which are rarely diagnosed by health professionals due to training in this area during their studies, although they are traumatic, are serious and complicated. Indeed, during our investigations, it was found that in Basoko: - The high incidence of sexual violence was observed among victims over 10-15 years, or 90.2% of cases; - The female sex is the most affected with a predominance of 96.7% of the cases; - Most of the victims are illiterate, or 54.4% of the cases; - Most victims are unemployed ie do not have trades to do, or 55.4% of cases; - The majority of cases of sexual violence committed against minors are processed by the civil authorities, ie 83.7% of cases; - Abundant haemorrhage, abrasion and tear in the perineum are characteristic clinical signs observed after sexual violence (69.6%); 41.3% and 9.8% of cases; - Several late consequences due to sexual violence among victims: hemorrhages, Sexually transmitted infections, menstrual disorders, pelvic pain, pregnancy and early marriage and abortion. So in Basoko, the severity of the consequences of sexual violence on the health of the victims, the lack of information and the underestimation are at worst. Often they are committed by relatives and recognized persons of the victims. This shows that sexual violence is a reality in the city of Basoko.

Comparative study of the quality of the eggs of local breeds and laying hens raised in Kisangani (DR Congo)

Kwembe, Jean-Trésor K. — 2017-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study has been realized for the valuation and comparison of organoleptic, physico-chemical and nutritive parameters qualities of eggs of local hen and layer hen. So eggs of local hen and layer hens freshly raw bust are characterized both by a yellowness surrounded by the glair thick and viscous, normal odour and tang, satisfying contrary to aged eggs having notably a made flat yellowness, decomposed in the liquefied glair. But the eggs layer hens freshly boiled is typified by a white yolk or yellow pale surrounded of a tall depth of the white whilst that of eggs of natural hen is cleanly yellow bestead of a small depth of the glair. Yet both types of old boiled eggs have a glair relatively flayed (striker) when the egg is dissected and a coloured black layer on the inner of the yellowness. Measured physico-chemical parameters showed significant differences between the eggs of natural hen and the layer hens in weighty respective terms (36,95 and 50,7g), volumes (34,58 and 46,33ml), pH (7,42 and 7,56) and amounts in total ashes (4,57 and 3,68%) but no for the amount in water (71,64 and 73,29%). Furthermore for nutritive values, there is significant differences between the eggs of natural hen and the eggs layer hen comparing their respective amounts in lipid (10,11 and 6,79%), gross protein (15,28 and 12,92%), calcium (0,59 and 0,44gs/100g), magnesium (0,23 and 0,17gs/100g), iron (0,54 and 0,38mg/100g), vitamin A and carotene (0,50 and 0,30mg/100g), and in vitamin C (0,08 and 0,05mg/100g), but there is not of significant differences for the amount in phosphorus (0,21 and 0,18mg/100g) and vitamin B6 (1,15 and 0,97mg/100g). In short, the eggs of natural hen are more nutritive than that of laying hen.

Diversity and ecology of Hymenoptera parasitoids of the region of Kisangani Democratique Republic of Congo

Babapene, Bakondongama — 2017-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

A survey achieved itself on the collection of the parasitoids (Hymenoptera, agents of the biologic struggle) in the region of Kisangani to the level of two sites: forest reserve of Yoko and domain of hunt of Rubi-Tetle. The collection of the data has been done by two methods to know: net fauchoir and Yellow traps. To the total, 674 specimens of the parasitoids have been captured belonging to 10 super-families and left in 25 families. The analysis of the data gives what follows: The fallow is the more varied with 16 families, consistent of the secondary forest with 16 families and the primary forest with 14 families. For what is some relative abundance by habitat, the secondary forest comes in head with 51,2%,, consistent of the fallow with 31,5% and the primary forest comes to the low of the scale with 17,4%. Concerning abundance by taxon, we say that the following families are represented more: Platygastridae (22,3%), Eulophidae (16,3), Diapriidae (14,1%) Bethylidae and Braconidae (9,6%). All these families participate in the struggle biologic against the devastating bugs of cultures. On the ecological plan, we found in the setting of this survey that some families are specific to the types of habitats. It is for example about the fallow with 5 families (Triphiidae, Orussidae, Ceraphronidae, Scolidae and Eucoilidae); the secondary forest with 3 families (Pompilidae, Gastrupidae and Eurytomidae) and the primary forest with also 3 families (Figitidae, Aphelinidae and Chalcididae). On the other hand the other families are ubiquities.

Zonocerus variegatus (Linné 1758, Orthoptera : Pyrgomorphidae) and its parasitoïds (Hymenopterous) in Kisangani city, DRC

Babapene, Bakondongama — 2017-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Agricultural production constitutes one of the important economic development factors that generates important incomes. Among many Insects, Acarina, Birds, Mammals and diseases that attack crops, the stinking locust, Zonocerus variegatus (Hyménoptère : Pygomorphidae) is a fearsome devastater of crops in the region. This study was conducted to study the population, the distribution of Zonocerus variegatus, its action modes in the field, and to identify its parasitoids in Kisangani. The study was carried out on food cultivation fields. Data were collected from July 2015 for six months, using a sweeping net. Two field works were conducted monthly. Stinking locusts were collected on fields and parasitoids around the fields (fallowland). Z. variegatus develops in 7 post-embryonic stages of which six larval and one adult stages. The data analysis showed abundance of larvae, from stage 1 to 6. Zonocerus variegatus larva appeared superior to the one of stage 7. We observed that larvae are more damaging than adults. 22.31% of Zonocerus variegatus specimens were collected on cassava fields while 5.03% were captured on maize and cassava fields. We collected more Zonocerus variegatus in March (32.6%). Their abundance also proves their aggressiveness to crops. In total, twenty families of parasitoids were collected and distributed into seven super-families. We captured more parasitoids in February (32.83%) than in other months. May is less rich with 4.60%. Scelionidae family largely dominates the others with 23.64% parasitoid specimens, followed by Bethylidae 20.08% and Platygastridae 16.70%. The poorest families are Charipidae (0.19%) and Tanaostigmatidae (0.19%).

The prevalence of excess weight in adult First Nations women and men living on the reserves of British Columbia, Canada

Mirindi, Victor Buhendwa — 2017-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Objective: To describe the prevalence of excess weight (EW) in the context of First Nations (FN) living on the reserves of British Columbia (BC). Design: A cross sectional survey conducted in the frame of my PhD theses, on data collected in 2008 and 2009 through a research study named “First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study” (FNFNES) aiming to document the nutritional status and exposure to contaminants in Canadian First Nations communities living south of the 60th parallel. The survey included anthropometric data, dietetic and sociodemographic and lifestyle data. Subjects and settings: Three levels random sampling: province, communities and households. 493 women and 356 men aged 19 years and over were randomly selected from households in 20 communities. Statistical analysis: For data analysis, the statistical analysis software (SAS 9.1) was used. Results: Among women (n = 493) and men (n = 356) respectively, the prevalences were 44.8% and 35.4% for obesity, and 31.6% and 41.3% for overweight, that is a total of 76.4% and 76.7% of excess weight. Conclusions and applications: This study suggests that the prevalence of excess weight is very high in both adults women and men, which shows a real public health problem in First Nations living on the reserves of British Columbia. Policies aiming reduction of excess weight should be initiated in order to prevent the health and socioeconomic consequences of overweight on that population.

EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT: BUILDING SOCIETIES THROUGH PARTNERSHIPS

NWAKPA, PASTOR PAUL — 2017-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The World Summit for Children (1990) marked the dawn of a pleasant and brighter phase for the world's children. According to UNICEF, this World Summit reflected the world's hopes for children (UNICEF, 2002 p.ll). World leaders promised to ratify the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which was approved by the United Nations General Assembly the previous year (1989). At the Summit, "they signed on to ambitious goals to reduce child mortality, increase immunization coverage, deliver basic education and a whole raft of other measures by the year 2000 (FGN/UNICEF, 2001p.ll). This gave the hope that an action plan with time-tied concrete goals plus a specific legal framework would transform the lives of children worldwide in a short time. This means that the issue of children's survival, development, protection and education were no longer matters for charity but legal obligations.

MANAGEMENT OF DIVERSIFICATION AT THE SENIOR SECONDARY EDUCATION LEVEL IN NIGERIA BY THE SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS

NWAKPA, PASTOR PAUL — 2017-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This Paper focused on management of diversification at the senior secondary education level in Nigeria. Secondary education has been described as the second in the tripot of education. It serves as a bridge between the primary education and tertiary education. The two major aims of secondary education are: preparing the recipients for higher education and preparing the recipients for useful living within the society. The paper went further to x-ray some diversifications that could be explored in order to achieve fully the aims of senior secondary education to include: full utilization of the available human resources; provision and full utilization of financial resources; provision and full utilization of material resources; full and proper use of time resource full utilization of alternative sources of funds, provision of adequate instructional and personnel supervision, strict adherence to adoption of the principle of division of labour and specialization, adoption of the principle of leadership by example, adoption of the principle of reward and punishment moral-re-orientation, curriculum expansion and implementation. The paper finally concludes a wholesale adoption of the discussed diversifications for easy achievement of the aims of secondary education.

RWANIKA, MWAMINI — 2017-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

A travers ce présent travail, nous voulons savoir les causes primordiales de la fraude fiscale à la petite barrière mais aussi dégager les fascicules qui gangrène les petits commerçants de cette zone frontalière et à la fin ce travail nous permettra d’(e) : - Identifier les causes de la fraude des commerçants à la frontière Congolo-Rwandaise malgré l’instauration du régime DSI et DCI voir DDI. - Savoir les facteurs explicatifs de la fraude à la frontière Congolo-Rwandaise dans le régime DSI ; - Identifier les facteurs clés de cette fraude après estimation de notre modèle économétrique ; - Proposer des stratégies les plus efficaces pour lutter contre la fraude dans les transactions entre les villes de Goma et de Gisenyi. Après nos analyses à travers ce travail, nous avons pensé que les déterminants de la fraude fiscale sont entre autres le sexe, l’âge, l’Etat Civil, le détournement, la concussion, le niveau de vie, le revenu, la lourdeur de la taxe, la double taxation, les tracasseries, la position de la douane, le capital, taille de ménage et la fréquence de la fraude. Après nos analyses nous avons constaté qu’il ya ceux là qui sont réels et les autres qui ne les sont pas. Ainsi avons proposé un modèle économétrique que vous trouverez à la fin de nos analyses et cela après un test économétrique par le logiciel E-VIEWS et SPSS.

MUMBERE TSONGO, Faustin — 2017-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The importance of banking sector for financing economy has already proved. In Democratic Republic of Congo, we observe afresh a significant evolution since 2005 which remains marked up by existence of growing number of banking group agencies. 13 commercial banks are in Goma today while only six in 2005, and the number of bank accounts opened in banks has significantly accrued from 30 000 in 2005 up to 334 000 in 2015. The growth rate in banking sector has been extremely accrued from ten years passed. The total asset of all banks passed from 300 million USD in 2002 up to 14,1 billion USD in 2015 ended. Tne Rawbank is a commercial bank of DRC regulations found in May 2001. This branch of indian Rawji Group has runned up itself at the first range of congolese banking market with around 21% market portion of which 5% for Goma agency only. We want to find out what are the factors (determinants) which motivate clients to choose Rawbank especially it became within 12 years the first bank in DRC in terms of Deposit asset and client number.

Perspective de lutte contre le VIH par inhibition de fusion

Polycarpe, Barhege Bashombe — 2017-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Ce travail a été réalisé dans le cadre de l’Unité de Recherche en Biochimie et Biologie moléculaire, à l’Institut Supérieur Pédagogique de Bukavu, en République Démocratique du Congo, dans l’optique d’une contribution, lointaine soit-elle, à l’initiative de la lutte contre le VIH par inhibition du mécanisme d’attachement du VIH aux lymphocytes T de l’organisme, une étape déterminante qui conditionne l'ensemble du processus de l’infection par ce pathogène. Pour ce faire, les extraits de Rumex usambarensis étaient mélangés avec un sérum positif pour le VIH, ou déposés, quelques secondes avant le sérum, à la zone de dépôt de l’échantillon du test « Détermine » habituellement employé pour le dépistage du virus, en vue d’en évaluer les effets sur le principe biologique du test à la fin de la migration. Les résultats expérimentaux obtenus, in vitro, démontrent que ces extraits inhiberaient la fixation des anticorps anti-VIH aux antigènes correspondants, contrairement à l’expérience témoin qui a révélé, par colorimétrie, l’effectivité de la réaction de fixation des anticorps aux antigènes incorporés dans le test. Il se dégage de ces expériences que les extraits de « Rumex usambarensis » pourraient éventuellement bloquer l’infection par le VIH, in vivo, par inhibition de fusion de l’enveloppe virale avec la membrane de la cellule cible, sous réserve des effets secondaires probables et des interactions avec d’autres molécules de l’organisme.

About the restoration of culture in the heart of development in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: analyzing the role of political action and cultural agents

SENGE Milemba, Phidias AHADI — 2017-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper is about the role of political actors and cultural agents in the promotion of culture in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It aims to point out the impact of culture on the country’s long-lasting development and thereby contributes to making of cultural policy the backbone of the society’s attraction towards the structure of a creativity economy or a modern cultural economy. This, of course, requires the political actor to make of the cultural sector an important aspect of his operation programme for people’s and society’s progress and the cultural agent to make of it an asset of the development of man and of man’s environment.

Private public partnerships within the framework of the projects financed by the NIHD - National Initiative for Human Development : challenges and strategic steering

EDDAOU, Mohammed — 2017-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Delegated management is another alternative for financing economic and social projects in Morocco. The National Initiative for Human Development is an example. However, this alternative raises parallel economic issues that can be supported by the management control, Insofar as it leads the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public policies. As part of our article, we tried to analyze the relationship between the efficiency of PPPs and assistance to strategic steering in Morocco.

Effect of using interactive whiteboard on learners’ achievement in Moroccan primary education: The fourth level as a model

Abid, Mohammed — 2017-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study aims to look into the importance and efficiency of the interactive whiteboard (IWB) tool in the teaching and learning of primary school pupils in Morocco - the fourth grade level - in terms of performance, Teaching, learning and the degree of retention of knowledge. The research involved a sample of 46 fourth grade level learners in one of the primary schools in Kenitra city during the 2014-2015 school year. The experimental methodology with two groups was used in this research. For the first group, we opted for the traditional method of teaching (the use of the common blackboard), while for the second group we used the interactive whiteboard. The study also used two achievement tests: the first, immediately after the lesson and the second two weeks later. The results of the study showed the positive effect of using the interactive whiteboard in raising learners' achievement and retention of knowledge. The study recommended adopting the use of the interactive whiteboard in primary education because of its benefits in building learning and raising the learners’ motivation to learn.

Mulongo Mfuende, Jean Paul — 2017-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The research was conducted in Kisangani, capital of the Eastern Province (DRC) dismembered. The objective was to analyze the contribution of traffic of diamond on the socio-economic conditions of the actors in Kisangani on the one hand, and on the other hand, the axes of allocation of the income. The investigation was conducted using a semi-structured interview guide. Investigations showed that if the turnover of the actor was low before their entry into the circuit of the diamond market, some said revenue increase were found with the dividends derived from this activity. This money enabled them to acquire property and continuity of traffic. The nature of these goods has significantly evolved compared to the starting situation. Their income is also assigned for other purposes including both expenditures to meet the needs of the members of the family, friends and acquaintances and workers. Diamond activity helped increase their financial capacity and enabled them to acquire property coveted by the population and the other economic operators in the city.

Effect of Chicken manure and Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) droppings fertilization on Zooplankton Productivity in the Western Highlands, Cameroon

EWOUKEM, Thomas Efole — 2017-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

A zooplankton production trial based on chicken manure and guinea pig droppings was conducted between July and August 2014 at the Dschang University Research and Application Farm to contribute to the improvement of the productivity of fish farming systems. This work was aimed at determining the period and the best fertilizer to produce some zooplankton of interest necessary for larval rearing. An experimental design of 2 treatments and one control (unfertilized): T1 (chicken manure), T2 (guinea pig droppings) at a rate of 2.13 kg /are each triplicate was used in a completely Randomized 9 basins of 1 m3 previously inoculated with copepods and rotifers at densities of 14 and 45 ind / l of water respectively. Physico-chemical parameters of water and biological (zooplankton) follow-up was done every 2 days and the collected data were submitted to a one-way analysis of variance. It follows that: Except for temperature, pH and water depth, fertilizers had a significant effect on the physico-chemical characteristics of the water (p < 0.05). The most significantly high zooplankton densities (1161 ± 15 ind / l) (p <0.05) as well as rotifer and copepod species were obtained on day 12 and day 20 in basins fertilized with chicken manure, on the 14th and 22nd day for those fertilized with Guinea pig’s droppings. The highest densities, biomass, daily production and intrinsic growth rates of the copepods were observed in basins fertilized with guinea pig droppings. Each of the fertilizers has been shown to be of interest to produce a specific type of zooplankton, guinea pig droppings for copepods and chicken manure for rotifers.

THE CHALLENGES OF DEVELOPMENT CONTROL OF INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS IN ARUSHA CITY: A CASE OF NGARANARO WARD

Msuya, Stanslaus Mbones — 2017-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The general objective of this study was to assess the challenges of controlling the development of informal settlements in Arusha city council. Ngarenaro Ward an informal settlements was used as a study area. Both primary and secondary data were collected. Primary data were collected through household survey, key informant interview and field observation. Descriptive statistical and content analysis were employed in data analysis. The results showed that there are various driving causes of informal settlements as scarcity of land resource, long government process of providing planned and survey urban land or plots, level of education and income level differences. Other driving factors were poverty, ineffective housing policy, trusted local institutions and urbanization. Plot survey, regularization progammes, tittle deed provisions and squatter upgrading projects are strategies initiated by government planning authorities to reduce informal settlement and economically empower the poor. Upgrading of informal settlement is part of the national housing programme, which aims to address the country’s housing challenges. In minimizing these challenges like change of land use values and uses, rapid urbanization, high planning standards, land laws and regulation and lack of resources, Arusha city council has been taking different measures to reduce informal settlements as ongoing preparation of Arusha Master Plan, Poverty reduction and Business Formalization projects.

The Professional training and Labor market : case of Souss-Massa region (Morocco) - Insertion and adequacy training/job

MA ELAININ, Cheikh Naama — 2017-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The labor economics is a science that deals with the study of phenomena that affect the functioning of labor markets, economic analysis of these markets is based on surveys of households, workers and enterprises. The studies in employability have a very important contribution in economic analyzes of the labor market, it is a complex and organized phenomenon, which can synthesize the employment policy applied in a country. Profesionnal training has an effective role in the integration of young people into the labor market, as human capital is considered as the most important capital in an economy, "It is not wealth that man", launched by Adam Smith can justify the important place occupied by the theory of human capital in economic analyzes. Therefore, this study focuses on the question of the integration of the winners of the institutions of the Office of Professional Training and Labour Promotion, the rate it reached 61.68% and on the issue of the adequacy between training and employment that are correlated only by 32%, which is explained by the structural problems known by the Moroccan labor market.

ABRAOUZ, Fatima Zahra — 2017-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

In recent years, the world of economy knew a large growth in productivity gains, this progress is in terms of health and quality of life, however the countries suffer from degradation phenomenon due to the lack of equitable distribution among individuals and countries, threatening one hand the local or global environment and also sustainable development. Cooperatives in all forms play a crucial role in the development of the Moroccan productive fabric, in the last years Cooperatives have made some development goals that are social environmental and economic, This is the motive of my work, This is actually a job that revolves around the role of Moroccan cooperatives in sustainable development.

MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS FOR DYNAMICAL SPREAD OF MALARIA IN THE POPULATION WITH CONTROLLING MEASURES

Adewale, S. O. — 2017-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

A system of differential equation approach was used to model the dynamical spread of malaria where humans and vectors interact and infect each other. Positivity of solution showed that there exists a domain where the model is epidemiologically and mathematically well-posed. The basic reproduction number R0 < 1 shows that disease can be controlled in the environment, otherwise the disease persist and become endemic whenever R0 > 1. Also, the numerical analysis performed shows that the most effective strategies for controlling malaria is to reduce the vector biting rate and increased the human treatment.

Preliminary data on the cutting of Cola acuminata (P. Beauv.) Schott and Endl. (Malvaceae) in the Sud Ugangi (Democratic Republic of the Congo

Bosanza, Jean Bernard Z. — 2017-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of the cuttings site and the age/state of the branch on the cuttings of the cola tree in the optics of its domestication (ex situ conservation). To this end, plageotropic and orthotropic branches having each one three nodes, equipped well were divided like cuttings and were placed in polyethylene bags containing a substrate based on a mixture of black cotton soil, chicken dejection and sawdusts broken up well. The results of this study indicate that 70 days after cuttings, on average 73% of the cuttings began again. However, after 90 days, the rate of survival recorded was 58.4%. Compared to the site of the cuttings, the best results were obtained with the cuttings taken on the orthotropic branches compared to the plageotropic branches. Compared to the state of the branch, the best results were obtained with the cuttings taken on the semi-ripened branches. Thus, the site of the cuttings and the age/state of the branch are parameters which condition the success of the cuttings of wild fruit trees such as the cola tree. It would be thus desirable that a study is carried out in order to evaluate the influence of the phyto-hormones on the cuttings of semi-ripened orthotropic branches.

EFFICIENCY COMPARED OF TWO METHODS OF TEACHING IN FRENCH AMONG THE PUPILS OF FIFTH PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN KISANGANI

MUKIEKIE TSHITE, Augustin — 2017-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Currently R.D. Congo, effective teaching practices to the best methods of teaching remains a theme in the educational discourse. Because of the attention focused on this issue by those who would make effective teaching, we wanted to compare the effectiveness of two methods of teaching, active and participatory teaching and traditional teaching, using an approach quasi-experimental. We worked with 120 students of 5th year of primary school, divided into two groups, namely 60 students for the experimental group and 60 for other controls. Each group was subjected to two tests, as a pretest and the other as posttest. Trial of pretest allowed us to make us realize the starting level of the 120 students involved in the research. Given that students in the experimental group and the control group showed no significant difference in the pretest, they are therefore comparable. The results at the end of this study showed that the experimental group who met the students taught by active and participatory pedagogy achieved a performance far superior to the control group composed mostly of students taught by traditional education. This means that active learning and participatory and more effective than traditional teaching. Because of its efficiency, it can be enhanced and promoted in schools.

Will the Congolese democracy survive to the armed groups?

RUKENGWA BAHIZIRE, Justin-Pascal — 2017-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

By its name DR Congo is a democracy known by its struggling to apply democracy norms in its day by day politic. One of the factors which prevents DRC to be true democracy is security challenges. This article demonstrates how it is difficult for democracy to flourish when there is a tension between the expression of the will of the people and the sad reality of been subjected to the will of armed group in DRC.

ZIULU, Emmanuel — 2017-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study poses the diagnosis of the pygmies education in the South Kivu province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo during the period from 2005-2006 to 2010-2011. It focuses on the school statistics and the qualitative data collected from directors and teachers of primary and secondary schools, pygmies pupils parents, local and international Non Governmental Organizations representatives working in the four territories where 65 % of pygmy population concentrates. It comes out from the analysis made on these data that despite the fact that they are very weak, the sizes of pygmies pupils have increased each year four times more quickly than those of non pygmies pupils, that is to say 12% of the increasing rate versus 3%. This important expansion of pygmies children education goes unfortunately with an irregular school attendance, which emerges, in general, on an important school disconnection, representing, at least, 34% of enrolled sizes. If the school disconnection is fundamentally explained by poverty, the discrimination that pygmies undergo in their milieu, as well as their attachment on their culture are not withdrawal. In addition to these difficulties, the South Kivu pygmies ‘education also faces an imbalance between education demand and supply and mainly the type of school organized for these people.

Mastery of Argumentative strategies in Nelson Mandela, Martin Luther King, and Barack Obama's speeches

CINAMULA KASHULI, Joachim — 2017-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article examined the convincing strategies that speakers used in their speeches, especially Nelson Mandela, Martin Luther King, and Barack Obama. It withdrew linguistic realities in different speeches by using a contextual and pragmatic view of the speeches. The results revealed that the non-mastery of the argumentative strategies used by these speakers lead the listener to inadequate interpretation of the message and ideals conveyed by the speakers. It also suggested hard tasks to the listener while interpreting these speeches that embody different devices to convince the audience.

The remuneration of additional hours in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (P.M.E) of Kisangani (DR Congo) : Survey conducted in some rice mills in the city of Kisangani

MOLAMBOLE, Victor E. — 2017-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Nowadays, most companies to maximize revenue prefer to work beyond the scheduled hours. In addition, Kisangani companies frequently use overtime, in this case small and medium-sized enterprises (P.M.E). The use of this practice by Kisangani companies is essential, especially since maximum production is a main objective of the company. But here it is question whether the main concern of the company goes hand in hand with the treatment of employees in the effectivity of time of work done. At the end of this work, it should be pointed out that remuneration is a serious problem in enterprises in general and, in particular, small and medium-sized enterprises (P.M.E) in Kisangani. It can lead to disturbances in the functioning of companies which even lead to legal proceedings. The data in our possession confirm that there are overtime hours, but these hours are unpaid.

OGWA, M. — 2017-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

A sample of 57 diagnosed children and treaty for case of typhoid fever at the Général hospital of reference of Basoko had been the subject of our investigations. After the analyses, it was revealed that the typhoid fever is observed more during January, Mars and October with Basoko over the twelve months of the year. The children whose age bracket varies from 3 to 5 years are reached than the others. Paludism and helminthiasis are the pathologies most associated the typhoid fever. Hyperthermia, the abdominal pain, gargouillement, the cephalgia, the stiffness of the nape of the neck and the physical asthenia are the clinical signs most characteristic of the typhoid fever. The current treatment of the typhoid fever rests on antibiotics with strong intracellular penetration, especially intra-macrophagic. With this intention, the synergy of cephalosporine of 3rd generation with the phénicole one, associated Dexaméthasone into intravenous slow during 10 minimum days constitute a treatment of success, with a reduction of mortality of 10% against that of 50% without Dexaméthasone. The factors of risks the most accused in the contamination of the typhoid fever in the children are insufficient hygiene and the consumption of the fruits without washed. The diagnostistic difficulties are due to the lack of the equipment of biological diagnosis specific, to the limits of the clinical signs in the zones of endémie and the bad interpretation of the sérodiagnostic of Widal Felix.

APLICATION TEACHING INNOVATION PROGRAM IN A PUBLIC UNIVERSITY

Sánchez Sánchez, Ana María — 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The University Teachers´s Training is not only a specific training plan for each university, but also implies a way of improvement and a methodological change. In the new educational environment (Iberoamerican Higher Education or the European Higher Education Area), the University teachers require new ways for educational tasks in order to bring closer the University to the social environment in which it is located. In this context, teachers need to experience other new ways of teaching though in many cases they have not even received the necessary training - to be effective and successful. University Teacher's Training Plans are necessary to provide the essential skills for a more efficient teaching task, according to the new requirements to improve the results in the student's assessment mainly focused on the acquisition of productive and valuable skills. We present the implementation of an Educational Innovation Program for those students enrolled in the first year of the Degree in Labor Relations and Human Resources at the University Pablo Olavide, during the 2013-2014 academic year, with the aim of encouraging the participation of students in the continuous assessment of the Statistics course to promote the acquisition of practical skills. Regarding to the methodology followed in the development of this experience we do believe that this principle is applicable in any University and -other University courses.

THE COMMON GOOD AS THE POLITICAL AIM ACCORDING TO JULIEN FREUND

MUDEKEREZA, MUSHAGALUSA — 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Since Platon, the primacy of the common good on the self-interest has been a great interest for political theorists. Beyond the breaking of considerations on the politics that we notice today, many thinkers remains unanimous on the event that as Saint THOMAS said: “The social life finds its unit and its aim in the research of the common good” This work allows us to understand the common good as an objective politics to Julien FREUND. For him, the common is principally the total collective good in which individuals are integrated as members who attribute to themselves a state as institution. The common good is not to be confused as the privates neither to the amount of common good either of individuals or subordinate groups, these families or any other professional asocial nor to the state property as a state. The common good as aim of politics is insured to citizen when a leader insures the exterior security and the interior harmony. That is why Julien Freund considers that the government activity consists essentially though not exclusively on the collectivity defency against any possible attack. If the security tends essentially towards the life conservation of the collectivity, sometimes on the price of sacrifice, the interior harmony of the collectivity allow to citizens to find a reason to live practically and spiritually. However, for all time, it had been and remains the best task of the politics to organize the city as harmony as possible, according to the idea which seemed to be the best for giving to people, to a purely economic level, the possibility to satisfy well the need that they needs that they had experienced. Having the needs of achieving to the common good, Julien Freund considers the combination of strength and cunning. Indeed, he considered that cunning is the political mean of the civilization and the strength is the one of the uncultured. It’s that he expresses in this manner: ”The history is frequently seemed to be scorned towards chiefs who had survived only by brutal strength and barbaric and by killing many persons, slaughter and massacre while it vaunts the calculator and clever chiefs address who had triumphed to the favor of the cunning and the mischievousness”. To end, invited to manage the destiny of the daily activity, a politician can’t go beyond the moral. However, the choice of means in politics and the political responsibility is incumbent upon the first chief of people who hold the power.

ETHIC AND POLITICAL ENGAGEMENT FOR PEACE IN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO

MUDEKEREZA, MUSHAGALUSA — 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The political and economic crisis that the Democratic Republic of Congo is faced to nowadays after fifty-six years is worrying to the extent that it is increasing. Violations rights are mentioned day to days in every corners of the country. International N.G.O. never stop reporting balances of violations and sometimes they are contested by authorities of the countries. Congolese citizen finds that he is very embarrassed and lived in bad condition in his proper country without a better future. The consequences of that crisis are considered differently according to social position of each citizen. To authorities we mention a fair of future, instability of actions and remedy to antitrust as lie, corruption, embezzle of public funds, fallacious promises… To people, ignorance of rights, fanaticism, fear is added and increase misery which a large party of population is plunged in. Face to that disconcerting politico-economic situation, the look of the way to go out becomes an obligation for every Congolese. It’s in this case that is intended this research that its foundation is philosophic. We consider that the crisis problem in the DRC is reliant of the loss of realistic political engagement which could consist: - To leaders a culture of true, sense of service and respect. They have to consider the power, not as career but as warrant to use for a profit of all citizens. - To citizens, to engage with courage, without fanaticism to fight injustice and violation of their right. - To International powers, to lead the democratic process by knowing that Congolese are able to take charge of their situation. Then, International powers will avoid imposing themselves in politic life of the Democratic Republic of Congo.

BYUMANINE NTABAZA, J. Roger — 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

This scientific work consisted to the evaluation of relationship between chemical structures and pharmacological activities of Kalanchoe crenata extracts. An antdiarrheic plant founded in Bushi. To arrive there we proceeded by the thin layer chromatography using two standards modems drugs used in diarrhea treatment. Final results revealed spots of analogical retention factor (Rf) with the standards used. Such as ciprofloxacin®, Negrame®. This leaded us to conclude that there are similarities between some principles ingredients contained in Kalanchoe crenata and the witness moderns drugs used in diarrhea treatment.

BYUMANINE NTABAZA, J. Roger — 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

This scientific publication consisted to do a phytochemical screening and evaluate the antdiarrheic extracts activity of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Kalanchoe crenata, a medicinal plant of Bushi (crassulaceae). The process consisted to the qualitative chemical analysis of naturals substances contained in this plant and biological activities test of their aqueous and ethanol extract on bacterial stumps of Escherichia coli, vibrio cholerae; Shigella flexineri and Salmonella polyvalento. The obtained results showed that among of founded substances in these plants extracts some of them were efficient on bacterial studs and others not. Some of these extracts were efficient as are some witness antdiarrheic drugs. These justify the using of Kalanchoe crenata plant in traditional treatment of diarrhea.

Bushfire’s impacts on the evolution of the forest landscapes in Abokouamékro fauna reserve

AGOUALE, Yao Julien — 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The vegetation forests and wildlife reserve of Abokouamékro are under strong anthropogenic pressures. The aim of this study is to identify the types of land occupancy and to analyse the landscape dynamics under the effect of bush fires. The diachronic approach from remote sensing using the Landsat ETM satellite imagery of 2000 and Landsat 8 Oli-Tirs of 2016, as well as the verification of the checkpoints and the assessment of the field results were the methods used. The results underscored that this forest surface declined from 1.75% of the total area from 2000 to 2016. They are most affected because they experience a drastic decrease of 357 hectares during this period. On the other hand, burnt areas increased by 242 hectares, that is to say 1, 18 %. Stable areas have experienced disturbances provoked by agricultural activities and bush fires. Generally speaking, the vegetation in this reserve has undergone serious change, due not only to the abundance of human activities, but mainly to the bushfires because of the armed revolt of the neighbouring villages. In that respect, these bush fires have more disadvantages than advantages.

Using CAMEL model in evaluating the performance of banks listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange: A Case Study of Gulf Commercial Bank

Hasnawi, Salim Salal — 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The changes in the global economy in all fields, have had a significant impact on banks as the primary interface for any economy, So the commercial banks to work efficiently to carry out its functions to the fullest because of the strong competition it faces, and this is done by improving performance, increasing revenue, and mitigate the risks, and increase the level of services provided by even facing the new banking environment requirements, which became operates. The study aimed to clarify how it uses the CAMEL model to evaluate the performance of commercial banks, In giving a clear and complete picture to reveal the winning in the Gulf Commercial Bank's performance in early time, As the importance of the study by subjecting banks to supervise and control appear to maintain the integrity of their financial positions and come to a banking sector properly, maintain the rights of depositors and investors, the study analytical method used by financial indicators for a form CAMEL for a period of 5 years for the period from 2011 up to 2015. The study concluded that all the model indicators were positively eye-catching, which stands behind that good management of the bank and take the right decisions in all of its actions, while the study recommended to work to increase profitability by employing deposits optimally and exploitation of the excess liquidity in the bank and invested in new projects as well as the need to work on the banks evaluated under the mentioned model, the assessment includes all the civil and government banks.

Agriculture and industrialization in Africa

AKROUT, Zied — 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Structural change in developing economies and African countries in particular is inducted by the convergence of agriculture to other sectors. It is generally agreed that African countries have a competitive advantage in agricultural products and processed agricultural goods can be an excellent way to increase the value added of the industrial sector. The objective of this paper is to check to what extent the performance of the agricultural sector promotes the industrial development and the acceleration of the process of structural transformation of African countries. Considering samples as Africa and five regions of Africa (Southern Africa, Central Africa, West Africa, East Africa and North Africa), we found several relevant results. The transformation of the agricultural products can be used to support the development of the industry but some obstacles must be eliminated. It’s necessary to reconcile the economic opening, the improvement of human capital and the orientation of funds in profitable investments. However we noticed that for the regions of Central and Southern Africa, there is a contribution even if it is low of the agricultural sector in the industrial development of these regions. As for West, Eastern and Northern Africa, the results can be inferred that the agricultural value added has a strong negative and significant impact on the industrial sector. Given the characteristics of each region and the heterogeneity of the continent, we took recommendations in terms of economic policy on the assumption that the ultimate goal is to implement an industrialization strategy of the African countries.

BAGUMA MUPENDA, Juvénal — 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Human beings use languages to communicate. The effor made to protect and conserve the environment recourse to languages. This is the case of radios of Bukavu town. They use languages such as French, Swahili and Mashi in the environmental broadcastings to communicate and educate people about how to preserve the environment. This study has revealed the impact of languages on the degree of understanding of environmental message broadcast though radios. The results show that the more broadcasting are broadcast in the languages well mastered by the population, the better the message conveyed is understood and assimilated. According to investigations, messages broadcast in the environmental broadcastings on the radios of Bukavu town are well listened to thanks to languages well-known buy the listeners. On average, 88, 8% of investigated people master the three languages used in the radio. We have used the investigations in the households of Bukavu town to collect the data. These investigations have been made on a sample of 2100 people belonging to these households. Therefore, the issues of communication environmental education are not found on the level of languages used for the broadcasting. They could be located elsewhere.

BAKENGA MATABARO, Dieudonné C.T. — 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The entomophagy or feeding on insects provides nutritional and economic opportunities. We studied the nutritional value of bee larvae harvested in the Eastern part of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Bees (Apis mellifera L.) named « Bukavu », which come from beehives set in the region of Bukavu and its surroundings (~60 km radius) in a region known traditionally as Bushi, were studied in September 2014. Bee larvae from Bukavu were compared to those available in the Province of Namur (Belgium) and larvae of the wax moth. In Belgium bee larvae were collected from local beehives whereas the larva of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella were bought from the supermarket. Quantitative analyses of triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids and glucose based on specific enzymatic reactions performed. The composition (weight/dry weight) of the Bukavu larvae was made of 20.68% for lipids, 15.40% for proteins and 7.36% for glucose. That of Namur larvae was made of 13.75% for lipids, 31.94% for proteins and 18.43% for glucose. Larvae of the greater wax moth contained 40.14% for lipids, 16.7% for proteins and 0.14% for glucose. These results are equivalent to 251 kcal for the Bukavu bees, 416 kcal for Namur bees and 312 kcal for moth larvae in 100 g of dry weight samples. Mineral element composition (w/dry weight) was 3.07% for Bukavu bee larvae, 6.86% for Namur bee larvae and 2.41% for moth larvae. The nutritional value of bee larvae from Bukavu and Namur depends somehow upon their origin, the environmental conditions including the availability of melliferous plants, and other factors. We conclude that bee larvae (Apis mellifera L) and larvae of the wax moth Galleria mellonella L may be used at a large scale to fight against protein deficiency and malnutrition among the local populations in the region of Bukavu. Their production can be integrated in the management plan of Kahuzi-Biega National Park. Our results are similar to the findings published by other authors on Apis mellifera and Galleria mellonella larvae.

Polymorphism of lysosomal hydrolases in bee (Apis mellifera L.) from BUKAVU and its surroundings (South-KIVU, Democratic Republic of Congo)

BAKENGA MATABARO, Dieudonné C.T. — 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The polymorphism of lysosoma ß- galactosidase (EC. 3.2.1.23) and N- acetylglucosaminidase (EC. 3.2.1.49) has been established taking into account the variation of their specific activities at both the larval, pupal and adult stages. These activities have been decreased from the larva stage (22.03 ± 4.3 nmoles/min/mg of protein) to the adult stage (5.30 ± 1.27 nmoles/min/mg of protein) via the pupal stage (20.4 ± 1.78 nmoles/min/mg of protein). The N- acetylglucosaminidase activity has been about 10 times as higher as that of β-galactosidase. That activity of the N- acetylglucosaminidase is 200.88 ± 31.39 nmoles/min/mg of protein for larvae, 115.00 ± 21.02 nmoles/min/mg of protein for pupas and 9.48 ± 2.23 nmoles/min/mg of protein for adults. The activities of both 2 enzymes have followed the MICHAELIS-MENTEN law as they were positively linear as well in function of the enzyme concentration and the incubation time as in function of the substrate concentration. The temperature has influenced their respective activities according to ARRHENIUS law, the Q10 being around 2. The cathepsine C (EC. 3.4.14.1) activities have been equal to 2.03 ± 1.18, 0.95 ± 0.54 and 0.76 ± 0.39 nmoles/min/mg of protein for larvae, pupas and adults, respectively. For the acid phosphatase (EC. 3.1.3.2), the activities have been equal to 6.29 ± 2.87, 6.89 ± 2.69 and 8.51 ± 4.51 nmoles/min/mg of protein for larvae, pupas and adults, respectively. These activities are weak comparatively to those of the former two glycosidases at the 3 development stages of Apis mellifera L. Conversely, the venom acid phosphatase has been very active (25.32 ± 6.94 nmoles/min/mg of protein), an activity almost 20 times higher than that of both cathepsine C, β-galactosidase and N-acetylglucosaminidase. The β-galactosidase and N-acetylglucosaminidase from larvae and pupas have all the characteristics of lysosoma enzymes. They have a maximum activity at acidic pH, i.e. 5 for the β-galactosidase and 6 for the N-acetylglucosaminidase, and present a latency property that is annihilated by detergents. A fraction of their activity being sedimentable in the used experimental conditions, these 2 glycosidases are most likely lysosoma acid hydrolases and indicate the presence of lysosomes in Apis mellifera L. In addition, as their activities vary during the bee development stages, it becomes evident the 2 glycosidases are involved in the bee metamorphosis and are thus polymorphic in Apis mellifera L. Another enzyme, i.e. the hyaluronidase (EC. 3.2.1.35; MW 37 kDa), has been identified in the bee venom.

Physicochemical and functional properties of flours from Imbrasia oyemensis larvae and fish (Thunnus albacares)

DIOMANDE, Massé — 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study was aimed to determine the physicochemical and functional characteristics of flours from Imbrasia oyemensis larvae and fish (Thunnus albacares) in order to identify appropriate uses (nutrition and food technology). As dried fishes, dried larvae were purchased and ground in a blender to produce raw flours. The physicochemical parameters and functional properties were determined following conventional methods. Data recorded were subjected to statistical analyses. The results showed that the larvae flour is richer in protein (33.57 ± 0.23%) and carbohydrates (38.27 ± 0.38%) than fish one. By cons, it was a low ash content food (3.17 ± 0.01%). Besides, larvae flour is richer in energy with 462.25 ± 3.22 kcal/100 g. While considering their low moisture content (4.70 - 5.56%), flours can be stored for a relatively long period. Furthermore, larvae flour presented the best water absorption capacity (159 ± 3%) and oil absorption one (113 ± 13%). In addition, the values of emulsifying activity (63.88 ± 0.92%) and emulsion stability (103 ± 1%) of larvae flour are statistically identical to those of fish. Despite their low foam capacity (2.21 ± 0.01%), the larvae flour recorded the most stable foam (2.31 ± 0.01%). Its bulk density (0.54 ± 0.01 g/cm3) is lower than that of fish (0.61 ± 0.01 g/cm3). Thus, these flours can be used in the broiler diet. In addition, the study of the functional properties revealed that larvae flours can be recommended in the manufacture of foods for infants and children. It also showed that these flours can be used in the formulation of foods as texturing agent and thickening one. Besides, they could contribute to the fight against certain nutritional diseases due to protein and energy deficiencies. The use of these flours in these areas could add value to these products.

The effectiveness of a proposed program for the development of some of the mental life skills for students of third grade secondary in Hail city, Saudi Arabia

Thuwaini, Suleiman bin Nasser — 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of current research to develop a program that works on the development of some mental life skills to students in third grade of the secondary school at Hail city, and measure the effectiveness of the program in the development of those skills. To reach this goal has been prepared research tools which were represented in the list of the most important life skills and mental development of the students to be a decision-making skills, problem-solving, critical thinking, creative thinking, planning. The implementation of the program applied to a sample of third grade secondary students, during the first semester of the academic year 2015/2016, in accordance with the specific plan period. The findings resulted in the progress of the experimental group students in their knowledge and performance for their peers in the control group, which supports the idea of the search, and confirms the effectiveness of the proposed program. The study presented a number of recommendations and suggestions that the researcher saw the need to apply them.

KAVIRA MUYISA, Sylvia — 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Democratic Republic of Congo has been put in crisis since AFDL rebellion in 1996, which has touched the eastern part of North-Kivu, South-Kivu, the north of Katanga and Ituri. This last province is the one of the actual division of the twenty six (26) provincies of DRC from the apportion to make materialize the constitution according to the management of the national territory of Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). In fact, Ituri and other provincies quoted here above have been characterized to the conflict army of any kinds, including many national and stranger actors. Rich in minerals, Ituri province is the object of desire to all kinds of adventures who sometimes become direct or indirect instigators of security situation and take advantages of it for many years. Analyzing basic factors of the crisis security persistency in that part of DRC, what emerges from these factors are primary and second factors: those which primary can concern the configuration, the geopolitic structuring and Ituri geostrategic; while those from secondary factors concern politic, strategic factors, economic and technology. Facing to those factors, many attempts of the crisis resolution have been under taken but in vain because of armies group and the mistrust between the local communities who continue to be nourished by the warlike (aggressive) minds whose end is uncertain.

Kalakuko, K. — 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: The rapid diuretic furosemide is the temporary loop that is used in the states of edema associated so far in the liver, kidney and heart especially by oral and intravenous routes of administration but its quality control remains a problem in the administration of this drug in the DR Congo. Method: A cross sectional study was performed on three brands of furosemide 40mg sold in pharmacies Gerva Foundation More and Biosadec of Bukavu in the South Kivu Province. A sample of 60 tablets in the newly approved three pharmacies or 20 tablets per drug were dissolved in water as a solvent and analyzed by UV spectrophotometry at 270 nm to determine the concentrations of active ingredients. The Anova test at significance level 0.5 and linear regression using the Past version1.9.1 and Excel 2010 were used to compare quantitative variables. Result: Three brands of furosemide (New cesamex Techno economic services Frusina) Frusina shows slightly high test percentage of 99.6% and the two other marks techno economic services and New cesamex show respectively a percentage of the testing of 98 , 75%. A non-significant difference was observed between the three brands p> 0.05 with R2 = 0.99.

Primary education in Bouaké to the test of the pedagogical integration of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT): access, uses and public policy

Julien, Koffi Yao — 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the process of modern society edification, a major fact has led to the irreversible changes in people’s ways of working, thinking, trading, communicating, learning, and so on. These changes concern the rapid development of Information and Communication Technologies and their ability to impose themselves as an absolute must in all sectors of activity, including education. This article attempts to analyse the issue of the diffusion and pedagogical integration of new technologies in primary education in the district of Bouaké. This analysis aims at highlighting the level of popularization of these digital tools in the primary schools of this district in Côte d'Ivoire. In addition, it assesses the policy of educational integration of information and communication technologies in primary schools. The questionnaire was implemented on the basis of the study objectives and hypotheses, together with the exploitation of numerous documents from the Internet and other specific works, has permitted us to get the following findings. In the primary education of Bouaké district, the level of diffusion of digital tools is still very low. Therefore, the pedagogical integration of Information and Communication Technologies into primary education remains laborious. In that respect, till now, primary education does not benefit from the added value of these technologies in the process of transmission and dissemination of knowledge.

Antibacterial and Antioxidant activity of Nigella Sativa

Mammad, Zineb — 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Nigella sativa. Known by the common name "black cumin" is a medicinal plant from the Ranunculaceae family. Widely used in traditional medicine and as a food condiment in the Arab world. Basing on the seeds of this plant. The Nigella Sativa extract prevented bacterial growth; yet their efficiency remains different. The effect of Nigella sativa extract, on Streptococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by the method of aromatogramme, shows that these bacteria are inhibited. The extract of Nigella generated a zone of inhibition of 30, 25, 20, and 10mm respectively, Streptococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Evaluation of antioxidant power, which was conducted using the method of trapping the free radical DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), said the methanol extract showed an antioxidant activity (IC50 = 12 256 mg / ml), higher than that recorded in the ascorbic acid (IC50 = 0.097 mg / ml).

Awongi, Augustin Issoy — 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Our concern was to know if the recommendations made at the end of the study conducted in Kisangani, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, on variables related to the student explaining differences in performance of schoolchildren may be applicable without difficulties in the concerned town, a question of their feasibility. Thinking about it, we concluded that: - Economic, security or professional constraints may prevent compliance with the age of the beginning of primary education. - Bilingualism or multilingualism rest the intermediate way instead of exclusive and early of the French learning. - The influence of the disunity of couples depends from one country to another, from one culture to another. - Maintaining permanent contact with children in case of no cohabitation compensates for the problem. - Material goods return to the family's socio-economic problems; most of the parents are economically disadvantaged. - The involvement of mothers to the homework must be supported and backed by other members of families. - There are some situations leading necessarily to change schools. It is nevertheless recommended to keep the child in one school up to the end of the cycle. The proposed recommendations are relevant and justified, applicable in a conducive and stable socio-economic context. Nevertheless, three issues are to be considered: the socio-economic conditions; the security conditions and the will to put them into practice.

MATABARO BASHIZI, Jean — 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The current paper deals with the reading of dimension of identity within ‘’ Ici ça va’’ belonging to Charles Djungu - Simba, a renowned Congolese star of literature for the last two decades. To carry out this study, we have had recourse to two approaches including: socio-critical and thematic methods. The interest resides in the fact that in this activity, the image of a Negro as represented in this novel reveals two facets: national identity as well as a borrowing one. A black man is violently bloated; the identity in this novel has become a motif to justify an exile. After setting a conceptual device, this article focuses on two major aspects: on one hand, the painting of African power as the source of chaos, on the other hand, the eradication clash to justify the identity crisis in the host country. The text questions the pertinence of words used in the narrative.

Ethnobotany of plants used in the treatment of diseases of the digestive system in Kinshasa and neighborhood, Democratic Republic of the Congo

FUNDIKO, Marie-Cakupewa C. — 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present ethnobotanical study focuses on plants use to treat several diseases of the digestive system, The study aims to collect data on the plants used, their names, the parts used, the technics of preparation of the products, as well as the administration way of the drugs. In this study, we inventoried 87 plants used in the treatment of diseases connected with the digestive system in Kinshasa and neighborhoods. The families of Euphorbiaceae, Zingiberaceae, Asteraceae and Rubiaceae are the most represented in this disease category. To improve more understanding of the importance and traditional value of medicinal plants inventoried, the present study further describes the vernacular plant names with their languages as possible. Although these plant species constitute a less expensive source of medicine for people with low income, the study also advocates sustainable management and rational use of plants mentioned to achieve access to health care and sustainable development.

DIP COATING CONVEYOR AUTOMATION SYSTEM FOR BRAKE SHOES using Programmable Logic Control (PLC)

KRISHNA, V. — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present project is about the design and implementation of dip coating conveyor automation system for brake shoes based on Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) technology. The PLC correlates the operation parameters control required by the user and monitors the system during normal operations and under dipping condition. Tests of dip coating system is driven by three phase AC induction motor driver using Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) controller. PLC provides higher accuracy in regulation as compared to human works, PLC is proved as a versatile and wide effective tool in industrial control of electric drives. Here it is correlating hardware and software together to control parameters of DIP coating system.

MICROCONTROLLER BASED HOME SECURITY SYSTEM USING GSM MODULE

Arunkumar, A. — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Security has becoming an important issue everywhere. Home security is becoming necessary now a days as the possibilities of intrusion are increasing day by day. Safety from theft, leaking of raw gas and fire are the most important factor of home security system gives the signals in terms of alarm. However, the GSM (Global System For Mobile Communication) based security systems provides enhanced security as whenever a signal from sensor occurs. A text message actions. This project suggests two ways for house security system. The first system uses sensors. Whenever there is a motion, vibration, fire accidents it gives security alert in terms of sending SMS which uses GSM-GPS module(sim900) is delivered to owner. The second system receives commands from registered user mobile and activates respective relay drivers (Lighting circuit, Anaesthetic gas dispenser, Buzzer).

AUTOMATIC WASTE DESTROY USING GSM TECHNOLOGY

Krishnammal, V.P. — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Automatic Waste Destroy using GSM technology, the dustbins are split off as two half and it is located throughout the city or the Campus, these dustbins are provided with low cost embedded device which helps to track the level of the dustbins and an unique ID will be provided for every dustbin in the city so that it is easy to identify which garbage bin is full. When the level reaches the threshold limit, the device will destroy automatically and it can be accessed by the concern authorities from their place with the help of GSM and an immediate action can be made to clean the dustbins.

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS MULTIPLIER USING VHDL

Krishnammal, V.P. — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

In early days of Computers, Multiplication was implemented generally with a sequence of addition, subtraction and shift operations. Multiplier modules are common to many DSP applications. Since multipliers are rather complex circuits and must typically operate at a high system clock rate, reducing the delay of a multiplier is an essential part of satisfying the overall design. The various multiplier used are Array, Wallace and Vedic Multiplier. The Razor flip-flop is a timing fault detection technique that employs double sampling by the main and shadow Flip-Flops. Different types of multiplier are going to implement using XILINX ISE Design Suite 14.5 software and the performance will analysed with ordinary multiplier.

AUTOMATION OF CALIBRATION USING CMMS TECHNOLOGY

Stalin Jose, C. — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Instrument calibration is one of the primary processes used to maintain instrument accuracy. Calibration is the process of configuring an instrument to provide a result for a sample within an acceptable range. Eliminating or minimizing factors that would cause inaccurate measurements is a fundamental aspect of instrumentation design. Although the exact procedure may vary from product to product, the calibration process generally involves using the instrument to test samples of one or more known values called “calibrators.” The results are used to establish a relationship between the measurement technique used by the instrument and the known values. Computerized Maintenance Management Systems are increasingly being used to manage and control plant and equipment maintenance in modern manufacturing and service industries. Computerised systems are now being installed in preference to the manual (paper based) preventive maintenance systems that have been around for many years. In recent years’ private companies have come to recognize the value of these systems as a maintenance performance and improvement tool. The main objective of this project is to automate the calibration process with help of Calibration Software in TPS-1, EXPN, NLC India Ltd., Neyveli. In present situation, the calibration and data entry are done manually. This automated system of calibration will increase the accuracy of calibration, time management and less human employment. The miniature of automated calibration system and data entry is actually done with the help of Arduino Software.

SECURED HUMAN IDENTIFICATION USING FINGER VEIN

Aasir Allwin, R. — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The novel method to recognize the person by the use of finger vein. The steps for the acquired finger vein image normalization, image alignment, and segmentation to effectively minimize resulting intra-class variations in the finger images are also developed. It is combining finger vein. Here comparative evaluation of the proposed fusion approaches with the sum, average, product, weighted sum. The segmentation of the finger vein from the image takes place. The ROI region is extracted, after the extraction of vein pattern by the maximum curvature. From the segmented result the Features for vein image is extracted. The Gabor feature for the input image is used as filter. Gabor filters are similar to those of the human visual system, and they have been found to be particularly appropriate for shape representation and discrimination. It is a linear filter used for edge detection. Finally weighted matching is calculated for the identification.

Automatic Engine Ignition Based on Traffic Signal Using Micro-Controller

Anbarasan, M. — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Pollution and fuel consumption in automobiles is becoming a matter of grave concern. It is essential to build an efficient and much more reliable system that would control this issue in traffic signals. The objective of this project is to introduce a system, which would detect the status of the traffic signal and control the engine ignition automatically thereby reducing the fuel consumption and reducing pollution. Radio frequency modules, interfaced with micro controller are used to transmit the signals from traffic light and detect them by the automobiles.

DAM AUTOMATION USING ARDUINO

Rajendran, V. — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Dams have been used in many purposes since long time by mankind. Power has been generated through flow of water in dam and the water stored in dam for a whole year has been used for irrigation and drinking purposes. This paper is based on automating the dam functions based on controlling the various parameters such as level and flow with real time implementation of gate control using Arduino. And the dam functions are regularly monitored and reported to a remote computer or a mobile through RF module.

WIND MILL AUTOMATION USING ARDUINO AND SCADA SYSTEM

Rahul, R. — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The requirement to harness renewable energies like SOLAR, WIND, TIDEL in the recent decades are increasing, so these fields need lot of innovation to get maximum results. A lot of concern regarding the problems faced in harnessing them like maintenance and continuous monitoring of those systems. Here in this project we automate the Wind Turbine by using ARDUINO which provides a control over the wind turbine like orientation to the wind, propeller control and fail safe conditions. And also, to monitor number of wind turbines collectively in a particular area from a remote locality with the use of SCADA Systems.

Segmentation for Video Sequence

Ganeshwade Mandakini, M. — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this paper is generation of an algorithm that will separate moving foreground from a stationary background in a general video sequence. We use the different models to calculate the foreground motion in a robust estimation framework. Segmentation of objects in image sequence is very important in many aspects of multimedia applications. We describe a system for representing moving images from the multi-layered sequence. This work realizes a motion- based image isolation algorithms for isolating the moving image in a multi-layered moving image sequence. The system has been proposed here which can efficiently segment a moving foreground object from a given image sequence with still background. The modules of the system are developed using MATLAB and verified for its functionality. In our system different algorithms like LMSE, Block-matching algorithm, motion tracing and recursive algorithms are used to estimate foreground image segmentation for Multi-layered video sequence. Experimental results are given to show the efficiency of our methods.

By Using SIFT Algorithm: Privacy Policy Inference of User-Uploaded Images on Content Sharing Sites

Babasaheb Kote, Shraddha — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Social Network is an emerging E-service for content sharing sites (CSS). It is emerging service which provides a reliable communication, through this communication a new attack ground for data hackers; they can easily misuses the data through these media. Some users over CSS affects users privacy on their personal contents, where some users keep on sending unwanted comments and messages by taking advantage of the users’ inherent trust in their relationship network. By this privacy of the user data may be loss for this issue this paper handles the most prevalent issues and threats targeting different CSS recently. This proposes a privacy policy prediction and access restrictions along with blocking scheme for social sites using data mining techniques. To perform this, the system utilizes APP (Access Policy Prediction) and Access control mechanism by applying BIC algorithm (Bayesian Information Criterion).

Cipher Text Attribute Based Encrypted Data Sharing With Escrow in Cloud Computing

Jayapriya, N. — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Attribute-based encryption (ABE) is a very promising scheme suitable for access control in cloud storage system. It proposes a hierarchical attribute based access control scheme with constant size cipher text. This scheme is efficient because the length of cipher text and the number of bilinear pairing evaluations through a constant are fixed. By using this, prevent KA and CSP from knowing each other’s master secret key so that none of them can create the whole secret keys of users individually thus, the fully trusted KA can be semi-trusted. This scheme is implement in cloud for ensuring privacy and uphold security through upload and download file.

POETRY VISUALIZATION

Renuka Devi, P. — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Poetry is a form of literature that uses artistic and rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, the simple apparent meaning. Poetry uses forms and conventions to suggest differential interpretation to words, or to suggest emotive responses. In this paper, we propose a method to extract features like nature, theme and visualize a poem as a flower. The extracted features from a poem are used to generate a flower for visual representation. We propose a mapping between the features of a poem to the type and color of a flower. We have tested the proposed method over four hundred poems from Purananuru. Also we are visualizing those poems using Word Cloud Visualization to show weighted words in the poems visually.

Data Optimization and Secure Data Transfer by Dynamic Sensing and Routing in Rechargeable Sensor Networks

RAJALAKSHMI, G. — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The project is to carefully allocate the timely harvested renewable energy of the sensor for Data Sensing and Data Transmission so that the sensors remains active during the whole process by dynamically adjusting its sensing rate and transmission based on the available energy. Rechargeable sensor network offers a wide range of applications in areas such as traffic monitoring, medical care, inhospitable terrain, robotic exploration, and agriculture surveillance. In RSN, thousands of physically embedded sensor sensors are distributed in possibly harsh terrain and in most applications, it is impossible to replenish energy via replacing batteries. So automatically recharge the batteries from solar devices. In order to cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions, the main task of sensor sensors is to collect and transmit data. It is well known that transmitting data consumes much more energy than collecting data. The advent of efficient recharge communications and advancement in electronics has enabled the development of low-power, low-cost, and multi functionality sensor sensors that are characterized by miniaturization and integration.

Sentimental and Latent Analysis of Twitter based Product Reviews

Sathishkumar, R. — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Social Media Sites has evolved into an authoritative communication and information sharing tool used by billions of people around the Worldwide to post what is happening now in World. Social media platform permit post the different opinion many of the users. One of the Social media Twitter has turn out to be an important medium for peer interaction. The Existing system used the Sentiment analysis for the Product reviews and Different Classification algorithms for analysis the data in Social media. The Sentiment analysis has gained much notice in recent years for Product reviews in the Market. In this paper, proposed system is Latent analysis and Re tweet based Product reviews generally latent Attributes are Sex, age, regional basis, and political from Twitter user language .Latent attributes mainly helpful for advertising, personalization, and recommendation another Proposed Methodoly Re tweet based Product reviews. Re tweet reviews and Along with No of followers Count, tweet length, Hashtag Mention and Tweet Count are helpful to reviews the Product. The center of attention on expected retweet count of a tweet of an image linked. Data used in this study are online product reviews collected from Twitter.

Retrieve system of an intelligent ambulance using designate traffic shifting

RAJAKUMARI, M. — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Traffic congestion and tidal flow management are two major problems in modern urban areas which leads to road accident and loss of life. Automatic Ambulance Rescue System (AARS) is introduced to avoid the loss of life. The main idea behind this scheme is ambulance can reach smoothly to hospital in time, by mechanically controlling traffic lights in path. The sensor senses the spot and the nearest ambulance reaches the accident spot. The traffic lights in the path of the ambulance are controlled. The ambulance is guided to hospital by server through shortest route. The vehicle unit installed in vehicle senses the accident and sends the location of the accident to the main server in the ambulance section. The main server finds the ambulance, nearest to the accident spot and also shortest path between ambulance, accident spot and nearest hospital.

EFFICIENT METHOD FOR IMAGE CLASSIFICATION USING ACO

Vinod Kumar, D. — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Classification of objects in an image finds its application in many real-time systems such as video surveillance systems etc. The basic operation is to detect the object present in the image frame. The processes involved are i) Extracting the object features and ii) Feeding the features into a classifier. External factors such as illumination, brightness etc., have profound effect on the process of classification. These conditions can lead to misdetection of objects. Similarly, the selection of features for classification affects the classification efficiency. Hence optimized feature detection, efficient feature extraction and a supportive classifier selection is mandatory for accurate classification. An absolute combination of suitable optimization solution, feature for classification and a matching classifier is presented in this work.

RTPG BASED BUILT IN SELF TEST FOR TEST COMPRESSION

Ramya, D. — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Built In Self Test (BIST) is used to test the working functions of IC circuit and it is one of the merit in IC’s to check all the working functions inside the IC circuit. And one of the other cons of BIST is it does not need any other additional device or circuit to test the functions of IC as it has additional power and additional circuit than other devices. Thus BIST reduces the power consumption of addition circuit by consuming considerable power. There is no solution to overcome the problem of consumption of larger power even there are vast methods to reduce consumption of power. But one of the best existing power reduction method in BIST is PRPG, as it gives pseudo Random patterns to test. But it also produce considerable power consumption due to toggling and repetition of patterns. Therefore we can use RTPG to overcome the drawbacks of toggling and repetition in PRPG. RTPG is the Random Test Pattern Generator uses Multiple in Input Signature Register (MIST) in order to reduce the repetition. So the power consumption can be reduced by reducing the pattern in our proposed system.

VLSI Implementation of Compression Engine using DWT/IDWT for JPEG 2000 in VHDL

Neethu, P.S. — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper presents an approach towards VLSI implementation of the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) for image compression. The design follows the JPEG2000 standard and can be used for both lossy and lossless compression. In order to reduce complexities of the design, linear algebra view of DWT and IDWT has been used in this paper. This design can be used for image compression in a robotic system.

VIRTUAL REALITY BASED ON HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION

Gayathri, M. — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The main aim of this system is to implementing Virtual Touch Buttons and sliders with camera using a laptop /pc. We propose a large interactive display with Virtual touch buttons on a pale-colored flat wall. Our easy- to-install system consists of a front projector and a single commodity camera. A button touch is detected based on the area of the shadow cast by the user’s hand. Background subtraction is used to extract the foreground region. The reference image for the background is continuously adjusted to match the ambient light. The Virtual sliders are based on this touch-button mechanism. When tested, our scheme proved robust to difference in illumination.

A New Approach For Reducing Ripples In Transformer-less DC DC Converter For High Power Application

RAJARETHINAM, S. — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

A new transformer-less Buck–Boost converter with superb output voltage with fault tolerance capability is proposed in this undertaking. Compare with the traditional Buck–boost converter, the proposed buck–boost converter’s voltage advantage is squared instances of the former’s and its output voltage polarity is wonderful. These benefits enable it to work in a wider variety of nice output. The power switches of the proposed buck–boost converter operate synchronously. In the continuous conduction mode (CCM), two inductors are magnetized and capacitors are discharged during the transfer-on period, at the same time as two inductors are demagnetized and two capacitors are charged throughout the switch-off duration. The operating concepts, the steady-country analyses, and the small-sign version for the proposed buck–boost converter running in CCM are provided in element. The power electronics simulator (PSIM) and the circuit experiments are supplied to validate the effectiveness of the proposed buck–boost converter. Deriving a family of dual-switch of step-down dc/dc converters with fault-tolerant capability. The constraint sets within the derivation process make certain that minimum extra element is used to attain fault-tolerant operation. The operation of converters derived is flexible. Under regular operating situations, one in all the two switches can function a primary transfer to manipulate the electricity drift and the opposite switch is in stand-by mode. When a fault takes place on the main switch, the others which may be activated to provide an change present day direction to continue converter operation and hold output law. The fault-tolerant converters are derived with the aid of integrating a buck converter with a buck–boost converter.

Modeling And Analysis Of Series-Switch Five-Level Dual-Buck Full-Bridge Inverters For Grid-Tied Applications

SELVAKUMAR, P. — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Dual-buck inverters feature some attractive merits, such as no reverse recovery issues of the body diodes and free of shoot-through. However, since the filter inductors of dual-buck inverters operate at each half cycle of the utility grid alternately, the inductor capacity of dual-buck inverters is twice as much as H-bridge inverters. Thus, the power density of dual-buck converters needs to be improved, as well as the conversion efficiency. The detailed derivation process of two five-level full-bridge topology modeling is presented. The operation modes, modulation methods and control strategies of the series-switch five-level DBFBI topology are analyzed in detail. The THIPWM technique operates by adding a third harmonic component to the sinusoidal modulating wave. It is possible to increase the fundamental by about 15.5% and hence, allow a better utilization of the DC power supply. The power device losses of the three-level DBFBI topology and five-level DBFBI topologies, with different switching frequencies are calculated and compared. Both the relationship between the neutral point potential self-balancing and the modulation index of inverters are revealed. Simulation results have shown that the five-level series DBFBI topology exhibit higher efficiency than the five-level H-bridge inverter topology and the three-level DBFBI topology.

PHOTOVOLTAIC WATER PUMPING SYSTEM BASED ON MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING TECHNIQUES

VIJAY, M. — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

An investigation into the design of a standalone photovoltaic water pumping system for supplying rural areas is presented. It includes a study of system components and their modelling. The PV water pumping system comprises a solar cell array, DC DC buck chopper and permanent magnet DC motor driving a centrifugal pump. Thesis focuses on increasing energy extraction by improving maximum power point tracking (MPPT). PandO MPPT algorithm is investigated which uses to automatically adjust stepsize to better track maximum power point. These use PV source output power and the speed of the DC pump motor as input variables. Both generate pulse width modulation (PWM) control signals to continually adjust the buck converter to maximize power from the PV array, and thus motor speed and the water discharge rate of a centrifugal pump. System elements are individually modelled in MATLAB/SIMULINK and then connected to assess performance under different PV irradiation levels. First, the MPandO MPPT technique is compared with the conventional direct method .The results show that the MPandO MPPT has faster dynamic response and eliminates oscillations around the MPPT under steady state conditions. The MPPT methods are implemented in the simulated PV water pumping system and compared. The results confirm that the new methods have improved energy extraction and dynamic tracking compared with simpler methods.

ARDUINO BASED AUTOMATED MOBILE BRIDGE ACROSS THE RAILWAY PLATFORM

Nagalaksmi, S. — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Indian Railways was established on 16 April, 1853. For the past decades, the vertical lift forms, swings and foot-over bridges were used in railway stations .But it is difficult for aged and handicapped persons to reach the other platform through the foot-over bridges. To provide the flexible bridge for the railway platforms in order to overcome these difficulties in the usage of foot-over bridges in railway stations. It is planned to go with a pair of IR(Proximity) sensors on either side of the railway station at certain distance. Initially, the flexible bridge is connected between the platforms which are fixed at one end and other end is movable by the functioning of the sensors and control unit.

Experimental Evaluation of Mortar Embedded with PCM

Esther Baby, J. — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Due to the modern development of construction industry, buildings and other appliances is becoming the highest energy consumer in developed countries. Improvement of the energy performance of the building is the prime objective of the paper to minimize the energy consumption and to control the global warming by utilizing alternate source of materials which is having less emission of Co2. Thus in-order to minimize the energy consumption of the building the phase change materials are used. Here the Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) and Perlite are used as a phase change material in cement mortar. The thermal behaviour of the PCM is analysed by measuring the room temperature with PCM and without PCM. The results are also showed that the range of temperature and its effects are decreased because of Latent heat characterized PCM.

KINETIC ENERGY RECOVERY SYSTEM IN BICYCLE BY USING FLYWHEEL

Deesh, G. Arun — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Kinetic energy recovery system (KERS) is a method used in automobiles for recovering the energy lost in braking of the automobiles and thus providing speed to the vehicle motion. In that same concept for braking regenerative can be applied in bicycle. When riding a bicycle, a great amount of kinetic energy is lost while braking, making start up fairly strenuous. Which method uses a flywheel? Flywheel will be mounted between the frames of the bicycle, in that flywheel can store the braking energy by rotating and this energy can be required time given to the system in that term engagement and disengagement mechanism used to reduce the pedaling power required to drive the bicycle. This Flywheel Energy Storage system uses flywheel with suitable clutch mechanism along with sprocket and chains. The flywheel increases maximum acceleration and nets 10% pedal energy savings during a ride where speeds are between 13 and 15 mph. Further this concludes about efficiency and pedaling power in flywheel bicycle.

ENERGY EFFICIENT SOLAR DRYER FOR SAGO INDUSTRIES

VIJAY, M. — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

India is a tropical country which has large amount of available solar radiation which can be harvested and converted to suitable from that is required by the energy utilizing process of our industries. Sago is one of the main food items that are in taken by the most people of India. The raw sago is not consumed directly instead it is processed by sago processing industries which produce processing of a consumable from of sago called starch. The sago include of drying of sago particles in open air convection method or by using electrically operated oven for sago drying. In open air convection the area required for drying sago is more and suitable for large scale processing and the usage of electric oven requires huge amount of electricity for the effective drying of sago particles, to avoid these constraints we have designed an device known as step type solar dryer which use solar energy as its energy source and has high efficiency by reducing the total time for drying out the moisture content in sago particles. We have employed glass covers which the entry of dust particles to the sago particles thereby increase the purity of sago processing. The main advantage of this device is its efficiency in energy conversion of solar radiation it is exposed to it. We hope this device would be transformed in to an essential device in sago processing industries in near future due to its clean and green energy of operations which reduce the cost of production.

FABRICATION OF SUGARCANE BUD REMOVAL MACHINE WITH ADVANCEMENTS

Abarna, R. — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

While marketing and promoting the sugarcane bud chipper, that in sugarcane farming, many drudgery related issues have remained unaddressed. It observed that farmers prefer to plant sugarcane directly in the field manually, which is a cumbersome and time consuming process. Once the problem got identified, It started working on the solution. It is about the bud chipper which cuts the sugarcane buds in smaller size for the plantation purpose, where these buds are smaller in size compared with the earlier plantation method.

Fabrication and testing of Nature fibre Reinforced Hybrid Composites Banana / Bamboo

Silambarasan, M. — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Hybrid composites possess unique features that can be used to meet different design requirements with respect to strength, stiffness and flexural behaviour. A key parameter in hybrid composite structures arrangement design strongly affects the variety of properties such as tensile and compressive strength based on high performance resin. In this study Natural and synthetic fibres are combined in the same matrix (unsaturated polyester) to make Banana/Bamboo fibre hybrid composites using poly urethane resin. The banana natural fibre is treated with NaOH. The fabrication of hybrid composite is to be done using Hand lay-up method. The fabricated hybrid composite is to be tested and their properties are to be studied. Additionally making banana nano fibre are using chemical treatment like pre-treatment (17.5% NaOH), acid hydrolysis (1M Hcl) and alkali treatment (2% NaOH) followed by hybrid composite was fabricated. The fabricated hybrid composite is to be tested and their properties are to be studied.

DESIGN OF SOLAR STILLS ON WATER DISTILLATION

Manikandan, S. — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Distillation is a process of separating the component substances from a brackish water by separate evaporation and condensation. There is almost no water left on earth that is safe to drink without purification after 20-25 years every day. Only less than 1% water is available for the society for direct use, out of which the maximum fraction has been polluted due to non-manageable industrial development. In this project we have decided uses in non-conventional energy source for the distillation of water. A solar still is a device which can solve the problem of portable water without using the high grade energy. The process of energy get from the sun. Because of this, purpose the solar still is built up with convert the impure water into pure water using the renewable solar energy. The incoming solar radiation from the sun is heating the water.

ANALYZING MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FRICTION STIR WELDED JOINTS OF SIMILAR AND DISSIMILAR ALUMINIUM ALLOYS

Yogesh, V. — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The structural application demands reduction in both the weight and as well as cost of the fabrication and production of materials. Aluminium alloys are the best choice for the reduction of weight, cost and replacing steels in many applications and Friction Stir Welding (FSW) process efficient and cost effective process. FSW is solid state welding process in which material is not melted during welding process so it overcomes many welding defects compared to conventional fusion welding process which is initially used for low melting materials. This process is initially developed for low melting materials like Aluminium, Magnesium, and Zinc but now process is useful for high melting materials like steel and also forcomposites materials. The present study describes the effect of FSW process involving butt joining of similar Aluminium alloy combinations of AA6351 with AA6351 and dissimilar Aluminium alloy combinations of AA6351 with AA5083 on the tensile, hardness and impact behavior.

Design and Fabrication of Industrial Conveyor Using Crank Mechanism

Vijay, A. — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

This machine is basically works on the principle of Single Slider Crank Mechanism which is the heart of this machine and it converts rotary motion into a reciprocating motion. Here Fabricated the conveyor using crank mechanism machine, this project can be utilized in industry. This machine makes use of transfer the product from one place to another place with the help of conveyor, the conveyor rotation is based on the crank mechanism. This project deals with the industrial products are moving from one place to another place in timing by using crank mechanism.

CHANGING COMPOSITE MATERIAL IN MAIN HELICOPTER ROTOR BLADE

BALAJI, K. — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

To determine the load distribution in main helicopter rotor blade in study Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Finite Element Method (FEM) software is used. The aim of the present investigation is the development of a CFD and FEM by using CFD computation procedure capable of accurately simulating the pressure distribution test and velocity test of main helicopter blade and using FEM to simulating flow of thermal behavior test. For this purpose the complete of main rotor blade in CATIA model are used in CATIA modeling. Primary attention in this investigation is focused on defining load on main helicopter rotor blade because of metal trailing edge segments of these blade were replaced with a new segments made from honeycomb composite materials. As critical structural parts with greetings to strength here are glued joints between metal and composite segments of trailing edge are considered. For precise stress analysis of these segments, including glued joints, the finite element method is used.

Nutritional and toxicological analyses of three traditional edibles plant species of Tshopo in the Democratic Republic of the Congo)

Tchatchambe, Jacques N.B. — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

A study on the nutritional and toxicological analyses of three wild plants, fruits of: Capsicum frutescens, Passiflora foetida and the leaves of Piper umbellatum were analyzed. In this study, it appears that these wild plants may be of value as a food supplement in regard to their content in crude proteins, lipids, calcium, magnesium, iron, phosphorus, and vitamins (A, B1, B2, B6 and C). The fruits of Capsicum frutesceus are richer in crude ash (14.42%), protein (3.18%), vitamin B2 (1.46 g / 100 g), and iron (4,108 g/100 g). The fruits of Passiflora foetida are richer in water (75.49%); citric acid equivalent (17.732%), lipid (14g / 100g), vitamin B1 (4,98 g /100 g), vitamin C (17.6 g/100 g), calcium (2.28 g/100 g) and leaves of Piper umbellatum are richer in vitamin A (0.933 g/100 g), magnesium (1.787 g/100 g), phosphorus (0.016 g/100 g). However, these plants also contain some undesirable substances including alkaloids and terpenes and sterols, trace toxic substance such as nitrate, nitrite and cyanide. All these results justify the use of these plants in the diet of the population of the city of Kisangani and its surroundings for the diversification of the diet to fight against the lack of certain nutrients.

Physionomical and pedo-morphogical charasteristics of vegetation communities of UMA dense forests in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Shaumba, Jean-Paul K. — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present study was undertaken with the aim of to characterize, according to physiognomic point of view, the vegetation communities in the UMA forest and to evaluate the influence of physico-chemical and pedo-morphological parameters in the spatial organization of floristic diversity in the UMA forest. Five vegetation communities were identified in the UMA forest which sharing many common species. The restriction of certain species of plots belonging to the diameter class ≥ 50 cm show a variation even on the level of arborescent layers in this forest. The floristic variability is mainly explained by the soil humidity in the Limbali mono-dominant vegetation communities in the western part. In the easten part, it is explained by the pH, the conductivity and the soil depth in the heterogeneous vegetation communities. However, in the transition forest, it is explained by the retention of the soil phosphorus. The UMA forest is classified among the semi-deciduous dense heterogeneous forests. The identified vegetation communities are inserted in the alliances Gilbertiodendrion Devred 1958 and Oxystigmo-Scorodophleion Lebrun and Gilbert 1954 in the class of Strombosio-Parinarietea Lebrun and Gilbert 1954. The Guinean-Congolese element represents more than 82% of listed species, of which the endemic species of the center of Guinean-Congolese endemism accounts for at least 90% of species. The presence of Afro-American elements (2%) shows stochastic transgression. The sedentary species are abundant in the plant communities of the Western part, while the pioneers and cicatricial species are abundant in the plant communities of the Eastern part.

Ancient Azerbaijan's Bronze bracelets – the cash equivalent of the Bronze Age

Baghir, Soltanova Nazila — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article deals with issues on the weight and monetary system of the Bronze Age and the Iron Age in Azerbaijan. The basic weight unit of that time called as the "Caucasian shekel" had its parallel functioning in the form of payment equivalents. The Bronze bracelets merged on the basis of that system. They functioned as money and at the same time as the weight standard. The article presents a new version of the system with respect to the weight of that time.

The bachelardian epistemologic rupture: A deconstuction without Jacques Derrida

CIKULI CIZUNGU, Jean-Marie — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

According to Gaston Bachelard, the scientific character is constantly a consequence of a reform of the reason and the reality. Indeed, the imagination is necessary in this permanent confrontation of the experience with the reasoning. It is in the worry to make spring the new that is progressively separated truths that don't firmly hold. The déconstruction helps us to explain better this dialectics because, in this process, one doesn't stop to a simple opposition of facts; when déconstructing, one decides better while separating what invites less. The new openings whose science becomes tributary in terms of mutation, explanation and revolution constitute values then thanks to the ' logos', to the specific ‘allocutoire’ power of the science.

Mabruki, Franco Monsengo — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The nutritional effect of two diets from local ingredients has been assessed in order to observe the survival and growth of larvae of Clarias gariepinus from artificial insemination. These two diets containing each one 40% of protein from animal (A) and vegetable (B) with 11.61 Kj.g-1 and 12.71 Kj.g-1 of energy respectively for diets A and B were used to feed the larvae during 21 days. The results showed that the food used from local products is acceptable for the growth of larvae from their first age. These two diets (A and B) show that there’s no significant difference. Note that the area where this study has been conducted does not present an obstacle to any farmer anxious to produce larvae of Clarias gariepinus.

EVALUATION OF THE DEGREE OF POLLUTION OF THE RIVER FROM USE KINTAMA MACROINVERTEBRATES BENTHIC

AMULI BISIMWA, Marcellin — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Assessing the degree of pollution of the river Kintama by the use of benthic macroinvertebrates is the theme of this work. It was made from samples taken between July and August 2016 Idjwi island territory to characterize this said river from possible pollution. The levy was followed by sorting at the bank, identification and preservation of specimens to the laboratory for teaching and research unit in Hydrobiology applied PSI / Bukavu. Wildlife identified in this work consists of 1834 individuals corresponding to 16 families belonging to 3 main faunal groups (annelids, mollusks, arthropods). The number of benthic settlement showed that Trichoptera, Diptera, Oligochaeta, Odonata, the are dominant. Decapod crustaceans, beetles and molluscs constitute only a small fraction of the total fauna. Values of Standardized Global Biological Index ranked the water upstream and downstream of Kintama in the category of medium and bad ecological quality for those intermediate stations. On the whole, the waters of this river are medium ecological quality. Furthermore, analysis of stand structure through Shannon Weaver index and equitability showed that Kintama river is characterized by macrobenthic fauna less diverse and generally unbalanced. The index of Margalef proved that Kabati station (1,596) followed by the mouth of Lake Kivu (1,411) and Lugano (1,368 are richer compared to resorts Institute Ziwa Kivu (0.882) and Deck Kintama (0.752) poorest taxa. note that all these values were lower than 2 which means that taxonomic richness is low everywhere. the results obtained in this study, conducted in a river crossing a rural area, have seen a situation that tends to a calamity of the water quality of the Kintama and especially in its middle section. The results of this study can also be used to conserve biodiversity and restoring these ecosystems continually impacted.

An approach to improve food consumption assessment in South-Kivu province, Democratic Republic of the Congo: conversion of household food measures into international system units

Mirindi, Victor Buhendwa — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Background: Household or individual food consumption measurement is an issue in the South-Kivu province, DRC. Nutrition professionals and researchers are struggling to perform a 24h recall or any other assessment method due to lack of information regarding how to estimate the food intake of their respondents in a context where the local food contents as used in the markets are not labeled and their weight and/or volume are not known. Moreover, many housekeepers are illiterate, they can’t use weighing scales for the foods consumed, and therefore they can’t provide information about the consumed food amounts. Objective: In this study, we suggest an original approach for improving the food consumption assessment by converting the local food containers in international system units such as grams. This would facilitate the nutrition consultation and prescription and better understand the nutrition situation at clinical and community levels. Design: In this three step approach, the food containers used in local markets for specific foods were measured full (bombed) of the related foods. 3 repeated measures were obtained for each container on the spot in the market, and the average weight was calculated and reported in a table. We describe how to use the collected data in a three step procedure, including 1) How to conduct the interview 2) How to use the local food container measurement data in estimating the food consumption of the respondents in grams and 3) How to use a food composition table to estimate energy and nutrients intakes. Conclusion and recommendations: The proposed approach is to be understood as a first step in in the resolution of the challenge of food consumption assessment. The next step would be the production of a brochure listing all the food container measures and their conversion in international unit system, to be utilized by the nutrition professionals, researchers and students. This approach might be extended to other regions of DRC and other African countries as they all face same problem.

Follow-up by remote sensing of deforestation due to the urban growth of the town of Ouesso during the period of 2000-2016, Republic of Congo

Binsangou, Stoffenne — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

A study on the urban growth during the time between 2000 to 2016 was undertaken in a forest locality of the republic of Congo, the town of Ouesso. Landsat images covering this period had been selected and treated thanks to the software ENVI 4.6.1 and ArcGis 10.2. Supervised classification was used and applied to the zone of study. The results of this study indicate that the surface of the city passed from 608.375 ha in 2000 to 1527 ha in 2016. The losses of the forests due to the urban growth passed from 261.63 ha during the time of 2000-2014 to 657.03 ha during the time of 2014 to 2016. The demographic growth, poverty, agriculture, residential spreading out and the accelerated municipalization which took place in this locality would explain the losses of the forest surfaces observed in this locality. The anarchistic urban growth in wet tropical zone could be the source of significant flows of GES following the changes of use of the grounds.

HAFASHIMANA NZABONIMPA NZOMBA, Emmanuel — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The mining extraction occupies an important place in Democratic Republic of Congo. It is an economic activity that touches some thousand of Congolese. In the North-Kivu Province, to the occurrence, the mining exploitation is a source of the essential incomes for a few hundreds of the thousands of families. Thus, in Masisi territory, the casual artisanal mining exploitation uses more 3000 young, of which a big number comes of other regions in search of a permanent or seasonal use. While undertaking this survey, we wanted to detect the different dark ways in which left the income of these mining products of our object of survey and to measure the level of investment, of saving as well as the mind of initiative in relation to the creation of other units of production of the population of Rubaya. To harvest the data the technique of the questionnaire as well as the methods statistical, inductive and comparative us useful summer. Also, the software packages Eviews 3.1 and SPSS 16.0 allowed us to make analyses économétriques of the survey. The results show that the mining extraction of Rubaya doesn't constitute the main activity for the population of Rubaya because we found that there is also the mining operators who exercise other activities such as : trade, agriculture, raising and the salaried work. The impact of the artisanal mining exploitation on the life style of the creuseurs of Rubaya is positive according to the found results. We met that so much Didgers don't consume all of their income, but on the contrary, they also save as investment.

AMINI MUSANGE, Jean Claude — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this work, the objective is to determine the reasons and consequences of the deforestation and its impact on the socio-sanitary life in the Territory of Masisi. The results show that the factors to the basis of the deforestation are Research of the heating wood, Research of the materials of constructions, Wood for the resale. The related consequences are: Loss on health, Change of the climates and Reduction of the production because of rain. Reforestation would be desirable to improve the output of the environment in this entity.

ELABORATION OF MANAGEMENT PLAN OF AN INVASIVE AQUATIC PLANT SPECIES: THE CASE OF THE NYONG RIVER BASIN MBALMAYO CAMEROON

NOUGA BISSOUE, Achille — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Wetlands and their biodiversity species have been undergoing an alarming degradation in the past recent years. The overall objective has been to determinate the various invasive plant species found in the study area. Floristic inventories based on the development of transects and quadrats helped to make surveys by using coefficients of abundance-dominance and sociability. Physico-chemical parameters of the Nyong river were measured. Species richness of study sites amounts to 20 species distributed in 17 families. Results shown that the distribution of macrophytes varies with Shannon diversity index, from 3.193695 (Ekombitie/Mbega) to 1.263136 (CDE/CAMWATER). Echinochloa pyramidalis (51 %) is the most abundant specie in the study sites. The result shown the causes and factors limiting the potential of the biotope of the Nyong River. It has been clearly shown that invasive plants contribute in a significant way to euthrophication of the river: Echinocloa pyramidalis, 51%; Ipomea aquatic, 18.31%; Nymphaea lotus,12.83%; Leersia hexandra, 9.15%; Commelina benghalensis, 9.15%. The ecosystem approach for the better management of this site is proposed. From this study we therefore open another parenthesis for research which is based on managing wastes within the Mbalmayo council area and monitoring the quantity and quality of the waste stream leaving Yaounde and other environs into the Nyong River. This will help to reduce the pollution of this river, monitor point source and non-point source pollution sources and hence to reduce the proliferation of macrophytes since one of the best options of ecosystem restoration is preventing nutrient loading.

Establishment of a mathematical relationship to correlate fleet size with equipment availability in open pit mine, using curve-fitting techniques: A case study of Mashamba copper deposit in the Democratic Republic of Congo)

May, Patrick Mukonki — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Mashamba open pit mine is located 10 km southeast of Kolwezi town, in one of the richest copper areas of the Democratic Republic of Congo. The copper deposit block model has been run through mine optimization and provided a life of mine (LOM) of 6 years within four major pushbacks. The optimization process involved the use of NPV scheduler Datamine software (Lersch-Grossman algorithm). The ultimate pit and pushback designs have been executed using Minesight software. The haulage analysis has been conducted for the entire LOM of the deposit using the Minesight Haulage tool. Initial simulation of truck fleet size was done assuming a truck availability of 85%. However, it has since been observed that in practice, 85% availability over the entire life of the mine will be an unrealistic target it was therefore interesting to conduct a set of scenarios using the Minesight haulage tool to vary the availability and to compare the fleet size variation. In this paper, curve-fitting techniques have been used to observe, analyse, and establish a mathematical relationship to correlate dump truck availability and fleet size data, and to determine how strongly the two variables are correlated. Despite the fact that the mathematical equation and correlation factor calculated in this case study are not expected to lead to a replacement of haulage software packages, they were found to be helpful tools for quickly predicting the fleet size (number of trucks required for the entire mine life) based on a given set of truck availabilities at Mashamba open pit.

Selmaoui, Karima — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this study is to detect in vitro activity of pectinolytic enzymes (trans-eliminase polygalacturonase and pectin) and cellulolytic five fungal species responsible for rotting apples: Alternaria alternata (E and S), Penicillium sp. (P), Trichoderma sp. (Tr), Trichothecium roseum (Tc) and Fusarium avenaceum (F). Lyase activity petine of these fungi is low during the first days of pectin degradation process but increases with age of cultures. The most important activity was recorded in Alternata alternata (0,146 U) and Trichothecium roseum (0,100 U) followed by Trichoderma sp. (0,078 U). The lowest activity was observed in Penicillium sp. and Fusarium avenaceum. The estimated activity of polyganlagturonase is important during the first days of pectin degradation by fungi and decreases during this process. Alternata showed a very significant activity (0,1467U) compared to other fungi. However, the polygalacturonase activity is very lost in Trichothecium roseum (0,0012U) and the important cellulolytic activity was detected in Fusarium avenaceum (0,0384 U).

NEED FOR COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS, PRODUCTIVITY AND EFFICIENCY IN EDUCATION

NWAKPA, PASTOR PAUL — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Need for cost-benefit analysis, productivity and efficiency in education has actually been x-rayed systematically, the various key words were precisely explained for a layman to understand. The social aspect of cost-benefit analysis, measurement of productivity, issues connected with productivity and efficiency, link between productivity and efficiency, low external productivity in the face of high internal efficiency and relationship between external productivity and cost benefit ratio were highlighted. Finally, conclusion and recommendations were made.

CURRICULUM IMPLEMENTATION AND THE SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS/TEACHERS, CHALLENGES AND REMEDIES IN NIGERIA

NWAKPA, PASTOR PAUL — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Curriculum implementation is the act of translating the curriculum document into action in the classroom by the teacher and so concluding any issue on curriculum implementation without mentioning the teacher will be like one going for cry and leaving his/her eyes behind, like an Igbo adage will say. This is to say that curriculum implementation is the arduous work of the teacher. The teacher's duty as a curriculum implementer cannot be over emphasized and so the paper on curriculum implementation and the teacher: challenges and way forward. The paper examines the concept of curriculum, the concept of curriculum implementation, curriculum implementation and the effective teacher, challenges of the teacher as a curriculum implementer which include: Non-involvement of teachers in curriculum planning and development processes, conducive school environment among others were highlighted and discussed. Based on the findings, possible way forward/ remedies were made which among others include: those teachers should be involved in curriculum planning; the school environment should be pupils/student-friendly.

STUDY OF THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS ON THE ISOLATES OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS RESISTANT TO CURRENT ANTIBIOTICS AT KISANGANI (DR CONGO)

ETOBO, K.J.P. — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

In order to test the antibacterial activity of extracts of some medicinal plants used for treatment of some bacterial infections in Kisangani, study was conducted on twenty traditional recipes using watery extracts and concentrated aqueous extracts. Aqueous crude extracts were obtained according to the method of preparation of traditional healers. The antibacterial activity was determined using classic method of diffusion on agar. Aqueous extract of Carica papaya and Psidium guayava presented a maximum inhibition diameter of 20 mm on one crude of Staphylococcus. With concentrated aqueous crude extracts, the highest inhibition diameter of 19 mm was obtained with the association of Citrus limon and Aframomum laurentii. The T Student test applied to our results showed that the difference is high significant between the two extracts of plants. Future research in this area should be promoted to make available for people effective and cheap products against germs which become more and more resistant to common antibiotics in Kisangani.

Strategic mine planning approach for determination of operational pushbacks using Datamine NPV Scheduler: case study of the Mashamba East open pit mine, Democratic Republic of Congo

May, Patrick Mukonki — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Mashamba East open pit mine is a copper-cobalt operation located in the Democratic Republic of Congo, in the mineral-rich Katanga Province 10 km southeast of Kolwezi town. Previously owned by Gecamines (a state-owned mining company), Mashamba East pit was recently separated from the neighbouring Mashamba West deposit, which now belongs to a Chinese company (Sicomines). The challenges in the mine optimization and the pushback approach will be to take into account the presence of a waste dump on the south of the deposit, the small distance between the pit and the property limits to the east and west of the deposit, and finally, the presence of a tailings storage facility to the north of the pit,. Running the input data through Datamine NPV Scheduler showed that it is possible to design operational pushbacks to produce a well-balanced schedule and mining sequence. Mashamba East pit is located in a confined area, and this paper outlines the approach taken to achieve a viable mining sequence, taking into account the abovementioned restrictions. NPV Scheduler software will be used to optimize and determine pushbacks, while Minesight software will be used to design the ultimate pit and the operational pushbacks.

SHABANI MALEMBA, Debonheur — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Malaria remains a word problem and a major preoccupation of public health for tropical countries, particularly for Africa’s Sub-Saharan countries. Released International financing to fight against malaria clearly increased going from more less U.S. $ 100 million in 2000 to U.S. $ 1.94 billion in 2013. It is worth mentioning the DRC and Nigeria, all on their own represent the heaviest burden of malaria, 40% of the world total. In South Kivu, about one million of new cases are recorded every year, according to the WHO office in Bukavu. The release of the proportion of school absenteeism due to malaria can realize his tragic contribution to ruin education and even the development of the student. After the surveys were conducted in schools with clinics, it emerges that malaria alone takes 30.8% of school absenteeism. Stakeholders and the public should be better informed of the consequences and enforce measures to prevent malaria.

SHABANI MALEMBA, Debonheur — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

Context: Malaria remains a word problem and a major preoccupation of public health for tropical countries, particularly for Africa’s Sub-Saharan countries. Released International financing to fight against malaria clearly increased going from more less U.S. $ 100 million in 2000 to U.S. $ 1.94 billion in 2013. It is worth mentioning the DRC and Nigeria, all on their own represent the heaviest burden of malaria, 40% of the world total. In South Kivu, about one million of new cases are recorded every year, according to the WHO office in Bukavu. Objective: To analyze the risk Methodology: by a cohort study of 3,337 people observed in 422 households from January fist to December 31 th 2013. The last approach was completed by economic analysis from Audibert method. The data were collected from households, BCZS, hospitals and schools. Results: the people who do not sleep under mosquito-nets filled with insecticide are more than twice exposed (RR : 2.5 ) to malaria than those sleeping under mosquito-nets filled with insecticide; the people sleeping under ITN, but living in a non-cleaned up environment are more than four times (RR : 4.2 ) exposed to malaria than those sleeping under ITN, but living in a cleaned up environment. Conclusion: the cleaning up of environment combined with the use of ITN constitutes a very efficient strategy. It can be added that the Remediation joined the use of IBD and reveals the very effective strategy. He added only use of ITN is also efficient in the reduction of morbidity.

IRAQI, Wissal — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

The acquisition of the digestive system concepts is still problematic. In this study, we assessed whether 3rd year secondary school learners have acquired and assimilated these concepts at the end of the module. The results we obtained showed that young learners have problems in acquiring these concepts to varying degrees. The role of aliments, the organs and functions of the digestive system, and the phenomena of digestion were relatively acquired by the students. However, the dangers threatening the digestive system and the means of prevention remained unknown for the great majority of these learners. We have also found that learners confused with the digestive system and the respiratory system in some representations.

Harou, ABDOU — 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00

This research established the socioeconomic profile of mendicants and analyzed the socio-economic, cultural and political causes of female begging in the town of Zinder. A documentary work and a field survey allowed the collection of qualitative and quantitative data. The survey used a questionnaire administered to 100 beggars and a maintenance guide that involved 10 imams of the large Zinder mosques. The statistical data thus obtained were used to produce tables and figures for the illustrations. Fieldwork also resorted to direct observation, which helped to identify districts housing beggars and places of begging mapped using geographic coordinates. The results of the study show that poverty, disability, the resignation of husbands, social and political tolerance, lack of solidarity of the State etc. Are all reasons leading women to begging. To these causes is added the search for easy gain benefiting from a socioreligious context favorable to the practice of almsgiving. Hence the tendency towards the professionalization of begging, which is banned by Islam and prohibited by the Nigerian penal code.

Modelling a Corporate Social Responsibility performance index according to the ISO 26000 Standard

Fethallah, Widad — 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of the present work is to develop a new model to assess the Corporate Social Responsibility CSR performance of an organization based on a holistic and interdependent approach as described in the foundations and principles of the ISO 26000 standard. The proposed model generates a new Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Index, which help the organization to characterize and assess its performance regarding to the seven core subjects of ISO 26000 standard, with the different stakeholders. Inspired by the work of G. K. Kanji and P. K. Chopra, we propose a model of structural equations composed of latent and manifest variables. The model identifies the various connections between the different components (the core subjects). The implementation on the XLSTAT software provides an index for each latent variable that can be analysed in order to improve the CSR performance.

Intraspecific craniological variation study of Praomys jacksoni (De Winton 1897: Mammalia, Rodentia, Muridae) populations of three forest sites of Kisangani city (Tshopo province, DR Congo)

Angoyo, Roger A. — 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present study was carried out from 346 skulls of Praomys jacksoni (Muridae) captured in some forest areas of the surroundings of Kisangani city (island, right and left banks of Congo River) from 1994 to 1999). The results obtained from twenty-five skulls measurements revealed the diversity existing inside each population studied. The sexual dimorphism is favorable to males for seven measurements (GRLE, HEBA, DIA1, DIA2, INT, LNAS, and LOTE) whereas eighteen remain stable. The skulls of insular populations (Tundulu and Mbiye) are bigger than those of the forest reserves ( Masako and Yoko) for twenty measurements: GRLE, PRCO, HEBA, HEPA, DIA1, DIA2, INT, ZYPL, PAL, UPTE, UPDE, M1, BNAS, LNAS, BUL, DIN, HRZ, ROH, ROB and PCPA The skulls of Mbiye island populations are bigger than those of Tundulu island for eighteen measurements (GRLE, PRCO, HEBA, HEPA, PAF, DIA1, DIA2, ZYG, UPTE, UPDE, M1, ZYPL, BNAS, LNAS, LOTE, CHOA, DIN, PCPA). The skulls of populations from the left bank (Yoko forest reserve) are bigger than those of the right bank for six measures (GRLE, HEBA, DIA1, INT, CHOA and PAF). These results indicate that craniometrical measurements of the adult animals are stable and constitute a complementary means for identifying the species in the Praomys genus. The variations observed with certain examined characters would be the consequence of the biological phenomenon of speciation. It is thus desirable that molecular studies are carried out on these muridae in order to validate this hypothesis.

CIKULI CIZUNGU, Jean-Marie — 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

All activity constitutes a work of the knowledge. This one, according to bachelardian vision, clears itself from a discussion between acquirements of the science and the convenient problems. This gait remains inescapable for the societies development and for the case of species, the province of Sud-Kivu, where we made the state of places of various centers of research.

Morphological analysis of Tagba lagoon of Grand-Lahou (South-west coast of Ivory Coast)

Wango, Ted Edgard — 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

According to local nomenclature, there are four sub lagoons that represent the lagoon system of Grand-Lahou. The Tagba lagoon is the most important one because it is in contact with the sea through the mouth of Bandama river. The Morphology and the bathymetry constitute a challenge for local residents whose main activity is fishing. The present study aimed to update the bathymetry of the lagoon. The depths obtained are low, 3 m on average with maximum of 6 meters. The action of river currents and tidal current is responsible of the morphology of channels.

LIBAKU MATERANYA, Christian — 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

La RDC est depuis plusieurs décennies confrontée à multiples problèmes liés à la corruption dans tous les secteurs de la vie sociale. La corruption en RDC, n’est plus le fait de la simple conjoncture et donc une des stratégies de survie, un fait isolé ou abus singulier mais une structure, un dispositif ou une bureaucratie du gain facile qu’il importe de mettre à jour. Nous voulons contribuer à la compréhension du niveau de criminalisation et de l’indice de perception de la corruption dans l’Administration publique et privée à Bukavu. Plusieurs mobiles mis en exergue du fait que cette étude fait preuve de l’existence des plusieurs pratiques corruptionnelles vécues dans l’Administration publique à Bukavu. Dans cette dernière, plusieurs formes de corruption s’étoffent et tendent à favoriser une catégorie des couches sociales au détriment d’une autre. Scientifiquement, cette étude étoffe des nouvelles connaissances en rapport avec la compréhension de la corruption. Socialement cette recherche est un outil de conscientisation des gouvernants, des gouvernés pour le développement de la RD Congo. Pratiquement, la conscience professionnelle nait de cette recherche et assure les générations futures. Des questions relatives au problème posé : Comment comprendre les manifestations, les causes, les conséquences de la corruption dans l’administration publique à Bukavu ? Comment prévenir la corruption dans l’administration publique, comment la combattre, la réprimer et quels en sont les mécanismes d’éradication progressive ? Quelles pistes de solutions préconiser pour que la gestion de la corruption soit efficace ? Méthodologie et techniques proposées : - La descente sur le terrain : 200 agents responsables des services publics, tels que : la mairie, le gouvernorat, l’Assemblée provinciale, la DGDA, la DGI, IPP la Police l’ONEM, l’INPP, l’INSS, OGEFREM, l’ONATRA, ONT, REGIDESO, RVM, RVA, la SNEL, la SONAS, DPS, DFP. - La technique d’observation désengagée, - L’entretien semi directif, - La technique d’échantillonnage à boule de neige, - La technique documentaire.

NAMUSI, NTWALI — 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The environment is a key factor in the quality of life. If it is precarious, it will undermine it. The uncontrolled construction in the city of Bukavu and particularly in the area Cimpunda has negative consequences on the environment and on humans. The first (environment) suffers upheavals, sometimes irreversible, followed by the imbalance of ecosystems related to uncontrolled building on unsuitable sites the second (man) suffers from deterioration of quality of life due to the lack of sewerage and other infrastructure, the water supply insufficient or garbage collection services. The Cimpunda district, with an average altitude of 1569m, experienced and still been growing, unprecedented, its population through time from 35000habitants in 2010 to 45000 in 2015; a situation following a high birth rate, death rate declining and the rural exodus. This population growth without spatial growth, has led to negative consequences, among other anarchic constructions which do not leave intact the environment in the suburban areas of the city of Bukavu: overextension of the population, floods unhealthy, the loss of green areas and other ecosystems. Diagnostic realized in this work thus sets in parallel the induced effects of uncontrolled construction and destruction of the environment in this popular area of the city of Bukavu.

Mabruki, Franco Monsengo — 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

This investigation aimed to test the response of female after injection of pituitary extracts collected from the male of Clarias gariepinus and the nutritional effect of two diets that one from animal proteins (diet A) and another from vegetable proteins (diet B) on survival and growth of larvae from the induced reproduction. During 21 days, the larvae were fed with these two diets containing 40% of protein, 11.61 Kj.g-1 and 12.71 Kj.g-1 of energy respectively for diets A and B in order to know the effects on survival and growth of juveniles. The findings showed that the induced reproduction used for this work is interesting as to the response of female to injection of the pituitary extracts (100%) and to hatching rate from aquatic plants used as support (hyacinths). Furthermore, the results showed that the food used from local products is acceptable for the growth of larvae from their first age. On the other hand it appears that there’s no significant difference between these two diets (A and B) although the diet A from animal proteins appears as the best compared to diet B from vegetable proteins.

Evaluation of anti-nutritional factors and nutritive values of four wild edibles vegetables consumed at Kisangani city and its surroundings (Tshopo province, DR Congo)

Tchatchambe, Jacques N.B. — 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

A study on the toxic and nutritional values of four wild vegetables (Ipomoea aquatica, Dewevrea bilabiata, Vitex welwitschii and Vernonia hochstetteri) was performed before and after cooking. In this study, it appears that these wild vegetables can be dietary supplements of values in those for crude protein, fat, calcium, magnesium, iron, phosphorus and vitamins (A, B1, B2, B6 and C). The leaves of Ipomoea aquatica are particularly rich in lipids (21 gr/100 gr), vitamin B2 (0.38 mg %), vitamin C (0.2 mg%). The Dewevrea bilabiata leaves are rich in crude protein (0.04 mg/100g r), vitamin B2 (0.38 mg%), vitamin B6 (0.8 mg%), vitamin C (0.2 mg%) and leaves of Vitex welwitschii rich in vitamin A (0.75 mg/100 gr), vitamin B1 (1.33 mg/100 gr), vitamin C (0.2 mg%). However, these vegetables also contain some undesirable substances including alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, sterols and terpenes, traces of toxic substances such as cyanide and nitrites before cooking. After cooking, these substances and toxic components disappear. Similarly, cooking significantly reduced the levels of different nutrients. All these results justify the use of these plants in the diet of the population living around Kisangani city. A cooking these vegetables at moderate temperatures is recommended.

Level of damage assessment of polypropylene pipes (PPR) subjected to burst pressure tests using static and unified damages and estimation of the remaining life

OUARDI, Abderrazak — 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The polypropylene copolymer (PPR) is a thermoplastic material widely used to transport hot and cold water under pressure. In operation, PPR pipes are sometimes subjected to accidental damages that may cause a reduction in residual resistance or even a complete fracture of the structure. Hence the need to characterize the behavior of virgin and defective PPR pipes under pressure to develop carefully a maintenance strategy to ensure a minimum cost with the maximum reliability. In this article and according to ASTM D1599, we conducted a set of real tests of bursting on virgin and notched pipes to assess the level of damage reaches mechanically and characterize the behavior pipes in PPR pipes. The experimental results allowed and identification of the three stages of development of damage namely: initiation, progression and sudden acceleration. The estimation of the damage degree by the model of static damage led to identify theoretically the three stages of the evolution of damage. Subsequently, a theoretical reassessment of the damage level was done through a judicious adaptation of the theoretical model proposed in unified theory of damage. Theoretical and experimental results showed a good agreement.

COMPARATIVE PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL BY FERMENTATION OF SOME NATURAL SOURCES OF SUGAR IN THE SOUTHERN-KIVU PROVINCE

AMULI BISIMWA, Marcellin — 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00

The theme of this article is "Comparative Production of ethanol through fermentation of a few natural sources of sugar Province of South Kivu." The high price of ethanol to the market making it unreachable product to the people dictated the choice of this theme. This work covered a period from December 2015 to February 2016 in the province of South Kivu. This was done methodologically by fermentation of different sources of sugar including pineapple, sugar cane, sorghum and sweet potato leaves. Fermentation was followed by distillation to find concentrated alcohol. It was noted that in addition to ethanol, the pineapple juice was too overloaded with other products (10.1% distillate / distillate volume) while the sweet potato leaves turn out to be the most appropriate ( 5.5% of distillate / distillate volume). Moreover, the sugarcane produced a better yield in alcohol (47.1%) while the sweet potato leaves produced in low percentage (15.2%).

A new time-spatial method for the evaluation of groundwater contamination beneath a MSW sanitary landfill: A case story

Intini, Gianluca — 2017-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Waste sanitary landfilling is generally opposed by public opinion as responsible of aquifer contamination even when other possible contaminating sources exist in the area. A new tool based on time-spatial evaluation of groundwater contamination is presented, capable of appreciating the direct responsibilities of a MSW sanitary landfill when the aquifer becomes polluted. A successful application of the tool to the case of a medium-size Italian city is discussed.

Effects of industrial wastes from water treatment station of Kinshasa city (REGIDESO) on the physicochemical and biological quality of water of Matete and N’djili rivers (RD Congo)

Muamba, Nadine Bipendu — 2017-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The effluents from the water treatment station of REGIDESO located in Kingabwa (Kinshasa city) are accused of reducing aquatic biodiversity of Matete and N'djili rivers and are responsible of some human diseases. The effects of these effluents on the physico-chemical and biological quality of water of Matete and N’djili rivers were evaluated. The benthic macro-invertebrates and Gambusia affinis were used as biodiversity richness indicator and model system for toxicity assays. The analyses of physicochemical parameters revealed a constant temperature in the stations studied (± 25 °C) and a high value of conductivity in the sites near the effluents discharge location. On the whole of the sites, the bacterial load was reduced to the neighboring sites of the effluents discharge. The pH is slightly acidic depending on the period and the sampling sites. Dissolved oxygen decreases as sampling seasons. 1405 specimens of benthic macro-invertebrates including 499 in the rainy season and 906 in dry season were harvested. The Shannon index value ranges from 0.4 to 2.9 during rainy season and 1.7 to 2.9 during dry season, reflecting the passage of polluted water to moderately pollute in rain season and moderately polluted to slightly pollute in the dry season. The toxicity bioassay revealed that these effluents are toxic (LC50= 0.109%). It is thus desirable to install a monitoring system near of the station of water purification of the REGIDESO N’djili in order to regularly control the dangerosity of the effluents poured in the surrounding watery ecosystems.

Technical Efficiency of Maize Farmers in Ghana: A Stochastic Frontier Approach

Abdul-Hanan, Abdallah — 2017-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The purpose of this study is to examine the technical efficiency of Ghanaian maize farmers from the parametric perspective. In this study, the stochastic frontier approach (SFA) assumed the Cobb-Douglas functional form and technical efficiency of Ghanaian maize farmers is then estimated using first phase data from the database of sub-Saharan Africa’s intensification of food crops agriculture (Afrint I). Using household characteristics, human capital, farmer’s resource situation, social capital and experience variables, the study found that farmers are producing below the frontier with average technical efficiency of 53 percent. Policy variables such as credit access; education and extension access and farm size played a stronger role in technical efficiency levels.

Floristic, phytosociological and phytogeographical studies of the herbaceous vegetation and the underwood of the Yoko reserve forest (Tshopo Province, DR Congo)

Shutsha, Reddy E. — 2017-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

A floristic inventory of grass and undergrowth was carried out in the southern block of the Yoko Forest Reserve in the Eastern Province. This study aimed to identify grasses and undergrowth, and evaluate the wealth of this areal florula. Transect methods and phytosociological survey was the approach used. A total of 116 plant species have been inventoried and are belonging to 92 genera and 44 families. Note that the dominant families and features are: Commelinaceae (7.76%) and Rubiaceae (6.90%). The relative densities of species and the highest are those of family Marantochloa congensis (174.0 feet/ha) and Marantaceae (360.0 feet/ha). The relative frequencies of the most observed species are those of Palisota barteri (3.21%) and Cola congolana (3.39%), while those of family are Arecaceae, Commelinaceae, Connaraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lomariopsidaceae, Malvaceae, Marantaceae and Menispermaceae (6.25%). Simpson's diversity index (0.957), Shannon’s diversity index (3.619) and equitability (0.798) revealed that this florula is diversified and its species are well distributed. It is thus desirable that this study is extended to other forest reserves and forest groupings of Kisangani city and its surroundings in order to establish a better database necessary for the sustainable management of the classified forests and other sites of high value for the conservation.

Optical performances of a solar parabolic trough collector for various solar tracking modes under climatic conditions of Maroua

Pombe, Joseph Kessel — 2017-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Detailed simulations in aim to evaluate optical performances of a solar parabolic trough collector for various solar tracking modes under climatic conditions of Maroua have been investigated by using the empirical model of Capderou, incidence angle, day of the year, solar direct radiation, legal time, incident angle modifier and global energy absorbed by the heat collection element during the sunniest and the least sunny month. The performances of the three tracking modes assumed compare to full tracking mode during a typical sunny day in Maroua, lead to percentages 98%, 99.98% and 69.25% in the sunniest month and 91.2%, 81.45%, and 62.85% in the least sunny month for East-West polar tracking, East-West horizontal tracking and North-South horizontal tracking respectively. Besides, the results show that, the East-West horizontal and East-West polar solar tracking modes are more suitable and getting closer with full tracking compared the North-South horizontal tracking mode. The optical efficiency reached at about 74% according to the East-West horizontal and East-West polar solar tracking mode and maximum temperatures of 180°C for air and oil and 90°C for water were reached by applying East-West polar and East-West horizontal tracking modes in a typical day of the sunny month.

Optical and thermal performances of a solar parabolic trough collector under climate conditions of the Cameroon Sahelian Zones

Pombe, Joseph Kessel — 2017-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

Detailed simulations in aim to evaluated performances of a solar parabolic trough collector under climatic conditions of Cameroon Sahelian Zones was devoted by using a computer program based on one-dimensional flow implicit finite volume method with energy balance. The heat collecting element of the collector was divided into several control volume and heat balance correlations was applied for each control volume of the trough. In other to solve the three linear algebraic equations obtained from the model, the Tri-Diagonal Matrix Algorithm was implemented. At all, the model estimates for a typical day of the least sunny and the sunniest months, the optical and thermal performances of the collector, the solar energy absorbed the useful thermal heat and the heat lost to the ambient. The E-W horizontal traking mode which is getting closer with full tracking mode is assumed to collect high optical efficiency at about 74% during all the seasons. The maximum of outlet temperature of heat transfer fluid obtained at the right end of the absorber tube is about 140°C, 138°C and 80°C during a typical day of the least sunny months and 180°C, 180°C and 90°C during a typical day of the sunniest month respectively for water, air and TherminolVP-1TM synthetic oil used as heat transfer fluid. Outlet temperatures obtained from the model compared with data from Sandia experimental tested collector and from another devoted work show that the model is very suitable to predict the behavior of a solar parabolic trough collector under climatic conditions of Cameroon Sahelian Zones.

Azami, Mohamed Amine — 2017-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

La mastite granulomateuse idiopathique est une maladie inﬂammatoire rare, d’étiologie inconnue. Elle affecte la femme jeune, en période d’activité génitale. C’est une pathologie méconnue qui pose aux cliniciens et radiologues des difficultés diagnostiques, étant donné qu’elle mime souvent une mastite carcinomateuse tant sur le plan clinique que radiologique. Son diagnostic repose sur l’examen anatomopathologique et l’exclusion des autres causes de granulome. Sa pathogénie reste obscure mais le rôle des corynébactéries est discuté. Le traitement est médical associé à l’exérèse chirurgicale. Le pronostic de cette affection reste favorable. Nous rapportant un cas à travers lequel nous discutant les aspects, épidémiologiques, cliniques, diagnostiques, thérapeutiques et évolutifs de cette rare entité.

Analysis of the financial effect of the appearance of Ebola and Lassa Epidemics on the beat hunting in the peripheries of the Municipality of Parakou in Northern Benin

Degla, K. P. — 2017-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The beat hunting represents an important source for food and income for populations in the northern Benin. But, although the bush meat is well appreciated by the population, it could also be a source for diseases then the wildlife is a great reserve of several dangerous microorganisms. In that respect the appearance of Ebola and Lassa virus in Benin had affected the consumption of bush meat and thereby the beat hunting. The analysis of this economic activity in the context of the Lassa epidemic was the subject of the present study. Based on a random sample of 150 hunters and using the “Before-and-After” approach, the results showed that the averages of gross margins in the absence and in the presence of the epidemic were 126 314 F and 140 489 F CFA respectively. With a probability of p=0.20, the difference of means is however no significant, suggesting, as also showed by the score of the hunters’ perception on the impact of the epidemic, that the Lassa epidemic had only a limited financial effect on their hunting activity; hoping thereby that their activity again increases as soon as the psychosis generated by Ebola and Lassa virus would disappeared. The indifference of hunters to the risks linked to these epidemics calls however, for the need of deeper future studies on the perception and motivation of hunters for hunting in periods of sanitary crisis in order to prevent public health catastrophes in the study area.

Electrochemical Studies on Ion Pairs Formation of Sodium Diethyldithiocarbamate in Water

El-Hammamy, Nasr Hussein — 2017-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The conductance data of sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (NaDDC) in water solutions at various temperatures (25, 30, 35 and 40°C) are presented. The results were construed by applying the Fuoss-Onsager equation to obtain the parameters: equivalent conductance at infinite dilution (Λo), the distance of closest approach (å) and association constant (KA). In the light of the solvent separated-ion pair model, the KA trend is discussed. A comparison was done between the value of å and the sum of calculated electrostatic Stokes' radii R+ and R-. Both of thermodynamic functions (ΔHo, ΔGo, ΔSo) and the activation energy (ΔEs) were determined; the Λo values were noticed to increase gradually with the dramatic increase in temperature referring to less solvation or higher ions mobility. Negative values of Gibbs free energy change ΔGo for (NaDDC) indicate that the association process is preferable than the dissociation process. The positive value of (ΔHo) points to that the association process is endothermic. Entropy change (ΔSo) values were positive which means that the solvation of ion-pair decreases emulated to that of the free ion.

Double Optimization of Machine-Tool Setting in the Case of Total Inertial Steering (TIS)

Boukar, Abdelhakim — 2017-03-02T00:00:00-00:00

The traditional machine-tools setting’s consists to rend each characteristic independent, it is for example the case of the transfer of dimension starting to the reference surface which allows taking one adjustment parameter (corrector) by one dimension. The setting in this case is trivial, because there is no dependence between characteristics. The modern machines allow henceforth the simultaneous realization of several operations in one manufacturing phase that put in question the traditional setting. In this context, the relations between manufactured characteristics on the part (or probed points on surfaces) and the correctors are complex, because it exist dependence of setting between surfaces. The Total Inertial Steering (TIS) approach that we present in this article allows to establish a direct relationship between the tool offsets available on the machine and the points of the surfaces through an incidence matrix In most cases, this matrix is not square and therefore not invertible, because there are more probed points as correctors to adjust. The Gauss pseudo-inverse allows to find solution that minimize deviations on the next parts. The problem come up when the same cutting tool machine two surfaces with different point values, the resulting solution favors the one with the highest number of points, at the expense of the other surface which can remain not conform. To remedy this problem, we propose in this article an original method to rebalance setting on surfaces, and this regardless of the number of points.

Access to family planning services in the city of Lubumbashi: Analysis of socio-cultural determinants face the unfinished urbanization

Kamanda, Jean Claude — 2017-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

After harvesting the data field and their statistical analysis, it appears that the level of education for women, religious practice and the approval of the husband on contraceptive use are socio cultural determinants of access to family planning services. Protestant’s women have a contraceptive practice twice higher than that of Catholics. However of all these factors, the level of women's studies has proven to be the most predominant factor. It was identified that 47% of couples engaged in discussions on family planning in 60% of cases on the initiative of women. Assortative couples high school or university had more access to family planning services as assortative couples from primary or uneducated. The women of low education who primarily live in the outskirts of the city do not have access to family planning services because of the absence of the latter. To have a good access to these services, it is recommended that religious leaders and promoters of the education of girls to increase awareness in the community and take man as main target.

Impacts of human activities on wetlands of Douala and sustainable management solutions: case of Tongo Bassa river

NWAMO, Roland Didier — 2017-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Les observations faites dans notre pays notamment dans la ville de Douala montrent que, l’état de ces écosystèmes aquatiques où sont déversées les eaux résiduaires provenant des différents dépotoirs des industries et des agglomérations et même du lessivage des terres environnantes, est assez démonstratif de l’impact de l’action de l’homme. L’objectif du présent travail est d’identifier et d’analyser les différentes formes d’anthropisation, ainsi que leurs effets sur le milieu afin de proposer des solutions de gestions durables. La méthodologie adoptée est celle basée sur les enquêtes et les types d’enquêtes adoptés sont l’enquête en face à face et l’enquête par observation directe. Les résultats des enquêtes ont montré que plus de la moitié des personnes enquêtées se sont installées dans cette zone à cause des difficultés financières. L’inondation apparaît comme la première menace subie par les populations. La majorité des popualtions se sont appuyés sur l’accès facile au site et le faible coût des domaines fonciers pour s’y installer. L’action de déversement des déchets dans le cours d’eau figure parmi les activités anthropiques les plus menées par les personnes ayant déjà été victime d’une catastrophe tandis que la production de la matière plastique se révèle être l’activité qui induis le moins les catastrophes le long du Tongo Bassa. Le remblai constitue la solution première à la prévention contre les catastrophes. Par ailleurs, les activités les plus menées sont l’élevage et l’agriculture et la majorité des personnes effectuant une activité la font sur la rive du cours d’eau. De manière générale, les déchets sont déverser dans les bacs à ordures et la majorité des domiciles possèdent des latrines aménagées situées loin de la rive. Plus de la moitié de la population enquêtée connait les noms des espèces végétales et les utiliser à des fins alimentaires. La proposition du drainage du cours d’eau est la plus avancée par les personnes enquêtées.

Effect of storage time and temperature on nutritional and bacteriological quality of collected raw milk in Burkina Faso

Didnang, Koye César — 2017-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this study conducted from july to october 2013 in Bobo-Dioulasso,Burkina Faso was to evaluate if these collected milk can be stored for a determined time at the state believed without deteriorating. Three hundred samples divided into 600 aliquots of 30 mL of raw milk were analysed after storage at room temperature and in the refrigerator at +4 °C. Milk composition was determined using infrared (FMA, Miris AB, Sweden, 2001). The bacteriological analysis focused on Lactobacilli, Coliforms, Staphylococcus and Psychrotropic. The data were subjected to the analysis of the variants (software SPPS 18 version). Means were compared by Newman- keuls test for p < 0, 05. The results showed variation of the nutritional value of raw milk after 24 h at room temperature compared to immediately analysed. The Lactobacillis, Coliforms and Psychrotropic have not significantly changed during the period. On the other hand, the rate of Lactobacillis increased after 48 h at room contrasting with a decline in the rate of Escherichia coli package. When the retention time exceeded 120 h at +4 °C, there was a significant decrease in the nutritional value of milk. Different bacteria rate has not significantly varied between 24 and 168 h +4 °C conservation explaining a direct action of the storage on these milk temperature. Thus, milk collected in Bobo-Dioulasso can be stored at +4 °C in the refrigerator for 07 days without deterioration of nutritional value if the initial bacterial load does not exceed 103 cfu/mL.

Change in soil bulk density on a nitisol derived from volcanic ash: effect on the rooting system of the East African Highlands banana (Musa AAA-EA)

Muliele, Tony Muku — 2017-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Bulk density is one of the main soil physical properties that affect root growth and development. This study aimed at characterizing bulk density distribution in a nitisol derived from volcanic ash, and assessing its effect on the rooting system of the East African Highlands Banana. Sixteen soil profiles (2m large x 1m depth) were dug at 40 cm from banana mat of second cycle at pre-flowering stage. At 10 cm increments, banana root density and soil bulk density were measured simultaneously. Soil bulk density was measured by gravimetric method, three replicates per soil depth. Soil texture and organic carbon content were also determined. Banana root density (roots.dm-2) was determined by overlying a 2 m² grid and counting roots in each 1 dm² grids. Results highlight a gradient in soil bulk density with values ranged between 0.85 to 1.08 g.cm-3. The lowest bulk density values were observed in the 40 cm topsoil, which also had most roots density (77%). Root density decreased sharply in deeper soil layers (<0.90 root.dm-² below 40 cm depth) with increase in clay content, and decrease in soil organic carbon content. To improve banana root growth and development in compacted soils, we recommend agricultural practices that decrease soil bulk density, especially the addition of soil organic matter throughout mulching, and tillage before banana planting.

TIEMTORE-KAMBOU, Bénilde Marie Ange — 2017-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

An urban dweller patient, 38 years old, came for an ultrasound scan of a mass of the right lower quadrant at the imaging department of the district hospital. She also suffered from fecal and air stasis. The ultrasound scan revealed dilated bowel loops and a mass of the right lower quadrant with a clear view of the fetus head whose parietal diameter measured 56 mm corresponding to a gestational age of 23 weeks and 2 days. The uterus was empty. The hypothesis of a mummified fetus was raised and plain abdominal film X-ray of frontal standing position was made. It showed air-fluid levels and small bowel mass of the right flank with a well individualized fetal head and two femoral bones. A surgery was required considering the signs of complications mainly a small bowel obstruction by compression. laparotomy performed 24 hours later confirmed the diagnosis of lithopedion in its lithokeliphos form. The situation subsequently became normal and the patient, received at the 45th day, was feeling well.

Innovations that can Change Energy Scenario in India

Kumar, Manoj — 2017-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

India is one of the fastest growing economies of the world and its energy requirement is going to increase manifold in the next four decades with the increase in population as well as per capita use of energy. This will require both increase in energy supply and its efficient use to cope up with growing demand of energy. Scientists throughout the world are working in this field to achieve this gigantic task to sustain human development. The present paper tries to describe what is going on in the scientific arena to fulfil this ever increasing human need. It also tries to suggest some innovations that have capability to change the energy scenario in India. What can be the best case scenario in the field of production-mix, innovative use of present sources of energy as well as efficient use of energy with the help of innovations in science and technology? The paper tries to point out that we should come out of scarcity mentality and think of abundance in each and every aspect of human endeavour with human creativity and innovations. With right blend of innovations and applications we can think of abundance in the energy scenario in coming decades.

Ndatabaye, Martin CIRHUZA — 2017-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study was intended to identify variables that may justify the rejection or acceptance of funding requests from SMEs and directed to MFIs in Bukavu town. Its scope was thus allow the streamlining of the process of SMEs in the preparation and composition of credit application files since it is possible that they are informed with the way they are perceived by donors of found given their characteristics. Based on a sample of 77 randomly selected SMEs and making use of logistic regression, it was found that the rationing of credit of SMEs by MFIs in Bukavu town is positively influenced by the working capital ratio, requested amount of credit, long-term relationship, the guarantees offered; and negatively by the economic returned ratio, the immediate liquidity ratio and sex at the 5% meaning threshold.

Natural regeneration of Gilbertiodendron dewevrei (De Wild.) J. Leonard (Leguminosae) in the S. Lisowski botanical garden (Kisangani city, Democratic Republic of the Congo)

Kirongozi, Francine B. — 2017-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of the present work was to evaluate the regeneration of Gilbertiodendron dewevrei in the Botanical garden of the Faculty of Science, University of Kisangani/DR Congo. 1.439 individuals were listed and gathered in various classes of size, diameter of stem and distribution around the carrying foot. 33 years after the establishment of this botanical garden, Gilbertiodendron dewevrei was transformed into a forest species. Indeed, it found ecological conditions similar to those of its medium of origin and which favor its optimal ex situ development. The individuals having the size ≤ 50 cm, are the most represented with 1055 individuals (73,3%) and numbers it individuals having a diameter ≤ 10 cm are higher with 1358 individuals (94,3%). The data on the carrying foot showed a good regeneration of the species. The number of individuals falls when classes progress in the ascending order. It is thus desirable that studies are regularly carried out on the species headlights of the botanical garden for a permanent follow-up of the evolution of their florula.

SURVEY OF THE IMPACT OF WASTES PRODUCED BY THE GREAT ESTABLISHMENT OF IRHAMBI-KATANA GROUPING, TERRITORY OF KABARE, EAST OF THE DR CONGO

KUJIRABWINJA RUCHACHURA, Elige — 2017-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

A survey has been conducted on the impact of wastes produced in the great establishments of Irhambi-Katana grouping, territory of Kabare, East of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. This study aimed to identify the impact of wastes produced by the great establishments of Irhambi-Katana grouping on human, the surrounding population and the environment. For reaching this objective, we used the method of collection of data by a questionnaire of inquiry and an interview in the great establishments of our study medium. After this inquiry and the analysis of the data collected, we accepted that the wastes in the great establishments of Irhambi-Katana grouping are bad stored according to the results found from our inquiries, the bad storage of the wastes in the great institutions of the Irhambi-Katana grouping sweeps along diseases and the nature pollution (atmospheric, of the water and of the soil) and the sensitization by an environmentalist agent and the creation of dump for wastes are the means for fighting against the consequences of these lasts on the environment and the human health. Thus, we recommended to the government to command respect the law on the wastes management and to the great establishments of Irhambi-Katana grouping to evacuate the wastes that they produce far from themselves for safeguarding the environment, the human and the surrounding population.

PERCEPTIONS OF THE GOLD PANNERS AND THE POPULATION ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS AND SOCIO-SANITARYS THE EXPLOITATION OF THE GOLD HAS KAMITUGA, IN THE EAST OF THE RDC

Kalakuko, K. — 2017-02-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: The mining exploitation always affected the immediate environment and the socio-sanitary life by the nature of the rock exploited and the use of the chemical products at the time of the treatment of gold. The objective of this survey was to clear the perceptions of the orpailleurs and non orpailleurs on the environmental and socio-sanitary effects of this exploitation. Methode: A transverse survey has been achieved in the mining City of Kamituga in Province of the South-Kivu. A questionnaire has been distributed to a sample of orpailleurs and present non orpailleurs at the time of the investigation. Then a documentary withdrawal has been achieved in five sanitary structures of Kamituga to determine the illnesses met at the orpailleurs during five years. Results: A total of 220 investigated of which 153 orpailleurs and 67 non orpailleurs had taken part to this survey, 26% of the children of less than 17 years were minor. The most quoted illness is the silicosis to 30%, then the intestinal parasitoses to 27%, the malnutrition à18%, the cough and the tuberculosis to 10%, the HIV to 8%. The relocation of the institutions and sacred sites were discerned by 22,7% to 36,6% of them investigated. The degree of the association of perception of the effects of this exploitation was associated meaningfully between the ‘function’ orpailleur and the masculine sex (p=0,006) ; the use of mercury, of cyanide and the generation of the acidic mining drainage (DMA) and their threat for the environment according to the majority of the orpailleurs (p?0,05), the level of the knowledge of the effects and the function orpailleurs and non orpailleurs (p < 0,05 and p < 0,01), the use of the protective materials and the knowledge so many the orpailleurs and non orpailleurs (p < 0,01). Conclusion: This survey had permitted to note that the environmental effects and sanitary socio resulting from the mining exploitation of gold in Kamituga were known meaningfully so much by the population that by the orpailleurs. These effects result from the dismissal of mercury and cyanide in the environment, of the deficit on average of use of the protective materials, of the relocation of the institutions and the sacred sites.

PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS IN CAMEROONIAN WOMEN ATTENDING THE NKOLNDONGO DISTRICT HOSPITAL IN YAOUNDE

NGONDE, Marie Chantal — 2017-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common bacterial infection sexually transmitted around the world. It is a public health problem in Africa and in Cameroon in particular causing infertility. The aim of our study was to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors associated with this infection in a population of women who spontaneously referred to the district hospital in Nkoldongo, Yaounde. Assay of IgG and IgM anti Chlamydia trachomatis antibodies in each serum was performed using ELISA method with the test kit provided by Biologicals General Corp Laboratories. The results were as follows: 41 women out of 182 with a prevalence of 22.52 CI95% (16.45-28.5) were tested positive for Chlamydia trachomatis. In our study 23.08% of women were infertile and the prevalence of infection (10.43% CI95% 6-14.8) among them is statistically higher than in the 3 others groups (antenatal care, premarital and contraception). Women less than 23 years of age were the most exposed to this infection with a prevalence of 6.04% CI95% (2.64-9.44), though the relationship between age and Chlamydia trachomatis was not statistically significant (p>0,05). However, the influence of Chlamydia trachomatis on infertility was statistically significant (p<0, 05). Moreover, the education profile of the patients also had a significant influence on the infection (p<0, 05). Low level of education is the only risk factor associated with Chlamydia trachomatis infection in this study.

An Improved Cloud Storage Access Control using JAAS on Stack of Kerberos Protocol

Hasan, Md. Mahmudul — 2017-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Cloud storage service is increasingly important and beneficial to the internet users. Users around the world enjoy the high performance cloud servers that are reliable, cost-effective and highly available. Communication vulnerability is also rising to destroy the confidentiality and integrity of user data and information while accessing via network. To resolve these attacks, cloud service providers offer gateways of secured access to the storage services. Though the existing systems are in reasonable standard, investigating a better approach towards security is always worthy. In this paper, we propose a two-step access control system based on Kerberos authentication protocol implemented using Java based authentication service, JAAS. This system provides a well-built and more powerful encryption process by applying Kerberos in two steps. Finally, we build a real time access control system that implements our proposed system.

Ilunga Edouard, Mbaya — 2017-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

It is not to show how biomaterials earn significant gap in the evolutionary perspective of man. In this article, we initially developed the concepts of materials and biomaterials. Then we are interested in studying the cardiovascular system of the human body, which allowed us to identify the bodies of the latter can be replaced or reinforced biomaterials. Given our research subject, we exploited Matrix Laboratory software (MatLab) to determine the characteristics of a new biomaterial bringing organic aorta.

The Mathematical Formulation of Laplace Series Decomposition Method for Solving Nonlinear Higher-Order Boundary Value Problems in Finite Domain

AKINOLA, EMMANUEL IDOWU — 2017-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

This paper presents a numerical method called Laplace Transform Series Decomposition Method (LTSDM) for solving fifth and sixth order boundary value problems in a finite domain with two point boundary conditions is presented. The method has to do with the combination of Laplace Transform method, series expansion and Adomian polynomial. The numerical results obtained using LTSDM are compared with the exact solutions, Differential Transform and Adomian Decomposition Methods. The results showed that the method is quite accurate, reliable, powerful, efficient, and is practically well suited for use in the problems considered.

Therapeutic and prognostic of uterine sarcoma: about 12 case report of the National Oncology Institute in Rabat

Bamohamed, M. — 2017-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Uterine sarcomas are malignant tumors with poor prognosis. The purpose is to clarify the epidemiological, diagnostic difficulties and therapeutic modalities and prognosis of uterine sarcomas. Twelve cases of uterine sarcomas supported the National Institute of Oncology (2008-2011) were analyzed. The average age is 43.75 years. Patients viewed had the clinical triad of bleeding, pain and / or pelvic mass. On the para-clinical, seven patients had an inconclusive ultrasound, however the scan was performed in all our patients showing a pelvic mass. The realization of the biopsy endometrial curettage led to the diagnosis. All patients underwent a hysterectomy associated with lymph node dissection in cases with carcinomatous component. Histological analysis of surgical specimens objectified 06 carcinosarcomas, 03 leiomyosarcoma, 02 endometrial stromal sarcoma and an adenosarcoma. In our study in discordance with the literature, the mixed mesenchymal tumors (carcinosarcoma and adenosarcoma) are the most common histological type 58.33% followed by pur sarcoma (sarcoma and endometrial stromal leiomyosarcoma) with a frequency of 41.67%. The average age of patients (43.75 years) is consistent with the literature. The classic clinical triad, reported by most authors, was found in the majority of patients. MRI and PET scan are the most successful exams. The diagnosis rests on hysterectomy’s piece. For treatment, surgery with hysterectomy and adnexectomy with or without lymph node dissection followed by external radiation therapy is the gold standard. Indeed, uterine sarcomas are malignant tumors with poor prognosis whose diagnosis is primarily postoperative. Surgery with radiation therapy is the gold standard. Hope rests on new drugs that are being tested.

Antimalarial activity of medicinal plants from West Africa: A review

AGBODEKA, Kodjovi — 2017-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Until now, malaria remains a major public health problem in the intertropical zone. There is an urgent need to identify new anti-malarial drug targets, due to the increasing problem of drug resistance to malaria parasites. Historically, the majority of antimalarial drugs have been derived from medicinal plants or from structures modelled on plant lead compounds. In various West African countries, several plants have been reported to be having antimalarial effects and are being applied traditionally as antimalarial agents. This review focuses on medicinal plants which are used to treat malaria in West Africa during the period of 2003 to 2015. It also attempts to describe some tests which can be used to evaluate plant extracts for antimalarial activity. One hundred and forty-six herbal plants have been captured in this article due to their local usage as antimalarial agents. Some like Acanthosermum hispidum D.C., Icacina senegalensis, Pavetta crassipes, Croton labatus, show intense activity against malaria parasites in vitro and in experimentally infected mice. The array of medicinal plants employed as antimalarial agents in West Africa, unveils a promising source for the development of new and better antimalarial drugs. It is vital that the efficacy and safety of traditional medicines be validated and their active constituents be identified in order to establish reliable quality control measures.

IMPACT OF TYPES OF CREDIT ON THE INCOME OF THE RICE PRODUCING HOUSEHOLDS IN THE NORTH WEST REGION OF CAMEROON

Malaa, DOROTHY — 2017-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this study was to estimate the impact of obtaining different types of credit on the production and income of rice faming households in North West region of Cameroon. This study is based on a sample of 183 rice farming households randomly selected within the rice growing villages in the region. The ordinary least square estimation shows that credit in kind, coaching, surface area cultivated, and secondary activity have a significant and positive effect on rice production. The Average treatment effect of the treated shows that Credit in kind is 51% and that for credit in cash 16.81%. Low effect of credit in cash is attributed to the fact that cash is used to handle other problems in the family. The study recommends that, rice farmers should adhere to farming organizations to permit them gain capacity building granted by UNVDA in combination to credit in kind such as seeds, fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides etc. and low cost rental of modern production tools. The upstream training on farming techniques is also required. Credit in cash should be limited. All these pull together will help to increase the production level that will go a long way to improve the income of rice producing households.

Mapping of Mammalian Purkinje Network on an Electrically Equivalent Circuit

Ahammad, Khandoker Tanjim — 2017-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

Purkinje network of a Magnetic Resonance Image cardiac dataset has been extracted using 3-D slicer. From that extracted model simplified circuit of Purkinje network has been generated with help of simplified version of cable theory. Also the length of each node of human heart has been identified using landmark tools of 3-D slicer. The action potential propagating through the network was simulated in MATLAB and the circuit was simulated in Multisim. This simulation was then represented with help of a 3-D printed heart visualization module. The main intention of designing a circuit equivalent to Purkinje network was achieved. However, the pulse of circuit was found to be lower than the actual pulse generated by the Purkinje network.

Kählerian structure associated to de Sitter group

Panga, Gregoire Lutanda — 2017-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this paper, we consider the de Sitter algebra and we realize the Kählerian structure by using the fact that the dual of a Lie algebra of a Lie group has a natural Poisson structure and also the fact that a non-degenerate Killing form on a Lie algebra induces a metric on its dual.

AMANI BALIAHAMWABO, John — 2017-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

We have conducted a research about the actual situation of Bukavu town that is facing problems of rural exodus and the proliferation of houses which are built in disorder without the intervention of local administrative leaders. Historic-critical and comparative methods with interviews and documentary notes have helped us to collect data for this piece of work in order to understand the phenomenon and events that are related to the division of Kivu lake coast. These methods and techniques have helped to make a location of elements and effects and look for their basic reasons in the timing and temporary setting with the aim of establishing the similarity and discordance between the Kivu lake littoral 20 years ago and the actual situation of this last with reference to certain administrative rules related to this issue. From our research, we have found out that there is remarkable weakness of politico-administrative authorities in matter of keeping the littoral of Kivu lake and environment protection. People get small lands to build their dwellings even on lands which were considered dangerous to build houses in former time. Places which are protected by the law, among which Kivu Lake did not escape to this predation and consequences, are now numerous at different levels. We have recommended to politico-administrative leaders to establish public waste bean, to adjust the littoral of Kivu Lake, the sensitization of the population, to make a regular checking of people who are building, to destroy some houses which were built on lands which are dangerous, to build houses at 10 meters far from the littoral, to respect environmental rules and establish appropriated strategies.

Kabirou, SOULEY — 2017-01-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study deals with farmers' perceptions of climate change and adaptation strategies in the main economic activities (agriculture and livestock) in the village of Baoucheri. Data were collected through a methodological approach focused primarily on qualitative surveys (individual interviews), quantitative (individual questionnaire survey) and focus group. The results show that farmers clearly perceive climate change. These translate into a decline and spatiotemporal irregular rainfall, extreme events such as high heat, high intensity of rain, flooding and high winds. These elements have an impact on agriculture, livestock and natural resources resulting in lower agricultural yields, reduced livestock and degradation of natural resources. In response to these constraints the main strategies adopted by farmers are: the rural exodus, agro-pastoralism, animal sales, reducing the number of meals per day, use of organic fertilizers and adoption of the domestic livestock and intensifying market gardening.

Promotion and Practice of Environmental Knowledge: The Experience of National Science and Technology Museum on Planning Special Exhibitions for "Taiwan Sustainable Campus"

Ger, Tzu-Hsiang — 2016-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

To present the essence of sustainable development education of Taiwan in museum exhibits, National Science and Technology Museum (NSTM) has been working to the best of our ability and creativity over the years. As part of government plans of promoting sustainability concept, two dedicated exhibition were curated by NSTM with different approaches. In the Achievement Exhibition of 2004, campus settings such as classrooms, campus stores, and educational gardens were designed in the exhibition hall to introduce concepts and ideas of recycling, soil permeability and water retaining capability. Unlike the precedent 2004 exhibition comprising fragments of knowledge, the "Planting Trees vs. Educating the Young: Taiwan Sustainable Campus Achievements" exhibition of 2009, systematically categorized exhibits into different sections of "Low Carbon Lifestyle and Renewable Energy Commercialization", "Healthful and Efficient Learning Environment", "Sustainable Ecosystems", and "Sustainable Campus Education", providing a more complete and systematic presentation of in a museum setting and corresponding more to the expectation of the academic circle and professionals. A survey of the visitors was also conducted through questionnaire during the 2009 exhibition to study audiences' familiarity with the topics as well as efficacy of the exhibition. Results showed that visitors did benefit from the exhibition in understanding more of the concepts of "Sustainable Campus", while the concept of sustainable energy, to certain extent, also inspired the introduction of NTSM.

N’KANGO MAFUTA, Isaac — 2016-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

On the menu of this study is the issue related to the brakes of the emergence of democracy in North Kivu province. This space has become a battlefield where is rooted chronic evil incarnate glazed societal crisis of multifaceted violence. The latter is accompanied by a procession of cruelty on human lives. This state of affairs illustrates a province in the Democratic deficits despite efforts by governments, since the results are mixed for an inculturated democracy on the North-Kivusien area of the Democratic Republic of Congo.

N’KANGO MAFUTA, Isaac — 2016-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

The iconic issue of transparency in the organization of the 2006 elections in WALIKALE territory in North Kivu in the Democratic Republic of Congo is at the heart of this debate. The result is a paradox between the qualification of the transparent elections held on this space and the observed reality that indicates the non-patent transparent, due to fraud and lack of freedom of electoral organization. This denial of transparency of these elections does not guarantee peace in Congo - Kinshasa and North Kivu in general and in particular WALIKALE.

The valuation of local products: challenges and perspectives

OMARI, Soumia — 2016-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the globalization of the economy, we notice a high demand of the local products on the word. These products serving not only to bring to the consumer the authenticity which he demands, but to assure a sanitary quality in a local environment. Conscious of these challenges, Morocco fixed as mission to value its local products in the objective to assure a socioeconomic development of the partners and to get the main part of the value added in these regions and to encourage the ecotourism.

Depression of Pande and Kapiri Gypsum deposit

Augustin, Matete Milonguenu — 2016-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

A geomorphologic analysis of Pande depression coupled to the gypsum deposit of Kapiri and the physico – chemistry analysis water samples and gypsum at right of site (on the Kapiri flat) has well shown that there is tight relationship within morphology of depression and his occurrence of gypsum. Hypothesis of the most plausible suggested into frame of this study that is, the occurrence gypsum of Kapiri don’t result of deposit of rock salts in solution tonic minerals upper to depth. Moreover gypsum mass to herself is inadequate as tank for assuming the flow observed before the beginning of rains. Closes relatives and nest rock crystal observed at Kapiri have been developed in compressing and in distorting flakiness of enclosing shale. Deposits constitute draught into topography of detail and introduce clearly as supply and those supplies must pursue up to now to in judge per quantities solvated in few time on storage areas outdoors. This overview is necessarily very sketchy because it is the result of oriented research especially in a practical way.

The Significance and Values of Indigenous Rituals among the Oromo People: The Case of Uke Ritual

Faye, Bayissa Negesa — 2016-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Indigenous knowledge is the knowledge that indigenous peoples are leading their livelihood and also they learnt it from the actual practices during their day to day life. Among the different aspects of Indigenous knowledge, one is Indigenous ritual; which is conducted by indigenous peoples for very different reasons. Traditionally the Indigenous knowledge were considered as worthless and anybody have had criticizing it. But, currently the reality is promulgated by different scholars as the indigenous knowledge is very crucial in day to day life of indigenous peoples. The research methodology was mainly qualitative research method. The primary data were gathered through observation, FGDs, key informants’ interviews, questionnaire and informal conversations. Secondary sources were gathered from the district offices and internet. The Uke ritual is the indigenous ritual celebrated by children’s whose age are less than 16 years. It is the ritual celebrated with the bread anointed with butter and milk on July 5/12 E.C/July 12/19 in G.C. This ritual has a lot of purposes like commemorating the children’s day, consolidating their relationship, training them about their future career, publicizing their right, etc. The political and religious (protestant) domination faced the people during the past regimes contributed much to the weakening of Uke ritual. Here, it is also possible to say that before the commencement of Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, the Oromo people have a culture that respects and give guarantee for human right in general and that of children’s right in particular.

Service quality, Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty of Commercial Banks in Ethiopia

Kibret, Abiot Tsegaye — 2016-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

Healthiness of financial system of a country depends on the success and competitiveness of financial institutions. The success and competitiveness of financial institutions are primarily realized through banks service quality, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. Cognizant to these facts, this research was conducted to evaluate service quality, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty of commercial banks in Ethiopia. Two hundred three customers were surveyed with purposive sampling from selected commercial banks in major cities in the country. Further, the study explored the relationship among service quality, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in Ethiopian Banking industry. The study revealed that customers are not satisfied with all dimensions of service quality of commercial banks in Ethiopia, and customers are not loyal to the banks. The study, further, confirmed that service quality, customer satisfaction and loyalty were found to be significantly correlated. Moreover, the study disclosed the existence of significant difference between private banks and public banks for the variables mentioned. The study recommends that banks in general and commercial bank of Ethiopia in particular have to improve the tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy dimension of service quality in order to satisfy customers and hence to make customers loyal to banks.

Pragmatic Analysis of Some Expressions of Politeness in Kihavu (D52/J53)

David, Byamungu Byandima — 2016-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study investigates the pragmatic expressions of politeness in Kihavu. It analyzes pragmatically different expressions of politeness in accordance with the Havu culture and custom. To achieve this research, I used the documentary research, the questionnaire, the observation of gestures of politeness that accompany polite utterances, and the interviews, especially with mature speakers of Kihavu. After the analysis, the findings have revealed that polite utterances in Kihavu are culture-specific, i.e. they are specific to the Havu culture and custom, and most of them are partially gestural. Furthermore, the investigation has shown that Havu people do not use expressions of politeness randomly insofar as they have some culture-oriented goals, intentions, purposes and decisions while uttering them.

FPGA Implementation of MQ Coder in JPEG 2000 Standard - A Review

Jayavathi, S.D. — 2016-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

JPEG2000 is a one of the popular image compression standard. The vital part of this standard JPEG2000 is Embedded Block Boding with Optimal Truncation (EBCOT). This block conserves major part of the processing time for performing compression operation. The EBCOT block consists of two components called bit-plane coder and MQ coder. The use of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) provides specific reprogrammable hardware technology that can be properly subjugated to obtain a reconfigurable system. The current MQ coder architecture seeks ways to provide high throughput and minimum execution time with the decreasing the size and power consumption. In this study, various techniques used to implement the MQ coder block in FPGA are compared.

BACTERIAL BIODIVERSITY OF THE DRINKING WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS OF REGIDESO KISANGANI (RD CONGO)

MOLAMBOLE, E. — 2016-12-02T00:00:00-00:00

: In Kisangani, 100 taps two major networks (low and high pressure) water distribution REGIDESO were selected for bacteriological analysis. From a quantitative point of view, the results of our study showed a high bacterial’ biodiversity in the REGIDESO distribution network: the number of bacteria varies from 6,10 to 290,10e bacteria / ml in the circulating biomass and from 4 106 to 90,106 bacteria / cm2 biomass biomass fixed generally, bacterial densities are highest in the biofiim than in the aqueous phase. The most identified genera Escherichia, Kiebsiella, Salmonella, Citrobacter Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Acinetobacter, Moraxella, Micrococcus, Alcaligenes, Corynebacterium Bacillus, Enterobacter. Maintaining the quality of drinking water should be characterized by stability of bacterial growth. The treatment plant and water distribution in the DRC must control the sources of the reduction of microbial contamination and limit microbial degradation of drinking water.

The model of cooperative bank: characteristics and governance

Mergoum, Ikhlas — 2016-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Currently, cooperative banks compete with the biggest capitalist financial institutions. In principle, the aims, values and governance of this banking model are not identical to those of conventional capitalist banks mainly oriented towards maximizing short-term financial performance. Indeed, the specific governance of cooperative banks presupposes a much more democratic vocation, equitable and sustainable. The originality of this work lies in the asking milestones or thought on the model of the cooperative bank is still unknown in Morocco despite his international success. More specifically, the objective of this paper is to present the specifics of the cooperative bank and analyze the governance mechanisms it adopts to ensure the balance between the cooperative identity and the economic and financial performance.

Spatiotemporal dynamics of natural habitats es of the Ramsar site of complex Sassandra-Dagbego by remote sensing

Kouassi, Kouakou Hervé — 2016-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study is performed on the Ramsar site of Sassandra Dagbego complex that houses important wetlands including the estuary of Sassandra river and mangrove forests. It has for objective to study the state of conservation of this wetland of international importance that is this site Ramsar. Its implementation was made from the exploitation of satellite images at medium resolution (Landsat TM and OLI) and of investigations on the ground. The processing of images on the implementation indices, colorful compositions and supervised classification was used to map land cover in 1986 and 2014 and to analyze the dynamics of natural habitats between the two dates. The results show a dynamic land use characterized by regression over time, mangroves and forests for the benefit of the cultivated and residential areas.

DermatoFibrosarcoma Protuberans - A rare dermatologic malignancy: 120 case reports

Jebri, Fethi — 2016-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Background: The dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is a rare skin tumor with a low grade malignancy. It is characterized by a random and asymmetric local extension and a spontaneous tendency to local recurrence. This characteristic is the main difficulty in the management of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. The aim of our study was to evaluate our experience in the management of this disease and to clarify the epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic and prognostic characteristics of this rare tumor. Methods: This was a retrospective, single-center, covering 120 cases of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans treated at the Institute Salah Azaiez, over a period of 21 years from 1 January 1992 to 31 December 2012. Results: The average age at diagnosis was 41.5 years, ranging from 7 to 82 years. . Our population was consisted of 51 women and 69 men. The chief complaint most frequently found was the rapid growth of a nodule (39.2% of cases). The average consultation time was 51 months. The predilection was the trunk in 71 patients (59%) and members in 42 patients (35%). The average lesion size was 6 cm, with a range of 1 to 20 cm. The most common appearance was an isolated nodule in 60% of cases. Ultrasound soft tissue was done in 15 cases (12.5%). Therapeutically, our patients underwent a wide excision in 118 cases and adjuvant radiotherapy in two cases. We observed nine cases of recurrence after a median follow up of 29 months. We observed ten cases of sarcomatous transformation six of which have developed lethal metastases. Conclusion: The prognosis of this disease depends on the surgery performed in first intention which must be complete from the start. Any inappropriate surgery increases the risk of recurrence, sarcomatous degeneration and metastasis.

A Study on Path Loss Analysis for KNUST Campus WLAN, Ghana

Ngala, Daniel Kuyoli — 2016-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The growing demand for local area communication are prominent for day-to-day activities, therefore, there is growing interest in optimizing the WLAN infrastructure so as to increase productivity and efficiency in the various school campuses, factories, hotels, among others. Regardless of the enormous benefits offered by WLANs, the environment, including building, trees, bushes, vegetation, climate, and interferences from other RF signals in which the WLAN operates play a critical role in defining the architecture and design of WLAN. In this paper, a mean path loss model was developed and compared with some well-known models and it showed some agreement indicating it can be used to effectively deploy WLAN infrastructure for effective coverage distance, improved client received signal quality, reliability of data transfer, and effective data rate on KNUST campus.

Epidemiological surveillance of measles in Niger: Analysis of the database of notifiable diseases (DND), 2003-2015

Alkassoum, Salifou Ibrahim — 2016-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Despite the strengthening of routine immunization, Niger continues to register measles outbreaks in some health districts. The objective of the study is to analyze the database of notifiable diseases (DND) for 2003-2015. A retrospective descriptive study was conducted. All suspected case of measles in the DND and the National Reference Laboratory (NRL) database were included. Data was analyzed using the software Epi Info version 3.5.3. A total of 173,997 suspected case of measles and 8,959 suspected cases of measles were recorded respectively for DND and the NRL database from 2003 to 2015. The age range of 1 to 4 years was the most represented with 36.78%. It was showed that 93.12% of the sample was not vaccinated or had unknown vaccination status. The sample having an adequate sampling state had represented 80.02% and 57.84% were positive for IgM. All regions recorded cases and deaths from 2003 to 2015 and there are many disparities across regions and years. The study revealed that there are many variations and disparities across regions and years.

NGOY MUANA-BUANGA, Jean Claude — 2016-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The significance of the security governs North Kivu post-election 2006 embodying the gray area in Congo - Kinshasa, radiates a geopolitical exhilarating contingency of armed conflict iterative multi causalities between the myriad armed groups mobilizing and stratagems strategies for both symmetric and asymmetric with moving contours, expressions safe modes ideological agendas and identity reviled. This context illustrates a real myocardial continuously inviting ipso facto, the caste of state and non-state recalcitrant involved in this game of decentralization of violence to undermine the revolution by their responsibilities as anchor forces presence to build an unmarked path ahead, the result of the invention of the new paradigm tropicalized to the extent of the issue leading to the actual practice of the culture of peace and security, guaranteeing the takeoff of sustainable development Contemporary North Kivu, by rethinking the authority of the State challenged to transform the geopolitical conflicts chaos in tropic observed on land between armed groups erected in ingredients career extractive economic resources in new geopolitical strategies to reconquer State emerge, the power of peace and hope in Congo - Kinshasa.

CHARACTERIZATION OF GRANITIC IGNEOUS ROCK FOR DEVELOPMENT OF FUNCTIONAL CERAMIC GLAZES

Toluwalope, Ogundare — 2016-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Granitic Igneous rock is commonly found as granite dust on most quarry site, this form of igneous rock possess the same elemental composition with feldspathic and kaolinite minerals found in-situ, granitic igneous rock found along Klington Quarry Site was characterized using XRF to determine the percentage composition of the granitic Igneous Rock and XRD to understand the mineralogical phase distribution. The granite dust was mixed in proportion with feldspar and wood ash respectively to detect the best functional composition suitable for forming a ceramic glaze. The mixture was fired to a temperature of 1250oc with composition G4 exhibiting the most promising result.

What type of knowledge management strategy adapted to the context of the Public Administration Department ? Case of the Department of Marine Fisheries

CHERKAOUI SELLAMI, Safa — 2016-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Through this study, we tried to study the different types of knowledge management strategies and objectives. The aim is to raise the policy type most appropriate to the context of public administration. A case study was conducted in the Department of Marine Fisheries, who thinks implement a knowledge management approach, based on semi-structured interviews with twenty actors directly involved in the knowledge management process the Department. We tried, first, to present a synthesis of the literature on knowledge management and strategies of KM. In a second, we presented the results obtained in our study that demonstrate the importance of linking the two types of existing KM strategies with the objective to guarantee the success of the strategy known within the Department of sea fishing.

Pretreatment of textile industry effluents with a perforated intermittent sand filter

Ouattara, Jean-Marie Pétémanagnan — 2016-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The textile industry generates a large amount of wastewater containing various pollutants (dyes, heavy metals, salts, etc.), which cause severe problems to the environment. The treatment of these effluents by classical methods (activated sludge and physico-chemical) is very expensive for developing countries. In this context, alternative low-cost technology may be investigated. Among others, the treatment efficiency of a perforated intermittent sand filter was studied on a textile industry effluent in Abidjan. Various filter configurations (perforation area: 150, 300 and 600 cm2) were used. Conductivity, pH and light absorbencies at 436, 525 and 620 nm of the effluent and the filters filtrates were followed up. The relevant results are a decrease of pH from 11 to 6 and 9, desalination and a discoloration of about 45 % of the raw effluent at 436 nm. The best pretreatment of the raw textile effluent was obtained with the perforated intermittent sand filter having 150 cm2. The intermittent filtration of textile industry effluent on a perforated sand filter wise an area of 150 cm2 seems to be a promising alternative for the pretreatment of textile effluent.

Influence of Fiber Content on Mechanical, Morphological and Thermal Properties of Waste Textile Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Composites

Anwar, Md. Ashif — 2016-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

In textile industry, production and consumption of textiles produce huge amount of waste every year, rendering its main conclusion that it is one of the most polluting industry. To counter the problem, reinforcing waste textile fiber with polymeric materials is one of the measures for reducing textile industry’s negative contribution towards environment. In the current work, waste textile fiber reinforced polypropylene composites were prepared using hot press machine at different fiber loading (10, 20 and 30 wt%). Mechanical properties of such composites were investigated by tensile, flexural, impact and hardness tests. Generally, their mechanical properties showed a decreasing trend except impact strength that followed increasing trend. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) were also carried out for the characterization of the composites. The FTIR analysis of the composites showed increase of fiber content. Tensile fracture surface morphology and thermal stability of the composites were examined by SEM and TGA analysis respectively.

Study of quality and Water Management of well in sub-urban medium of the DR Congo: Case of the common Bandole and Ndjombo of the urbano-rural city of Basoko

KAZADI, M. — 2016-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

A sample of 68 wells left again in the four districts of the City of Basoko had been the subject of our investigations for the analyses physicochemical and bacteriological. Also an investigation in the 350 households into the behavior of the house holds screw-with screw of water of domestic use was carried out. The bacteriological analyses raised the presence of the indicator germs of the pollution in analyzed water of the wells, like some pathogenic, whose quantitative average of the colonies is 79,05; 443,39 and 3, 22 units by water 100ml, respectively for the fecal coliformes, streptocoques fecal and Salmonella or Shigella. This observation shows that all the investigués wells are polluted. The identified germs, in addition to the Salmonellas or Shigella, are: C. frendi (33,8%); E coli (26,7%); Klebsiella spp (18, 3%); C intermédiare (12,7%) and Enterobacter (8,5%). As for the chemical physico analyses, the pH of water of well takes varies from 4,92 to 7,38; while their temperature ranges between 25 and 33° C the average values of the proportioned chemical compounds are: 8,635 mg/l for the ions chlorides; 13,225 mg/l for calcium; 8,02 mg/l for magnesium; and that the alkalinity of water of the wells analyzed was 85,6 Mg / L. It comes out from our investigations that certain households draw and store water in the buckets without lids, (42, 23%); others clean their containers of storage or drawing up that once per week (3,33%). Moreover, it ya of the households which preserve water of domestic use during in the month 3jours (5,78%). 88,22% of the households do not treat water before consumption. In addition, certain households do not have toilets, it is - with - to say défèquent with the free air (10,44%); and that 9,55% of the wells of supply water are located at less than 50 meters of the toilet.

AMINI MUSANGE, Jean Claude — 2016-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

The tie between economic growth and system of education seems sufficiently established to collect a large consensus of the economists. The profits of the education go well beyond their contribution to the human capital in the production of goods. To shortcoming this survey carrying on the" role of the woman's education: Arbitration between work and fertility", it was question to understand the interrelations between the woman's education, the use and the fertility in urban environment, and more especially in the city of Goma. The data have been collected with the help of a questionnaire and the results have been analyzed thanks to the methods statistical, inductive and comparative. To this effect, the software packages Eviews 3.0 and Sphinx Plus allowed us to make econometric analysis of the survey. After the analyses, we noted that the elevated instruction level pushes the woman to look for a salaried job (rather than to remain in the domestic works). With regard to the influence of the woman's education on the wanted births, it is little meaningful. It would be useful for the state to take some measures in terms of policies and strategies in view of to control well and to master the dynamics of the populations. To this consideration, let's signal that the demographic explosion has some ties with the poverty of the countries of the South. With regard to the households, the awakening of conscience concerning education and fertility can contribute to the improvement of their life conditions.

MUBAGWA MBOGOBAHIGA, Justin — 2016-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Public transit in the city of Bukavu requires that every player involved will be performing. This study from research data from January to December 2015 is intended to analyze the performance and demonstrate the importance of roads and transport as key factors for the development of the medium. Indeed our study of 200 players divided into the three towns of Bukavu reveals that transport is poorly organized there (56.6% of the population) and this has consequences for the socio-economic life of the population while the number of vehicles that are growing at a cruising speed. The population making use conveyance believes that to improve transport conditions in the city of Bukavu, it should create new routes (21% of the population), expand the city to the suburbs (17.5%), create parking (18.5%), regulate traffic (20.5%), take regular vehicle inspection (7%), fight against police harassment (6%) and regularly recycle drivers (9.5% Population). These findings reveal the importance of the involvement of the authorities both political and administrative in order to make easier the mobility of the population.

Problematic of preserving the architectural heritage and its sustainability (Sheikh Sa'eed House in Dubai for example)

Darwish, Mahmoud Ahmed — 2016-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

With the advent of the idea of preservation of archaeological and heritage buildings as well known, architects adopted the principle of restoration in general as a mechanism for the maintenance and conservation of these buildings, however, with the development of concepts to keep gradually turning this concept of guaranteed protection of historic buildings to the concept of sustainable preservation to include the retention and preservation of Origin side by the process of field to the side, taking into account the values of perception its relationship to the urban fabric, characteristics of the society who is included, and the connections to it. The principles of sustainability appear in traditional housing in its compatibility with the environment with all its pluses and minuses according to a framework of protection and adjustment, There are several basic principles, which were based on the building of traditional housing, the principles of sustainability include: planning and dealing with the site, design thinking in traditional housing, environmental design and conservation of energy, natural ventilation in traditional systems, and building materials. As multiple preserve the architectural heritage levels depending on the size and type of heritage and its importance, and are: to maintain the heritage elements, keep one building, such as restoration and renovation of the buildings of heritage and turn them into museums or tourist attractions, and the preservation of a group of buildings, or complete a heritage area. Maintain policies that include two parts: preventive preservation and therapeutic preservation, which includes: protection, preservation and strengthening construction and renovation, restoration, rehabilitation, reproduction and re-construction, maintaining mechanisms: policies and other degrees of intervention, as policies also include renewal, refinement, repair, maintain, restore neighborhoods retrieval, replacement, re-representation, and redevelopment. The research aims to highlight the importance of architectural heritage of Dubai represented by Sheikh Sa'eed's House (1896), which represents a model for arts of architecture in arabian Gulf region in the nineteenth century, and represents – as traditional architecture - the height of architectural modernism, and to highlight the importance of policies of architectural conservation and sustainable for this house, which is integrated with the design of thought and traditional architecture. And deals with the problematic of preserving the architectural heritage and sustainability, where highlights a comprehensive picture of traditional architecture, where architects adopted the principle of sustainable preservation order to protect the historic building, and awareness and appreciation of a comprehensive environment-urban and urban heritage and fabric, and design using local building materials and simple techniques studied, according to the principles of sustainability.

Continuous wavelet analysis of rainfall fluctuations at interannual and decennial scales on the south-eastern part in the Democratic Republic of the Congo between 1940 and 1997

Muliwavyo, Albert Mbata — 2016-11-02T00:00:00-00:00

Wavelet analysis was applied to the standardized rainfall time series in the south-eastern in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in order to determine periods of rainfall fluctuations in this region at interannual and decennial timescales and to assess the influence of regional or remote climate phenomena on the rainfall of that sector between 1940 and 1997. The local, the global and the scale-averaged wavelet power spectrum of the rainfall time series of that sector indicate an important fluctuation between practically 1960 and 1970. Wavelet coherence spectral analysis shows that the southern oscillation El Nino phenomenon, the Western Hemisphere Warm Pool, the Atlantic Ocean climate variability and the Indian Ocean dipole have a very weak influence on rainfall on this territory. Scale-averaged wavelet coherence in 2-16 years band is lower than 0.5 whatever the climate index considered. Other factors must also be considered in the study of rainfall variability in this study area.

A Novel Line Extraction Algorithm using 2D LiDAR for Ego-motion Estimation

Ye, Lei — 2016-10-28T00:00:00-00:00

The paper proposes a convex hull-based algorithm for rapid line extraction from 2D LiDAR datas. It uses an algorithm to calculate feature points in LiDAR data frames. Geometric features contained in these feature points provide information for subsequent matching. Compared with traditional LiDAR matching algorithms, the algorithm is greatly improved in terms of iterations and matching precision. This algorithm finally was used to solve the ego-motion estimation of an indoor robot.

Ecosystem Services of the World Largest Mangrove Forest Sundarban in Bangladesh

Hossain, Mohammad Ismail — 2016-10-28T00:00:00-00:00

Sundarban is the largest productive contiguous mangrove forest in the world, located in the south-western part of Bangladesh. UNESCO declared three wildlife Sanctuaries of the Sundarban as 522nd World Heritage Site in 1997. The unique and a house of diverse biodiversity of the Sundarban is not just a good to be conserved for its intrinsic value, but has a critical role in ecosystem processes that provide essential services to the country and the community living nearby. Species level traits were found to benefit a number of ecosystem services, with species abundance being particularly important for pest regulation, pollination and recreation, and species richness for timber production and freshwater fishing. It is also the hub of natural resources and beauties with several types of tourist destination which may be used as a potential tool for sustainable ecotourism promotion in future aiming one hand to protect the natural environment and cultural diversity, and on the other hand, generating a source of revenue for the local people without harming the nature. A new paradigm of management should look forward to considering climate change, ecological integrity, sustainable harvesting and ensuring continuity of the ecosystem services of the Sundarban. This paper, therefore, attempts to examine ecosystem services of the selected sites of the Sundarban in context of exploring their sustainable uses for both enhancing livelihood and promoting ecotourism.

INFLUENCE OF QUALITY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION OF BUILDING CONTRUCTION PROJECTS IN NAKURU TOWN, KENYA

Kwasira, Laura Atamba — 2016-10-28T00:00:00-00:00

This study aimed at examining the quality management practices of building contractors in Nakuru town and how these practices influence successful completion of projects. The study utilized the descriptive survey design where a sample of 107 building contractors was selected from the target population of 335 National Construction Authority registered building contractors in Nakuru town using the proportionate stratified sampling method. Data was collected from the selected companies using structured questionnaires, and analyzed using both descriptive and the multiple linear regression technique. Results revealed that all the four components of quality management have a statistically significant and positive relationship with successful completion of building construction projects in Nakuru town. The study recommended that building construction firm invest in quality management especially quality improvement in order to increase their rate of project completion success. Policy makers should also introduce quality management courses in the training curricular of key construction workers such as engineers and project managers so as to improve the implementation of construction projects.

OPTIMISATION OF BANDWIDTH MANAGEMENT IN A PROJECTION: CASE OF A VIDEO SURVEILLANCE

FOMULAC MISIRAGENDA, Germain — 2016-10-28T00:00:00-00:00

In this reflexion, we want to manage the transmission channels of images (increase, multiply, limit or decrease the access path or transmission), describe possible methods of transmission and access to the image in order to have an idea about the amount of frames to send per second to maximize the information of highway during a projection in a video surveillance; especially when several stations negotiate live image at the same time. We tempted to outline the procedure of optimization of bandwidth. Multicast, multiple streams and video compression are three innovative methods that we have offered to users in order to optimize bandwidth management in the application of video surveillance. With software of video management of his choice, the user can maximize the function of his camera installations, to further profit a reduction of bandwidth requirements.

PARI, Paboussoum — 2016-10-28T00:00:00-00:00

Ensuring professional insertion of graduates remains a great challenge for every government. Everywhere, we witness nowadays the promotion of a new concept, the one of entrepreneurship. In Togo whether through awareness, prospectus or mass media, people are invited to turn towards the entrepreneurship like students as well. This research is aimed at identifying the UL students’ motives to turn to private venture. To achieve this goal a questionnaire has been elaborated and administered to a 308 – student sample. The processing of data collected allowed to consider and validate eight (8) factors or dimensions which push students to turn towards the entrepreneurship; which complies with the hypothesis put forward.

Architectural heritage of the Arab castles and forts in Khyber (Saudi Arabia)

Darwish, Mahmoud Ahmed — 2016-10-28T00:00:00-00:00

Khyber is located in the northeast of the Medina, at a distance of 170 kilometers, has been a stronghold of the Jews before and during the Islamic conquest. Muslims have been able to open Khyber forts including Na'em and Al-Sa'b and Abi Alnezar then Alqmous and Aloutih and Al-Salalim. Khyber forts erected on the Arab Planning for forts and castles, which were affected in the architecture forts and castles that have spread in Egypt, the Arabian Peninsula and the Levant, and the distinction of being held irregularly ribs on the rocky hills of high, clear idea disabilities through forts sloping (Tolos) on the way in Arabic, Which is to dusty slope which costs the attacking armies hardship ups and downs, so as not to easily reach the fort. The idea was to create a high-forts are difficult to climb vertical making them completely at the bottom and turned to the strengthening of curtain walls are so resistant to bombardment or digging tunnels underneath or earthquakes by increasing the thickness of construction and fencing that a thickness of at least at the top gradually rise and the use of ancient columns asourse in construction inside the walls This research addresses the architectural study of the forts and castles in Khyber, as one of the tributaries of the architectural heritage of this city, which was characterized by following the Arab architectural planning of military fortifications that had prevailed in the Arabian Peninsula since ancient times. Through two axes: the descriptive study of the forts of Khyber and analytical study, which include architectural planning and architectural elements and features of urban planning for the forts. The research aims to highlight the architectural and military importance of the forts and castles of Khyber, the study of architectural planning and architectural elements as one of the rings the evolution of Arab military fortifications. The research also follows two approaches: descriptive and analytical study of these forts, and make a comparative study between them and contemporary forts and castles to determine the architectural planning and elements, and to emphasize that these forts and castles have been affected in architecture by the forts and castles that have spread in Egypt as well as in the Arabian Peninsula and the Levant.

Patent Development of OECD Countries: A Panel Data Study

Çalışır, Seda — 2016-10-28T00:00:00-00:00

Today, the technology has become a substantial factor that affects a country's competitiveness and economic growth. It is considered that the classical factors of production –capital, labor, land- do not provide an efficient growth in countries without the human capital accumulation and the technology. Thus far, the literature has widely examined the interaction between economic growth and the innovation level of the countries. The main contribution of this study has been to demonstrate the impact of human accumulation and the government’s research and development (RandD) policies to patent development, which is a proxy for measuring the technological improvement. By exploiting the intensity of RandD researchers and RandD expenditure policy among 28 OECD countries in panel data for years 1998-2013, this paper provides the policy suggestions for governments by taking into consideration also the patent stock depreciation through years. According to our comparisons among pooled OLS, fixed and random effect models, the RandD expenditure policy and the patent stock have an obvious effect on the patent development of these 28 countries. Nevertheless, the RandD researchers and government researchers do not seem ensuring statistically significance. It would better for the governments to strengthen the human capital factor by applying more inclusive education policy to see its efficiency in the economic growth.

Montcho, Rodrigue Sèdjrofidé — 2016-10-28T00:00:00-00:00

Local knowledge appropriation mechanisms are operationalized in Benin for the prevention and repair of damage caused to the environment every day. Social logics underlie these strategies of appropriation. This qualitative research has analyzed the strategies of appropriation of local knowledge on the prevention and repair of environmental damage Benin to 90 surveyed through sampling technique reasoned choice. It should be noted that the perception and practices of actors in relation to the prevention and remedying of environmental damage are lining up with social norms. Therefore, strategies to prevent and repair are based on local knowledge. Despite the advantages of these standards, they have many limitations. The participatory system of nature protection of this view needs to be strengthened.

PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF HIV-1 ISOLATES FROM GEM SUB-COUNTY OF SIAYA COUNTY- KENYA

Paul, Jaleny Ochieng — 2016-10-28T00:00:00-00:00

As the HIV pandemic becomes increasingly complex and devastating in Africa, there is need to come up with better management strategies in terms of treatment, vaccine and better testing methods. However, this is getting hampered by the high diversity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1), which is brought about by high rate of replication and mutation. The occurrence of mutations leads to emergence of diverse subtypes and variants which are genetically related but distinguishable. Studies have associated the different subtypes with different clinical and public health consequences. In this study, molecular analysis of the Protease and Reverse Transcriptase gene sequences of the HIV-1 isolates from plasma samples collected from Gem sub county in western Kenya was done. Genes sequences generated were aligned with consensus sequences obtained from Los Alamos HIV Sequence database. Phylogentic analysis was then done using PAUPTM software, version 4.0. A total of 21 HIV-1 plasma isolate samples from Gem sub-county were taken for molecular analysis. The results showed several mutations in both Protease and Reverse Transcriptase gene regions. The phylogenetic analysis revealed, 16 (76.2%) of the 21 isolates analyzed to be subtype A, subtype D were 4 (19.0%), and the remaining 1 (4.8%) was circulating recombinant form, CRF_AD. Since this study revealed three different HIV-1 subtypes in Gem, it would be necessary to conduct a future study to find out the effect of these subtypes on the transmission, pathogenicity and the rate of HIV-1 disease progression in Gem sub-county, western Kenya.

Characterization of groundwater mineralization in the eburnean coastal gneiss by geochemical modeling (South East Ivory Coast)

Adiaffi, Bernard — 2016-10-28T00:00:00-00:00

Fractured aquifers of gneiss are the main drinking water sources for population living in the north area of Alépé. Neglecting geochemical monitoring of such groundwater is able to deliver water consumers taking unacceptable risks. The quality of water from bedrock in terms of taste can lead people to drink surface water whose chemical quality is lower in comparison with the reference quality. The aim of this study is to estimate the major cations concentration of gneiss groundwater in which mineralization was almost due to silicate hydrolysis. To achieve the aim in view, a study of main mineral of the gneiss aquifer was carried out and a geochemical simulation through inverse modeling by PHREEQCI code was applied on water rock process. The study showed that the main silicate minerals of gneiss that contained major cations were albite, K feldspar, plagioclases and amphibole. The dissolution mean rates of minerals able to increase groundwater mineralization by hydrolysis were 1.3 x 10-5 mol L-1 for K-feldspar, 3.8 x 10-4 mol L-1 and 1.0 x 10-4 mol L-1 for oligoclase and amphibole (ferro-tshermakite), respectively. Through these results, it shown that oligoclase would be the mineral more favourable for hydrolysis among feldspars studied in the gneiss. In gneiss groundwater, sodium was mainly supplied by oligoclase, potassium was supplied by K-feldspar and ferro-tshermakite, magnesium was supplied by ferro-tshermakite only and calcium was supplied by oligoclase and ferro-tshermakite.

Short-term effects of environmental restoration on diversity and abundance of Carabids in three lowland ecosystems in Burkina Faso

Ilboudo, M. Edith — 2016-10-28T00:00:00-00:00

Many human activities affect arthropod diversity and may threaten environmental health. Some insects may act as biological indicators based on their presence or absence in an ecosystem. The present study was conducted from 2006 to 2009 to evaluate changes in the diversity and abundance of ground Carabids following restoration activities conducted in three lowlands ecosystems that had previously experienced high levels of human pressure in Burkina Faso. Three micro-catchments were identified in the regions of Soum, Sanmatenga, and Kompienga, using a hydrographic chart of Burkina Faso. The diversity and abundance of carabids collected in pitfall traps at the beginning and end of the rainy season were compared using 2006 as a sampling reference year with restoration activities (abandonment of farming, forestation and scarification) occurring in 2007. Post-treatment surveys were conducted in the same seasons of 2008 and 2009. Forty-nine species of Carabids have been identified based on monitoring of 1800 pitfall traps. The number of species generally increased in 2008 and 2009, from 9 to 41 species in the three micro-catchments. Species richness and insect abundance definitely increased where human pressure decreased and restoration measures were successfully conducted. However, Carabid diversity increased only in Soum micro-catchment; this site seemed to be more affected by restoration. Carabids are likely to be good indicator species; reports can be prepared relatively quickly. The results are discussed in relation to the goal of developing ecologically sound tools based on bio-indicator insects that can be used for environmental management.

Problematic of protection of cultural property and heritage in times of armed conflicts

Darwish, Mahmoud Ahmed — 2016-10-28T00:00:00-00:00

Heritage and cultural property in all its forms, represents people's Assembly, which passed from generation to generation, where blend the features of national character and national characteristics distinct memory. Monuments constitute an episode of cultural and civilizational evolution, and confirms that the loss of any impact, represents a great loss for all of humanity. In these circumstances, it is not surprising to find that the war took a pose on the monuments and their value, as destroying monuments and cultural property and heritage of many countries, under the pretext of military necessity. If the media play a national and a national responsibility, especially in the countries and communities in which they locked in a comprehensive counter neo-colonialism and regional and international instruments, as is happening today in many of the Arab world countries, the media transformed by necessity into high-impact strength, and be one of the priorities of its duties is not pumping breaking news field or the immediate prosecution of media hostile lies and refutes it by video and audio and documents, but also to defend the national patriotic memory components, particularly the inherited cultural and civilizational heritage, and thus defend the threatened destruction, mutilation identity. Instead of the media system's active role in the definition of heritage and civilization, and to contribute to influencing the preservation of identity and the consolidation of its components in society, it ignore little by little these components, although the deliberate destruction of Antiquities and places of worship and works of art is a manifestation of slipping into the abyss of the overall cultural war. This research deals with the role of media in protecting the heritage and cultural property, and aims to highlight: the dire consequences and the risks to the wealth of civilization and culture in the Arab countries, including Iraq (for example), which took the forms in a systematic destruction of historical monuments and religious sites. Controlled by the western media and western agencies bias against the Arab countries, and the control of news sources pictured on the Arab news, and the role of media outreach, in the face of the impact of satellite television and hostile Internet and social networks, and other media dominant, which has become a large part of which poses a threat to national identity. It follows a descriptive approach through the extrapolation of the definition of cultural property, treaties and conventions organized to protect them in situations of armed conflict, and to monitor the destruction of Iraqi cultural property solution, as follows analytical method to determine the role of new media in the protection of cultural properties.

On Misconceptions of Ecological Concepts among Public Senior Secondary Schools Students in Benin City, Nigeria

EROMOSELE, Oghosa Eunice — 2016-10-28T00:00:00-00:00

This study was motivated by the poor performance of students in science (biology) in WAEC and NECO examinations. Research showed that conflicts exist between science and students perceptions of science which results in students developing misconceptions in science, eventually leading to low performance of students in external examinations. As a result, the need to study ecological misconceptions as a major topic in biology syllabus became paramount. The focus of this was to find out the misconceptions held by students in ecology, to determine if sex, cultural background and school type have influence on students conception on ecological concepts. Based on this, four schools were chosen from urban centre and two schools were chosen from the rural location. A total of 246 students participated and two-tier diagnostic questionnaire with 20 items was used as the research instrument. Hypotheses were tested using t-test with 0.05 level of significance. Analysis was done using SPSS and the results showed that students holt much much misconceptions in the tested concepts, and that these misconceptions were not different by sex, but are significantly different by cultural backgrounds and school types with a higher misconceptions existing amongst students in rural and public secondary schools. In sum, improving teaching techniques could ameliorate the challenges inherent with understanding of scientific phenomenon.

Use of Landsat satellite images in the study of the degradation of the riversides of wadis: example of the riversides of wadis Rdat, Zat and Tensift during the flood of November, 2014 (Marrakech, Morocco)

AIT MLOUK, Mohamed — 2016-10-28T00:00:00-00:00

The evolution of the riversides of wadis, Rdat, Zat and Tensift, depends, principally, on the intensity of floods and inundations generated by torrential rains slaughtered at the level of north mountainside of High - Atlas of Marrakech. The climatic conditions makes of the valleys of the wadis studied favorable zones to floods and to the degradation of the soil. From 21 to 23 November 2014, violent torrential storms, attaining 250 mm in few hours, beat down on the very high peaks of High - Atlas of Marrakech. They have resulted in impressive floods of different wadis that originate in high altitudes. Hurtling down the slopes up to the plains of the Haouz, the Muddy Waters, at high load solid, have carted the soils, trees, crops, houses and road infrastructure.The riversides of the wadis have not escaped this destruction. This degradation of soils, orchards and olive groves can be observed and analyzed by the satellite images and the field studies. As well, we proceeded to a treatment of images with the GIS tools using satellite images of Google Earth at high resolution and the Landsat images(missions of October and December 2014) with a resolution of 30m and 15m (panchromatic band). To highlight the vegetative cover of alluvial plains and its evolution in bare soil during the flood, we have represented the bands the ratios 6/7, 6/5 and 4/2 respectively in red, green and blue using the software ENVI. The analysis of the risk linked to the degradation of the banks of wadis in the study area, revealed three main processes of degradation; the erosion due to the current under the effect of the water, the landslide in mass after a quick drop in the water level and the collapse. The results obtained are very interesting and can be very useful for the understanding and the good management of water hazards and more specifically to the phenomenon of soil degradation.

Diagnosis of internal communication within a Moroccan organization

EL KORRI, Maha — 2016-10-28T00:00:00-00:00

Today and especially in large companies, internal communication emerges as an important strategic asset. Internal communication is a management assistance tool. It cannot be designed or performed independently. It evolves with the organization and through it. It seems essential to give importance to men because it is they who make the company and not the reverse. This importance is manifest as listening and optimal internal communication that passes through the achievement of many goals for the business. Hence the interest of this article summarizes a study in a Moroccan organization. This investigation concerns the internal communication within an organization operating in the field of insurance. This is achieved diagnosis to identify some strengths and weaknesses in order to propose ways forward in internal communication system. The objective is to make an inventory of the existing while analyzing communication needs. The methodology to carry out this study is as follows: first a pre investigation comprised interviews and a questionnaire 1. The goal was to test the waters to collect the interviewees felt about the internal communication. This step is fundamental because it is a transitional phase to the second experimental stage, which is structured around two in the first steps that the TGN (The nominal group technique) to be followed by a questionnaire 2. The three investigative tools used in this study will be a return of the collected data will be opened, analyzed and interpreted in terms of impact and delete on the internal communication process.

Impact of organic fertilization on some soil characteristics and rubber tree growth parameters (Hevea brasiliensis Müll Arg.) during the installation phase in Bonoua in the south of Côte d'Ivoire

Essehi, Jean Lopez — 2016-10-28T00:00:00-00:00

An Agronomic test of a period of eighteen month, was conducted in the town of Bonoua, to study the effect of organic fertilizer on the vegetative growth of immature plants of rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis Müll Arg.), and the effect on chemical soil characteristics. A randomized complete block (BCR) of eight treatments and three repetitions, using two sources of organic manure with three levels of doses each, has been set up. The data on the growth unit (CPU), the diameter of the scion (DS) and the height (H) of plants, were observed every six months, starting from the implementation of the tests. Soil samples were also collected, with the same frequencies for analysis. The results showed that, on chemical soil characteristics, some differences relative to control without fertilizers, thus indicating some improved effects of the two types of compost on the studied soil, concerning pH, organic matter content and the cation exchange capacity. Unlike the cow manure-based compost, the increasing of the dose of compost made from chicken droppings resulted lesser effects on soil pH. Vegetative growth in plant height and diameter of the scion were also improved respectively with 24.45% and 15.60%, compared to the control (without fertilizer), through the used of 1.2 t ha-1 of compost of chicken manure. So, under the conditions of this study, this manure, at this level, can be recommended on immature rubber plants.

ICT integration and the role of school leadership: perceptions of head teachers of secondary schools in Quetta Pakistan

Jogezai, Nazir Ahmed — 2016-10-28T00:00:00-00:00

The study figure outs perceptions of secondary school head teachers in ICT integration in enhancing pedagogies in Pakistan with focus on Balochistan Province. This was a qualitative study with having twelve head teachers as research participants while interviews, informal talks and focused group discussion were used as data collection tools. It is observed from the findings that most of the head teachers had positive perceptions about integration of ICTs into day to day teaching and learning practices. In addition the head teachers although revealed many hindrances in the way of integration of ICT into teaching and learning practices but there existed a significant optimistic approach, at the end of schools’ head teachers, for having considered many enablers for promoting ICT integration for improved pedagogical practices at schools. Their effective leadership role was found to be the man enabler in this regard.

Study on efficacy of agricultural trainings in respect of improving the livelihood of disaster affected farmers

Rana, Md. Masud — 2016-10-28T00:00:00-00:00

This research paper investigates the extent of training effectiveness as perceived by the participant farmers of Nobojibon Program, a rehabilitation program for the disaster affected people of Bangladesh. The specific objectives of the study were to determine and describe the extent of effectiveness of Trainings as perceived by the participant farmers of Nobojibon Program and to explore the relationship between each of the selected characteristics of the trainees/farmers and effectiveness of training programs. Data for the study were collected by personal interviewing from 120 randomly selected farmers of six Unions of Kalapara Upazila of Patuakhali district during the period of March 01, 2015 to April 15, 2015. Here 60 male and 60 female farmers were purposively taken. Pearson’s product moment correlation co-efficient were computed to examine the relationship between the concerned variables. The effectiveness of training scores of the respondents ranged from 83 to 244 with an average being 163.66 and standard deviation 35.05. It was found that more than fifty percent (50.83) of the farmers had medium level of effectiveness of training compared to 27.5 percent of them having less effectiveness and 21.67 percent, high effectiveness. Out of ten independent variables, six of them, that is years of farm size, communication exposure, innovativeness, cosmopoliteness, economic motivation and commercialization had significant positive relationships with their effectiveness of training. Four independent variables i.e. age, education, annual family income and organizational participation had no significant relationship with their effectiveness of training.

Epidemiology, Treatment and Outcome of Muscle invasive bladder cancer in north Tunisia

Ayadi, Mouna — 2016-10-28T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: There have been only few data published reporting the clinical or pathological features of bladder cancer in Tunisia. Muscle invasive bladder is characterized by poor outcome despite systemic therapy. We aim to report the epidemiological, clinicopathological features and treatment of invasive bladder cancer in a Tunisian population. Materials and methods: A total of 141 patients diagnosed with invasive bladder cancer were included in the analysis. Data were collected and correlated with overall survival (OS). Kaplan Meier survival analysis was used to evaluate the median survival time and survivals were compared by the log-rank test. Results: Median age at diagnosis was 63 years old. Sex ratio was 14.6. Median follow-up duration was 22 months. Smoking was the most important risk factor in our series (81.6%) of cases followed by occupational exposure. Hematuria was the most common symptom reported in 93.6% of cases. Urothelial bladder carcinoma was the most common histologic subtype representing 93.5% of cases. Only 61 patients underwent curative surgery, followed by adjuvant gemcitabine-based chemotherapy in 32 cases. TNM staging was the most significant prognostic factor in our population (p<0.001). Median overall survival of the organ confined group was 60 months, in the locally advanced group was 36 months and in the metastatic group was 12 months (p<0.001). Conclusions: The increasing incidence of bladder cancer is due to ongoing high prevalence of smoking, which represents the main risk factor. Therefore primary prevention is crucial. Bladder cancer remains diagnosed in Tunisia at locally advanced and/or metastatic stages impairing the prognosis.

Eating habits among the people of Abora traditional area

Hope, Peter Alexander — 2016-10-28T00:00:00-00:00

This paper discusses eating habits among the people of Abora Traditional Area in the Abura Asebu Kwamankese, Central Region of Ghana. The discussion focuses on Cultural etiquettes or values and examines how the people of the Abora Traditional Area consider eating as a social phenomenon; norms associated with eating, who to eat with, at what place, when to eat, what to eat by some categories of people and so on. The paper also touches on some beliefs the people have on eating. How people should conduct themselves when eating will also receive attention in the discussion. Through observations, discussions and interviews among selected villages and elderly folks in the area, the author Some specific situation(s) will be highlighted to unveils how the people of Abora Traditional area recognises eating as a perfect social behaivour.

Artefacta dermatitis revealing depression

Ouédraogo, Nomtondo Amina — 2016-10-28T00:00:00-00:00

We report the case of a 27-year-old lady with psychiatric history, presented to dermatological consultation with 6 years, ambiguous history of recurrent skin ulcerations on her members, abdomen, chest and face, the cause of which she could not explain. Examination revealed different age lesions: erosive lesions of one to two centimeters, with net borders coexisting with crusted lesions and scarring hyper pigmented lesions situated on accessible parts of the body. No general signs accompanied these lesions and laboratory testing was normal. The diagnosis of dermatitis artefacta was raised, motivating a deepening interrogation that revealed psychosocial and interpersonal difficulties. Abandoned by her husband, who had married a second wife for six years (date of appearance of lesions). She was also accused to be responsible of repeated miscarriages of the second wife, and then repudiated without her 3 children who are abused by the second wife. Her psychiatric evaluation revealed a severe depression without psychotic symptoms. The recommended psychiatric treatment (psychotherapy and antidepressant medication) could not be conducted because she had broken up the medical following.

Retrospective Study Evaluating Efficacy and Toxicity of Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer Patients

Eid, Samir — 2016-10-28T00:00:00-00:00

Head and neck cancer is the most common cancer in developing countries. The concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) was a standard care for patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma. So, the aim of the present retrospective study was to assess the efficacy and toxicity of the radical concurrent chemo-radiotherapy in head and neck cancer patients and to identify the prognostic and therapeutic factors affecting the outcome. This current study included 102 patients receiving radical radiotherapy concurrently with chemotherapy (Cisplatin, paclitaxel, and Docetaxel plus Cisplatin). These data were collected from the databases at South Egypt Cancer Institute and Assuit University Hospital. In these patients, the sites of tumor were in the following descending order: larynx (65.7%), the oral cavity (16.7%), the hypopharynx (14.7%) and oropharynx (2.9%). The tumor stage IV was recorded in 83 patients (81.4%). The loco-regional control after the treatment was 74.5%. The median follow up was 12 months. The 2-year overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) were 26.7% and 23% respectively. The prognostic factors that were significantly associated with the tumor response were the tumor stage, the histopathologic grade, the radiation dose and radiation treatment time. The primary tumor site was the only significant independent prognostic factor affecting both OS and PFS and the radiation technique significantly affected OS but not PFS. The hazard ratio was considered in the significant prognostic factors to determine the importance of factor levels. The most common treatment toxicities recorded were for mucositis (29.4%), dysphagia (28.4%) and skin reaction (21.6%).

Trig-Disc: An innovative device for determination of values of trigonometric functions with single measurement

Tyagi, Pankaj — 2016-10-28T00:00:00-00:00

Angles and lengths of a triangle engaged the mathematicians from historical time. The branch of mathematics that resulted from these studies is now known as Trigonometry. The discovery that lengths of a right angled triangle and the angles between them have a definite relationship led to the invention of trigonometric functions. The determination of values of various trigonometric functions like sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, cosecant and secant for various angles in four quarters of a circle was a challenging task. Various methods and tables were generated for determining these values. Efforts were made to invent various devices for these measurements. There exist various U.S. patents [1-7] based on devices developed to visualize, teach and calculate values of various trigonometric functions. In the present paper, we are reporting a very accurate, economic, simple, and portable device designed for measuring the values of Trigonometric functions. The patent application number for the reported device is 1068/DEL/2015. The device consists of (i) a unit radius circular disc (with 360o angle scale indication on its circumference of 1o accuracy, X- and Y-linear scales markings with accuracy of 0.01 unit and marking of four quadrants of the circle), (ii) a corresponding linear scale with positive marking, (iii) a corresponding linear scale with negative marking and (iv) a blank transparent strip. The device can directly measure all the six trigonometric identities (sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, cosecant and secant) for any value of angle up to the accuracy of 0.01 units just by measurement of only one parameter on one of the provided scale by appropriately placing it on Trig Disc along with blank linear strip in respective quadrants. Single measurement on a linear scale and no division or calculations of values is main feature of the device.

The Use of Manipulatives Materials in the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Education in Nigeria: An Overview

Ojo, Emmanuel Osiewundo — 2016-10-28T00:00:00-00:00

In order to succeed in physics especially in the Nigerian educational system, students must expand an understanding of abstract concepts. Elementary instructors often use manipulatives to represent concretely the abstract concepts that students are learning and to connect these concepts to previous knowledge as relates to physics. Traditionally, instructors and learners used concrete manipulatives, however, in many contemporary classrooms instructors and students also use manipulatives (pictorial and virtual). This review article will begin by defining, and providing examples and potential applications of manipulatives. Next, this review article will present the theoretical foundations and importance for teachers and students to use manipulatives in physics education in Nigerian educational system. Finally, this review article will review the literature on the impacts of teachers and students using physics manipulatives. The authors hope that this review article reveals the factors and conditions that may contribute to instructors’ and learners successes and struggles with use the manipulatives.

Graphical Representation of Real-Time Data from IoT

Siddhant, Shashwat — 2016-10-28T00:00:00-00:00

The amount of data in this world has been exploding and expanding at an astounding rate. There is data coming in from almost every possible source. This data has to be carefully monitored and utilized in order to draw meaningful conclusions. For this sole purpose, analysis is done. Analysis of data makes it usable and transparent. This enables people with almost no technical knowledge understand the significance of the data captured. This paper focuses on the implementation of a medium for real-time graphical representation of data transmitted by IoT devices using favorable transmission process depending on the device. The medium chosen for this purpose is a website with a friendly user interface which makes it easy for people to study data, understand its importance and utilize it accordingly.

KITHAKA, KIMBERE — 2016-09-28T00:00:00-00:00

Said local political power to traditional chiefdoms of the North Kivu is changing in response to colonial issues conveys modernity and traditionalism of the conservative spirit in the post-colonial DRC. Migrants and economic hegemony stimulating population growth and economic progress are an important asset to the Hutu and Tutsi immigrants newly acquired citizenship since 2006 and other majority populations such as YIRA (Nande) to reform the local traditional power often said that customary holders and their congeners living glaring disparities vis-à-vis these majorities. The number of complex breakdown of parental organizations by life sharing fears and habits, the consolidation of the customary power opposite that of democracy based more on the number and land expropriations in favor of individualism and deeds of real estate securities, sponsorship patronage for some local leaders remain in power longer have reinforced the erosion of those local authorities whose protection is affirmed by certain texts without practical arrangements to protect holders whose terror ended with the disintegration is confirming leaks, assassinations , dismissals, the rejection of pensions system, the radicalization of the conquest by the Tutsi HUHU and without any real solidarity with the Nande to weaken the BUHUNDE and bring sclerosis. These abuses mentioned above are adequate to the realities of chiefdoms BUHUNDE, Bashali Bwito and current Sectors OSSO and Katoyi without forgetting the impacts of Chiefdom Bukumu (Territory of Nyiragongo and the Southeast Territory of Walikale.

From an ongoing training management toward a skills development system: a case study of a Moroccan bank institution

HAMZA, LAHKIM BENNANI — 2016-09-28T00:00:00-00:00

Nowadays, organizations operate in more and more complex and changing environments. Therefore, they are constantly forced to develop their human capital. Accordingly to this challenge but also to this opportunity, many Moroccan organizations are trying to set up a training device enabling them to develop theirs human resources skills. In this regard, we accomplished a study that aimed to evaluate a Moroccan bank management training process in order to identify its strengths and the points to improve. In short, this study allowed us to conclude that the institution success in term of human capital valorization was not only relying on its training process performance. But that this success depended on the adoption of an integrated skills development system affecting the different human resources management aspects.

Determining and comparing vocal tract length using vocal tract constrictions and linear predictive coding

Sarmah, Akankhya — 2016-09-28T00:00:00-00:00

The length of the vocal tract is correlated with body size which can be determined by using formant frequencies in speech. The interconnections between vocal tract length and formant frequencies are explored here. Recorded and computer-synthesized vowel sounds are used to gauge the vocal tract length of a speaker under consideration. Vocal tract length assessment may play an important role in ‘vocal tract normalization’, which is crucial for speech perception and language acquisition. Vocal tract length is analyzed by applying two methods namely linear predictive coding (LPC) and vocal tract constriction (VTC). Speech signal is produced by the convolution of excitation source and time varying vocal tract system components. These excitation and vocal tract components are to be separated from the available speech signal to study these components independently. To reduce the complexity of deconvolving the given speech into excitation and vocal tract system components the ‘Linear Prediction analysis’ is developed. The VTC evidence gives a measure of the very low frequency component present in the signal and hence gives different range of frequency values for different types of sounds. Zero frequency filtering (ZFF) is used to give an approximate measure of vocal tract constriction in terms of the low frequency component present in the speech signal.

Elyaqouti, Mustapha — 2016-09-28T00:00:00-00:00

In this work, we present the study of the complementarity of solar and wind energy in order to evaluate the profitability of a renewable energy system that can be installed at both sites; one located in the city center and the other in the southeast of the city of Agadir. The results show that the studied sites do not present an interesting complementarity between the two forms of energy but rather an important dominance of the solar potential relative to the wind potential.

SENGE Milemba, Phidias AHADI — 2016-09-28T00:00:00-00:00

Les établissements d’enseignement supérieur et universitaire dans la ville de Goma connaissent une mévente liée à l’absence de la coopération entre eux. La coopération a vite cédé place à la compétition sous-jacente au sous-développement du système éducatif supérieur. Cette note problématise cette compétition et explique les facteurs à sa base ainsi que son impact sur la qualité des produits des établissements d’enseignement supérieur et universitaire. Il se démontre que ces établissements connaissent, d’un côté, une pénurie criante d’équipements, de matériels didactiques spécifiques et de ressources humaines spécialisées et compétentes selon les domaines de leurs vies, et de l’autre, la culture ethniciste qui s’érigent en obstacles à leur coopération. Il faut donc que les établissements travaillent dans la complémentarité en vue de la formation d’une élite à la hauteur des défis des sociétés contemporaines et à mesure de compétitionner sur l’échiquier international avec les produits d’autres systèmes éducatifs supérieurs.

The mathematics between the fundamental (intelligible) and the applied (sensitive)

Taitai, Omar — 2016-09-28T00:00:00-00:00

As the human being is curiously fascinated by the domination, more particularly; the scientists use the mathematics so as to provide an intrinsic description of the universe and why not making the related forecasts. The obtained results from the application of the mathematics in the physical world are wonderful; nonetheless, the mathematics theories are separately developed from the real world. It is therefore the agreement and disagreement between a discipline created by the human though regardless of any experience and the real world, that will be reviewed and attempted to be highlighted, in accordance with the vision of the philosopher mathematicians who had marked the history of the mathematics via the brilliant interventions either on philosophical or mathematical fields. To this end, this paper will be devoted to explain the intellectual conflict between the intellectual and the sensitive world from mathematical side.

IMPACT OF ANTHROPOGENICS ACTIVITIES ON THE WETLANDS OF KAMBO AND LONGMAYAGUI RIVERS (DOUALA)

NDJOUONDO, Gildas Parfait — 2016-09-28T00:00:00-00:00

Demographic change is responsible for the degradation of wetlands Douala. The overall objective of the study is to analyze the impact of uncontrolled human impact on the lives of people and vegetation located in the neighborhoods of Kambo and Longmayagui rivers (Douala). Interviews with heads of district and surveys of the local population have been made. In total 1 314 boxes were counted (125 boxes in Kambo and 1 189 boxes in Longmayagui). Seventy-five people were surveyed in Kambo (60 %) and 450 people in Longmayagui (37.84 %). The local population is mainly originally from western Cameroon. The main reason she moved into these areas is poverty. She practices mainly agriculture on the banks of Longmayagui and Kambo rivers and dump all their waste into rivers. The plants are invasive and regularly cleared it. These plants are useful to local residents for food and traditional medicine. The management of these areas is not a matter for policy makers but each riparian without any help is doing in managing its space. The interviews and surveys have highlighted the complexity of interactions between actors. Respondents are aware: they identify the environmental, social, political and territorial raised by the management of risk areas.

Inventory of the avifauna in the fields under RNA in the village of Dan Saga in Niger

Ousseini Niandou, Fati — 2016-09-28T00:00:00-00:00

The determination of the impact of the Natural Regeneration Assisted on the avifauna, which is very good indicating of transformation of the landscapes, requires proceeding to its inventory. The present study carried out in the village of Dan Saga in the months from September 2014 and 2015 which a site par excellence of the RNA were for the first time the object of an inventory in order to see the contribution of the Natural Regeneration Assisted on the return of the avifauna. In this direction it was preceded, with an inventory of the avian biodiversity by the combination of the methods of line and not transects. Thus, eight transects were traversed during the two programs of census. It comes out from this study that the village of Dan Saga has a good avian diversity, represented by 29 species of which most frequently observed are pass griseus, Bubalornis albirostris and Petronia dentata. These species set out again in 20 Families. The Kilometric Index of Abundance (KIA) were much more important on Transect of North-West (TNO) and Transect of North (TN) where Faidherbia albida are important; on the other hand Transect of East (TE) presents the weakest IKA. Finally we can say that assisted natural regeneration supports the maintenance and the blooming of avian fauna.

Renal clearance and urinary excretion of cefuroxime in healthy male volunteers

Fiaz Khalid, Muhammad — 2016-09-28T00:00:00-00:00

Cefuroxime was evaluated for the pharmacokinetics and clinical effects in 8 healthy volunteers, Bolus i.v. injections of cefuroxime 750 mg b.i.d. or 750 mg once daily were given to the patients depending on the degree of renal impairment. The concentration of drug in urine was measured during treatment, and pharmacokinetic parameters were investigated; Drug elimination half-life increased from 4.2 h (creatinine clearance 23.0 ml/min) to 22.3 h (creatinine clearance 5.0 ml/min) with decreasing renal function. The apparent volume of distribution ranged from 11.6 to 17.9 . A linear correlation was found between the total and renal clearance of cefuroxime and the creatinine clearance; the extrarenal clearance was 8.24 ml/min. Concomitant treatment with furosemide did not impair renal function and no evidence of nephrotoxicity was found. The clinical efficacy of the drug was good. Symptoms of infection subsided after 3-4 days and the isolated pathogens were eradicated. No relapse or episodes of reinfection were observed in a following-up period of 3 months. The drug was well tolerated and no side effects or changes in haematological or biochemical values were seen.

Integrated Remote Sensing and GIS Applications for Mapping diverse Landscapes and Potential Touristic Destination in Zarzis, Tunisia

Khebour Allouche, Faiza — 2016-09-28T00:00:00-00:00

This study aims to present the benefits of a new methodology based on geographic information systems and remote sensing techniques for the identification and classification of Mediterranean landscapes. The approach has been applied to a coastal region of South East Tunisia: the Zarzis region. It is based on the combination of different satellite Landsat-8 image processing, namely supervised and unsupervised classifications and calculation of radiometric indices. Thematic maps and validation of results by Google Earth images have permitted, in a second step, to offer a touristic destination and geolocation of few stations encompassing representative of the area landscapes. This study presents an innovative methodological approach based on remote sensing and GIS to map the types of landscapes in Zarzis region. This approach may be useful in landscaping projects and as an efficient tool to develop a touristic destination by highlighting each type of landscape.

Rheological properties of Seven Different Yams (Dioscorea species) within the Yam Germplasm

Polycarp, Delali — 2016-09-28T00:00:00-00:00

This study was designed to characterize the most cultivated and consumed yam (Dioscorea) cultivars within the Ghanaian yam germplasm based on their rheological properties in order to assess their potential alternative food and industrial processing applications. Matured yam varieties grown and harvested under the same climatic and edaphic factors were obtained from the Roots and Tuber Conservatory Division of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Plant Genetic Resources Research Institute, Bunso Ghana. Samples were processed into flour and the pasting characteristics along the length of each variety were determined using Brabender Visco-amylograph (Brabender Instrument Inc. Duisburg, West Germany) equipped with a 700 cmg sensitivity cartridge. Significant differences (p<0.05) existed among the yam varieties for their pasting characteristics. However, no significant differences were observed in the pasting profile along the tail (T), middle (M) and head (H) regions of each tuber. Pastes from flours of D. rotundata had high maximum and final viscosities (333.5-384.5 BU and 343.5-404.0 BU respectively). Breakdown viscosity was low (<10 BU) in all the studied varieties, except D. dumetorum (54-71 BU). The findings from this research will be relevant to yam producers and processors in programmes aimed at developing new food/industrial processing applications using Ghanaian yams.

Prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium among School Children in Bauchi State, Nigeria

Usman, Alhaji Mohammed — 2016-09-28T00:00:00-00:00

An investigation conducted to determine the prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium among school children was carried out in Bauchi State Nigeria. Six hundred 600 urine samples were collected and examined in the rainy and the dry season each. Sedimentation method was used for the investigation of the Schitosoma haematobium. Six hundred (600) questionnaires were distributed in order to determine their knowledge and perceptions about urinary schistosomiasis in relation to their community. The overall prevalence of 423 (35.3%) was observed during of the period of study 314 (26.2%) males and109 (9.1%) females. The difference between the infection rate in males and females was statistically significant (p<0.05). Prevalence rate was also noted to be higher among age groups between 13-14 years 206 (17.2%) followed by 11-12 years 139 (11.6%), 9-10 years 66 (5.5%) and 7-8 had least 12 (1%). This was also tested statistically and was not significant (p<0.05). The prevalence rate in the rainy season was 235 (39.2%) and 188 (31.3%) in the dry season. This was statistically significantly. The study showed that there is prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in the study area. Poor knowledge of causative agent of the infection and subsequent means of transmission has contributed to the high prevalence recorded. Proper health education, provision of portable water especially in the rural areas as well as raising the standard of primary health care clinics to facilitated correct diagnosis and treatment of the cases is all recommended for the eradication of the disease in the study area.

Profile of gastrointestinal parasites of goats in southern and central Côte d'Ivoire

EMANFO, Alex Stéphane Affian — 2016-09-28T00:00:00-00:00

An epidemiological study was carried out in 2015 in five regions of southern and central Côte d'Ivoire. It aimed to determine the profile of gastrointestinal parasites of goats bred or sold in this area. Ninety six (96) digestive tracts were examined (8 per month); and 1344 stool samples were analyzed (112 per month). Seven (7) genera of parasites have been identified: Oesophagostomum sp (with a prevalence of 72,92 %), Haemonchus sp (71,88 %), Trichostrongylus sp (70,83 %), Bunostomum sp (61,46 %), Trichuris sp (48,96 %), Moniezia sp (43,75 %) and Strongyloides sp (13,54 %). The mean parasitic intensity of Trichostrongylus sp (PI = 30 104) is much higher than that of other parasites. The stool examinations allowed the identification of eggs of strongyles (prevalence = 91.15%), of Whipworms (0.59%) of Moniezia (1.04%) and coccidia oocysts (95.83%). The prevalence of each parasite species varies significantly from one region to another. Younger animals seem more infected than adults.

MALNUTRITION AND POST-ELECTORAL CRISIS IN CÔTE D’IVOIRE

Kollet, Zahe — 2016-09-28T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status and identify risk factors among children between 0 and 59 months year old witch were in consultation at the National Institute of Public Health (INSP) for a post crisis period. To attend this objective, a prospective anthropometric survey descriptive type was made. The survey was held in 2013 from August the first to September the 30th. Although, we found a relative increase in the prevalence of malnutrition during the post-crisis period compared to a result of previous work, the most important factors of the increase of malnutrition were still the age of dietary diversification and the socioeconomic level of the family. Indeed, children who have been subjected to dietary diversification before the age of six months and those who leave in households with lower economic level were the most affected by malnutrition. It will be useful to practice exclusively breastfeeding during the first six months of children life. After six months, food diversification should be progressive. Medical follow-up of children born in the post-crisis period would be welcome to optimize their physical and intellectual development.

ASSESSMENT OF WETTING PATTERN AND MOISTURE DISTRIBUTION UNDER POINT SOURCE DRIP IRRIGATION IN NYAGATARE - RWANDA

Maurice, Binyebebe — 2016-09-28T00:00:00-00:00

A study was conducted to assess the performance of surface and subsurface drip irrigation systems using different irrigation water levels on water distribution in soil and wetting pattern and in order to establish relationship of moisture content, distance and depth relationship. The field experiment was conducted in sandy loam soil from October, 2014 to May, 2015 in the farm of University of Rwanda (UR) Nyagatare Campus. The experiment was laid out in strip plot design with three replications to study the effect of depth of placement of drip lateral and different levels of irrigation water. The treatments are three levels of depth of laterals i.e. at surface, 10 cm depth from surface and 20 cm depth from surface. Soil moisture content at 0, 20 and 40 cm distances from emitter, and depths at 0 - 15, 15 - 30 cm depths was determined every 30 days before and 24 hours after irrigation to estimate soil profile moisture depletion. Based on wetting pattern radius, a linear equation was developed to evaluate relationship at the surface drip irrigation and subsurface drip irrigation at two considered depths (10 cm and 20 cm). For Vertical wetted depth, they were: Y (0 cm) = 0.217X + 5.2203, R2 = 0.9532 (surface drip), Y (10 cm) = 0.2996X + 5.8946, R2 = 0.9647 (subsurface drip, 10 cm depth) and Y (20 cm) = 0.2927X + 6.7402, R2 = 0.957 (subsurface drip, 20 cm depth). In case of horizontal wetted radius, the obtained equations were: Y (0 cm) = 0.217X + 5.2203, R2 = 0.9532 (surface drip), Y (10 cm) = 0.2996X + 5.8946, R2 = 0.9647 (subsurface drip, 10 cm depth) and Y (20 cm) = 0.2927X + 6.7402, R2 = 0.957 (subsurface drip, 20 cm depth). All these values of regression coefficients indicated that the variation of vertical wetting front and horizontal wetted radius was highly correlated to the time increase.

An Electronic Voting System for a Legislative Assembly

Enokela, Jonathan Adakole — 2016-09-28T00:00:00-00:00

In a variety of situations that require the administration of human beings, it is necessary that decisions be taken after some form of election has been conducted. This is particularly relevant in small and medium organizations such as boards of companies, senates of institutions of higher learning and in various arms of government. In these situations voters indicate their preferences by casting either yes or no votes. Indecisions can be handled after collating these two types of votes. The machine described here was built around a microcontroller that was appropriately programmed to accept inputs from switches which represent the voter’s preferences. The collation and display of results are done automatically as soon as a voter casts his vote. The experimental machine has been designed to handle 255 voters but the hardware and the firmware are easily upgradeable to handle more voters.

Bibliographic inventory of endomycorrhizal species associated to the rhizosphere of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera)

Sghir, Fadoua — 2016-09-28T00:00:00-00:00

The work presented here aims to establish, from the bibliography, inventory of endomycorrhizal species reported in the rhizosphere of the date palm. 89 fungal species have been reported across the world (Egypt, Oman Soltanat, Soutern Arabia, India, London, and the Arabian Peninsula). Morocco is represented by 29 species, reported in the regions of Tafilalet and Zagoura. The Glomus genus was the most represented, with 34 species followed by Scutellospora with 21 species and species of the genus Acaulospora, with 11 species. It then comes the genus of Entrophospora (5 species), Gigaspora (4 species) and Diversispora (3 species). The Rhizophagus genera are each represented by two species. By cons, a single species has been cited for each Sclerocystis, Septoglomus, Paraglomus, Ambispora, Funneliformis, Claroideglomus and Archaeospora genera.

Some Bio Kinematic variables analysis and their relation to accurately performance the beating crushing badminton

Ameen, Ferdous Majeed — 2016-09-28T00:00:00-00:00

Through an experience of researchers in the area of game Badminton biomechanics, they found a vulnerable for the squad Diyala University badminton in accuracy of and directing crushing blow, is illustrated by through an ease of response to the overwhelming blow faced by the our players, and in the areas be close on the opponent and in places of is inaccurate, plus other fitness requirements, , And the goal is identify some variables points Kinematic body noted by the crushing performance the beating skill, And also to identify the relationship between some variables AlKinematic accurately crushing the beating performance. The of researchers adopted on the descriptive approach and great number of players four, statistical data was processed on system (SPSS), The most important conclusions is a relationship were not significant correlation between some variables AlKinematic and accuracy crushing blow and of higher body mass center of moment beating, hat variable angle Milan trunk, significant impact on increasing the speed the racket peripheral speed badminton.

Spatial distribution of the hydraulic infrastructures in the municipality of Kandi in the North of Benin

ASSOUMA ISSA, Djafarou — 2016-09-28T00:00:00-00:00

The difficulties of access to drinking water in the municipality of Kandi are especially related on the unequal distribution of the hydraulic infrastructures and the frequent breakdowns of some of these works. This bad spatialization of the hydraulic works, added to under information and the low-income of the households decrease the accessibility of the majority of these households to the sources of water of required quality. The objective of this research is to study the accessibility of the populations to the hydraulic works in the municipality of Kandi. In a specific way, it was a question of inventorying the types of works available, of mapping them and of analyzing their spatial distribution. The adopted methodological approach is based on the one hand on the data collected starting from data sheets of the regional service of hydraulics of Alibori and an investigation of ground having allowed to collect the geospatial data bound to the works. On the other hand, the polygon of Thiessen was generated from the software Arc Gis 10.3 to arrest better the spatial cover of its hydraulic infrastructures. The obtained results allowed to appreciate the degree of accessibility of the populations to the hydraulic infrastructures in this municipality.

THE INFLUENCE OF SELF DIRECTED LEARNING READINESS AND SELF STUDY ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF MEDICAL STUDENTS

Triastuti, N. Juni — 2016-09-28T00:00:00-00:00

Self-directed learning readiness (SDLR) is well-known as one of internal factors as well as the amount of time spent for learning that can certainly be used as a predictor for the success of the learning process in which student learning will result in a satisfactory academic achievement. This study analyzes the relationship of SDLR to the medical student’s achievement, the relationship of study time towards the student’s academic performance of medical students. This study conducted in July 2016 which involved 88 respondents of third level medical students. Data were analyzed using independent t test. There is a correlation between self-directed learning readiness (SDLR) and academic achievement with t value of 0,505 and p value of 0,615 and also there is a correlation between study time and academic achievement with t value of 2,267 and p value of 0,027. In overall, there is significant relationship between self-directed learning readiness and study time on academic achievement of medical students with F : 2,930 and R: 0,254.

CLIMATE CHANGE AND PASTORAL ACTIVITY IN MOUNTAIN AREA: CASE OF THE DISTRICT OF TANGUIETA, REPUBLIC OF BENIN

ABDOULAYE, Abdoul-Ramane — 2016-09-28T00:00:00-00:00

In the district of Tanguieta, the rise of temperature, the change in rain occurrence and extreme meteorological scales, have an impact on the different components of the pastoral system. Mountains confer each area, each valley a particular identity, giving the biodiversity additional dimensions. The present research work contributes to a better apprehension of the impact of the climate variability on the pastoral activity in the district of Tanguieta. The methodology used here goes through two steps: in the one hand, it is concerned with the literature related to the climate change issue, and its impacts on the pastoral activity in mountain area; in the other hand, it deals with investigations carried out with people working in the area about the impacts of the climate change on that pastoral activity, together with the spontaneous adaptations made by the breeders. This methodology has been completed by the PEIR analysis. Analysis of the climate parameters shows the global lowering tendency of rains with a series of exceeding or watery years (1950-1969) and a series of shortfall or dry years (1970-2010). Then, a global tendency of increased temperature and a growing wind speed is recorded. Finally, the early drying up of water and the lack of natural fodder have provoked some disease vectors in animals, and pastoring problems to the breeders.

Ophidians biodiversity of Basukwambula village (Tshopo Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo)

Jeannot, Akuboy Bodongola — 2016-09-28T00:00:00-00:00

The Democratic Republic of the Congo alone possess about 181 species of ophidians belonging to 59 genera and 7 families. Kisangani city and surrounding area are a "hot spot" of several zoological groups already studied; while the biology and ecology of ophidians remain unknown in this ecoregion. From the perspective of dominance we got 0.1136 for all species with a high value in the species Boaedon olivaceus followed by the species such as Dipsadoboa viridis and Hapsidophrys lineatus while other remaining species: Atractaspis irregularis, Causus sp, Grayia ornata, Boulengerina annulata, Telothornis kirtlandii, Bitis nasicornis and Naja melanoleuca are less represented in our sample. The representativeness in the total number of individuals collected, the taxa, genera and families were respectively 25; 14; 13 and 4. The family of Colubridae is best represented with 65% of species followed by the family of Viperidae and Elapidae each respectively with 14% of species while that the family of Atractaspididae is less represented 7% of species. The Simpson index gives us 0.8864; the probability that two individuals from the sample are randomly of different species; Shannon Wiener index is 3.4831, which stipulates that the drill Basukwambula is very diversified in species; the equitability value is 0.2328. This index shows a statistically insignificant value; because some species of Ophidians captured in Basukwambula forest are represented by only one specimen in our collection.

Structure, diversity, richness and floristic similarity of tree communities in UMA dense forest (Tshopo Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Shaumba, Jean-Paul K. — 2016-09-28T00:00:00-00:00

The present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the physiognomy and structure of major forest types found at UMA. To achieve this study, 40 floristic inventories plots (of 0.25 ha each) were considered and all individuals with dbh ≥10 cm were identified. A total of 3882 trees were identified: 696 (348 trees/ha) for trees stand at Limbali on white sand, 657 (325.5 trees/ha) for trees stand at Limbali on ground hydromorphe, 731(365.5 trees/ha) for monodominant settlement of transition on sandy soil, 887 (443.5 trees/ha) for the heterogeneous population disturbed on clay soil and 991 (455.5 trees/ha) for the heterogeneous population on soil shallow and rocky. They represent a basal area of 32.85 m²/ha, 25.08 m²/ha, 25.56 m²/ha, 30.86 m²/ha and 31.67 m²/ha respectively. The difference in density and basal area was significant between tree stands in all compartments. Statistical analysis indicated a significant difference between populations for species diversity, and Shannon index (stratum A2), Simpson index, Fisher index (Alpha) and equitability (strata E+A1 and A2) but there was not any difference in (E + A1) stratum according to these biodiversity indices. There was floristic similarity between monodominant and heterogeneous stands transitions but no floristic similarity between heterogeneous tree stands and disturbed stands monodominant trees. So these two stands of trees are different. The heterogeneous transition stands is therefore only monodominant forest Julbernardia seretii the interior of what Gilbertiodendron dewevrei (Fabaceae) came to replace Julbernardia seretii (Fabaceae) in the stratum (E + A1).

Ethno-botanical and ecological studies of plant species used in the treatment of sterility in Kenge city and its surroundings (Province of Kwango, Democratic Republic of the Congo)

Ndombe, Frederick Mulwele — 2016-09-28T00:00:00-00:00

Une enquête ethnobotanique a été menée dans la cité de Kenge et ses environs (Province du Kwango), auprès de tradipraticiens, femmes et hommes ayant des connaissances approfondies sur les plantes médicinales utilisées en médecine traditionnelle. Elle nous a permis de recenser 22 espèces de plantes médicinales différentes utilisées tantôt dans le traitement de nombreuses pathologies comme les troubles sexuels, la stérilité, etc. et tantôt comme fortifiant par les habitants de cette entité. Ces 22 taxons sont distribués dans 18 familles et 21 genres. Les familles les plus représentées en espèces sont : Zingiberaceae (13,63% d’espèces), Euphorbiaceae et Fabaceae (9,09% d’espèces chacune). Toutes ces plantes sont aphrodisiaques; cependant, les plus prisées sont : Mondia withei (16,4% de citation), Landolphia lanceolata (9,2% de citation), Pentadiplandra brazzeana (8,0% de citation), Canarium Schweinfurthui, Hymenocardia acida, Jatropha curcas, Quassia africana et Zingiber officinale (5,48% de citation chacune). Les feuilles (25,3%) constituent la partie la plus utilisée tandis que la décoction est le mode de préparation médicamenteuse le plus utilisé (54,7%). La voie orale est la voie d’administration la plus utilisée (82,7%). Milletia drastica, Mondia witheii, Pentadiplandra brazzeana, Landolphia lanceolata, Hymenocardia acida and Zingiber officinale displayed high value of usage value agreements (VUAs).

Ethno-botanical and ecological studies of medicinal plant species traditionally used in Lukunga district, Kinshasa city (DR Congo)

Ngbolua, Koto-te-Nyiwa — 2016-09-28T00:00:00-00:00

According to the World Health Organization, more than 80% of the population in Africa resort to traditional medicine to solve the primary problem of health. In the present study, an ethno-botanical survey was carried out in six markets of the district of Lukunga according to principles' included in the declaration of Helsinki. The ethno-botanical data collected were then supplemented by information concerning the plant ecological types. The results from this study revealed that 39 species belonging 37 genera and 25 families were inventoried in the medicinal flora of the District of Lukunga in Kinshasa city. These plant species treat 31 diseases; however the best consensus emerges between inquired only for the treatment of malaria and diabetes mellitus (ICF ≥ 50%). While according to the value of use agreement, only two plant species: Annona senegalensis and Quassia africana displayed interesting result (VAUs ≥ 0.15). Our study revealed that the use of the medicinal plant species is a current practice among the age ranging from 22 to 67 years with prevalence at the old people of 43-49 years. The majority (66%) of the medicinal plants users have a level of secondary studies. The maceration (32%) is the most use mode of preparation while the root is the most used plant part. According to ecological studies, the phanerophytes as well as the Guinean species are prevalent in the medicinal flora of the District of Lukunga. Lastly, the chemical screening revealed the presence in the two selected plant species of the secondary metabolites of biopharmaceutical relevance such as total polyphenols, flavonoids and saponins. It is thus desirable that advanced phytochemical and pharmacological studies are carried out on the two plant species for the scientific validation of their bioactivity (conversion of the traditional knowledge into scientific culture) on the one hand, but also with an aim of both revalorizing and preserving/using them for sustainable development according to the convention on biological diversity on the other hand.

Dynamic Channel Assignment technique for minimizing Congestion in a Mobile radio Network

Ann, Osita Ngozika — 2016-09-28T00:00:00-00:00

Congestion in mobile radio network has been a great challenge due to increase in demand by the mobile users on the limited available channels. Dynamic channel assignment technique was employed in this work to minimize congestion in the network. Twelve base stations were studied and analyzed using some telecommunication traffic Key performance indicators (KPI) such as Call Completion Rate (CCR), Grade Of Service (GOS) and Channel Utilization Percentage (CUP). The result of the analysis was compared with the Nigeria Communication Commission (NCC) regulatory standards. It was discovered that call completion rate (CCR) of all the Base Transceiving Stations (BTSs) investigated were not in accordance with NCC standard. Math lab program for Erlang B model used to evaluate the call congestion and call blocking probability on the network was developed and used in observing the system. The result of analysis of the system based on simulation of Erlang B model showed that the call congestion probability in some BTS were approximately equal to zero while the others were highly congested with higher probability of calls being blocked when fixed channel assignment technique was implemented. The model for the chosen technique for this work (Dynamic Channel Assignment Technique ) was used to simulate the 12 base stations investigated. The result showed lower probability of call congestion when compared with those BTSs with higher probability of call congestion. Thus congestion was minimized and more calls accommodated when compared with fixed channel assignment technique. Algorithm for implementing the technique was developed and modeled using flow graph.

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF INSECTICIDE ACTIVITY OF SOME PLANTS’TOTAL AQEUOUS EXTRACTS ANGAINST Acanthoscelides obtectus, DEVASTATOR INSECT OF BEANS

KOLERAMUNGU, Oswald — 2016-09-28T00:00:00-00:00

This study consists to evaluate the comparative insecticidal activity of aqueous total extracts of 13 plants used in bean seeds conservation. Currently the yield fall of alimentary foodstuff is not only due to enormous losses which take place before harvest period, but in post-harvest period too. However insecticides, chemical products are inaccessible, expensive and dangerous to be handled by farmers. According to the literature, some insecticide plants, their achievement about the reaction against the devastator insects of foodstuffs in stock, notably: Cedrela sp, Cypress cupressus, Cymbogon citratus, Chenopodium ugandae, Haumaniastrum galeopsis folium, Lantana camara, Lantana trifolia, Mentha aquatica, Rannuculus multifidus, Tagetes minuta, Tephrosia vogelli, Tetradenia riparia and Titonia diverfolia has been evaluated. In fact, the total extracts of Tephrosia vogellii plant have shown a high insecticide activity about 75% of dead insects at a low concentration about 0.0266g/ml. Cedrela sp, Mentha aquatica, Tagetes minuta have shown a low insecticide activity compared with aqueous total extracts of other plants either 0% of dead insects for a low concentration about 0.266mg /ml; but increasing the concentration of the aqueous total extracts of these three plants to 0,28mg/ml, their insecticide activity appeared to 100% of dead insects. The lethal doses or lethal concentrations DL50 and DL90 have been determined for the aqueous total extracts of each plant and the results are found in the table annexed.

IMPROVING MEDIUM WAVE SIGNAL TRANSMISSION USING A FLEXIBLE IMPEDANCE MATCHING UNIT

Ugwu, Christian Ikechukwu — 2016-09-28T00:00:00-00:00

This paper is on improving medium wave signal transmission using a flexible impedance matching unit. The system is T arrangement of impedance network that provides impedance matching between the transmitter and antenna. The parallel feeder used in the medium frequency ground wave signal transmission gives rise to a mismatch between antenna and the generator (transmitter). This network is a lumped reactance that effectively matches the transmitter to the antenna. The vertical antenna used in this range of frequency require a radial wire earth to achieve good ground; with effective connection to the matching network a good path to ground was achieved and noise associated with the transmission line was highly reduced.

Design and Simulation of a Sine Wave Inverter with PID Control for Nonlinear Load Applications

Khan, Rayyan Azam — 2016-09-28T00:00:00-00:00

DC to AC Converters generate discrete output wave forms. Mostly, neither the voltage nor the current have the desired wave forms and also produce harmonic, power losses and high frequency noise. The non-sinusoidal wave form will make the electronic equipment to burn early. The loss of power will make the system uneconomical. All this include the poor performance of the existing DC to AC converters. In this paper, pure sine wave with voltage control for nonlinear load applications is presented for single phase full bridge inverter. PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) technique is used to control voltage while pure sine wave obtained by using two techniques one is through band pass filter (as high value inductor are rarely available and also difficult to build thus combination of high pass and low pass filter used) at output and other is by DAC (Digital to Analog Conversion). Moreover, the proposed controller used for output voltage control is PID. It works as voltage controller for inverter control to eliminate the steady state error under heavy load applications. The better sine wave output and reduce steady state error will make this inverter both efficient and economical in terms of energy savings. The experimental results verify the simulation results obtained using Matlab® Simulink and Proteus®.

Selection of Suitable Particle Size, Pellet Diameter of Coco Peat, Type of Fertilizer and Rate of Fertilizer Mix for Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) Nurseries

GAH, Galahitigama — 2016-09-28T00:00:00-00:00

This study was conducted to select the best particle size of coco peat for green house tomato nurseries and develop the easy use compressed coco peat pellets mixed with fertilizer for nurseries of tomato. The experiment was carried out in International Foodstuff Company and Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka during 2015 to 2016. Under experiment one, three types of different particle sizes were used; namely fine (≤0.5mm) (T2), medium (3mm-0.5mm) (T3) and coarse (4mm<) (T4) with normal coco peat (T1) as treatments. Complete Randomized Design (CRD) used as experimental design with five replicates. Germination percentage, number of leaves per seedling, seedling height in frequent day intervals was taken as growth parameters. Analysis of variance procedure was applied to analyze the data at 5% probability level. The results revealed that medium size particle media (sieve size 0.5mm -3mm) of coco peat was the best particle size for tomato nursery practice, when considered the physical and chemical properties of medium particles of coco peat. In the experiment of selecting of fertilizer and mixing rate of fertilizer; Yara mix fertilizer was better than Albert’s solution. However type of fertilizers and diameters of the pellet, were not significantly affect for germination, but pellets which 32mm in diameter with mixed 5.5g/kg Yara mix fertilizer combination was shown significantly high vegetative growth.

Object-Oriented Programming and its Concepts

Urdhwareshe, Ashwin — 2016-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Object Oriented Programming (OOP) utilizes an alternate arrangement of programming language than old procedural programming dialects (C, Pascal, and so forth.). It is a methodology which is essentially centered on the way objects collaborate to convey and share the data. It changed the utilization of procedural oriented programming, where the attention was on the methodology of execution. The object oriented methodology brought another way, giving more significance to the items. There are four basic concepts which are to be emphasized. The first concept is that of an Object. It is the basic building block of any programming language. It represents the way you can describe anything in the programming world. The next is Class; a class in OOP is the principle body of any system. The classes frame the fundamental improvement unit of any system. Third factor is Inheritance, where we can create a new class known as derived class from the parent base class. This helps in reducing the time for coding and the derived class is error free. The last factor is Polymorphism, which means the capacity to ask for that the same operations be performed by an extensive variety of diverse sorts of things.

Assessment of accessibility and utilization of public health services by elderly slum dwellers in Jaipur city

Saxena, Sanjaya — 2016-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Background: Access to public health care may be restricted for old slum dwellers due to many reasons pertaining to health care system itself and socio economic conditions in slums objective. This study of elderly slum dwellers attempts to find out these factors affecting accessibility of public health services with an aim to propose measures for better service delivery to the poor elderly population in the slum. Methodology: 125 elderly aged 60 and above were randomly selected from Jawahar Nagar Urban slum of Jaipur, Rajasthan. Structured interview schedules were developed, field tested and used to interview elderly slum dwellers. Result: Out of 125 elderly people, 73.6% respondents were in the age group of 60-70, with 56.8% women and 43.2 % men. 78.4% elderly people were illiterate and just 0.8% had studied up to 12th standard.56% elderly population was dependent on others as they did not have any source of income. 12.812.8% were living alone and 44% were living with their children. 33.3 % think overall public health services are affordable to them, whereas despite highly subsidized cost of care 40% found it not affordable. The allopathic system of treatment is acceptable to the elderly slum dwellers. According to 40.8% elderly, the quality of services is better in private sector >for minor illnesses the facility of choice is nearby dispensary and reason is short distance. The facility of choice during serious illnesses and emergencies is a private hospital and reason is that there is no better care available nearby. 78.26 % elderly were aware about the free treatment facility available at Government health centres but unaware elderly have not accessed any public health facility. 77.6% elderly didn’t have free health care card mostly due to unawareness. Other barriers were Behaviour of service providers (88.3%), Distance from Home (64.7%), Transport Facility (82.4%), Amenities at health facility (88.3%), and convenience for attendants (88.3%). Conclusions: Though the elderly people of the slum agreed the cost of care and effectiveness is better at public health care facilities but their accessibility to public health care is restricted mostly because of long waiting time and behaviour of health care providers. There is lack of sensitization among health care providers regarding needs of old persons.

Chemical characterization of Cliona viridis: Sponge of Atlantic Moroccan Coast

BARY, Khadija — 2016-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The chemical study of Cliona viridis, marine sponge recognized by its antibacterial and antifungal activity was investigated for the first time in Morocco. Cliona viridis contains different levels of primary and secondary metabolites. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the DPPH test and calculated in mg Vit E equivalent/g of dry weight. The fatty acid composition determined by gas chromatography (GC) showed a predominance of palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids. Furthermore, we found the presence of several sterols which cholesterol is the most abundant.

Abundance, distribution pattern and potential suitable habitat of Sterculia setigera Del. in Togo (West Africa)

Atakpama, Wouyo — 2016-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present study aims to: (i) check its abundance and distribution Sterculia setigera Del. in Togo according to biophysical factors and (ii) forecast its potential suitable habitat. S. setigera trees (DBH ≥ 10 cm) were numbered and human activities were recorded within 518 plots. Geographic Information System offers applications for evaluation of the abundance in relation to anthropogenic threats, human population density, elevation, annual mean temperature, annual mean precipitation, and types of soils. The distribution model based on Maximum Entropy was used to forecast the potential suitable habitat using the species occurrence data and environmental data. Occurrence data were gathered from fieldworks, herbarium records, and scientific published papers. Environmental data were formed by 19 bioclimatic variables and altitude data. Based on cross-correlations among variables, variables’ contribution, and jackknife test of variables’ importance, six bioclimatic variables were selected for model running. The two main variables that contributed towards predicting the potential suitable habitat were the annual precipitation and the temperature seasonality. The abundance of the species is more positively correlated by the soil type and the topography while it is negatively correlated to rainfall. Anthropogenic threats’ importance increase from the south to the north of the country while human population density decrease. The most suitable habitat of S. setigera were predicted in eco-floristic zones I and III of Togo. Further studies on the nursery, the regeneration, the cultivar selection and the assessment of the future climate impact will be a great asset for its sustainable management and domestication.

Ouriniche, Siham — 2016-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Durum wheat is an important crop in North Africa and Morocco. Hessian fly is the most important insect pest of wheat in the dryland areas in Morocco. Breeding wheat for genetic resistance to pests is the most sustainable strategy. The objective of this study is to assess the genetic diversity of quality criteria in a recombinant population segregated for resistance to Hessian fly and to verify the effects of the presence of H.fly resistance genes on these criteria. Grains of 180 recombinant inbred lines derived from hybrid (Cando-cross-H25 / CI115 // CM829 / BZAIZ-AHF) were analyzed for composition of high molecular weight-glutenin subunits and low molecular weight-glutenin subunits (HMW-GS and LMW-GS). The reaction of these lines to Hessian fly being previously known, these results were compared between H. fly resistant and susceptible lines. Electrophoretic analysis revealed six different bands. The various combinations of these bands gave eight allelic forms encoded by Glu B1 locus. Two allelic classes were observed for low molecular weight-glutenin subunits, they are LMW-SG-1 and LWM-SG-2. The protein composition of this collection presents a great variability that will be useful to breeders by allowing choosing the useful alleles and broadening the genetic base. The characteristics studied were found similar between classes of H. fly resistant and susceptible lines.

Low Carbon Logistics, Green Logistics and Sustainable Logistics: Establishing Concepts and Scope

Machado de Oliveira, Cintia — 2016-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article presents a systematic literature review, whose main objective is to identify the concepts of green logistics, sustainable logistics and low carbon logistics and to point out the peculiarities, similarities and/or differences among them. As secondary objectives, this article sought to identify other terms associated with similar practices to the ones represented by the discussed terms. We conclude that low carbon logistics has a more limited scope, considering only CO2 reduction, while green logistics extends this scope, including other environmental aspects and sustainable logistics is the most comprehensive concept, but the least explored by researchers.

Implementation Practices of Public Procurement Plans and Policies in Bitung City of North Sulawesi Province Indonesia

Jacob, Jufri — 2016-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Public procurement issues have drawn many concerns and became a public debate because the rules and regulations are constantly reformed and restructured. Public procurement contributions in the world economy are very significant. In Indonesia, according to the Ministry of Finance, public procurement spending for 2009 was 33.4 percent of total government spending. This study aims to determine implementation practices of Public Procurement Plans or Rencana Umum Pengadaan (RUP) in Bitung City of the North Sulawesi Province. The multiple statistical regression equation is used to process data from 47 respondents from regional apparatus task forces (SKPD) and the results show that the influence of independent variables (X) on dependent variable (Y) is 87.3 percent (R2), while 12.7 percent is influenced by other factors. The result of F-test shows that F-result = 36.231> F- table = 3.21. The calculated probability value is 0.000 which is smaller than 0.05. The partial test (t-test) from 9 independent variables (X) identifies 7 variables that have significant effects on the scores of RUP implementation (Y), while the other two variables have no significant effect. The overall results of t-test show that the implementation practices of public procurement plans have significant effects on the output of goods and services in the administrative district of Bitung City, which is a direct effect of the higher compliance rates of the bureaucratic apparatus performances in implementing public policies.

DETERMINING THE CENTERS OF ECONOMIC GROWTH AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT USING SCALOGRAM ANALYSIS: An Empirical Study In West Halmahera Regency, Indonesia

Jacob, Jufri — 2016-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Each region has potentials and economic advantages that can be used as the source of its regional growth. The capability of each region to promote its own growth depends on its economic competitive advantages. This study is aimed to determine the centers of economic growth and regional development in West Halmahera Regency in the North Moluccas Province. The data used for analysis is secondary data which were collected using documentation method and internet browsing. The method of analysis used is scalogram analysis. The results show that among 9 subdistricts observed in this study, only 4 have the highest scores for socioeconomic infrastructures completeness. The subdistrict located in the central administrative area is the center of growth or growth pole, and the other 3 subdistricts act as the buffer areas. Based on scalogram analysis results, it is found that the growth of each subdistrict is relatively similar, with only 1 subdistrict that shows a relatively more advance growth in Hierarchy II with the highest Index of Subdistrict Growth (ISG) at 21.3433. The other 8 subdistricts are under-developedregions within Hierarchy III with variable Index of Subdistrict Growth (ISG).

Production of tomato seeds (Lycopersicon esculentum) on different substrate made from coffee husks at different disinfection gradients in a vegetable nursery above ground in Gabon

Nzengue, Ephrem — 2016-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Coconut fiber is the substrate of choice for the production of plants in vegetable nursery above ground Gabon. However, procurement and production costs of the material remain high. This study conducted in the experimental area of the company Horta Gabon, located in the town of Akanda north of Libreville in Gabon, with the aims to test the possibility of substituting coconut fiber imported by coffee husks produced locally. Thus, through monitoring of the germination and vegetative behavior of Tomato seedlings (Lycopersicon esculentum) subject to various disinfection treatments, which have focused on the nature of disinfectant and the volumes applied, have showed that plants of tomato products on coffee husks disinfected 1.5 L of Metam Sodium (MS) and washed have better returns in terms of germination and development of tomato seedlings. These results indicate that the coffee husk could be an alternative substrate of coconut fiber without causing major imbalances.

Fractures chez les enfants âgés de 0 à 5 ans au CHU Aristide Le Dantec de Dakar: étude épidémiologique

MOHAMED, Azhar Salim — 2016-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Main of our study was to describe the epidemiology of fractures in children aged 0 to 5 years, regardless of the cause. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective descriptive study over a period of 5 years at the Pediatric Surgery Department of the University Hospital Aristide Le Dantec in Dakar, Senegal. Various parameters were studied: frequency of these fractures compared to all consultations, sex, age, circumstances of occurrence of the injury, the period of consultation and the concept of hospitalization. Results: Four hundred cases have been collected during the period of our study. The mean age was 38 months. The age group 49 to 60 months was the most represented with 28.5% of cases. The boys were the most affected with a sex ratio of 1.4. The majority of our patients consulted in the first 48 hours after the trauma (61% of cases). Fractures occur at home with 53.5% of cases and accidents of public roads (9.5%). Fall was the main mechanism with 63.5% of cases. Conclusion: Fractures of children 0 to 5 years are uncommon. Fall at home is the main mechanism of these fractures.

Hydrocele due patent processus vaginalis at Dakar: A report of 117 cases

NGOM, Gabriel — 2016-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Main of our study was to report on the age at time of surgery and the therapeutic features among children who underwent surgery for hydrocele in Dakar. Materials and methods: This was a retrospective study conducted between 1st January 2009 and 30th December 2013. A hundred and seventeen boys who underwent surgery for hydrocele due to patent processus vaginalis were reviewed. We determined their age at the time of surgery and the therapeutic aspects including the surgical approach, the practiced surgical gestures, post-surgery medical treatment and surgical treatment outcomes, including favorable cases and complications. Results: Mean age of the children was 44 months with extremes of 22 days and 15 years of age. Boys aged 3 to 11 were the most represented (58%); 38% were under 2. We performed a high ligation of the processus vaginalis in all children. Post-surgery medical treatment varied with a predominance of analgesics (98.3%) and antibiotics (73.5%). We recorded as post-surgery outcomes 112 favorable cases, one case of scrotal hematoma and four cases of recurrence. Conclusion: Many children with hydrocele had early surgical operation whereas they could have benefitted from surveillance of the patent processus vaginalis. Hydrocele recurrences are common in our study, this result probably related to the inexperience of the surgeons.

Using of Automatic Slice-based Adjustment of Golem Voxel Phantom for Developing of Sudanese Voxel Phantom

Sirelkhatim, Elhussien H.M. — 2016-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Developing of voxel phantoms has been an active field of research during the last decades and is receiving more attention nowadays. Reference phantoms for several ethnic groups have been developed recently as an extension to the ICRP reference phantoms that are based on Caucasian standard anatomical data,. This work reports an attempt to develop a tool for automatic slice-based adjustment of voxel phantoms. This tool achieves the adjustment process depending on anthropomorphic data extracted from anterior and lateral images for targeted body. The software was used to adjust Golem voxel model according to 23 Sudanese individuals. The weight, height, and age of these individuals vary from 52 to 113 Kg; from 166 to 188 cm and from 20 to 35 years, respectively. The maximum equivalent diameter, mean equivalent diameter, major axis length, minimum axis length, solidity and volume of brain, heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, spleen and bladder were calculated for all prepared models. For each organ, the mean value for each of these parameters was calculated and the deviation of each model from this value was evaluated. For the obtained data, we have calculated a global deviation of model (GDM) and selected the model with the smallest GDM to be the Sudanese voxel model. We have also compared volume, height and weight for 17 organs of the Sudanese voxel phantoms with ICRP phantom Golem ، visible human and voxel man model.

Effect of mineral fertilizers on agronomic characters of cacao trees species in the Daloa region (West-Center, Côte d’Ivoire)

KOULIBALY, Annick — 2016-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Côte d’Ivoire became the first world producer of cocoa beans in 1970 by reducing forest cover and by losing biodiversity. The West-central region of the country was a former production site of cocoa, and contributed strongly to the annual supply of cocoa beans, but today, the plantations are old and the soils are poor, especially in the region of Daloa. To increase the yield of production, farmers use artificial fertilizers and the effect on cocoa trees is not really known. Our study aims to determine the agronomic characters improved by the application of the artificial fertilizer. In the plantations of the villages Dibobly, tien-oula and Zitta, non-experimental and experimental plots were installed and measures on cacao trees on a surface of 2 400m2 were realized. The results showed that the cover of flowers by feet and the number of fruits had significantly increased with fertilizer. However, the fertilizer had no really effect on the size of fruits, the mass of fruits and the number of cocoa beans. Also, the varieties of cocoa trees like Forastero and Criollo, had a different productivity for the same application of fertilizer. The productivity of the cocoa trees depends of the quality of the fertilizer but also of the cultivated variety. The results could allow improving the quality of the fertilizer and use it consequently.

BEWA, A. GREGOIRE — 2016-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the optics to impregnate themselves of the realities concerning hygiene and purification in the township of Allada in Benin, 600 chiefs of household identified by probabilistic sampling have been interviewed in order to study the relative indicators of hygiene and purification. Besides, a qualitative approach consisting in an observation of the women having in charge of the children of less than 5 years has been adopted in order to document the different convenient concerning manipulations of the stools. It is evident from this survey that the level of hygiene and purification is relatively weak in the township of Allada. A total of 69.5% of the households has access to the drinking water and only 37,2% of the households have latrines at home. The worn-out waters and the strong garbage (except 21,2% collected by the non-government organization of pre-collection) are rejected directly almost in the nature by the - totality of the households. This survey demonstrated a tie between the type of dwelling and the existence of latrine (p <10-5), as well as a tie between the level of instruction and purification (p <10-5). Also, a link exists between the religious factor and the existence of latrine by the families (p <10-5). On the other hand no tie has been put in evidence between the religious factors and the knowledge of the illnesses bound to hygiene and purification (p=0,004).

Application of Business Intelligence in the Financial Services Industry

Ouda, Ghazwan Khalid — 2016-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

A highly dynamic market, violent competition, changing client demands, and the need of strict control and risk management are only some of the challenges of the business environment where modern financial companies conduct their operations. Factors such as mergers and acquisitions, deregulation, technological innovation, and competition, have forced financial companies to rethink their business. Business intelligence (BI) solutions for financial companies provide the decision makers with the ability to manage and take advantage of information resources, in order to solve the problems and make high-quality and timely decisions. The use of BI in financial services industry helps financial companies for creating a vision for financial managers, training the organization to determine realistic goals, and supporting optimal decision making. Business intelligence covers many areas of the financial services industry, and among the most important are: Relationship Marketing, Performance Management (PM), Risk Management (RM), Asset and Liability Management (ALM), and Compliance. Data warehouse (DW) and on-line analytical processes (OLAP) are the informational basis for the application of business intelligence. Data mining (DM) is important part of business intelligence and deal with complex statistical analysis, discovering hidden relationships between data and predicting the behavior trends of business systems. This paper is an attempt to straighten Economy Bank for Investment and Finance (EBIF) through business intelligence techniques to properly identify opportunities and trends in financial businesses. In this work, we propose a business intelligence system, developed on Microsoft SQL Server 2008 R2, for an Economy Bank for Investment and Finance based on the information which the company has. We utilized the business intelligence system in EBIF to accomplish complex processing and data analysis.

Ethno-botanical and floristic study of some edible caterpillars host plants of medicinal relevance in the Bakumu-Mangongo sector (Ubundu Territory, Tshopo Province, DR Congo)

Okangola, E. — 2016-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The study of the plants hosts of the edible caterpillars of medicinal use used in the treatment of the diseases in the sector of Bakumu-Mangongo led to the inventory list of 18 species belonging to 12 different families to Fabaceae prevalence. These plants generally come from the forests secondary (12 species) and dominated especially by the trees (17 species), the phanerophytes in particular the mesophanerophytes (11espèces), the sarcochores (14 species) and with distribution Guineo-congolese (16 species) among which 9 species are Omni-guineo-congolese. The drugs are often prepared by decoction or aqueous maceration at basis of the fresh leaves, the roots, the barks of stem or trunk, the bark of root, latexes and are managed by oral route, anal way and bath of the body. Accessibility to the edible caterpillars and the plant species of medicinal value are the positive assets of these resources for the populations. On the other hand, the no-ecological exploitation of these resources could lead to deforestation, disappearance if not rarefaction of the biocenoses and the disturbance of the ecosystems.

Rodents and Shrews biodiversity of Yasikia forest (Opala, Democratic Republic of the Congo)

Isangi, Esther Yokana — 2016-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The study is a contribution to the knowledge of Rodents and Shrews diversity in Yasikia forest, located at 31 Km from Kisangani, on the road towards Opala. On transects, Rodents and Shrews were sampled using the protocol with [xPF, ySH]. A total of 13 sampling lines were observed during 15 days (from March 26 to 11 April 2015). As results, we collected 74 shrews, belonging to two genera at least 9 species; 68 rodents which represent 9 genera and 12 species. In total, we collected 145 small mammals, with a trapping effort of 6478 trap-nights. The specific biodiversity and trappingsuccess showed that Pitfall traps are the most efficient to capture Shrews. It also catches small Rodents and adult such as N.cf.grata, and other adults’ rodents as Praomys genera, but with reduced number. Sherman traps are more effective to catch Rodents. They also catch shrews in reduced number. The trappings were conducted in three habitats. In the primary forest G. dewevrei (EC = 1060 night-traps, 50 specimens, 14 species, and TS = 4.72%), mixed primary forest (EC = 1500 night-traps, 69 specimens, 15 species, and TS = 4.6%) and fallow land (EC = 440 night-traps, 23 specimens, 9 species, and TS = 5.23%). No new species was announced but rather the presence of three endemic species of which two (C. Goliath and L. huttereri) are rare.

Evaluation of training engineering process: Case of collectors of ONEP

CHERKAOUI SELLAMI, Safa — 2016-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this article, we focused on the evaluation of the engineering process of the formation of collectors within the ONEP. This study is based on the technique of semi-structured interview which allowed us to investigate, how deep the ideas and perceptions of resource persons about a number of issues relating to the management of engineering from the training. The completion of this work has allowed us to analyze the different training engineering practices from the analysis of training needs to the evaluation and monitoring of training, through the design and implementation training activities in order to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the training system for collectors of ONEP in order to improve it. The results of our work have shown that the assessment remains the weak link of collectors training engineering processes within the office, to the extent that it would require many advances to improve its effectiveness.

Pressure of hunting on Petrodromus tetradactylus tordayi (Thomas, 1910: Mammalia) in six villages of surrounding of the Yoko Reserve Forest (Tshopo province, DR Congo)

Kyamakya, Consolate Kaswera — 2016-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Bush meat constitutes one of the available animal proteins source for many rural people. Pressure on big species is growing because of urban request consumption. Small mammals become topical resource interested for hunting to support family and for sale. This study proposes to estimate hunt fullness on sengis Petrodromus tetradactylus tordayi, one case among other small mammals appreciated at Yoko. We have initiated a follow-up of capture beside villagers during eighteen months.278 specimens come from 107 trap makers divided up 73 young men, 30 adult and 4 old people. The young man input is majority and estimated about 68%. Prospecting habit, seasonality capture has been examined also.

Contribution to the knowledge of no-timber forest products of Ambuila Municipality (Uíge, Angola): The wild edible plants

Mawunu, Monizi — 2016-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Preliminary inventory of wild edible no-timber forest products (NTFP) used for their tubers, fruits, seeds, roots, leaves buds, barks, by the Ambuila population, in the north-east of Angola, revealed the existence of 59 species of plants distributed in 43 genera and 31 botanical families among them Apocynaceae , Zingiberaceae and Arecaceae are the most represented, respectively with 5, 5 and 4 species. The inventoried edible wild plants are found in both forest and savanna but with predominance in the forest. Furthermore, the analysis of biological type performed on all harvested plant revealed the presence of trees, shrubs, herbaceous and lianas (66.09%), but we noticed that woody species predominate on herbaceous with 33, 30%. According to their importance, the most demanded organs of plants are: fruits, almonds and seeds (45.00%), leaves (32.50%), stems, bark and buds (16.25%) and roots and tubers with 6.25%. By descending the classification, the wild NTFP consumed by the Ambuila rural population are: fruits, almonds and seeds (34.67%), vegetables-leaves (22.7%), stimulants (21.33%), spices (10.67%), beverages (6.67%) and tubers represent 4.00%. Most of wild edible forest products at Ambuila are destined to self-consumption, only seven species of the 59 are sold locally, the average unit price is estimated at U$ 0.713. Most of the products are consumed after processed (cooked, grids or boiled), the rest are consumed raw.

Anthracological study and elucidation of the origin of disturbances of the forests of the Yoko reserve forest and his surroundings (Tshopo province, DR Congo)

Mbayu, Faustin M. — 2016-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Marantaceae family constitutes a bio-indicator of natural forest perturbation. The present study was undertaken with the aim of elucidating the origin of these inhabited herb kinds in the mature Yoko forest stack. The pedoanthracological approach was used to search for the under soil Marantaceae perturbation indicators, to determin their age by the 14C dating and lastly, evaluate the perturbations, incidences on the vegetation of the current forest of the region. Four soil pit excavation established in the Marantacea forests permitted to identify two indocators: the Charcoals and pieces of the ceramic. The analysis of these indicators coupled to the story of the region of the last centuries: (i) the fossil charcoals result either from the burn intinerant agriculture or from the household fire; (ii) the pottery comes from the kitchen ustensils that the human kind used for his survival needs. The Charcoals from de pits which have 14C dating indicate the ancient fire dated 1125 ± 30 years BP and the contemponary fire of 350 ± 30 to 145 ± 30 years BP. These perturbations have got an impact on the actual floristic riches. For some identified taxa like Gilbertiodendron dewevrei (De Wild.) J. Léonard, Monodora sp, Tetraberlinia bifoliata J. Léonard, Pouteria sp, Homalium longistylum Mast, Turraeanthus africanus Welw ex C.DC.) Pellegr), their fossil charcoals were not found in the actual Marantaceae forests.

MIGRATION THE APPLICATIONS TO CLOUD COMPUTING

Al-Mahdawi, Hassan K. Ibrahim — 2016-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Cloud computing is defined as a type of computing that depends on sharing computing resources rather than using local computer resources. What makes this technology different than traditional client-server architecture is that the resources are shared through virtualized machines. This technology is becoming popular as number advantages such as high scalability and reduced IT costs attract potential users. On the other hand, some challenges, such as legacy applications to be moved to cloud computing environment, are to be discussed. In this work, possible stages to manage and undertake such a migration are attempted to be explored and described. The stages are proposed not only to describe the necessary steps but also to itemize related constraints for each level of migration. Main limitations include plans for migration hence a comprehensive/complete work-flow targeting organization specific requirements such as financial, cultural and legislative parameters remains as a future research avenue. Nevertheless, main benefit of this work is to assist organizations who need to migrate legacy applications onto cloud environment is supported as the work-flow is argued be used as a base to determine the constraints/issues that may arise at the stages.

ENNOUALI, Mohammed — 2016-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Thirty high activity yeast strains saccharolytic and acidifying were isolated from sugar cane press juice and molasses from a sugar plant (grown on a solid semi-synthetic culture medium supplemented with 3 g of sucrose and incubated for 72 h at 40 ° C. the purification of the strains is verified by microscopic control after three subculture cycles in liquid medium and a passage on solid medium in a Petri dish 80 mm in diameter. the identification was carried out according to biochemical tests, physico-chemical and microscopic. These culture, purification and identification have isolated a strain which we named LES16 characterized by its temperature tolerance, which considerably increases during fermentation. This is a Candida sp which presents optimal conditions (pH 5, 3 g / l sucrose, 1 g / l (NH4) 2SO4 and 40 ° C) an enzyme activity of 4228 IU / l. has a major interest in the application of a technique primarily based on the use of a mixed starter containing lactic acid bacteria and yeast fermentation and strong acidifying power. Localization of beta-fructofuranosidase activity LES16 strain was obtained by culture on the semi-synthetic liquid medium supplemented with 3 g of sucrose. The centrifuge technology and cell lysis have produced more cell fractions to search for enzyme activity.

Temperature fluctuations at interannual and decennial timescales on the eastern mountainous region in Democratic Republic of the Congo from period of 1940 to 1997

Muliwavyo, Albert Mbata — 2016-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The singular spectral analysis, the multitaper method and the wavelet analysis were applied to the standardized average series of the temperatures in the oriental mountainous zone in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in order to determine the periods of temperature fluctuations at interannual and decennial timescales in that region. These different spectral methods reveal in the temperatures of this region a signal of four years period close. The spectral analysis by wavelet coherence was also applied to the couple made of temperature series and each principal characteristic indice of Atlantic, Indian and Pacific basins in order to assess the influence of these basins on temperatures over that region . This analysis shows that the phenomenon El Ninõ Southern Oscillation phenomenon and the Western Hemisphere Warm Pool are the principal drivers of the temperature fluctuations in this area on the interannual scale of 2-8 years, the coherence’s peak between the temperatures and these phenomena is located at approximately four years. The anomalies of sea surface temperatures of the tropical Atlantic Ocean also contribute to the fluctuations of the temperatures in this area on a scale 2-4 years by the means of the Atlantic Multidecennial Oscillation, the variability of the Tropical Northern Atlantic and the Atlantic Meridional Mode. The contributions of the oscillation of the North Atlantic, the variability of the Tropical Southern Atlantic and the Dipolar Mode of the Indian Ocean to the fluctuations, on interannual and decennial timescales, of the temperatures on this mountainous region are not significant.

Adenosarcoma of the Uterus: a clinicopathologic analysis of 5 cases

Benzarti, Zied — 2016-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: The uterine adenosarcome is a rare tumor, is composed of a benign glandular component and a sarcomatous stroma. It’s characterized by its rarity, difficulties in both diagnostic and therapeutic care. Patients and methods: A retrospective review, from 1993 to 2013, of five cases of uterine adenosarcome diagnosed and treated at the institute Salah Azaeiz. Results: Patients’ mean age was 54.4 years. Three patients were postmenopausal. Vaginal bleeding was the most common presenting symptom. Physical examination combined with pelvic ultrasonography found a uterus increased in size. The diagnosis was made by biopsy curettage, biopsy of the polyp or study of the surgical specimen. Three patients underwent surgery. Four patients were in FIGO stage I, one patient in stage IV. Two patients benefited from adjuvant radiotherapy and one patient benefited only from chemotherapy. After a mean follow-up of 54 months, one patient was in complete remission. Pelvic local recurrence and metastasis in inguinal nodes were observed in two patients. Conclusion: Surgery is often sufficient. Its prognosis is relatively favorable.

The Role of Plasma Membrane Calcium-ATPase on Calcium Homeostasis in Pancreatic Islets of Rat

Kamagate, Adama — 2016-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The regulation of the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca 2+] i) plays an important role in many biological processes. The PMCA allows the expulsion of Ca2+ out of the cell with high affinity but low capacity. To better understand its role in the secretion of insulin we studied them in pancreatic β cell. PMCA has four (4) isoforms whose PMCA1-4 which each comprise three (3) alternative splice sites A, B and C that will generate different splice variants. In purified β cells, in the RINm5F cells and in rat pancreatic islet cells, we identified the rPMCA1xb, rPMCA2yb, rPMCA2wb, rPMCA3za, rPMCA3zc and rPMCA4xb. Two additional isoforms have been found in the islet cells, so in non β cells of the islets of Langerhans, it is the rPMCA1xkb and rPMCA4za. Whereas isoforms 1 and 4 are expressed in most tissues, isoforms 2 and 3 are expressed within specialized tissues. The presence of these specialized isoforms in islets indicates that the regulation of calcium homeostasis in these cells is specific and requires specialized ATPases. The β cell is equipped with a variety of PMCAs regulated differently, which gives the PMCA different possibility of regulation of calcium homeostasis.

Contribution of Plasma Membrane Calcium-ATPase on Insulin Secretion in Rat Pancreatic Islets

Kamagate, Adama — 2016-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The increase in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) represents a major event in the process of insulin secretion. The Plasma Membrane Calcium ATPase (PMCAs) are equipped with a series of isoforms that may be tissue specific. It has been suggested that there might be a difference in activity between the isoforms and that some of them could play a fundamental role in the operation of the β cell. The PMCAs are regulated by calmodulin (CaM), the phospholipid acid, protein kinase, protease, and G protein, and by oligomerisation. CaM activates the pump and this activation effect will be limited by alternative splicing at site C that is their binding domain. Acidic phospholipids are stimulators of PMCA. But, alternative splicing at site A could therefore affect the regulation of PMCA isoforms by phospholipids by altering accessibility of phospholipids to their binding domain. In contrast, the PMCAs are inhibited by lanthanum and vanadate ions, by calmodulin antagonists, N-ethylmaleimide and derivatives of fluorescein. However, the experiments conducted showed that the suppression of the oscillations of [Ca2+] i is accompanied by an increase in glucose metabolism and insulin secretion but which continues to oscillate at a lower frequency. This allowed to say that the oscillations of [Ca2 +]i are not directly involved in the process of oscillations of insulin secretion but could intervene in its fine regulation.

Improving the quality of the apple by the use of foliar fertilizers: Economic impact on income of the farmer

Aoun, Georges — 2016-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Orchards for growing apples in Lebanon occupy 19% of the fruit growing area of the country, and it is the main fruit crop of the mountain areas. The varieties introduced to Lebanon since the 50's are the “Golden Delicious” and the “Starking Delicious”. At the time, all the production was sold immediately after harvest. Currently, the market demands impose a delayed sale after storage. Several diseases have appeared in storage such as the Bitter pit and scald. This has led to a loss of fruit quality and subsequently the loss of markets. Our research seeks to improve the quality of the fruits so that they become consistent with market standards while using foliar fertilizers. An analysis of the main components directly influencing the quality of the apple was conducted (malic acid, brix levels, content of calcium, nitrogen phosphorus, potassium) with the effect of these fertilizers on the Apple caliber as the criterion base in marketing. Experiments have proven that the 4 foliar fertilizers have improved the quality of fruits and have maintained their taste, sensory and physical qualities even after 4 months of storage. The economic impact of these results was assessed by estimating the expected added value that the grower will receive. The "Golden Delicious" and "Starking Delicious" orchards received an added value of 40% and 27% respectively, with a net increase in demand on the production. The Minimum Wage growth in Lebanon is 175 Euros.

Socioeconomic perception and knowledge of the consumption of Ablo, a cereal food fermented of Benin

BANON, Jultesse S. B. — 2016-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Ablo is a cereal food fermented. It is considered like a humid, slightly, salty and sugary bread, cooked steam and sold under shape of ball. The objective of the survey is to have present quantitative and qualitative data on the consumption of Ablo in Benin. The methodology adopted to consist in doing an investigation of land in some townships of the center (Abomey, Bohicon, Covè) and of the south (Abomey-Calavi, Comè, Cotonou) Benin by the consumers of Ablo. The results of our investigations showed that the Ablo is a food descended of the informal sector of street food. The consumers of Ablo are of all age and all socio-professional catégory. The consumers are of three categories to know the population, the promoters of feast and the hotels and restaurants. The Ablo is consumed to the snack for the majority and is served to hot accompanied of pimento or frying more of fish or meat fried.

REFINING LIQUID WASTE BY MICROPHYTES LAGOONING IN TROPICAL AFRICA: CASE OF THE REFINING STATION OF ZONGO-ZÉNON IN PARAKOU (NORTHEN BENIN)

ABDOULAYE, Abdoul-Ramane — 2016-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

A study based on liquid waste refining has been carried out on a three-basin channel (one anaerobic, one optional, and one of maturation) of microphytes lagooning at the liquid wastes refining station from the Arzèkè market in Parakou (Benin), from June to August 2014. Quality determining measurements have been used for ten weeks on samples collected following a daily frequency for some, and a weekly frequency for others. The average refining yields have reached 82.39% in MES, 86.04% in DBO5 and 86.18% in DCO. The MES supplemental concentrations of the refined effluent are positive in 50% of the used measurements following recommended rejection norms by the European Union directives (< 150 mgl/1). Elimination of the phosphor is low and unstable with a 19.75% in PO43 average yield. Azotic pollution reduction has reached 53.98% in ammoniac azote, at times going beyond 75%. Globally, the Azote and phosphor elimination is low, and the supplemental contents remain quite high compared to the accepted limit for an effluent rejection in a sensitive eutrophication ecosystem. Lowering the bacterial pollution is important, reaching 6.32 ulog in overall coliforms and 5.24 ulog for Escherichia Coli. But the supplemental contents (3, 71 ulog) remain higher than the WHO norm (< 3 ulog) for a non-restrictive re-use in irrigation. As for the salmonellas, studies have revealed that station adopt a partial refinement going from 40 to 50%.

Ilunga Edouard, Mbaya — 2016-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

The Aneurysm is an expansion or distension of the wall of a blood vessel, however, this study is based on the abdominal aorta, a segment of the aorta that gives rise to the celiac trunk that divides into gastric arteries, liver and spleen. We designed physical model with the software Solidwokes. This software has allowed us to visualize the Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm, we have noticed an increase in the diameter of the aorta where less than 50% aver the normal aorta. The mathematical models of blood flow in the abdominal aorta aneurismed were made based on the exploitation of Navier Stokes equations, for the finite difference method and that of the law of conservation of momentum. These math modes show that in the Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm it has increase the upstream pressure of blood and decrease downstream.

Bisusa Muhimuzi, Alphonse — 2016-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

From October 27 to November 10, 2014, a study was conducted in the districts of the frontier region of Burundi following the main roads from Tanzania; routes followed by entries of new cattle breeds to the Democratic Republic of Congo. These cattle input motions are more oriented in the Ruzizi plain. These breeds of cattle are more efficient in the production of meat, dairy, with a large build, the sale gives more money per adult cattle or younger. These cattle breeds are: The hybrid SAHIWALE, Ankole from Tanzania; Friesian from Uganda, MONTEBERIALE, SWITZERLAND and BROWN JERSEY. These cattle during their imports also come with mites ectoparasites, including Rhipicephalus appendiculatus 64.9%; Rhipicephalus evesti evesti 2.8%; Hyalomma 0.17%; Boophilus decoloratus 15.8%; Amblyomma variegatum 16.9% and Haemaphysalis leachi leachi 0.01%. A species of ticks is Hyalomma truncatum recently introduced following the inputs of these new breeds of cattle.

Elevation of the transaminases and factors associated at people living with the HIV - AIDS (PVVIH) in the center of Ambulatory Treatment of the PHARMAKINA - BUKAVU (CTA)

Kalimira Kachelewa, Bonhomme — 2016-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Objective: To determine the prevalence of the elevation of the hepatic enzymes and factors associated at people living with the VIH - AIDS followed to the CTA PHARMAKINA BUKAVU. Methods: A retrospective transverse study has been led on 171 files of PVVIH having frequented the CTA of the Pharmakina Bukavu during the active period of 2006 to 2013. The data in relation with the biologic state of the PVVIH and the factors of risk of the elevation of the transaminases have been collected and have been analyzed by means of software Ear Info version 3.5.1. The test of Chi-Square and the Odds ratio have been used and the doorstep of significance has been fixed to a p value <0.05. Results: Prevalence of the elevation of the GOT transaminases and GPT were respectively of 66.7% and 47.4%. The GOT transaminases and GPT were raised at the aged PVVIH, of feminine sex, co infected by the viruses of B hepatitis and C, under ARV consuming the alcohol and tobacco. Conclusion: The prevalence of the GOT transaminases and GPT being raised at the PVVIH investigated, a good hold in charge, the non-consumption of alcohol, of tobacco and a regular control of the biologic parameters as the dosages of the hepatic enzymes, the serodiagnosis of hepatitis B and C could reduce the effects hepatotoxicity by our PVVIH.

Energy-Efficient Link-aware PSO-Based Clustering Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)

Mohammadi, Morteza — 2016-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Recently Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has turned into a popular matter of research area, because of its flexibility and dynamic nature. It is proven that the clustering technique, as a multi objective optimization, is the most effective solution to have minimum energy consumption. The goal of the clustering technique is to divide network sensors into clusters each of which has a cluster-head (CH) responsible to collect, aggregate and send sensed data to the base station (BS). The recent researches shown that such multi objective optimization in WSNs can be solved through well adapted an evolutionary algorithm. In this paper an improved k-mean clustering model powered by Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is presented. This is called Link-aware PSO, LSPO. The proposed model utilizes two-phase optimization by applying different fitness function. At the first phase, it selects Primary Cluster-heads based on improved Intra-Cluster Distance metric as fitness function in PSO algorithm to give primary CHs. In the second phase each primary CHs selected are evaluated by link quality and energy metrics to select the best ones as final CHs. Simulation results showed that the proposed algorithm outperforms LEACH and PSO-C algorithms in term of performance, prolonging network lifetime and energy saving.

Stress tolerance indexes of Maize (Zea mays L.) grown in the southwestern savannah in the Democratic Republic of Congo

KABONGO TSHIABUKOLE, Jean Pierre — 2016-08-02T00:00:00-00:00

Twenty maize varieties were evaluated in southwestern savannah of DR. Congo during two years for their grain yield potential under optimum and water deficit conditions. A factorial experimental design with three replicates was adopted. Grain yield obtained under optimum was considered as yield potential (Ri) while the one in water deficit conditions was considered as yield performance under stress (Rs). Six stress tolerance indexes, including Stress Tolerance Index (STI), the Sensitivity to Stress Index (SSI), mean productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity (MGP), the stability index Performance (ISR) and stress tolerance (TOL) were used to identify genotypes tolerant to drought. Linear regressions were done between Ri and Rs yields and between six stress tolerance indexes. High positive correlations were revealed between Ri and Rs yields and indexes STI, MP and MGP. Furthermore SSI and TOL indexes were highly correlated positively and negatively to SRI at Rs. High significant correlations were observed between STI, MP and MGP while SRI, SSI and TOL are highly correlated, and are slightly or not correlated with STI MP and MGP. Varieties ranking based on STI, MP and MGP is similar to that based on the combination of the two rankings prepared on Ri and Rs. For maize, ranking varieties based on SSI and TOL is in the opposite direction of that obtained according to the Ri and Rs yields. The selection of lines based on the index can be more effective by combining high values of STI and MP at low to moderate values of SSI and TOL.

THE SURGE OF THE CANDIDATES TO LEGISLATIVES ELECTIONS OF 2011 IN RDC VIS-A-VIS THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TERRITORY OF KABARE

BAGWARHEKONE MUDERHWA, Apollinaire — 2016-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The surge of the candidates to the legislative elections is related to political, economic, and geopolitical causes and this contributes to the underdevelopment of the territory of Kabare.

Anatomical variation of the azygos vein in human cadavers

Mustafa, Samy Ismail Ahmed — 2016-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Thirty embalmed adult human cadavers irrespective of age, sex and cause of death, were selected for this study over a period of one year to determine the azygos vein formation and drainage patterns. This study revealed four varieties regarding azygos vein formation. In twenty two cases (73.3%), the azygos vein formed by the confluence of the right subcostal and right ascending lumbar vein. It formed by the right subcostal vein with a contribution from the inferior vena cava (IVC) in three cases (10.0%) while, it formed by the right and left subcostal veins in three cases (10.0%) and in two cases (6.7%) formed by the right subcostal vein only. Moreover, in twenty three cases (76.67%), the azygos vein showed usual course and tributaries. Five cases (16.67%) revealed midline azygos vein with independent left lower eight posterior intercostal and subcostal veins. One case (3.33%) showed (H) shape azygos system. Independent double azygos veins were found in one case (3.33%). Based on the results, the azygos vein can take different developmental variations. Such variations are important in mediastinal surgery, imperative for reporting radiologists and have clinical importance. Variations in the formation and drainage pattern of the azygos vein are not clearly described in the literature. In this study the possible causes of these types of variations are discussed in view of the embryological development.

Doudou, MAONYO Masumbuko — 2016-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The goal of this study is to analyze the economic and social determinants of production boards. An investigation was conducted among 50 operators. Taking into consideration the nature of the data collected, we estimated an econometric model. Our findings show that economic variables influence 79.6% of production and social variables influence at 9%. Sensitivity analysis of this probability shows that economic variables have the highest marginal effects on the exploitation of wood that social variable.

Measurement of Drying Rates in a Domestic Scale Fluidized Bed Dryer

Abhiram, D. — 2016-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

A domestic scale fluidized bed dryer is designed, fabricated and used to measure the drying rates of wood chips and ground nuts at various operating conditions. Experiments were conducted at two different bed temperatures viz. 100C and 115C and also at three different fluidization velocities. The design was carried out using SOLIDWORKS and fabrication was done in a workshop using most basic processes. The purpose of keeping the cost of the facility was achieved. Different drying rates at different times, conditions, and materials were noticed. Drying times were lower for higher fluidization velocities and also at higher bed temperature. However, the influence of fluidization velocity is found to be greater than bed temperatures.

Characteristics territorial context today facing the central and southern America after the incursion of mining projects in their nations

Osorno, Margarita María Pérez — 2016-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

This article is intended to describe some situations that have to confront central and south america by the raid of projects extractive in their territories through a literature review that focused mainly in categories as a violation of human rights context latin america, free trade agreement and its relationship with mining. characteristics of the territorial context that today facing the central and south america after the raid of mining projects in their nations, as was evident, is framed by an impact high violation of human rights of residents of each one of the nations, especially as the minority communities case of indigenous, african americans and farmers; development of this type of economy generated the involvement of relationships and emotional socio bonds of each of these territories after corporate and government pressures this industry. how could appreciate, mechanisms are lacking internal own different countries to frame in this part of the continent to give guarantee territorial defense, this is evidence in the revocation representing the prior consultation at the time to be applied, and warranties set forth in the free trade agreements for multinational.

FACE RECOGNITION USING HAAR WAVELET TRANSFORM

Karpagam, R. — 2016-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

In image processing is to identify the human faces in difficult to recognizing image analysis which has each day most applications. The main idea in the building of the detector is a learning classification built on ada-boost. The families of simple classifiers contain simple rectangular wavelets which are reminiscent of the Haar basis. Their ease and a new image representation called Integral Image allow a very quick computing of these Haar-like features. An assembly in cascade is introduced in order to reject quickly the easy to classify background regions and focus on the inflexible to classify windows. The structure of the SVM classifier allows a real-time implementation of the indicator. Some results on real world examples are presented. The detector yields good detection rates with frontal faces then the process can be easily adapted to other object detection tasks by changing the contents of the training dataset.

Design and Implementation of a Variable Pulse Tone Generator Based Alarm System for Emergency Signaling

Frederick, Ehiagwina Ojiemhende — 2016-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The pulse tone generator provides one with the application of two 555 timers, resistors, electrolytic capacitors and a power source, all being connected together on a Vero board. This project attempted to incorporate into previously developed pulse tone generator useful features such as making the circuit simpler, variation to the tone by means of a variable resistor knob. A polyvinyl chloride (PVC) case is used as against metallic casings used in some previous works. In this project, a regulated dc power supply starting with a 220/12 volt, 500VA step down transformer is used to power the circuit. When the circuit is connected to the power source, the 555 timer IC triggers the loudspeaker to emit a loud audible sound. This sound will stay on for as long as the circuit is connected to the dc power supply. The component and circuits was tested and the design was implemented and realized.

Gender and vegetables production in the residential parcels in an African City : experiment from Lubumbashi in DR Congo

Arsene, Mushagalusa Balasha — 2016-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Production of various edible crops in the residential parcels is of great importance in terms of direct access to food by urban households. This paper aimed to determine the degree of participation of men and women head households in the management of activities within the home gardens. An investigation coupled with the observations targeted 170 households in ten districts of the city in January 2016 to compare the valued area, the objective, the access to the seeds, the type of fertilizers used, crops grown and the active manpower. The results showed that 88 % of women and 78% of men produced mainly vegetables for subsistence and family sharing. The principal mode of access to the seed is the purchase but the self-production is presented to be the surest mode. Gender resorts less to the chemical inputs and 42 % men and 54 % of the women valued the household wastes to produce a diversity of culture of which most important are the amaranth and the marrow (26%) for the men and 31% among women, who more over remain more active in the maintenance of the domestic gardens. Whereas 39 % of men and 32% of the women mention the dry season like major hurdle to produce all the year, 53 % women and 45% of men seek to maintain their gardens in a productive state by watering. Adoption of the ecological agro practices in its entirety could make the gardens more sustainable.

Phenotypic and enzymatic resistance in Culex quinquefascistus from Natitingou, Benin

Yadouleton, Anges — 2016-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

For better management of the use of insecticide in public health against Culex quinquefasciatus, an arboviral and filarial vector, a study was conducted at Natitingou, a town located in northern Benin, from October 2015 to March 2016, to evaluate the susceptible of this mosquito to insecticides and the mechanisms of resistance developed. The protocol was based on mosquito collection during both dry and rainy seasons across the four areas selected in northern Benin. Bioassays were performed on adult mosquitoes collected from the field to assess the susceptibility of filarial vectors to insecticide-impregnated papers (permethrin 0.75%, delthamethrin 0.05%, DDT 4%, and bendiocarb 0.1%) following WHOPES guidelines. Moreover, mosquitoes from the susceptible tests were used to search for the presence of the knock down resistance (Kdr) and the Acethylcholinesterase (Ace-1R) mutations. Finally, F1 generation of the wild population of Cx. quinquefasciatus were used for biochemical analysis to target Mixed Function Oxidase (MFO), non-speciﬁc esterase (NSE) and glutathione-S-transferases (GST) enzymes. This research showed: 1)- A wide spread of resistance to permethrin, delthamethrin and DDT was found in samples of Cx. quinquefasciatus despite the collection areas with 4%; 7% ; 19% and 60% as average of mortality respectively with DDT, permethrin, deltamethrin and bendiocarb; 2)- The kdr mutation was detected in all areas at various frequencies (0.8 to 0.88) whereas the Ace-1 mutation was found at a very low frequency (≤ 5%); 3)- Enzymes activities (oxidase, esterase and glutathion-S-transferases) were detected in all mosquito populations despite the areas of collection. This work has highlighted the high resistance of Cx. quinquefascitus to the 3 classes of insecticides used in public health. Moreover, the high frequency of kdr and the presence of enzyme activity in Cx. quinquefasciatus will augment the existing data on the insecticide resistance of filariasis vectors and will be useful for making decision to control this mosquito.

Impact of development of vegetable farming on the incidence of mosquito populations and malaria transmission at Agbanto, southern Benin

Yadouleton, Anges — 2016-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Background: Vegetable farming is developing fast in several cities in Benin. This study aims to assess the rapid expansion of this practice on the diversity of mosquito populations and malaria transmission in the Agbanto district, southern Benin. Methods: Firstly, socioeconomic data was collected by interviewing 100 vegetable farmers regarding the benefits obtained from the farming practices and possible disadvantages observed. Secondly, sampling of mosquitoes was conducted from June to December 2015 by Human Landing Catches (HLC) method in households at peri-urban areas close to the vegetable farms and in rural areas where there is no vegetable farming in order to investigate the differences in mosquito species and identify which of the species were responsible of malaria transmission. Finally, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using monoclonal antibodies targeting the circumsporozoite protein (CSP), was used to estimate entomological parameters relative to malaria transmission. Results: This research showed that: 1)- The rapid development of urban agriculture is related to unemployment observed in cities, rural exodus and the search for a balanced diet by urban populations. This activity increases the farmers' household income and their living standard; 2)- During the six months sampling period, 24,449 mosquitoes were collected by HLC method, of which 26% (6,357/24,449) were Anopheles species. In the areas surveyed, the main malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum was transmitted by Anopheles gambiae s.s. Transmission was high during the two rainy seasons (June to July and October to November), but declined in the dry season (August to September); 3)- The Entomological Inoculation Rates (EIRs) and the Human Biting Rates (HBRs) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) during the dry season in the households from the peri-urban areas close to the vegetable farms than in the households from the rural areas where there is no vegetable farming. However, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in HBRs and EIRs between the two areas during the rainy seasons; Conclusion: This study showed the impact of vegetable farming activity in malaria transmission in the Agbanto district of southern Benin. Despite the advantages brought by this activity to urban populations, measure must be taken to decentralise this agriculture to rural cities.

A BANDWIDTH ALLOCATION USING GENETIC ALGORITHM TO PROVIDING SOLUTION FOR OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM IN WIRELESS MESH NETWORK

Akilandeswari, P. — 2016-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) are a promising technology that could revolutionize the way wireless network access is provided. We allocate the available bandwidth in wireless mesh network to reducing the energy consumption of a user using the AODV protocol. the AODV protocol to reducing energy consumption using the improving parameters are throughput, end to end delay, network overhead, energy spent, packet delivery ratio. The bandwidth allocation using greedy algorithm and gateway load balancing routing protocol. In this paper Genetic Algorithm used for providing solution in optimization problem.Topology of wireless mesh networks with more no of nodes is routed using genetic algorithm with proposed approaches and parameters such as end to end delay, throughput, energy spent, packet delivery ratio.finally comparison done between greedy algorithm and genetic algorithm.

FinTech Invasion : Significant Turbulence in Perspective

Lacasse, Richard-Marc — 2016-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) has brought about an economic tsunami. This paper explores creative disruption and the widespread presence of digital platforms within the financial community. It sheds light on the ecosystem of financial services and expounds on the development of new business models. Special attention is paid to the various business models, as well as to a booming emerging country.

First Order Chemical Reaction on Parabolic flow past an Infinite Vertical Plate with Variable Temperature and Mass Diffusion in the Presence of External Magnetic Field and Thermal Radiation

PUSHPARAJ, Sivakumar — 2016-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The present paper is on study of the influence of thermal radiation effects on parabolic flow past an impulsively started infinite vertical plate with variable temperature and uniform mass diffusion in the presence of transverse applied magnetic field in the presence of homogeneous chemical reaction is studied. Using the appropriate variables, the basic governing equations are reduced to non-dimensional equations valid with the imposed initial and boundary conditions. The exact solutions are obtained by using Laplace transform technique. A magnetic field of uniform strength is applied normal to the direction to the flow. The numerical computations are carried out for various values of the physical parameters such as velocity, temperature, skin friction, Sherwood number and Nusselt number and presented graphically.

DESIGN OF BRIDGELESS SEPIC CONVERTER FOR PHACO EMULSIFIER PERISTALTIC PUMP CATARACT

Chandramohan, Gayathri — 2016-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The bridgeless SEPIC converter design is used for the phaco emulsification peristaltic pump of permanent magnet DC motor. This paper focuses the supply to the peristaltic motor using Bridgeless SEPIC having reduced switching and conduction losses with improved power factor, It is designed to work in Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM) to achieve the speed control of DC motor by varying the input supply to the armature. This converter is investigated theoretically and the performance comparisons of this proposed converter is verified with MATLAB simulation. The experimental setup of phaco emulsification peristaltic pump is developed.

Growth, Structural, Spectral and Nonlinear Optical investigations of 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) Crystals

Vijayakumar, S. — 2016-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The title crystal was grown from ethanol solvent by slow evaporation method. In order to good quality of crystals involved various analytical techniques. The crystal structure was verified by single crystal X-ray diffraction (SXRD) and structural purity was revealed by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). The functional group of the grown crystal was examined by FTIR spectrum. From the UV-Visible spectrum, grown crystal found that there is no absorption in the entire visible region. Thermal stability of the grown crystal was identified by TGA-DTA and DSC studies. The physical stability of the grown crystal was measured by Vicker’s microhardness studies. The Nonlinear optical eccentric was evaluated by Kurtz-Perry powder technique.

Analysis of peasant practices for soy production (Glycine max) in the district of Kalale (Northern-Bénin) : Implication for their improvement

HERMANN BATAMOUSSI, Michel — 2016-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Analysis of peasant practices for the sustainable soy production has been achieved in the district of Kalalé. The objective of this research is to make the census of the different peasant practices which characterize that production, in order to have a compared analysis with the sustainable soy production methods recommended in Benin. The methodological approach use dis based on the structured interview for the farmers and the semi-structured interview for the farmers’ technical coaching agents of Kalalé. The sampling has taken into account 88 soy producers and 09 farmers’ technical coaching agents (TS and ACIPV) from the Kalalé agricultural area. The obtained results indicate that extensive production practices based on rampant increase of farming lands for better yield, has remained low. The Jupiter variety is dominantly farmed (79.54%) followed with the TGX (20.45%). The majority of the farmers (82.95%) take away their seeds from their former stocks, instead of referring to certified seeds. The seeds then are submitted to no prior treatment, nor any inoculation before being sown. Moreover, crops rotation is a common practice in the study area (62.79 %) and the mostly practiced farming system is soy in pure (79.55 %). For the land plowing, most soy farmers (64.77 %) do direct hillocking with bullfinch plought against 3.40 % of farmers who practice the recommended flat plowing, followed with 31.83 % farmer who used big hoes with their hands. All the inquired farmers have densities inferior to the recommended ones (10 cm x 50 cm). Despite the high poverty of soils, the use of organic fertilizers has been observed with none the inquired farmers. The mineral fertilizing is used by very few farmers (04.55 %). Also, dates, periods and doses for handling the fertilizers are not usually respected by those farmers who use them. The phytosanitary protection is totally absent from the study area.

Assessment of the Microbiological Quality of Salads in the North Central Region of Morocco

BERRADA, Sanae — 2016-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Monitoring the safety and microbiological quality of food is an integral part of national development programs. It can protect consumer health and prevent the occurrence of food borne infections. In this context, the present study is the first one performed in Fez region, on evaluation of the microbiological quality of raw, cooked and fruits salads. In this regard, 224 samples were studded during three years (The January 2011 to December 2013). The total aerobic mesophilic flora, total coliforms, fecal coliforms, E.coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Sulphite-Reducing Anaerobic and Salmonella spp were counted. The results obtained showed that the 86 samples were classified as unsatisfactory microbiological quality according to Moroccan guidelines. A high number of salads of all categories, which were classified as unsatisfactory, were contaminated by E. coli. A variation of unsatisfactory microbiological quality salad was detected between a category and another. The difference between the categories was significative (P=0.024). The Results obtained revealed that the different categories of salads were contaminated by the total aerobic mesophilic flora, total coliform and E. coli. By against, only raw salads were charged by Sulphite-reducing anaerobic bacteria and Salmonella spp. The Staphylococcus aureus was detected both in raw and cooked salads. In order to prevent contamination and bacterial growth, good hygiene practices must be implemented by producers who must ensure that the hygiene, environmental and conditions are controlled and maintained.

PHYSICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF RIVER SAND FOR BEST USE IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CONCRETE

KAMGA DJOUMEN, Tatiana — 2016-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Despite the gradual professionalization of the construction sector as well as the abundance of sand mining sites offered by the Western Cameroon Region, ignorance of materials by local builders persists. In the present work, the physical characterization of river sands of Santchou Sub-Division in Cameroon is performed. Experimental laboratory studies show that sand equivalents is greater than 80%; therefore, these materials are clean sands for concrete manufacture. The Materials from Ntingue and Fombap are well-graded. As for materials from Faungwa are poorly graded. The fineness modulus of Fombap materials indicates that they can be used as sand for concrete mnufacture, provided to use Portland cement. Materials from Ntingue and Faungwa are of very high fineness modulus; therefore, particle size distribution requires correction before their use in formulating concrete. For such a correction, it is proposed their association with Fombap sand in suitably chosen proportions using tables obtained in this work. The formulation should be carried out using one of the modern methods. Compression tests on concrete samples made up with these proposals provide good resistance, which demonstrates their validity.

Taljaoui, Mouhcine — 2016-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

La recherche de base d’entiers algébriques dans un corps quadratiques fait partie des résultats de Dedekind dans les années 1900, pour les corps cubiques les résultats sont données par Daniel Marcus 1973, Sous les mêmes hypothèses Nous proposons dans ce papier les bases d’entiers de Corps quartiques (de degré 4).

Optimization of Gear Drive using Genetic Algorithm

Prabhakaran, S. — 2016-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

An optimal design for an engineering optimization problem involves various decision variables and constraints. In engineering applications, objectives under consideration conflict with each other, and optimizing a meticulous solution with respect to a single objective can result in objectionable results with respect to the other objectives. A practical solution to a multi-objective problem is to examine a set of solutions, each of which satisfies the objectives at a satisfactory level without being conquered by any other solution. In this paper, a new population based evolutionary algorithm used to optimize the gear drive with combined objective function which maximises the power, efficiency and minimises the overall weight, centre distance has been considered. The performance of the proposed algorithms is validated and results are compared.

Performance Analysis of AC-DC Electrical Capacitance Tomography

Manikandan, K. — 2016-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is a method to determine the material distribution within the interior of a closed object by measuring the capacitance value across externally mounted electrodes. This paper investigates the electrical capacitance tomography measure up to performance of triangle wave (AC) and charge-discharge (DC) methods. AC-DC based method applying voltage to the ECT sensor with different time. An excitation signal is applied to a pair of electrodes that forms a capacitor during each measurement step in order to determine the capacitance from the output current measured. When the voltages is applied to the pair of electrodes, the analyzing charging and discharging time and quality of the output signal. The betterment of the ECT system need to avoid stray capacitance then increase speed to switching combinational electrodes. This paper presents finally, the output voltages are also convert into images by using MAT Lab.

CIBALONZA MULENGEZI, G. — 2016-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this study was to determine the causes of the non-execution of the national program of the geometry in the secondary schools of Bukavu/DRC. A cross sectional study was conducted on 84 teachers of mathematics during the period going from January till March, 2015. The causes of the non-execution of the program of geometry were associated with the teachers, the pupils, the education, the official program and the school authorities. The organization of the training in geometry in-service for the teachers of the mathematics, the providing of educational materials and support in the schools, the revision of national program could make the execution of the program of geometry effective.

Intensity of the quality approach and organizational performance of Moroccan enterprises : case of Moroccan SMEs

DARKAOUI, Abdelhadi — 2016-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

A literature review around the establishment and management of the quality and specificities for SMEs, highlight the effective existence of different intensities of quality approaches that divide SMEs, at least, into two categories; a first group of SMEs implementing ISO 9001 by launching into a global and committed approach, called proactive quality approach, and a second group only seeking minimalist certification as end in itself called reactive quality approach, to meet the extern requirement. The lack of unanimity on the impact of these quality management models on the organizational performance of SMEs justifies that research on this topic are still valid. This research aims to find out whether and how the intensity of the quality approach she contributes to the continuous improvement of organizational performance of Moroccan SMEs. The exploratory qualitative study reveals that the adoption of different models of quality approach impacts differently the social, structural and operational dimensions of organizational performance of Moroccan SMEs.

Identification of seed-borne fungi of onion (Allium cepa L.) in Burkina Faso

DABIRE, Tobdem Gaston — 2016-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

This study was carried out to assess the seed-borne fungi of onion in Burkina Faso. Eighteen onion seed samples were collected from local farmers and wholesalers of vegetable seeds in the country and were investigated for fungi. The investigation was done using the “blotter method” on dry seeds and on seedlings. Fungal contamination was detected in all 18 tested samples. Seventeen fungal species belonging to 11 fungal genera were identified in the seed samples: Aspergillus was detected in 17 samples, Fusarium and Rhizopus in 15 samples, Cladosporium in 14 samples and Penicillium in 13 samples. Aspergillus niger and Fusarium oxysporum, known to be the causal agents of black mould and basal rot diseases, were detected in 17 and 11 samples, respectively, by seed analysis and in 10 and 9 samples, respectively, by seedling analysis. The infection rates by the fungal species varied from 0 to 90.3% for A. niger and from 0 to 13.5% for F. oxysporum. Alternaria porri, the causal agent of purple blotch disease was recorded lowly on two seed samples at infection rates of 0,5 and 1%. Exotic seed samples showed better health quality compared to local seed samples. These results indicated that the seeds locally produced by farmers in Burkina Faso are for low health quality and needs strong treatments before use to avoid diseases appearance in fields.

The impact of the approach men Groups Dialogue in gender based violence prevention in Chambucha district North Kivu in the Democratic Republic of Congo

AMANI BALIAHAMWABO, John — 2016-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

It is not sufficient when the man is conscious of the negative outcomes of violence’s and discrimination toward women at the community level but he should undertake individual actions for protection and women’s rights promotion. This piece of work shows that men dialogue groups contribute to the prevention of gender based violence’s in the community and particularly in the family of their members. However, discussion and dialogue sessions among men provide with knowledge that allow them to be conscious of negative outcomes of violence’s and discrimination toward women at the community level and undertake individual and responsible actions to acknowledge the women’s rights. In the framework of these pieces of work, we have used the comparative method and the following techniques: interview, free talks, sampling and documentation. After analyzing the results of our research we have found that the implication and participation of all actions, notably religions and custom leader’s spouses of member of men dialogue group and the intensification of these groups will contribute overcoming the issues that member are facing. Dialogue groups allow men to undertake individual and responsible actions to acknowledge women rights.

Improving Network Intrusion Detection through Feature Reduction using Principal Component Analysis in Data Mining

DELA CRUZ, GERALDIN B. — 2016-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Data mining has emerged as one of the domains in the field of research. It is an analytic process designed to explore, in search for consistent patterns and systematic relationships between variables in a dataset. In data mining, patterns in huge data are analyzed in order to extract useful information or knowledge. Discovering hidden information from historical data is among its important tasks and one of its ultimate goal is prediction. Prior to the data mining process, data cleaning and preprocessing is performed. In this paper, the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was utilized to preprocess the KDD Cup 99 dataset. The goal is to address data dimensionality, by reducing noise and remove redundancy, to generate the useful feature subset that has high influence in predicting network intrusions and reduce computational time. The experiment used the WEKA software, specifically the J4.8, RandomTree and RandomForest decision tree algorithms that are capable of detecting intrusions. The algorithms was trained using ten (10) fold cross validation and the generated model was applied, tested. The results were compared between the original over the reduced dataset. Analysis of the results revealed improvements in detecting network intrusions in contrast the original dataset. This can be attributed to the PCA as a feature reduction mechanism applied as a preprocessing technique. Similar studies may be conducted using other classification algorithms and integrating other data mining techniques.

Breast cancer recurrence in the core needle biopsy site: is it a real or a theoretical risk?

Bouzaiene, Hatem — 2016-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Breast needle biopsy is commonly used to confirm breast cancer diagnosis with minimal invasiveness. The risk of cancer recurrence in the site of the core needle biopsy represents up till now a concern. This risk exists theoretically, though it is hard to make clinical evidence. In this article we have studied a 46-year-old woman presented with a skin nodule at the site of biopsy after breast conserving surgery for invasive ductal carcinoma. Histological examination proved local recurrence of primary breast cancer. The possibility of such consequence has to be taken in consideration when performing needle biopsies.

The Effect of Implementing Multi Wikis in Teaching the Written Composition on the Developing Some Critical Thinking Skills and Collaborative Writing of First Year Secondary Students

Ahmed Owees Ali Abdullah, Mohammed — 2016-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

The problem of this study is represented by one main question: what is the effect of implementing multi wikis in teaching the written composition on the developing some critical thinking skills and collaborative writing of first year secondary students? This main question includes the following minor questions: 1. What are the critical thinking skills there are suitable for teaching written composition using multi wikis to first year high school students? 2. What are the written composition topics suitable for first year secondary students? 3. What is the outline of the suggested program in teaching written composition using multi wikis on the development of some critical thinking skills and collaborative writing skills of first year secondary students? 4. What is the effectiveness of the language program based on the wiki used in developing the critical thinking skills and collaborative writing on teaching written composition to students? The sample was consisted of 40 students' secondary school taken from Ain Shams School for Males and 30 Arabic language teachers and supervisors. The results indicated that: 1. There are statistically significant differences between the observed and expected frequencies of the marks of Arabic language teachers and supervisors and Specialists in methods of teaching Arabic language in the items of the questionnaire of the critical thinking skills relevant for teaching written composition to first year high school students by using the multi wikis as k2 test shows. 2. There are statistically significant differences between the observed and expected frequencies of the marks of Arabic language teachers and supervisors in the items of the questionnaire of the Topics written composition relevant for teaching written composition to first year high school students by using the multi wikis as k2 test shows. 3. There are no statistically significant differences between the means of the experimental and control groups in the pre-test of critical thinking skills of written composition, students’ marks in the pre – test. 4. There are statistically significant differences between the means of students’ marks in the experimental and control groups in the post-test of critical thinking skills of written composition, students’ marks in the post- test.

NAMUSI, NTWALI — 2016-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Mudaka group, one of the 14 groups of the chiefdom of Kabare, jobless and uneducated young people engage in the sale of the lands that have left them their parents. They squander the money thus obtained easily in trivia: the abuse of alcoholic and even strongly alcoholic, attendance of the daughters of joy etc... Unhappy, these young people take the direction of the market of Mudaka, of the town of Bukavu where they become a porte-faix or domestic not forgetting those travelling in the territory of Mwenga for artisanal mining precious metals. This sad situation is that field work suffer the lack of juvenile labor. To stop this true human bloodletting, the Congolese State supported by NGDOS both local, provincial, national and international, should create of male and female occupations Learning Centers to reduce the youth unemployment at the level of both sexes. Thus the group of Mudaka located 15 km north of the town of Bukavu on the road to Goma and Walikale will recover his old face, i.e. of the colonial era. At this time, this group was one of the granaries of the Kivu province in general and of the town of Bukavu in particular.

Ignace, BALLO Coffi Ignace — 2016-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Following pressure from humans on environmental resources, the growing areas have become saturated in the Adja plateau. The destruction of vegetation cover; the adoption of cultivation technology based on the use of agricultural inputs, land use continues restless and regression of fallow are causing land degradation. To raise public awareness on this issue, research and soil samples from 09 test results collected by the different characteristics of plant cover, allowed to assess the extent of soil degradation phenomenon. The analysis of the samples allowed to note that the land under crops have Organic Matter of contents (M.O) below 2%; which is an average and severe limitation for agricultural development. Only 02 out of 09 samples taken in soil or planting area of swamp forest with values higher M.O 2%. Nitrogen rates in being similar to those of M.O, the corresponding content is not up to standard. They vary from 0.07 to 0.08% for 07 soil samples. PH values that are below 6 for most samples do not represent a good condition of agricultural production. 07 soil samples have medium to severe limitation to phosphorus. By cons, most soils show no limitation Potassium. As to the sum of the bases, the soils are middle class to severe limitation. The cationic exchange capacity is low for these soils. In light of these results, it is appropriate to adopt cropping systems that are in line with this classification hope for better returns. But, plantations and fallow are given for the reconstitution of the production potential of these soils.

Evaluation of yield components of 16 varieties of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp, Fabaceae) from four regions of Côte d'Ivoire

BOYE, Mambé Auguste Denise — 2016-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

One of the major challenges of agriculture in the African countries is food self-sufficiency. Within this framework, Vigna unguiculata or African bean plays a significant role. However, the level of productivity of this culture in these regions in the process of development is low. The agromorphologic characterization of niébé could make it possible to optimize the programmes of traditional selection of the more productive accessions. The objective of this study of is identified the most powerful accession being able to answer the new conditions related to the climatic changes. The study related to 16 accessions, the agro-morphological variability was evaluated on the basis of 8 parameters. The results showed that varieties N21DR, N18ZR, N10BBrp tested during the present study present an aptitude to be produced simultaneously in quantity and quality of seeds in a relatively short cycle of culture. The analysis in principal component (ACP) of the quantitative variables revealed of the very powerful accessions (cycle runs, a number of pods raised by plant, grains large and heavy) like which one can use in the programs of selection.

Design and Fabrication of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Refrigeration System and Comparison with Domestic Refrigerator

Hayat, Mubashir — 2016-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Ozone depletion due to Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and Hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HSFC) refrigerants is one of the major problem to our natural habitat. Also availability of electricity is still not available in several areas of the world where one need electricity and refrigeration of water, food, and medicine. Such problems can be solved using Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) for refrigeration and generation of electricity since it has no Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP), furthermore LPG is locally available and is easy to transport anywhere. In this paper the performance of LPG based refrigerator has been investigated and is compared with domestic refrigerator. From experimental investigation it has been found that coefficient of performance of the refrigerator which uses LPG is higher than a domestic refrigerator.

NABI: Low power, high speed FPGA based Novel Approach for Bilateral filter

Sakthivel, Erulappan — 2016-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Bilateral filters use a wide range of medical and industrial applications. The limitations of conventional bilateral filter architecture are having a minimum kernel size and constant delay. This constant delay depends on two modules available in architecture such as the width of the image and sum of processing elements. Due to the inputs variation the kernel size can extent which may affect overall performance in terms of all the image quality assessment and performance in FPGA level (scalability, latency, power consumption). To evade this problem Low power, high speed FPGA based Novel Approach for Bilateral filter (NABI) are introduced. This NABI consists of Structure Shared Architecture (SSA), Master Control Unit (combination of intensity calculator and graph theory based traffic estimator), kernel based clock unit and Reconfigurable server. These components are described on the register transfer level implemented in VHDL. Depends upon the size of the kernel the reconfiguration is taking place via reconfigurable server. The intensity calculator is used to estimate the intensity of image and that intensity value is placed in normalization block to achieve better PSNR and MSE. This proposed NABI is implemented in a Virtex-5VLX50-1 device. The performance results in terms of FPGA level 31.69% slice reduction, 49.51% frame rate improvement, 28.96% power reduction and 50% latency reduction are achieved. The image quality assessment is also observed and compared with conventional algorithms. Thus, NABI work achieves better outcome than conventional work.

Bina, Daniel Gonzato — 2016-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

Can we talk about the saving for the people in DR Congo, a country that is associated with social-economic indicators so poor? Since the early 2010's the observation of some economic indicators in this country may feed the discussion. This article is a contribution to the study of household saving behavior in DR Congo. It illuminates ways to mobilize economic players around saving, its profits and channeling it into economic and social sustainable objectives. A return to the traditions allowed DR Congo to discern to sayings that reveal relevant aspects on saving such as the need for saving, secure investments or the importance of net investments. A theoretical model of the saving behavior of Congolese households has been drawn. Survey data in cross section and/or panel data are needed for an empirical test of the model.

Structural and Raman properties of the tetragonal tungsten bronze ferroelectric Pbx-3y/2GdyBa1-xNb2O6

Zerhouni, Loubna — 2016-07-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this work, lead barium niobate tetragonal tungsten bronze structured ceramics modified with Gd3+ with the stochiometric formula Pbx-3y/2GdyBa1-xNb2O6, where y=0 – 10 mol% Gd3+, were fabricate through the solid state reaction method and investigated for structural and Raman properties. The dried powders were calcined at 800°C for 6h and one sample was calcined at 1050°C for 20h. As it can be observed, there is a mixture of tetragonal and orthorhombic phases. The analysis of the Raman spectra allowed a clear identification of the phase evolution Kinetics as a function of the calcining temperature.

Investigation of Structural and Magnetic properties of Cobalt Manganese Ferrite Nanoparticles

MARGABANDHU, M. — 2016-06-28T00:00:00-00:00

Cobalt Manganese Ferrite nanoparticles (Co1-xMnxFe2O4 with x varying from 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0) of size varying from 16nm - 73 nm were synthesized by simple co-precipitation method. The obtained samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, Vibrating Sample Magnetometer. The structure of the samples was determined by using X-ray diffraction Characterization. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the synthesized samples were cubic spinel in structure. The obtained XRD result shows that the lattice constant (ao) increased and the average crystallite size shows decrement with manganese substitution. The average crystallite size of the particles was determined by using Debye Scherrer’s Formula. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in the range 4000-400 cm-1 was reported. The water absorption bonds and the spinel structure of crystalline cobalt manganese ferrite nanoparticles were reported. The Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) results revealed the magnetic properties of the synthesized samples such as Remenance, Coercivity and saturation magnetization. The VSM results reported that the remenance and Coercivity were in decrement and the Saturation Magnetization found to be decrease and increase with Manganese implementation in cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. The synthesized cobalt manganese ferrite magnetic nanoparticles could be used in ferroelectric and in magnetic recording applications.

Improved SPWM Modulation Technique to Reduce Harmonic Distortion in Voltage Source Converter

Lakshmikhandan, K. — 2016-06-28T00:00:00-00:00

This paper addresses the timely issue of analyzing the custom power controllers based on an improved Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) technique called the Inverted - Sine PWM (ISPWM). These controllers are also named as Distribution - Flexible AC Transmission System (DFACTS). DFACTS are a new generation of power electronics based equipment aimed to enhance the reliability and quality of power flow in low-voltage distribution networks. The proposed ISPWM technique can be used to control Voltage Source Converters (VSC) of custom power devices. This switching technique uses a sinusoidal reference signal and an inverted-sine as carrier signal. The ISPWM technique generates low voltage Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) in comparison with conventional Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) technique. This type of switching technique called the ISPWM has been used on a simple VSC for analyzing its impact.

Simultaneous determination of sulfonamides residues in treated wastewater samples by On-line solid phase extraction liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry: Preliminary occurrence analysis in Tunisia

Moslah, Bilel — 2016-06-28T00:00:00-00:00

Many studies attest to the pollution of surface water, wastewater and water intended for human consumption by organic molecules including emerging drug residues at trace levels. These emerging micropollutants are mostly little or not removed by sewage treatment plants and can consequently be found in the natural environment. The occurrence of antibiotic drug Sulfonamides in influent and effluent samples from three Tunisian Wastewater Treatment Plants was evaluated. The application of optimized multi-residue method for the simultaneous quantification and confirmation of 9 commonly used antimicrobials was carried out by on-line solid phase extraction liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (SPE–LC–MS/MS). Isotopically labeled compounds Sulfadimethoxine d6 and Sulfamerazine 13C6 were used as surrogate internal standards to compensate for possible matrix effects. The presence of 9 antimicrobials is confirmed in the influent samples. Exclusively sulfamethoxazole was detected in both influent and effluent samples of three WWTPs (WWTP1, WWTP 2 and WWTP 3) at concentrations of (1.1–5.3µg/L), (0.3–0.6 µg/L) and (0.4–0.5 µg/L), respectively. Moreover, the highest concentration of sulfamethoxazole observed i.e. 5.3 μg/L in the effluent sample is mainly due to the great size of WWTP 1 and the large volumes of wastewater inflow which is in accordance to the largest population that it serves with 400.000 inhabitant equivalents.

DESIGN OF JPEG IMAGE COMPRESSION SCHEME WITH A PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION-BASED QUANTIZATION TABLE

Abbood, Ali Subhi — 2016-06-28T00:00:00-00:00

Usage of Image has been increasing and used in many applications. Some applications such as the transmission of images in computer and mobile environments cannot use images directly due to the large amount of memory space needed to store these images. Image compression has a very important role in digital image processing and for effective transmission and storing of digital images. There are various techniques that can be used in image compression. Today JPEG algorithm has become the de facto standard in image compression. The source of its excellent compression ability is the quantization table which determine which frequency components of the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) will be neglected. The JPEG default quantization table is generated from a series psycho-visual experiments from several angle points of experimental views. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is a biologically-inspired optimization algorithm and has been experimentally demonstrated to perform excellent to solve many optimization problems by finding out the global best solution in a complicated search space. In this paper, to enhance the accuracy of the JPEG image compression algorithm, the PSO algorithm has been used to search the optimum quantization table. Simulation results show that the performance of the standard JPEG method can be improved by the proposed method in terms of PSNR and MSE. The proposed color image compression method has produced an average PSNR gain of 69.874 % compared with the standard JPEG color image compression method.

A heuristic Energy aware Real-Time scheduling approach for periodic tasks in homogenous multi-core systems

Vasanthamani , K. — 2016-06-28T00:00:00-00:00

Energy efficient operation of any portable devices ultimately increases the lifetime of the devices between every battery charging. The multi-core processors are used widely today for increasing the performance of computing. Efficient scheduling of the real-time tasks becomes necessary to effectively utilize all the cores in a multi-core processor. This work focuses on energy efficient task scheduling of the real-time tasks in homogenous multi-core processor environment. To increase the utilization and reduce the energy consumption of the each core, Simulated Annealing based approach is used to slowly converge to a better solution.

Professional Compatibility of the police employees of the Abdulal Idrissi Hospital of mental diseases and its relationship to some demographic factors (Khartoum, Sudan)

Abdullah Khater Abdul Qadir, Hassan — 2016-06-28T00:00:00-00:00

The study aimed to measure the compatibility of Abdulaal Idrissi hospital police and its relationship to some demographic variables. The researcher used the descriptive analytical study. A total sample size of 130 was chosen randomly stratified way. The study used tools like the basic preliminary information form and scale professional. The author has used several methods for statistical data processing like the t-test and analysis of variance and the percentage correlation coefficient. The main findings of the researcher are: 1/ that the level of professional consensus is good 2/ There are no statistically significant differences in compatibility between males and females. 3/ There are no statistically significant differences in compatibility between married and unmarried.

Seasonal and interannual variations of NDVI identified from MODIS 250 m in the catchment of Upper Ouémé

EDEA, Emile Obognon — 2016-06-28T00:00:00-00:00

The present research aims to study the variability of the NDVI in the step of annual times in the catchment area of Upper Ouémé between 2000 and 2015. Vegetation Index data is analysed to highlight the spatial variation time of vegetation. The MODIS 250 m resolution are used to analyse the details of the dynamics from 2000 to 2015. Generally, vegetative activity in the Upper Ouémé, declined during the 2000-2015 time series. The spatio-temporal dynamics of vegetation brought together the months of the year, according to homogeneous dynamics. So some months, like those of July-August, are marked by a significant improvement in the vegetation. Others, contrariwise, knows a reverse situation. These are the months from November to February. The Pettit test applied to the series of NDVI MODIS shows that between 2000 and 2015, the data are not homogeneous and that there are dates from which the changes were observed in the data. The year of greater plant production is 2003. As for the year to the smaller plant activity, it corresponds to 2005.

PSO based Congestion Management in Deregulated Power Systems using Optimal Allocation of TCSC

Vetrivel, K. — 2016-06-28T00:00:00-00:00

Congestion in the transmission lines is one of the technical problems that appear particularly in the deregulated environment. One of the congestion management methodologies is installing Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) devices into the system. The major objective in applying TCSC is to increase power transfer capacity in critical tie-lines under contingency conditions. Under normal steady state conditions, it can be used to damp Sub-Synchronous Resonance by converting a part of the fixed compensation to controllable series compensation. In this paper, a novel method using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is proposed to determine the optimal allocation of TCSC devices for maximizing the Available Transfer Capability (ATC) of power transactions between source and sink areas in the deregulated power system. The algorithm simultaneously searches the location, size and cost of TCSC devices. ATC is calculated using AC Power Transfer Distribution Factors (ACPTDF). The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated using a modified IEEE 30 bus test system in normal and contingency conditions for the selected bilateral, multilateral and area wise transactions. The simulation results show that the introduction of TCSC devices in a right location could enhance ATC, reduced total losses and improve the line congestion as compared to that of the system without TCSC devices.

Effect of Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Treatment on Adhesion Properties of Rubber - Nylon Composite

Prasad, G. Krishna — 2016-06-28T00:00:00-00:00

Effect of atmospheric pressure plasma treatment on the surface characteristics and adhesion properties of nylon-rubber composite was investigated. Plasma surface modifications with helium and oxygen were performed on the nylon-6,6 fabrics to improve the surface roughness and adhesion bonding. Surface morphology of plasma treated and untreated fibers were examined through scanning electron microscopy, and the change in the surface roughness properties were measured by KES-FB4 surface tester. The FTIR analysis confirmed the change in surface groups of nylon-6,6, the conversion of amide groups into amine groups. Plasma treated fabrics were then subjected to Resorcinol Formaldehyde Latex (RFL) treatment, followed by a rubber moulding. Micro-roughening of nylon-6,6 fibre with an optimum surface roughness (SMD) of 18.4 μm was obtained for 30s plasma treated. In line with surface roughness, peel strength also increased up to plasma treatment time of 30s and then it decreased, however, all the plasma treated fabrics showed higher peel strength than the control fabric. DSC result further revealed that the plasma treatments do not affect bulk properties.

Artificial Neural Network Modeling of Sub grade Soil stabilized with Bagasse Ash and Geogrid

Rajakumr, C. — 2016-06-28T00:00:00-00:00

For highway construction projects, sub grade soil stabilization is one of the prime and major processes. The strength of the sub grade soil is indicated by its California bearing ratio (CBR) value which is quite expensive and time consuming. In order to overcome this situation, the present study aims in predicting the soaked CBR value for the stabilized soil by Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modeling. Experiments were done to stabilize the soil with the addition of varying percentages of bagasse ash ranging from 0% to 10%, in an increment of 2% and also with geogrid layers. Maximum dry density, optimum moisture content, plasticity index, bagasse ash fraction and number of geogrid layers were taken as input variables and soaked CBR value as output variable for the regression based models. It is observed that ANN model is accurate than the MRA model in predicting the soaked CBR value of soil stabilized with bagasse ash and geogrid, both the measured experimental values and predicted values are in good agreement.

BAKULIKIRA, Blaise BALUME — 2016-06-28T00:00:00-00:00

The present work was about the esteem of oneself and cleverness of communication of the agents of the public corporations of the city of Goma/DRC case of the DPI, ONC and FPI So, we resorted to a questionnaire as scale of Likert managed in a direct manner to a sample uncertain of 55 agents pulled by the systematic technique. To strip and to treat the data, we resorted in the software SPSS, version 18. After the survey, we got the following results: The first hypothesis stipulated that the agents of the public corporations would use a weak level of the communication cleverness (relational, of precision and summing up) at the time of their benefits. The found results clearly show that the hypothesis is varied, because, more of the half of the topics develop the cleverness of communication in a moderate manner. The results referring to the effects of the social and demographic variables as age, the sex, the level of survey, the seniority and the organization don't have can be decided in the present article. As for the second hypothesis, one expected what the esteem of oneself encourages the communication of the agents of the public corporations positively at the time of their benefits. The results to which we succeeded show with precision that the hypothesis is invalidated, because, the results advanced by agents reflect weak and non-meaningful interrelationships with the esteem of oneself. The communication is a very large survey field but the cleverness of communication is even more precise concepts. Some aspects are sometimes appreciated partially, what constitutes some points of reference marks concerning the cleverness of communication for the future research.

Using Fuzzy Logic to Evaluate the Relationship between Designing Training Program and Level of Creativity and Innovation

Thabit, Thabit Hassan — 2016-06-28T00:00:00-00:00

This paper describes the relationship between the designing training program and the level of creativity and innovation by using the fuzzy logic as a suitable tool to evaluate the linguistic variable. The researchers used the Fuzzy Logic (FL) to analyze the collected data of questionnaires, they used MatLab 6.5 to calculate the FL equations in addition to Excel. The researchers concluded that there are many different relations between creativity and innovation and the main items of designing the training program.

Case study analysis to estimate the age based on face detection digital images

Colmenares-Guillen, Luis Enrique — 2016-06-28T00:00:00-00:00

Age estimation based on face detection, is one of the different areas of study within digital images and is widely used by researchers and the by the different technological applications. Consequently, the present research focuses on studying the methods and the most important trends on age classification based on different analyzes of the main facial characteristics of a person such as the proportions of the face, identifying wrinkles, drooping eyelids, and fiducial points, among others. With these data, and using computational learning algorithms, better known as support vector machines and artificial neural networks, an analysis of some classification processes it is performed. Some age estimators such as OpenBR and Face API were also tried in order to obtain solutions that help generate new proposals for age estimation. Determining the age of people can be of assistance for marketing studies; for selecting contents suitable to certain age groups; for systems based on human interactions; and the probable detection of child pornography, which help to prevent criminal content subsisting on the web.

Involvement of physicochemical parameters of the water quality of the river Lubumbashi (Katuba Bridge to downstream of the river Kafubu) Lubumbashi, Haut Katanga / DR Congo

Kalala, Serge Kashimbo — 2016-06-28T00:00:00-00:00

The study of physico-chemical parameters (temperature, pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Turbidity, and electrical conductivity) Rivers Water (Lubumbashi and Kafubu) remains essential insofar as it allows to highlight the current status of these two streams to impose safeguards that hardly renewable resource, for its better management. Thus a transect was established on the river starting from Lubumbashi Bridge Katuba (Station A) to downstream of the Kafubu River (station E). Measures on the physico-chemical parameters of the water in situ were performed in order to determine the current state of water (quality), the use by local residents and especially to establish responsibility in relation to the source of contamination (population or society). The results of measurements on the physicochemical parameters indicate strong pressure from rivers and Lubumbashi Kafubu due partly to the presence in front of the Terril Processing Society of Lubumbashi (STL). This by the spill hot liquid effluents untreated into the river Lubumbashi would be the origin of the change in the physical, chemical and biological conditions of aquatic creatures, preventing them from achieving their optimal life cycle. And secondly to the rejection by the people of Kamalondo common, Kenya, Katuba various waste (organic waste, electronic waste, chemical detergents) in the two rivers in the study. These wastes have contributed their degradation, to changes in physical and chemical parameters of water in particular pH and turbidity. This upstream to downstream class waters of two rivers in the study of inferior quality and should be subject to special monitoring.

Involvement of physico-chemical parameters of the water quality of the river Lubumbashi (Tshondo Bridge to downstream tributary of the Kamalondo) Lubumbashi, Haut Katanga / DR Congo

Kalala, Serge Kashimbo — 2016-06-28T00:00:00-00:00

The study concerns the analysis of physical-chemical parameters (T °, pH, C.E, Turbidity, DO) along the river Lubumbashi to diagnose its current state. Thus, in situ measurements were carried out on the river Lubumbashi divided into two bays. The results obtained show that station B where the discharge liquid effluent from the Slag Processing Society Lubumbashi (STL), an increase of the temperature, conductivity, and a decrease in dissolved oxygen content accompanied by a acid pH. Turbidity has very high values in all stations and above 50 NTU, which indicate very cloudy water condition. This could be justified by the study period, the rains and rivers receive various wastes. These contribute to increased turbidity of river water Lubumbashi. The conductivity values are also very high especially at the station B, and are positively correlated significantly with the pH as well as the concentration of ETM (Cu, Co, Pb, Fe) analyzed in the previous study. What justifies the low oxygen levels in the stations B, C, and D impacted by the hot liquid effluents discharged by the STL, this is confirmed by Hebert and Légaré who have shown that cold water contains a greater amount dissolved oxygen than warm water. The presence of small fish, frogs in the stations A and E at the level of dissolved oxygen of 4.2 and respectively 4.5 mg / L indicates the existence of an aquatic life. Demonstrating a self-purification of the river Lubumbashi.

DO HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS EDUCATE PATIENTS ON DRUG-FOOD INTERACTIONS?

Nery, Raiany Thaimeny — 2016-06-28T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: Food-drug can have a significant influence on the therapeutic success of the drug and on the adverse effect profiles of many drugs being administered. This study assessed the prevalence of potential drug-food interactions and orientation of health professionals on the proper use of medicines. Methods: Cross-sectional study which included 517 patients aged 18 years or over between May-August 2012. The analysis of the information included estimates of central tendency, variability and proportions. Multivariable analysis was performed by the Statistical Learning Theory Exhaustive CHAID algorithm was used to define of cut-offs for the complexity of pharmacotherapy and prioritize patients more likely to take their medications incorrectly with regard to food. Results: 1786 drugs were used by patients. Captopril and omeprazole were the most incorrectly used. Total of 66.0% of patients reported that they had not received any information on their pharmacotherapy and 95.2% stated that they had doubts or difficulties that could have been resolved by the pharmacist. An absence of additional information to those strictly necessary for compliance with the regimen of drugs prevailed (89.7%). The most common inaccuracy was taking a drug with food that should be taken on an empty stomach to improve absorption of the drug (57.7%). Conclusion: Professionals, in general, do not seem to warn their patients to take their medications on a full or empty stomach, at least in writing medications. Health professional awareness of the drug administration process can reduce medication errors and may contribute to the optimization of pharmacotherapy.

A lighting on the entrepreneurial process of the Moroccans seniors-entrepreneurs: an approach by theory of effectuation

YATRIBI, Taoufik — 2016-06-28T00:00:00-00:00

The current context in Morocco is marked by an important demographic change where the retired people are going to represent the most important segment of the population due to the ageing of the population. The entrepreneurship appears as a credible solution to maintain this category in working, what will allow to create jobs and to strengthen the growth. Based an exploratory qualitative study, this article aims to study the entrepreneurial process of the Moroccan-engineers-entrepreneurs. More exactly, we shall try to understand how these people spreads in entrepreneurship. Based on effectuation theory of entrepreneurship was proposed by Saras Sarasvathy, the results reveal that the seniors Moroccan entrepreneurs proceed with an effectual logic. They start with their means, by defining acceptable losses, by favoring the strategic partnerships, by being opened on the surprises and by creating their own universe. The theoretical and managerial implications of this study will be discussed.

Influence of the urban fabric character on emotional conscience of the perceiver: In accordance with revelation of Sir Gordon Cullen’s principles reflected in Taj Mahal’s physical setting in India

Patnayaka, Ravindra — 2016-06-28T00:00:00-00:00

A city is more than the union of its denizens. It is a blend of various land parcels with specific content and context. Apart from the physical setting, an urban space with its attributed character and identity retains the contentment of imageability of a perceiver. Articulation of solids and voids within a given stretch characterizes the urban fabric of that particular vicinity. Theorists confess that one could regulate the emotional quotient of an observer without discontentment, by the way of designing various contextual urban spaces. In 1961, Sir Gordon Cullen postulated concepts like “serial vision”, “here and there”, “closure and enclosure”, “infinity of space” etc., portrayed the sense of appreciating designed urban spaces while shredding the boredom throughout ones solo journey. The systematic planning and visualization caliber of the designer, reflected in the manifestation of many of the then image making urban parcels are barely available with predefined parameters, and rely upon certain profound design principles. Taj Mahal complex in India, a timeless architectural marvel had its global identity not only as a built mass of marble, but also bags the potential of retaining the image making pleasure of a visitor with its exuberant enunciation of volume and space. This paper attempts to discover certain principles of Gordon Cullen reflected in Taj physical setting that intensifies and escalates the imageability, and then concludes justifying the significance of visualization in the design of an urban space so as to stimulate the emotional conscience of a visitor.

Crohn's disease and pregnancy complicated intrauterine growth retardation: Case report and literature review

Moukit, Mounir — 2016-06-28T00:00:00-00:00

The pre-pregnancy and pregnancy are often an opportunity for questions and even anxiety expressed by the woman in labor with Crohn's disease based on the history and experiences of their illness. We report the case of a primigeste of 27 years old, followed for Crohn's disease well controlled during the pre-pregnancy period by PENTASA no taking in early pregnancy had caused a relapse in the second trimester requiring hospitalization at Service of Hepatogastroenterology. On the obstetrical plan, the follow-up ultrasound objectified moderate growth restriction imposing a fetal extraction by caesarean section.

Estimated level of knowledge and Toxicological analysis in organophosphate pesticide handlers in the region of Sfax

Ghorbel, Asma — 2016-06-28T00:00:00-00:00

Organophosphate pesticides, commonly used in the occupational field, represent a real threat to human health and the environment. The aim of our study is to estimate the level of knowledge of the subjects exposed to these products and assess their toxicity biomarkers. We conducted a prospective descriptive survey about 26 pesticide handlers who checked in occupational medicine service in Hedi Chaker university hospital. A questionnaire allowed us to gather information about the level of workers education and their practices of organophosphate pesticides spacifically Fenitrothion. Three samples of blood and urine tests were collected before and after exposure and after rest in hygiene service. Each blood sample was used for the determination of serum and erythrocyte cholinesterase activity. The detection of organophosphate pesticides was made in the urine by GC/MS. A low level of knowledge of the manipulators for pesticides (global score was 20.46) was found. Reference globular cholinesterase activities were all below the usual values. Serum cholinesterase activities were decreased by 30 to 50% in 48% of patients and more than 50% in 30% of the subjects. These activities have recovered after rest. The detection of pesticides (fenitrothion) was positive in 4 workers. Biological assays show impregnation of manipulators by organophosphate. Their kinetic reflects the exposure of subjects with the pesticide. These data were correlated with the low level of workers knowledge (p=0.01).

Study of the Effects of Ageing Temperature and Ageing Time on the Microstructure and Some Mechanical Properties of Sand Cast Al-Si-Mg Alloys

Donkoh, Ebenezer — 2016-06-28T00:00:00-00:00

This research work studied the effect of heat treatment on some mechanical properties of locally produced sand cast Al-Si-Mg alloys. The T6 heat treatment method was used for the heat treatment. The results show that solution heat treatment of Al-14%Si-0.288Mg at 530 oC for 6 hours resulted in an ultimate tensile strength of (120.00±0.70 MPa) with impact energy of (20.00±2.65 J) and the as cast ultimate tensile strength was (122.00±0.70 MPa) with impact energy of (12.33±0.58 J).The peak ultimate tensile strength was (228.32±0.93 MPa) with impact energy (14.00±0.58 J) when artificially aged at 170 oC for 5 hours. The peak strength at 160 oC for 7 hours was (200.40±0.98 MPa) with impact energy (13.67±0.58 J). These values obtained for the ultimate tensile strength were within the European standards for the ultimate tensile strength of sand cast Al-Si-Mg alloys (ISO Al Si7Mg, ISO AlSi10Mg and ISO Al Si12Cu in the T6 conditions are 260, 260 and 170 MPa) respectively. Also Al-Si-Mg alloy responded to the heat treatment very well.

BEHAVIOUR OF FUTURE CLIMATE IN CÔTE D’IVOIRE: CASE OF THE REGION OF GOH - CENTER-WEST OF THE CÔTE D’IVOIRE

BALLIET, René — 2016-06-28T00:00:00-00:00

In the context of climate change, socio-economic development of a region depends on its ability to adapt to adverse climate effects. However, a good and sustainable adaptation to these effects requires knowledge of the evolution of future climate. This study aims, the projection of some climatic parameters (temperature and rainfall) of the GOH region (center-west of the cöte d’ivoire) for the 2020, 2050 and 2080 by a model of statistical downscaling (SDSM 4.2.9). To do this, this model includes observational data and data anthropogenic emissions scenarios A2 (pessimistic) and B2 (optimistic). According to the scenarios, temperatures would experience an increase. While rainfalls would decrease in the region. These temperature increases and decreases in rainfall observed could have consequences on the development of the region.

Les Représentations Mentales Suscitées par le Slogan « BUTAMU YA KWETU » du Produit SIMBA dans la Ville de Goma en République Démocratique du Congo

AKILIMALI KANANE, Muzinge — 2016-06-28T00:00:00-00:00

Cet article a pour objectif la découverte des divers sens que la clientèle, le consommateur, confère au slogan « BUTAMU YA KWETU ». Il s’agit d’analyser les représentations mentales que se font les consommateurs de la bière Simba en entendant ou en lisant ce slogan. Nous voulons constater si l’intention communiquée dans le slogan par la Brasimba est repérée par les consommateurs dans le slogan « BUTAMU YA KWETU ». Un questionnaire appliqué à 50 enquêtés par la procédure de l’échantillon empirique du type occasionnel montre que les enquêtés n’ont pas produit beaucoup des pensées concernant le slogan « BUTAMU YA KWETU » qui s’explique par le fait que très probablement les enquêtés ne se préoccupent pas de la signification de ce slogan. La représentation du gout de la Simba domine. Nous supposons que les enquêtés pensaient que la Simba a un bon gout. Lorsqu’ils entendent ce slogan, ils pensent spontanément au bon gout que procurerait la bière Simba. De ce fait, les enquêtés semblent influencés par le mot « BUTAMU ».

Trend of temperatures in Cotonou between 1970 and 2008 in the context of climate change

Guédjé, François Kossi — 2016-06-28T00:00:00-00:00

The West Africa is one of the most vulnerable regions to climate change on our planet. This study specifically in Benin in Cotonou, aims to analyze the evolution of minimum and maximum temperatures recorded and homogenized for 1970 - 2008 obtained from the Agency for Safety and Air Navigation. Statistical techniques such as correlation analysis and statistical tests break detection and trend were used for analysis. The results reveal a polyphase increase, but significant in the average temperature during this period. The year 1986 appears as a date of rupture between two trends. Before 1986, the average temperature has dropped to 0.20 ° C per decade and increased in the same way between 1986 and 2008. The increase in average temperatures in Cotonou since 1987 is largely conditioned by the increase in maximum temperatures.

MATITI LUKWESA, Fidèle — 2016-06-28T00:00:00-00:00

This article examines the difficulties of monetary policy in the context of the Democratic Republic of Congo influenced by extensive dollarization in the banking system and institutional weakness. The primordial objective devolve to every government within a given community is to ensure the social welfare of its people. To achieve this goal, governments should develop their monetary policy. One of these is actually a setting of several policies (monetary, fiscal, agricultural ....) all these can be Combined in order to achieve a number of ultimate objectives namely the economic growth, price stability, full employment and external balance whose achievement entrusted to the welfare of the population. In this context, the monetary policy's role is to provide to the real sector the quantity of money necessary for the expansion of the economic activities without generating inflationary or deflationary situations. Indeed, the failure of fiscal policy in the DRC is explained by the tax evasion issues, failure of public finance, and under-evaluation of the tax base. Regarding the monetary policy, its failure is due to the dominance of fiscal policy on monetary policy to the extent that the government of our country remains faithful to financing the budget deficit by the advances from the BCC without any concern of stabilizing the prices.

A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF MINING CHILDREN’S SITUATION IN KALEHE AND MWENGA TERRITORIES IN SOUTH KIVU - THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO

MULUME BUROKO, Nico — 2016-06-28T00:00:00-00:00

This piece of work is concerned with the critical analysis of mining children’s situation in Kalehe and Mwenga territories in South Kivu-the Democratic Republic of Congo. We have gathered data for this piece of work in mining sites of Kalehe and Mwenga thanks to direct interviews, observations, and focus groups. This paper aims at showing to any reader or researcher how the children rights are not respected by people in mining sites of South Kivu because children are used as an affordable labor force. We want anyone who may have the possibilities of making just a step to use the result of this research in order to withdraw mining children in those bad conditions that they are living in. After the analysis of the data, we have found out that children are completely ii-treated in all mining sites because of hard jobs that they daily fulfill. They constitute an affordable labor force. Their children’s rights are not respected by adult due to selfish interests. Poverty and hardship in their families are the basic reasons which push parents to send children in mining sites because they should contribute to the income of the family.

Socioeconomic and hygienic evaluations of certain actors of the fishing industry settled around certain waters of fishing in south of Benin Republic

YAOU, Innocent BOKOSSA — 2016-06-28T00:00:00-00:00

The halieutic products are very nourishing foods. However, their consumption poses severe problems of public health in Benin. What risks, deteriorating with the increase of the anthropological pressure on the aquatic environment. Indeed, Benin, fishermen live in communities in villages installed in the immediate neighborhoods of plans of water or in constructed compartments on piles in full water. Their domestic waste is directly dumped into water. Also, the mismanagement of solid waste and liquid put down along these rivers is responsible for the bad quality of rivers. The objective of this study is to appreciate the practices of hygiene implemented during the fishing and the sale of halieutic products at the level of Lake Ahémé, Nokoué and lagoon of Porto-Novo and among the actors of this sector. To do this, interviews were conducted with resource persons for the selection of villages. Two forms of questionnaires intended to fishermen and retailers were used. A total of 240 people were investigated, including 120 fishermen and 120 retailers of fish products. The collected data were analyzed using the SAS 9.2 and MINITAB 14 software. Thus 88% of fishermen and 94% of resellers do not wash their hands before fishing or sale. 7,14% and 3,44% of the fishermen on lake Nokoué respectively and Porto-Novo lagoon use ice for the conservation of their products against 0% in the level of lake Ahémé. 46% of all respondents defecate directly into the waters.

Okangola, E. — 2016-06-28T00:00:00-00:00

The purpose of this work lies within the scope of the valorization of traditional food of the Democratic Republic of Congo in general and the province of Tshopo in particular and aims the inventory and evaluation of the nutritive value of the edible caterpillars of Kisangani city and its surroundings. The determination of moisture, the total lipids, total ashes, total proteins, the total sugars and the energy value was carried out according to usual techniques. 12 species of edible caterpillars were identified and gathered in three families: Attacidae (8 species, 67%), Notodontidae (3 species, 25%) and Nymphalidae (1 species, 8%). The average values of various calculated parameters are: water (60.92%), dry weight (39.08%), ashes (4.20 g), proteins (52.13 g), lipids (19.81%), sugars (1.19 g), and energy (392.33 kCal). The production of edible caterpillars must constitute an objective to be preached through agro-forestry programs for a sustainable management of the forests of the Democratic Republic of Congo in general and those of the Tshopo Province in particular.

Current situation of the cooled sensors in space domain

Kebbati, Youssef — 2016-06-28T00:00:00-00:00

In this paper, we present a current situation of the cooled sensors in the space domain. Thus, we present an immediate image of the recent developments of the cooled technology, a discussion about the relevance of using cold sensors in the spatial domain and influence of the position of sensor in the satellite. To finish, we shall present an example of future mission. It will be about the space telescope James Webb. We shall expose then the scientific objectives, the concerned space agencies and the date of launch. We shall also give information onto the cooled sensors.

A Novel Image Encryption Scheme Using Chaos and Hybrid Cellular Automata

Hanis, S. — 2016-06-28T00:00:00-00:00

This paper presents a novel image encryption scheme based on cellular automata (CA) and chaotic logistic mapping. The logistic chaotic mapping is used for shuffling the pixels which results in permutation. This permuted image is converted into a binary stream image where each rows of the image are converted into binary streams. Then a hybrid cellular automata (HCA) is used to provide diffusion by local interaction of the adjacent bits by applying various CA rules in the permuted image and confusion is brought by the cellular automata rules and keys from pseudo random number generator. In this scheme both reversible and irreversible cellular automata are used where irreversible cellular automata are used as a Pseudo Random Number Generator (PRNG) and reversible CA is used for diffusion. The properties of the encrypted image such as entropy, correlation coefficients, histogram, key space and key sensitivity prove that the encryption scheme is highly robust against attacks and also reliable in transmission loss scenarios.

MULTI VARIANT GENE SELECTION APPROACH BASED HIGH DIMENSIONAL SUB SPACE CLUSTERING OF BREAST CANCER DATA SET FOR EFFICIENT CLASSIFICATION USING FUZZY RULE SETS AND MULTI GENE IMPACT MATRIX

MAGENDIRAN, N. — 2016-06-28T00:00:00-00:00

The breast cancer is the most threatening factor of women’s lifestyle and the reason of the disease has many factors, but still the gene factor has more influence in the generation of breast cancer where the early diagnosis and prevention is essential. There are many approaches has been discussed in the literature, but the identification and selection of a set of genes which influence the disease is still complicated one. We propose a multi variant approach for gene selection which is performed by performing high dimensional subspace clustering. With the given data set, the method generates a set of rules and unlike generic fuzzy rules the method splits the range values into the number of parts and based on that the rules are generated. Also, according to the different range values, the method generates a multi gene impact matrix where the frequency of range values of each rule is stored. The data set is clustered according to the generated rules and from the generated rules the gene selection is performed. For the gene selection, we compute the multi gene frequency measure which represents how depth the gene has an impact on the classification of disease. The proposed method produces efficient classification of genes in the influence of breast cancer and produces efficient results.

HIGH DIMENSIONAL KN-FAST CLUSTERING BASED INTELLIGENT DECISIVE SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR EFFICIENT DISEASE PREDICTION USING DATA MINING AND RULE SETS

BANUMATHY, D. — 2016-06-28T00:00:00-00:00

The methods of high-dimensional clustering have been applied for variety of problems and in case of decisive support systems, there are few approaches discussed earlier, but suffers with the problem of false indexing ratio with poor clustering accuracy and higher time complexity. To overcome the issue of poor clustering accuracy, a novel Kn Fast Clustering algorithm is discussed in this paper. The method generates rule sets using the data records from the data set. First the dimension N is identified and for each dimension the range values are identified. From identified fuzzy values, the method computes disease impact factor for each of the dimension or symptoms towards each disease class. Based on the impact factor and the data points, we generate rule sets that consist of a single rule for each of the disease class. The Kn Fast clustering algorithm uses the fuzzy rule sets generated and for each data point from the data set, the clustering algorithm computes KN dimensional similarity measure. Based on computed similarity measure, the data points are assigned a class, and the method reduces the false indexing, overlapping, and time complexity of clustering.

KHOUAJA, Soukaina — 2016-06-28T00:00:00-00:00

The multidisciplinary study of the beach in Sidi Bouzid is responsible for the implementation of its deposits dynamics is closely linked to the geomorphology and anthropogenic action within this range. It reveals a spatio-temporal variation of the marine dynamics. Indeed, sea erosion is very strong to the NNE and foreshore of the beach as well as in winter. However, sedimentation is well-developed in the SSW from the beach and at the level of the dune in the summer. The origin of sediments may be the Cretaceous limestones of the bedrock and Paleozoic metamorphic terrains of Jacqueline or magmatic Sidi Saïd Maachou. The transit of sediments is through the Oum Rbia node and then by the littoral drift. Therefore the aggressiveness of the dynamic marine and anthropogenic action, in relation especially with tourist activity, too influenced the geomorphology of the beach. If no precautions are taken and the laws, the development of coastal areas, are respected in this fragile and sensitive area, the consequences would be catastrophic, medium and long term, both on this beautiful beach, its environment and its socio-economic value.

Wi-Fi Assisted Communication Network (WACN) - A novel and independent solution for communication over challenged networks

Mary Mathews, Mahima — 2016-06-28T00:00:00-00:00

Communication over the network where the nodes are disconnected and continuously moving is highly challenging; mainly because the probability of an end-to-end network connectivity or stable infrastructure is negligible or almost zero. Spatial Networks, Military Networks, intermittently connected Wireless/Mobile ad-hoc networks, etc. are some examples of such networks. With the advancement of technology and application requirements, the need for communication over these types of networks is increasing. Delay Tolerant Network is an emerging area of networks that target at providing a solution here. Communication over DTN involves forwarding through intermediate nodes that store, carry and forwards the message in an opportunistic way. This store and forward scheme arise many security challenges; most of the security mechanisms available today are irrelevant or cannot be applied in DTN environment. Moreover, DTN based implementations require hardware or software modifications to be applied in existing systems or schemes. Thus, in all, limiting DTN based solutions in the real world. Aiming to address communication over challenged, isolated, damaged or broken networks, this paper proposes, WI- FI Assisted Communication Network (WACN), a communication network of mobile challenged networks that uses DTN based store and forward scheme on the default Wi-Fi capability. The proposed network communicates securely and without depending on any conventional methods, i.e. independent of infrastructure, service provider, internet connectivity etc.

Performance analysis of Broadcast Neighbors Discovery Protocol for Mobile Ad hoc Networks based on node mobility

Gnanamanoharan, E. — 2016-06-28T00:00:00-00:00

In ad hoc networks, wireless devices, simply called nodes, have limited transmission range. Therefore, each node can directly communicate with only those within its transmission range (i.e., its neighbors) and requires other nodes to act as routers in order to communicate with out-of-range destinations. Broadcasting of control packets throughout the entire network is essential for the route discovery, route maintenance and forwarding data packets to every pair of source and destination. Flood routing is a very simple routing strategy that a packet received from a node is copied and transmitted on all outgoing links of that node except for the link that the packet arrived from. After the first transmission, all the routers within one hop receive the packet. After the second transmission, all the routers within two hops receive the packet, and so on. Unless a mechanism stops the transmission, the process continues; as a result, the volume of traffic increases with time cause a serious waste of resources creates broadcast storm problem. In this paper, a new broadcast neighbor discovery routing is implemented to reduce the overhead associated with flooding. A node selects a group of its neighbors for forwarding the packet being broadcast to additional nodes. The performance metrics are analyzed using NS-2 for varying number of data senders (multicast group size) and data sending rate (offered traffic to the network) over QoS aware group communication. Simulation results show that our scheme performs well in most cases and provides robust performance even with high traffic environments. The simulation experiments show that new method can reduce the overhead for different node mobility speed, as compared with the conventional AODV and DSDV routing protocols.

FUNDACION GRAMEEN PILIPINAS INCORPORATON (FGP): IT’S CONTRIBUTION TO POVERTY ALLEVIATION OF NORTHERN SAMAR

Madulid, Farah Alo — 2016-06-10T00:00:00-00:00

This study intended to determine the contribution of the Fundacion Grameen Pilipinas Incorporation (FGP) to the poverty alleviation in the province of Northern Samar. The contribution of FGP was measured in terms of sustainability, impact in household income, and women empowerment. A total of 134 individuals from the three (3) geographical areas, namely: Balicuatro area, Central area and Pacific area, were used as respondents of the study. The study adopted the descriptive-evaluative research method and utilized frequency counts, percentages, weighted means, financial ratios in the analysis of the data. Survey questionnaire, interview schedule, and focus group discussions were used in the data gathering. Triangulation was employed to verify the veracity and accuracy of the responses of the respondents through the conduct of interview with the employees of Grameen. It was found out that the collection rate from years 2010 to 2014 was 89 percent, indicating a high performance in terms of sustainability. This was further confirmed by its fair performance in terms of the overall liquidity which was rated 82 percent. This favorable finding may be due to the affordable loan amortization of the beneficiaries which ranged from Php100 to Php499. It was also found out that the total average daily net income of the respondents was Php90.45, which was verified to be higher by 45 percent than their average daily net income before they availed of the FGP. Most of the woman beneficiaries were ascertained to be highly empowered considering their active involvement in productive activities at home and in the community. Summing it up, the FGP had contributed significantly to poverty alleviation among the target clients who were poor. The program was found to be highly sustaining and had increased the income of the family through the empowerment of the woman beneficiaries in engaging in productive endeavors in the home and community.

The Marketing of Indigenous Agricultural Products in Selected Barangays of Catarman Northern Samar, Philippines

Madulid, Farah Alo — 2016-06-10T00:00:00-00:00

Indigenous agricultural products in Northern Samar are plentiful but their availability in the market is unpredictable. This study tried to find out what are the indigenous agricultural products as an eye – opener for the farmers in increasing production. It aimed to determine the market potential and find out if it is profitable to sustain the production entirely. It also tried to ascertain the problems and constraints deterrent to production and marketing. The study was conducted in four barangays of Catarman, Northern Samar. The researcher utilized triangulation to derive a valid data. These barangays produced indigenous agricultural products of several varieties of root crops, fruit trees, and vegetables. They also produce processed livestock, cereal, and marine products. It revealed that Copra and rice were the main sources of income in the four pilot areas. Some were produced in fewer quantities partly sold and consumed by the farmers. Prices slightly varied in the different barangays mostly sold either through small middlemen or to the ultimate consumers. Generally, they were sold on cash basis. The most reported problems common to the four barangays were climatic change (rank1), occurrence of pests (rank 2), lack of capital (rank 3), and insufficient of water supply (rank 4). During community consultation major problem exposed in Washington and Galutan lack of water supply, Macagtas capital deficiency and Libjo pest occurrence. Finally farmers’ participation in the preparation of implementable market plan should be arranged to systematize marketing of indigenous products.

Ngamba, Mikwa — 2016-06-10T00:00:00-00:00

The different forest ecosystems of the RDC have been affected by the dynamics of the soil occupation during these last decades, characterized by a clean reduction of the natural formations to the profit of the formations anthropiques. The studies achieved on this day limited themselves to an analysis diachronique by the integrated approaches implying the techniques of spatial analysis combined to the geographical information system (SIG). Setting to part the analysis diachronique of the imagery LANDSAT TM, ETM+ and OLI (of parth and Raw 177-59, 1766-59 and 176-60) spreading of years 1986 to 2015 and supported of direct observations, the present survey sketches a prospective analysis of this dynamics while combining the applicable variables of the changes and the deterioration of the forests to a test of modelling to the deadline 2065. The variables have been regrouped in 7 subgroups: agriculture, lumbering, infrastructures, the demographic factors, the socio-politic factors, the economic factors and the biophysical factors. Nevertheless, only the variables spatially explicit have been quantified and steady to the models. For the rest, two tools of modelling (CA_Markov and LCM) have been used and the best allowed of cartographier the risks of deforestation the deadline 2065; the modelling has been made to the scale of the reserve of biosphere of Yangambi. For the two models a based objective and quantitative approach on the budgeting of the mistakes and the correct predictions has been adopted finally. The results show a meaningful regression of the forest formations to the profit of the classes anthropisées with rates of deforestation of 1986-2002 and 2002-2015 of 1,1% and 4,31% and respectively. These reports come proved the necessity of the setting in application of a planning plan in view of the lasting management. The visual and statistical comparison of the affected and real cards of 2015 allowed to use the tool THAT Markov for the simulation of the variation in surface of the classes of soil occupations the deadline 2065. However, the omen of an alarming and continual regression if some consequent measures are not set in motion.

Assessment by remote sensing of forest cover change in a forest region of Kisangani

Mikwa, Jean-fiston — 2016-06-10T00:00:00-00:00

This survey is based on the assessment by remote detection of the deforestation in the forest region of Masako in Kisangani (RDC), it aims to quantify the dynamics of the soil occupation while using the techniques of the cartography by remote detection as well as those of the systems of geographical information. We had used of the Landsat pictures TM p176r060 of January 1990 and March 2001, to make the cartography of the soil occupation, the method of the post-classifications has been used, six classes have been kept in order to apply a SIG under Arcgis 10, The matrix of confusion has been used to validate the results of the classification, the matrix of transition and the yearly rate of deforestation, have been used to quantify the fragmentation of the forest landscape. Of the gotten results, the methods prove that him ya had a change in the occupation of soil of it spaces it of 11 years. So while comparing the gotten results, we noted that the forest landscape is in full change in Kisangani. Fragmentation remains intense for the classes of the dense forests and the secondary drill. The dominant class is the one of the fields and fallows.

Philosophy of Islamic Education: Study Thought A. Wahid Hasyim on Islamic Education

Asrori, H. Achmad — 2016-06-10T00:00:00-00:00

Wahid Hasyim has thought Islamic education renewal. Orientation Islamic education in the lifetime of Wahid Hasyim the middle of the twentieth century purely religious and towards ukhrowi. While Wahid Hasyim already initiated the reform of Islamic education oriented and pragmatic mundane ideal to akhiratan. This is among the significance of this paper need to be removed. Issues raised is how Wahid Hasyim thinking about human nature and position, the basic concepts of human morality and its relationship with the outside world, the purpose of education, curriculum, educational methods and learning resources? Whatever color the thinking of education? The approach in this paper is a socio-historical analysis using the tools of philosophy of education, linguistic analysis and the analysis of the concept. The result is that Wahid Hasyim have thought of educational reform (Islam) which is a very radical at the time, among others, 70 per cent of general knowledge and 30 percent of religious knowledge in the curriculum and educational purposes in addition to objectives religion too mundane namely life skills as an output pesantren education.

Assessment of longitudinal shear strength of Composite deck slab

Siva, A. — 2016-06-10T00:00:00-00:00

In the modern construction sector, steel-concrete composite deck slabs have emerged as an alternative to conventional concrete slabs nowadays. The composite construction is lighter, stronger and economical when compared to conventional construction method. The longitudinal shear capacity of the slab determines the ultimate load of the composite slab and is the most prominent failure type in composite slab construction. The profile steel sheeting acts as an external tensile reinforcement in the slab. In this experimental investigation, three types of embossments viz., chevron, rectangular and inclined penetrated are introduced for predicting the m-k curve. Totally six numbers of steel-concrete composite deck specimens are used for the study. For each type of embossments, two numbers of specimens were chosen with two different shear span conditions. The specimens are cast using M25 grade of concrete and using 1 mm thickness of profiled steel sheeting to avoid the shrinkage and creep of the concrete, 8 mm diameter of secondary reinforcements are provided (on top of the profiled sheet). The specimens are subjected to static loading and load capacity was found. As per the regulations of Euro-code 4, the m-k method is used to determine longitudinal shear capacity of the deck slabs. The linear regression analysis was plotted using experimental tests data to predict the m-k value.

Cluster Analysis Based Fault Identification Data Mining Models for 3 Phase Power Systems

Sing, Tan Yong — 2016-06-10T00:00:00-00:00

The main objective of this research work was to develop a Cluster Analysis based fault identification model for the power system. Cluster Analysis based Data Mining Techniques model has been implemented to locate the 3-phase transmission lines fault in IEEE 30 bus power system. Power World version 18 software was used to simulate the IEEE 30 bus power system and the 3-phase transmission lines fault. The bus voltages at fault were collected and import to the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for determining the bus at fault. Through Cluster Analysis using Squared Euclidean Distance method, fault has been identified at each bus. This meant that the application of Data Mining Techniques yields a huge potential in solving complex problems related to power system, it not only yield an accurate result but also fast computation. The proposed innovative, successful model was able to locate the fault at each bus by bus nominal voltage comparison method.

EVALUATION OF THE SIZE AND CHANGE PATTERNS OF GREEN AREAS, BUILT UP AREAS AND EXURBAN OF UGEP, CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA

Oka, Peter Onen — 2016-06-10T00:00:00-00:00

Urban green areas are important part of dynamic and complex urban ecosystem and provide significant ecosystem services. Less attention is often given to the potential urban green areas serve in urban biodiversity conservation in most developing areas. This paper identify and mapped urban green areas of Ugep, the largest ‘native’ town in West Africa and further examine the size and change pattern of the green areas in comparison to the built-up areas and exurban from 1999 to 2013. Using aerial photograph and ground truthing helped to identify and map land uses while graphs and tracing papers served in calculating the size and change pattern of the urban green areas, built-up areas and exurban. Ten urban green areas depleted by anthropogenic activities were located in the study area. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) tested the validity of the size and change pattern of the green areas, built-up areas and exurban. Results showed that significant differences occur in the size and change pattern among green areas, built-up areas and exurban. The area covered by the green areas, built-up areas and exurban was calculated and then converted to percentage of site covered. Green areas decrease in size from 23.65% in 1999 to 18.19% in 2013, and exurban, 60.13% to 49.01%. During the period of study, built-up areas increased from 16.23% to 32. 80%. Hence, built-up areas consistently expanded at the detriment of green and exurban areas. The vestiges of natural vegetation remain primarily along stream buffers and pristine sites. The most evident problem in the study area is that emphases are not laid on the ecological values the green areas possess hence increased built-up areas has caused biodiversity imperilment in the area under study. It is therefore recommending that conservation planning should specifically address the issue of human settlement and development to underline the values of unprotected green areas for nature conservation within the urban setting.

Floristic and structural studies of two mixed vegetation communities on hydromorph and firm land forests of Kponyo (Bas-Uélé province, Congo DR)

Kambale, Jean-Léon K. — 2016-06-10T00:00:00-00:00

A floristic and structural composition studies of Kponyo forest, a forest close to the hunting field of Bili Uélé, was carried out with the aim of knowing the variability of the forest types through the evaluation of the parameters such as abundance, taxa predominance, basal area, biodiversity indices and the mode of space distribution of the dominant species in each inspected site. The method of subplot made it possible to sample two hectares (8 pieces of 50 m X 50 m). On the whole, 636 individuals belonging to 173 species and 66 families were inventoried. The species Gilbertiodendron dewevrei abounds the hydromorph land forest while the species Garcinia epunctata abounds the firm land forest. The Fabaceae family dominates this florule. Basal area average is 28,14m2/ha. The analysis according to the K repley® function of Gilbertiodendron dewevrei and Garcinia epunctata shows a random distribution within the settlement.

Floristic and structural studies of forests in the Rubi-Télé hunting domain (Bas-Uélé Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo)

Kambale, Jean-Léon K. — 2016-06-10T00:00:00-00:00

Democratic Republic of the Congo is among the countries who attach great importance to the conservation and sustainable management of natural resources. The aim of this floristic study was to evaluate the plant diversity of the Rubi-télé hunting area for a good sustainable management. This area is located in the Bas Uele province, Territory of Buta and the Community of Monganzulu village Sukisa (N: 02 ° 19 '072 "E: 024 ° 58' 368'; altitude: 471m). This reserve has an area of 9080 km2. All individuals with a diameter ≥ 10 cm were inventoried and measured 1.30 m above the grade. We opted for a targeted sampling of delineating the 50 m X 50 m plots (mixed forest) and where the Gilbertiodendron dewevrei (mono forest dominant) was abundant. The study conducted in the field hunting Rubi-Télé an area of 2ha led us census 452 individuals in the mixed forest divided into 79 species, 28 families; 267 individuals in the forest Gilbertiodendron dewevrei divided into 30 species, 14 families. Basal area for forest Gilbertiodendron dewevrei is 32,3m2/ha and mixed forest as basal area 23m2/ha. Julbernadia seretii is more abundant with a rate of 11.95%, in the mixed forest. Family Fabaceae leads with 30.87%. For Gilbertiodendron dewevrei forest species abounds its habitat, first with 46.44% of the family Fabaceae is leading with 64.12%, it appears that the mixed forest shows the scattering of the forest wealth specific Gilbertiodendron dewevrei because its diversity index values are low.

Characteristics of the natural regeneration of the forest underwood of the S. Lisowski Botanical garden (Kisangani city, Democratic Republic of the Congo)

Kavira, Patience K. — 2016-06-10T00:00:00-00:00

An ecological study based on the natural regeneration of the undergrowth was carried out in the S. Lisowski botanical garden of the Faculty of Science, Kisangani University. A floristic inventory was conducted taking into account the height and diameter of all individuals. From this inventory, 3901 individuals have been recorded and grouped into 6 species, 6 genera, and 5 families; for the species assessed according to the scale of abundance – dominance of BRAUN BLANQUET, 8 species grouped into 8 genre and 7 families were counted. The obtained result show the dominance of the Leptonychia tokana (1232 feet or 31.58%) species, followed by Costus lucanusianus (881 individuals or 22.58%) and finally Tricalysia bequaertii (741 feet or 18, 29%). Among the Spectra evaluated according to the scale of abundance-dominance of BRAUN BLANQUET, Trachyphrynium braunianum and Anthurium ferrierense are the most abundant. The most represented families in the undergrowth of the garden are the Rubiaceae, Marantaceae, Malvaceae and Costaceae.

Evaluation of Mycelia Growth, Morphology and Yield for Low Dose Gamma Irradiated Grey Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus sajor-caju

Abdul Rashid, Rosnani — 2016-06-10T00:00:00-00:00

Mycelium growth and yield of irradiated grey oyster mushroom Pleurotus sajor-caju by gamma rays was investigated due to effects of irradiation. In order to establish the effect, mycelium of P. sajor-caju was irradiated by gamma rays at dose 0.1 to 0.6 kGy with dose rate 0.227 Gy sec-1 at the radiation facility in Malaysian Nuclear Agency. The radiation effects were evaluated on growth rate of irradiated mycelia, induction of different mycelia types, colonization period on substrate, size of fruit bodies and mushroom yields. The results shown that growth rate of irradiated mycelium were slightly slower than the control and decreased as the dose increased. Irradiation was found can induced more fruit bodies with no significant different on size of fruit bodies. The mushroom yield represented by BE of irradiated mycelium is higher than control and increased as the dose increased. Irradiation was found sufficient to increase the yield of mushroom and it is directly to support local mushroom industry.

Model predictive control of 2DOF helicopter

Ramalakshmi, A.P.S. — 2016-06-10T00:00:00-00:00

This paper deals with model predictive control (MPC) approach for a 2 DOF (degree of freedom) helicopter. The main objective is to stabilize beam of the 2DOF helicopter with respect to pitch and yaw angles. Development of controller for 2DOF helicopter is challenging because of its coupling effects between two axes and also due to its highly nonlinear characteristics. An accurate model of the system is developed first which has a similar response to that of the real plant. This model is used as a reference to design a non-linear MPC for 2 DOF helicopter. The 2DOF helicopter can also be referred as TRMS (twin rotor MIMO system) because it has two rotor each at its head and tail. Irrespective of variations in reference signals and speed, the controller has a good response in terms of accuracy.

Petrography of muddy sandstones ferruginous of Bingerville’s Miocene

Assale, Fori Yao Paul — 2016-06-10T00:00:00-00:00

The petrography of Miocene ferruginous muddy sandstones of Bingerville permitted to understand the transformation of muddy sands to muddy sandstones. The muddy sands lithification starts during the rainy seasons which distribute the iron hydroxides in the kaolin of muddy sands. During the evaporation of pore waters during the arid seasons, the iron hydroxides lose their water. These hydroxides are transformed into iron oxides supporting the transformation of muddy sands to muddy sandstones thanks to ferruginous cement. This cement derives from the total oxidation of the ochreous matrix. This matrix is a mixture of kaolinite and iron oxides. These muddy sandstones are quartz wackes with ferruginous cement. There are always nano-vacuums between the grains of quartz and ferruginous cement which surrounds them. These nano-vacuums are the spaces left after the evaporation of pore waters which surrounded the grains of quartz. Quartz of quartz wackes are transformed into iron oxides through their weakness zones. That is supported by the lot of iron oxides in the sedimentation environment. The muddy sands lithification of Miocene took place at Holocene thanks to their exposure in subaerial environment and/or aerial.

A study on the squeezing hydrodynamics of a lubricant between two rough parallel plates: Hip-Joint representation

Jani, Hemangini R. — 2016-06-10T00:00:00-00:00

The unsteady squeezing hydrodynamics of lubrication between two rough parallel plates is analyzed here, which can be modified to represent a hip-joint, where in different moments can be numerically modelled. The stochastic model of Christensen and Tonder has been deployed here to evaluate the effect of surface roughness. Also the effect of roughness parameters on different moments is numerically modelled. The associated stochastically averaged Reynolds equation is solved to obtain the pressure distribution. The results obtained here are presented in graphical forms. The graphical representation establishes that the standard deviation associated with roughness has significant impact. Further it is observed that the situation remains relatively better in the case of negatively skewed roughness. This effect advances when variance (-ve) occurs.

The impact of standardization and innovation on economic growth - an empirical study: case of processing industries in Morocco

Kissami, Rabah — 2016-06-10T00:00:00-00:00

In this article we aim, on the one hand, to show how quality standards can contribute to dissemination and stimulation of innovation. On the other hand, we propose an econometric model, based on Solow growth model, to test the impact of the stock of quality standards and innovation, measured by the stock of patents, on economic growth. The model thus proposed is applied to data from processing industries in Morocco. The results show a significantly positive effect of the stock of quality standards on the economic growth of this sector.

Comparative study of the flocculating activity of Moringa oleifera and Vetivera zizanoides in the clarification of pond water from “Plateau de Batéké”, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Ngbolua, Koto-te-Nyiwa — 2016-06-10T00:00:00-00:00

The access to safe water remains a serious major concern in Africa particularly in rural areas. The aim of this study was to assess the efficiency of pond water treatment consumed by plateau de Batéké population in Bita village using Moringa oleifera seed powder and Vetivera zizanoides root powder. Pond water samples were treated with different concentrations of M. oleifera seeds and V. zizanoides roots as a bio-coagulant. The measurement of physico-chemical parameters in the course of time has permitted to determine the optimum conditions and to evaluate the treatment efficacy. Results revealed that Moringa oleifera seeds are more efficient than Vetivera zizanoides roots. This activity is dose dependent. After one day post-treatment, the rate of turbidity reduction is 93.53% at the concentration of 1.818 g/l. Also, the treatments allowed the reduction of nitrates and nitrites in treated pond water. These results indicate that M. oleifera improve considerably physic-chemical quality of treated pond water. Thus, this approach is ecological and respectful of the environment. It is inexpensive, simple and beneficial for the populations of the rural zones. Moreover, M. oleifera is a plant species particularly easy to cultivate in an intensive way and is adapted to the tropical climate of Africa.

Differential Evolution Algorithm for Hiding Fuzzy Association Rules Using Mutual Information

Sathiyapriya, K. — 2016-06-10T00:00:00-00:00

Data mining is the process of extracting the useful information from the large amount of available data. Association rule mining is a popular tool for discovering useful associations from large amount of data. Once private data is released for mining, it is very difficult to prevent its misuse. Useful associations with hidden information or knowledge that are sensitive to the database owner could be easily exposed using this kind of tool. Therefore it is necessary to hide all the sensitive information that can be mined from the data in the form of association rules before releasing the data. Most of the methods proposed in literature for association rule hiding deals with binary database and few methods for quantitative database suffer with side effects. This paper proposes an approach for hiding sensitive association rules using differential evolution and mutual information. The proposed algorithm hides the rule by decreasing Association Measure of the rule below threshold. Side effects are reduced by choosing the items with higher mutual information. Experimental results on real datasets demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively sanitize the sensitive data with fewer side effects to the non-sensitive data.

Bemolanga tar sand: A local raw material for tarring roads in Madagascar

Rakotoarison, Simon — 2016-06-10T00:00:00-00:00

The price of the crude is continuing to scaling down, but one wonders what would be the consequence of that crude price drop off on the bitumen produced at the refineries. Madagascar would have a solution to use either the Bemolanga tar sands naturally (as it is) or to use extracted bitumen to replace the imported bitumen for tarring its roads. In fact, Madagascar is importing bitumen since 1960 and needsmuch foreign currency to pay out the bitumen product bills; nevertheless it has the possibility to use these petroleum materials to tar its roads. Using only imported bitumen for tarring roads would certainly not well develop the road construction in Madagascar. On 1962 (when Madagascar became independent country)the streets of Bemolanga village and all the streets in Morafenobe, the main town situated in Western part of Madagascar, located at 30 km away from Bemolanga deposit were tarred with Bemolanga bituminous tar sands by the “Societé des Pétroles de Madagascar). The tar sands were dropped into a metal barrel and then, heated up with wood fire while mixing from time to time to produce viscous liquid, which is poured on the top of the prepared road and compacted manually afterwards. These tarred streets lasted more than twenty years life, thus, on 1980, almost of the tarred streets stay unbroken. In many countries who own tar sands, bituminous shale, natural bitumen and heavy oil, such materials were used in road construction to tar their roads since longtime ago. Thus our study consists in evaluating the possibility to use the Bemolanga tar sands to tar the maximum length of roads in Madagascar. The conclusion of the study is that it is technically possible to tar Madagascar roads with the Bemolanga tar sands. The decision to go further to the project would just be political decision.

NGOY MUANABWANGA, Jean-Claude — 2016-06-10T00:00:00-00:00

La stratégie de l’ange bleu de la communauté internationale se veut comme un récapitulatif des institutions ciblées par les ennemis de la paix en Afrique pour sa déstabilisation. Ensuite, elle balise la voie aux futurs leaders africains qui seront issus des élections, dans la mesure du possible, de s’imprégner de la situation de la décennie allant de 2005 à 2015, afin d’imaginer, dans une vision prospective, le devenir de l’Afrique, une fois que les principes démocratiques ne seront pas de mise au sein des Etats.

Priority Based Energy Efficient Data Transmission Using Cooperative Virtual MIMO Technique in Wireless Body Area Network

Ambigavathi, M. — 2016-06-10T00:00:00-00:00

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is an exigent technology which is used to customarily monitor the patient’s critical data. Initially, the sensor nodes have been placed on the human body which is configured with the wireless devices for transmitting the data. Sensor nodes are typically powered by batteries with a limited capacity. To some extent it is possible to prolong the life of the network by controlling the energy consumption of each sensor node. Energy consumption during the information transmission in WBAN remains one of the most significant research challenges. This paper imparts the proposed method called Cooperative Virtual Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (PC-VMIMO) technique for Priority Based Energy Efficient Data Transmission, which is exclusively used to overcome the above challenges. In the same power transmission and lofty traffic overhead situations, this method can produce higher data rates and minimize the node transmitting time of the priority information, thereby reduce the energy consumption, latency, overhead and also improve the communication performance of the entire network. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in various performance metrics, compared with the existing methods.

Physicochemical characterization of the non conventional petroleum oil fossil products from Bemolanga and Tsimiroro, Madagascar

Rakotoarison, Simon — 2016-06-10T00:00:00-00:00

Madagascar has not come up to petroleum discovery till now, nevertheless many petroleum companies have acquired licenses for petroleum exploration in the western sedimentary basin of Madagascar, since the new promotional petroleum exploration undertaken on 1980. The existence of the two non conventional fossil deposits discovered since longtime ago have boosted the invertors to come to Madagascar to try to find out the geological model of the eventual petroleum discovery within the huge sedimentary basin of different ages. The two deposits which are The Bemolanga tar sands deposit and the Tsimiroro heavy oil deposit were located in the Morondava sedimentary basin, in the central part of the western sedimentary basin of Madagascar. The two deposits stand besides and are about only 60 km away from each other. To support the petroleum exploration works, it was worth to know the physico-chemical and the geochemical characteristics of the oils and the minerals containing the oils. Thus the main focus of this paper is to develop the analysis for the characterization of oils and minerals which we have been undertaken since thirty years ago. The result of the analysis have stated the Permo-Triassic age of the Bemolanga and Tsimiroro deposits. To complete the useful data for the exploration issue, geochemical and chemical analysis were undertaken to evaluate the Source rock evaluation and the behavior of the Bemolanga and Tsimiroro oils. The results of the study showed that: The Bemolanga bitumen and Tsimiroro oils have high basic compounds content; not any kind of clays which may inhibit the oil recovery process was found; vapor injection process and combustion process would fit to recover these oils.

Insight into Fractal Image Compression: A Multifacet View

Ramesh, Mekala — 2016-06-10T00:00:00-00:00

This paper presents a survey on practical as well as theoretical advancements in fractal image compression (FIC) practice. It is a lossy compression scheme comprises Affine Contractive Transforms, Iterated Functions represented as fractals. It is with a high compression ratio, but entails more time for encoding. Although many schemes are published to speed up encoding, they do not easily satisfy the encoding time or the reconstructed image quality requirements. FIC method incorporating optimization techniques results in better performance of the practical applications.

Secured Cloud Adoption Architecture for Educational Institutions

Meena, K. — 2016-06-10T00:00:00-00:00

Cloud adoption is widely popular in all enterprises and institutions in todays’ scenario. This paper describes how cloud is adopted in educational institution. Cloud provides many benefits to users and it also has some security related issues in its adoption. To address the security problem in the cloud adoption in educational institutional, this paper proposes an architecture for secure adoption of cloud in educational institutions. The proposed architecture provides many benefits to users with secured cloud environment. The architecture uses four security parameters that are Authentication, Authorization, Confidentiality and Integrity. These four parameters are securing the cloud environment from users’ side to cloud environment. The authentication and authorization are used to check the entry of users to identity the unauthorized access. Confidentiality and integrity is used to ensure that the content in the cloud environment is only accessed by the authorized users.

GROUNDWATER QUALITY ANALYSIS BY USING GIS TECHNIQUES AT ARIYALUR TALUK, TAMILNADU, INDIA

VIJAYAKUMAR, G. — 2016-06-10T00:00:00-00:00

Assessment of groundwater quality is important in many groundwater studies. Water never occurs in its pure state in nature. Groundwater composed of chemical ions in the form of solution. The type and concentration of these elements depends upon the surface, sub-surface environment, rate of groundwater movements and the source of groundwater. In addition to the above natural causes, man also contributes his share in changing the quality of water by sending sewage into ground and contaminating the aquifer by discharging industrial waste into it. The use of groundwater for drinking, agricultural and industrial needs is determined by, physical and chemical characteristics. The hydrochemical studies generally involve (i) a description of the occurrence of various constituents in groundwater, (ii) the relation of these constituents to water use, (iii) identification of geochemical patterns and (iv) the development of a hydrogeochemical model of the area. The present experimental work determines the ground water quality parameters by using GIS software at Ariyalur taluk, Tamil Nadu, India.

EMI Testing Using Metallic Enclosure – A Case Study

Seetharaman, R. — 2016-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

A test setup has been devised here to quantify EMI. The frequency range of operation is proposed in GHz range. Measurement of internal fields via antennas is taken as a parameter for characterising interaction between digital components. For low frequencies MoM and FEM solvers is apt for simulation purposes. For high frequencies statistical approach has been chosen. Using these techniques real components are being reproduced as simplistic geometric models. This setup can be further extended to real time PC casing.

Circularly Polarized Patch Antenna with Shorted Strip

Seetharaman, R. — 2016-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

A novel design of a circular polarized patch antenna for GNSS application. The proposed antenna generates four resonant frequencies. With the proposed antenna wide operating bandwidth covers several wireless communication system including GSM (880 ~960 MHz), DCS (1710~1880 MHz), PCS (1850 ~ 1990 MHz), UMTS (1920 ~2170 MHz), WiBro (2300 ~ 2390 MHz), GLONASS (1602 ~ 1615.5 MHz).

Improving Data Precision and Accuracy using Efficient Techniques

Suganthi, P. — 2016-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The need for privacy preserving is sharing of sensitive information occurs in many different ways. In order to maintain privacy in database, the confidential data should be protected in the form of modifying the sensitive data items. Protecting sensitive data is an important issue in the government, public database. It used protected the sensitive numerical data item in the form of modifying the original data item using the proposed techniques. There are various anonymization technique provides privacy protection which can be used such as data encryption, Randomization and k-anonymity. The existing system uses commutative encryption scheme to improve data privacy of the database and provides security of data by using AES algorithm. To enhancing other cryptography techniques (such as RSA) are used in the user database for secure their database from unauthorized user. The multiple users have to access the data from a database with the permission of administrator.

Epidermal herbal medicine used by the population of Talassemtane National Park

RHATTAS, Mariam — 2016-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Herbal medicine is a method of natural healing, based on the exploitation of active substances of plants collected from nature and used to cure certain ailments. This study focuses on traditional herbal medicine used to fight against skin ailments in Talassemtane National Park. A stratified sampling (8 forestry sectors), and using 930 question cards, we conducted a series of ethnobotanical field investigations during 2014, to collect all the information concerning the one hand on the informant profile (gender, age) and the other on local herbal (medicinal plants, treated ailments, method of preparation, form of employment and the part used). The results allowed us to identify 32 species belonging to 22 botanical families. Among these families, the Lamiaceae (6 species), Cistaceae (6 species), Asteraceae (3 species) and Fabaceae (3 species) are the most represented in the flora, they comprise at it alone almost 50% of overall workforce. Curative groping of medicinal plants is always prepared by women, representing 59% compared to 41% men. Therapeutic revenue is used in the treatment of skin conditions such as eczema, abscesses, burns care, skin irritation, itching (58.56%); mange and hair care (23.76%); treatment of acne (8.42%) and diseases of the mouth (4.14%). While most exploited species Ajuga iva (6.76%) and Lavandula dentata (5.41%) of the family Lamiaceae (21.62%); Cistus albidus (5.41%) and Cistus crispus (4.05%) of the family Cistaceae (14.86%); Matricaria chamomilla (6.76%) of the Asteraceae (10.81%); and Genista quadriflora (4.05%) of the family Fabaceae (6.75%). The results obtained showed that the sheets also constitute the most used part, with 74% and the majority of the preparations are in the form of powder (29%) and maceration mode (25%).

Diphtheria outbreak with high case fatality rate (CFR) in the health area of Tangoushmane, Health District of Tillaberi, Niger, 2013

Alkassoum, Salifou Ibrahim — 2016-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Following notification of suspected cases of diphtheria, investigation was carried out from 25th to 26th June, 2013 in the village of Tangoushmane. The objective was to conduct an analysis of the situation and support the health district in the preparations for response activities. Data were collected by an interview conducted at the village level and health workers and documentary and line list review. The analysis was done using Excel tables and pivot charts. The investigation revealed that all patients had consulted at the stage of false membranes and most of the deaths occurred at home or after hours or even days of observations the CSI seems to be the index case occurred April 23, 2013 in the village of Tezguene. The daily evolution showed intermittent occurrence of cases suggestive of spread from person to person. The case fatality rate was 39%, ranging from 10% to 58% to Tezguene Tanghousmane. The age of cases ranged from 3 years to 61 years (mean = 16.7 years) and the age range of 5-14 years is 63.4%.Particular attention should be paid to capacity building of staff in the definition of cases and routine vaccination in the district.

Assessment of the effectiveness of seasonal malaria chemoprevention in 3-59 months children, health district Madarounfa, Niger in 2013

Alkassoum, Salifou Ibrahim — 2016-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Introduction: Niger organized in 2013 a malaria chemoprevention campaign in children 3 to 59 months in some health districts (HD). The objective of the study is to assess the effectiveness of seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SCP) in children aged from 3 to 59 months in the health areas of Safo and Moullé in HD of Madarounfa in 2013. Methodology: An evaluative study in children aged 3-59 months was conducted. Data were collected using a questionnaire to health workers, an interview guide to community volunteers and mothers or children guardians. Our sample consisted of 141 mothers or children guardians, 12 community volunteers and 7 health workers serving in the Campaign sites of the health centers. Data were analyzed using the software STATA12. The chi-square test and p-value with 95% confidence intervals were used to search for a relationship between variables. Results: The coverage of the SCP was 86.6%. It was noted a decrease of 50% of clinical cases of malaria during the rainy season compared to the previous year at the same period in both health centers. Some minor side effects have been observed dominated by vomiting (54%). Conclusion: SCP remains a compelling strategy. Its implementation allows a significant reduction of malaria in the target.

DETECTION OF COLLUSION ATTACK IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK USING RDE PROTOCOL AND CHORD ALGORITHM

Ramalakshmi, R. — 2016-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Wireless sensor network consists of entity nodes that are able to work together with their surroundings by sensing or scheming corporeal parameters. The major issue in wsn is information accessed by unauthorized party by clone node. Once a node is captured, the attacker can reprogram and then take over the network process. The proposed algorithm is chord and DHT (Distributed hash table).The RDE protocol is used to detect clone node and chord algorithm provides the neighbor details. The DHT is used to store the node ID, key, location and source ID, destination ID. Here every node is assigned with a unique key which is verified by a witness node before transmitting data. A distributed detection protocol, known as randomly directed exploration (RDE), presents outstanding communication performance and minimal storage consumption for dense sensor networks. It is a location based node identification protocol. The group leader will be generating random number with appropriate location. Witness node are used to verify the random number detect the clone.

Effect of Theoretical Biomechanics on Open Jump the Platform Jumps Performance using Jumps (Vault) in Artistic Gymnastics

Ameen, Ferdous Majeed — 2016-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The biomechanics is an important science in the physical education, thereby sports analyzed and thereafter correct the technical errors. Gymnastics is more related with biomechanics than other sports, this science contribute in the analysis, illustration, understanding, and improvement of sports technique. This study aimed to identify the effectiveness of theoretical information on the Platform Jumps (Vault) Performance, and to identify the difference of the performance level between pre-test and post-test. This research hypothesized significant differences in each of the theoretical biomechanics information in open jump on the platform jumps (Vault) performance between pre-test and post-test. An experiment used quasi experimental design, the population included 40 female undergraduate students in the physical education college, University of Diyala- Iraq during 2012-2013 divided into equal two groups. The biomechanics theoretical information that given to the students impacted on their skill and performance positively. Increase the level of Gymnastics performance of open jump on the platform for the female students.

A Survey of Secure Network Coding Against Eavesdropper

Khan, Ali — 2016-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Network coding, which gives the better performance and throughput to the system, is used for performing some encoding operations by intermediate nodes in multicast network. When we talk about transmission, security becomes one of the main focus points. As nodes mix the incoming symbols and output it this leads it vulnerable to adversary attack. In this paper we discuss the Secure Network Coding scheme which helps against eavesdropper adversary threat. We analyze the performance of these schemes. We also discuss different security levels and proposed schemes associated to these.

AMANI BALIAHAMWABO, John — 2016-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Rwanda is a country which is full of hills and with at least 80% of the population which depends on agriculture as a source of revenue. The majority of regions with hills have abruptly slopes which do not allow a good yield of the recommended crops. They are exposed to soil erosion which is the cause of poor yields. Agriculture occupies an important place in the economy of Rwanda as it is always the case in all developing countries. We have used different approaches and techniques to gather data for this paper. After the analysis of the research result we have found that cultivating rice through citizens’ organizations and made infrastructure in adjusted marsh allow producers to sell their yields on basis of a good market price thanks to the cooperative efforts to look for markets. The mastery of agricultural techniques, the cooperative system, the increase of revenue due to created jobs allow the cooperative members to satisfy their needs and their families’.

TWO WHEEL SELF EQUILIBRIUM SWARM ROBOT CONTROLLED BY PORT FORWARDING METHODS USING IOT

Chinnadurai, G. — 2016-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Background/Objectives: This paper proposes a modified method to implement two wheel swarm robot control around anywhere using Internet-of things and also this paper is that we can control multiple robot simultaneously in different places using port forwarding concepts. Methods/Statistical analysis: The invertered pendulum concept is used for the balancing of two wheeled robot. This system utilizes sensor, cameras, and DC-motor are used for detecting obstacle judgments, image viewing and wheel movements. Findings: The main advantage of this paper is that we can control multiple robots simultaneously in different places using port forwarding concepts. If any problems persist in single robot method we cannot achieve the target. But while using the swarm robot, we can achieve the target even though any problems occurs in the other robot. Applications/Improvements: Swarm robot can be used in such way as to travel forward and backward, the current day short distance usage vehicles can be substituted by them. Another advantage of the proposed method is we can control several robots using single IOT.

Effects of different organic fertilizers application on the growth and fruit yield of two varieties of tomato (Lycopersicun esculentum) in the municipality of Parakou (Northern Benin)

HERMANN BATAMOUSSI, Michel — 2016-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The study on the effect of the organic fertilizers on the productivity of the two tomato varieties has been achieved in the municipality of Parakou in the northern Benin. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of the cow, chicken and goat dungs on the growth and fruit yield of two varieties of tomato (F1 Mongal and F1 jaguar). Treatments consisted of three organic fertilizer types (cow, chicken and goat dung) with a control without fertilizer. The dose of applied organic manure is 40t/ha (15kg/ridge). The treatments were randomly distributed into a complete randomized block design and replicated four times. The organic manure was dried and applied three week before transplanting. The results showed that the variety F1 Mongal is significantly (P <0.05) more productive (103kg/are ± 14.65kg/are) than the variety F1 jaguar (49kg/are ±13.22 kg/are). The study revealed that the droppings of chicken increased the forwardness of apparition of the floral buttons and the flowers of two (02) days compared to the witness. With regard to the height and the number of twining stems, they are significantly (P <0.05) increased with the application of chicken droppings (81,5cm ± 7.15cm and 85.5 ± 9.88cm) whereas the circumference to the collar of the tomato plants was significantly (p <0, 05) increased with the application of cow dungs (5.72cm ± 0.05cm). The best outputs (286.4kg/Are ±17.53kg/are) have been obtained with the chicken droppings. It is evident from this study that the combination of chicken droppings with the variety F1 Mongal is more productive than the variety F1 Jaguar with the same organic fertilizer in the municipality of Parakou.

Anti-radical mechanism of the antihypertensive effect of Wakouba an extract from palm oil

BIDIE, Alain dit Philippe — 2016-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Oxidative stress is a pathology responsible for several diseases. It is characterized by a relative increase of the reactive species of the oxygen (ERO) and can decrease the bioavailability of NO. The oxidative stress, having for consequence the appearance of several often irreversible damage at the level of cells, constitutes one of the important factors at the origin of the arterial high blood pressure. It so appears as a potential factor of arisen several diseases of which arterial blood pressure. Therefore, an efficacy treatment of the arterial high blood pressure could be also an antioxidant. From this perspective, this study allowed us to establish the anti-radical mechanism of Wakouba an antihypertensive product used in the traditional environment. The extracts of Wakouba are obtained after maceration in the methanol 96 %, during 48 hours in the ambient temperature (25°C), followed by double filtration on cotton then on paper tram driver 3 mm and evaporated with the rotavapor. So, the powder obtained allowed us to realize our antioxidant tests. Various doses of Wakouba and Tenordate the antihypertensive product used as reference were administered to rabbits made spontaneously hypertense has the hanging adrenalin for 7 days. The animals were then sacrificed to take the heart, the liver, the kidney and the aorta for the dosage of superoxide dismutase and the catalase. Furthermore, the inhibition of the lipid peroxidation was made by the method in the ferric thiocyanate and the method of the TBARS. It emerges from this study that the treatment by various doses of Wakouba and Tenordate in the hypertense animals decreases significantly until the normalization of the activity of the SOD and the catalase beforehand raised in the aorta, the heart, the liver and the loins. On other hand, Wakouba inhibits the lipid peroxidation in 78,3% as well as the Vitamin C reference molecule which exercises 81,00%. This consolidates us for its use as antihypertensive substance in the traditional environment.

Local products in the province of Tata (Morocco): resource diversity, multiplicity of actors and constraints to production and marketing - Case of study

M'Barki, Lhassan — 2016-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

In the globalized economic world, states pay increasing attention to local products in order to advance their national economies. Morocco is no exception to this situation, especially in areas with low economic productivity, high social insecurity and severe climatic conditions. The oasis areas of Tata province in the southeast of Morocco are a good example to approach the position of local products in the local economy. This recent study aims to identify local products of the region and its role in local development, and explore the main problems that hinder their production and their marketing. It also attempts to assist decision makers in promoting this sector by being aware of the problems and suggestions of the producers and other actors. This paper has adopted the methodology of the direct interviews with producers, workshops with main actors and on-site visits to several production units. It proposes a series of scientific and general recommendations to promote and develop local products in order to strengthen their positive effects on economic, social and cultural aspects of the local population.

Weakness areas conducive to the intrusion of dykes by reference to the migration of the epicenters of swarms of long period earthquakes around the volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamulagira for the period 2002-2011

NAMOGO, Didier BIRIMWIRAGI — 2016-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

We analyzed the seismic data collected in the database of the Goma Volcano Observatory, for the period from 2002 to 2011. Based on the location of the various swarms of Long Period Earthquakes, migration of epicenters were assessed in order to estimate the weakness areas which are the ways for dyke intrusions at Nyiragongo and Nyamulagira volcanoes, the two very active volcanoes the Western Branch of the East African Rift in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. We found that the intrusions of dykes occur in two main perpendicular weak axes: the NE-SW axis generated by tensional forces from the East African Rift actions, and the NW-SE axis generated by divergent forces from the actions of magmas of both volcanoes.

Seismic activity related to the June 2014 New lava Lake apparition at Nyamulagira volcano in the Western Branch of the East African Rift

NAMOGO, Didier BIRIMWIRAGI — 2016-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

A lava lake activity is observed at Nyamulagira volcano during this last decade. The training process of this lava lake began in 2012 by the release of gas fumes that was been continuously observed in the crater of the volcano. However no change in seismic activity was observed compared to the usual activity of the volcano until April 2014. On 22 June 2014, an activity of glow was observed by the Goma Volcano Observatory and the inhabitants of the city of Goma. On July 3rd 2014, the United States’s organization NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) noted this situation by its satellite detection and published on his Web site the apparition of a new lava lake in the crater of Nyamulagira. Nyamulagira volcano (in its known history) logged again a lave lake from 1921 to 1938. Here are analyzed the seismic activity which preceded this new event at mount Nyamulagira. It was found that this event was been preceded by a significant swarm activity of Long Period earthquakes in April 2014, six hybrid earthquakes and volcanic tremors in June 2014. The April 2014 swarm of low frequency earthquakes lasted about four days and was been located in the North-Eastern part of the Nyamulagira crater (at the place where appeared the new lava lake) and was been interpreted as expressed by the precursor movements of the opening of the crater. The six hybrid earthquakes were been interpreted also as the events that led to a falling movement of the land masses and the opening of the crater. After the visibility of the lava lake in June 2014, the activity of LP events reduced, no swarm and hybrid events were been recorded from this period, but the number of Volcano-Tectonic events remained constant.

LAND USE CHANGE IN VIEW OF SMALL TEA GARDENS and ITS IMPACT ON BIODIVERSITY IN AND AROUND TITABAR

Sharma, Namita — 2016-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Tea industry of Assam plays a dominant role in the economy of the state. Recently, a number of small tea growers have made an entry into the tea industry in Assam, which has made a significant impact on the pattern of agricultural land use, creation of rural employment, economic benefit and most significantly on the biodiversity of the area. The present study focuses to know about the changes in land use due to small tea cultivation in Titabar of Jorhat, a district of Assam and its impact on the biodiversity of the area. The small tea growers of the study area converted the fallow lands, waste lands, grazing lands etc. into the tea gardens within the last two decade, which changes the pattern of land use of the area. The farmers had cleared their plots under bamboo land, miscellaneous and indigenous trees for tea gardening which directly affects the biodiversity of the area. The primary data have been collected by field visit to the study area to substantiate the objectives of the study. Seven villages of Titabar and a total number of 50 small tea growers were selected randomly as sample for study. The study attempts to establish a relationship between the small tea cultivation and land use change. Growth of small tea cultivation is the prime cause of depletion of many valuable forest resources including animals, birds, medicinal plant and nutritious fruits, resulting in loss of flora and fauna in the area.

Development of Web-Based Geographic Information System (GIS) for Promoting Tourism in Sivasagar District

Sharma, Namita — 2016-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Geographic information system is a computer based system used for capturing, storing, checking, manipulation, analysing and displaying data which are spatially referenced to the earth, in order to solve a complex management problem. Web based GIS or internet GIS became more useful tools for tourism industry, which presents a platform that brings products and services to the tourists. Instead of various tourist guides for the location the tourist might face some problem related to find a hotel, travel cost, mode of transportation, road connectivity etc. The study proposed to develop a web mapping application for Sivasagar Tourism a district of Assam, India using Geospatial technology. The data that published in Geoserver are import from Postgres Sql database to Apache tomcat server. This district is a famous destination for tourists as well as others visitors because of its historical footprints and its exotic locations. This study considers web-based GIS application towards promoting tourism and providing a smarter way to the visitors to access spatial orientation of the town. The web map application will be published for future use with a website on the internet .Web page is design using JavaScript, HTML, Cascade style sheet with the open layers as base map for overlaying the layers.

Forest degradation, a methodological approach using remote sensing techniques: A review

Mikwa, Jean-fiston — 2016-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Measuring all carbon stock changes caused by forest degradation within a country at the same level of detail and accuracy will likely not be efficient. In particular the considerations of IPCC source category analysis, and the fact that many degradation activities are focused on specific areas within the country help to make the monitoring more targeted and efficient to capture the most important components with priority. To estimate forest degradation, countries need to assess carbon stock changes and the total area undergoing degradation, ideally for different types of degradation (i.e. fire, logging, and fuel wood harvesting). The assessment of changes in carbon stocks requires consistent ground data while the evaluation of the total area undergoing degradation is more reliably measured through remote sensing for the major degradation processes, in particular for developing countries. The particular problem of measuring forest degradation is the lack of field based forest data for developing countries.

MATITI LUKWESA, Fidèle — 2016-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

In this article we describe the agricultural financing by financial institutions in order to ensure the lives of farmers in rural areas. The financing of the agricultural sector followed different trends from the 2nd century to today. The first financial aid for farmers came from the States which were to intervene to support the sector according to the Keynesian principle. The states supported agriculture through credit institutions such as agricultural and development banks of traditional financial system. Indeed, agriculture is a major economic sector in developing countries. Three out of four poor people live in rural areas and most of them depend on agriculture. Agriculture for Development, Development Report in the world, World Bank, 2008 Since some time, some MFIs are based in rural areas to support the agricultural sector through agricultural credit, sometimes not well understood and disapproved by the rural population. Although the agricultural credit is an indispensable means for promoting agriculture and rural development, this situation is a source of reluctance and demotivation for MFIs because over 90% of loans granted by MFIs are oriented to trade business forgetting the agricultural sector which is principal in rural areas.

MODERNITE AND POLITICAL POWERS IN THE COUNTRIES OF THE GREAT LAKES

BAGWARHEKONE MUDERHWA, Apollinaire — 2016-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

The objective of this analysis was to release as certain the difficulties facing by the African States in the Great Lakes. It has been noticed that since African countries independences, these States knew many shocks resulting from the calamitous management of the political powers instituted there. Controlling tend to make political powers, their private inheritances which cannot be bequeathed to other people. One of the weapons which they use to cling to the capacity is the recourse to the handling of the constitution. Although the concept of modernity is always evoked in these States, all seems to move back leaving room to totalitarianism while pretexting the democracy.

Sister Mary Joseph’s umbilical nodule associated to ovarian adenocarcinoma: A case report

Akharraz, Abdelkader — 2016-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

Sister Mary Joseph’s umbilical nodule designates an exceptional location umbilical metastatic of cancer, which is generally often pelvic adenocarcinoma. We report a case of this lesion due to adenocarcinoma of the ovary advanced in a patient, 58 years old who underwent surgery and chemotherapy. This nodule may indicate cancer or designates a recurrence. Adenocarcinoma is the most common histological type. Ovarian etiology is the leading cause in women. Faced with an umbilical metastasis, the prognosis is pejorative. Survival would be better however with combined surgery and chemotherapy treatment. So it must be known by the practitioner, because his recognition may allow early diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Improving the Performance of Mouse Dynamics Based Authentication Using Machine Learning Algorithm

Suganya, S. — 2016-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

To diminish the behavioral variability of mouse dynamics, the machine learning algorithm was proposed. Mouse dynamics is the process of identifying the user based on their mouse operating behavior. The dataset includes co-ordinates values, time stamp value and mouse operation. From this dataset, the schematic features, holistic features and motor-skill features like average speed, average distance, mean, standard deviation and mouse silence ratio, velocity, slope angle, curvature were extracted to obtain feature vector. The obtained feature vector can be applied to the dimensionality reduction based approach, diffusion map to reduce the dimension of the feature vector that compared with ISOMAP (Isometric Feature Mapping). Without dimensionality reduction based method the classification process was difficult. The machine learning algorithm i.e.) hop field network to be used to identify whether the given input sample was authenticated user (or) unauthenticated.

A cross-sectional study of migration and chronic disease among health workers in Botswana

Selotlegeng, Lesego — 2016-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

In Botswana, health workers are emigrating to developed countries to seek better opportunities, which also affects their well-being. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between international migration of health workers and chronic disease. This study involves both quantitative and qualitative data. Skype interviews were conducted with 128 health workers working abroad. The snowballing technique was used for forty-five returned health workers while a random sample size of health workers (n = 210) located in health facilities in Gaborone. Logistic regression models were used for analyzing the results. The majority of health workers abroad were in their prime working age. The health workers abroad were more likely to have hypertension (p = 0.01) than those who had returned. The relation between migration and chronic disease in Botswana emphasizes the need to focus not only on the psychological health consequences but also on potential chronic disease consequences.

THE PARADOX OF THE INCREASEMENT IN THE NUMBER OF THE DIPLOMAS AND DEEPENING ON UNDER DEVELOPMENT: AN ATTEMPT TO A COMPREHENSION IN RDC

MURAY MULUME-ODERHWA, Alexis — 2016-06-02T00:00:00-00:00

At the independence of the DRC in 1960, the country counted less than ten academics. Its Gross domestic product (GDP) was equal to that of Canada, of South Korea and of South Africa. Fifty-six years after independence, the RDC counts several academics among them Doctors, researchers, and Professors of Universities of international frame. But a doubt plane on the quality of the produced diplomas. What pushes to believe that the diplomas offered, far from contributing to the development of the RDC, take part rather in its collapse so that the GDP cannot equalize any African country today.

Automatic Event Detection and Classification Based on Ball Trajectory in Broadcast Tennis Video Using SVM and HMM

Archana, M. — 2016-05-30T00:00:00-00:00

An identifying event in sports video has many efforts of sports applications. In this paper, proposed a system for automatic detection of key events in Broadcast Tennis Video (BTV). The ultimate goal is to detect the events of complete tennis match. The detected tennis events are fault, rally and net approach, there are also other events in BTV, they all are considered as secondary one. To detect the events of tennis by analyzing the player`s position and ball tracking. The experiments done in different tennis tournament, which has the events (fault, rally and net approach), the some of the visual features are extracted from MHI (Motion History Image) and modelled by Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Hidden Markov Model (HMM) for recognizing tennis events. In result HMM gives a higher accuracy rate of 96.66% when compared to SVM rate of 86.42%.

Chrispin, MUKUNDA RAMAZANI — 2016-05-30T00:00:00-00:00

La RD Congo reste toujours un pays en conflits internes et externes. Ce spiral des conflits récurrents détruit l’organisation politique, sociale et économique de l’Est, ils vont jusqu’à affecter les rapports sociaux. Une seule voie reste, la voie de la réconciliation pour rétablir la cohésion Nationale. La manière par la quelle cette réconciliation a été expérimentée dans le processus de la paix témoigne toujours la persistance de conflits. Une telle situation résume qu’il est difficile de construire la paix et penser à un développement harmonieux. Car la RD Congo reste un pays fragile et les vraies motivations pour gérer la république dans le plan de la Justice, de la vérité, du pardon et de la réconciliation pour la paix durable reste hypothétique au risque d’éclatement des nouvelles violences.

krukenberg’s tumor: about a case and review of literature

Akharraz, Abdelkader — 2016-05-30T00:00:00-00:00

Krukenberg's Tumors (TK) are defined as bilateral ovarian metastases from gastrointestinal cancer most often. They are rare and account 1 to 2% of ovarian tumors. We report a case of Krukenberg gastric original tumor in a female patient of 40 years old, G3P3, 3 living children, thyroidectomized with hormone replacement therapy, she was hospitalized for surgical exploration of two malignant abdominopelvic masses objectified in clinical examination and abdominopelvic ultrasound. Laparotomy had highlighted two ovarian tumors whose histology was in favor of ovarian metastases from carcinoma of digestive origin. Gastroesophageal Endoscopy showed a gastric adenocarcinoma with a signet-ring appearance of the pylorus and bulb gastric. Palliative chemotherapy was indicated. The patient died after four months. The treatment of this tumor remains palliative and is not codified. The progress of chemotherapy could improve the prognosis who is pejorative.

EMPIRICAL STUDY ON NURSES INTENTION TO LEAVE MEDIATED BY PERSON - ORGANIZATION FIT AT MULTI-SPECIALITY HOSPITALS, BANGALORE

Prema, R. K. — 2016-05-30T00:00:00-00:00

BACKGROUND: Health is wealth. Life is more precious for everyone and health cannot be earned. In the health care organization, the nurse turnover may detract the quality of care. To mitigate such a problem, it is better to examine nurses’ intentions to leave. OBJECTIVES: This study attempts to test the effects of workplace social context and job context and its relationship with the person - organization fit towards turnover intention of nurse’s at multi-speciality hospitals, are the focus of the study. METHODS: A structured survey questionnaire measures the responses from 847 nurses of multi-speciality hospitals using stratified random sampling method. Descriptive analysis, Correlation, and ANOVA were used. Confirmatory Factor Analysis using AMOS 20.0 validated the measurement model. RESULTS: The results show that workplace social context and job context have a positive relationship with the person - organization fit, with r =.233**, r =.284**, and p < .05. In turn, the person - organization fit has a significant negative relationship with intent to leave, as shown by r = -.383**. The χ2 statistics were significant and sensitive to sample size and model complexity. The fit indices were good and showed an acceptable fitting model. CONCLUSION: Job context has a greater impact than workplace social context on turnover intention of nurses through person - organization fit. Job context is closely related to person - organization fit. Higher the person - organization fit lowers the intent to leave among the nurses in multi-speciality hospitals.

Loutfi, Amr — 2016-05-30T00:00:00-00:00

Beta thalassemia major (also known as Cooley's anemia) is an inherited red blood cell disorder that results in the complete absence or decreased synthesis of the beta globin chains of hemoglobin. Beta thalassemia is among the most common genetic diseases in Morocco and characterized by mild to severe anemia, delay of growth and puberty, enlargement of the spleen, cardiac disease and dysmorphic bone changes. Untreated newborns have a higher risk of death within the first two years of life. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the hematological and nutritional profile in young beta-thalassemia major patient in the Rabat commune. Material and Methods: This retrospective study assessed 104 young beta-thalassemia major patient followed at the division of pediatric hematology-oncology, Rabat children’s hospital, Morocco between October 2014 and 30 June 2015. Patients received regular transfusions every three weeks to maintain hemoglobin levels greater than 10 g/dl. To reduce iron overload, chelation therapy was considered to maintain the serum ferritin levels between 800-1000 ng/mL. Epidemiological, clinical and biological data were collected from medical records and transfusion files of patients. Furthermore, evaluation of the nutritional status and anthropometric measures such as weight-for-age and height-for-ageof subjects were investigated. Results: Data from medical records showed that the average age in our cohort is 11.42 years (the youngest age is 6 and the oldest age is 16). Low hemoglobin count (9.70 g/dl ±1.20) indicateda severe anemia which result in an important microcytosis and hypochromia. Indeed, 39.5% of patient developed leukocytosis, 12.5% neutrophilia, 23% eosinophilia, 9.6% basophilie, 85% monocytopenia, and 28% lymphocytosis. The percentage of subjects presenting stunting and wasting were 39.4%and 19.2%, respectively in patients. Conclusion: This study substantiates that beta thalassemia major young patients require a monitoring from birth, life-long transfusion support, reduction of overloaded iron, and regular nutritional assessment to prevent or reduce the risk of hematological and anthropometric complications.

Construction of a measurement scale assessing people satisfaction of public administrations: the case of Morocco

Ben Hanana, Ellamrani — 2016-05-30T00:00:00-00:00

The object of this research is to outline a method of building a measurement scale assessing staff satisfaction Moroccan public administrations. The measures were built from a survey of 237 functionaries in the Casablanca-Settat region. The methodology is based on the steps recommended by the paradigm of Churchill (1979), specifically its exploratory phase based on qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews and quantitative approaches based on exploratory factor analyzes and Cronbach's alpha. This paradigm allows building rigorously instruments standard questionnaire to measure multiple scales. The results reveal a structure of staff satisfaction in 5 components with a total explained variance of 80,25%. Only the first component: Remuneration and career management restores 33,35% of the total variance. The size and skills training was excluded in this exploratory phase, it does not explain enough variance in satisfaction. The analysis of the reliability of the scales of the principal components shows that the items of each scale are correlated and coherent with each other and vary between 0,681 and 0,931. It is the same for the reliability of the total scale of which Cronbach's alpha of 0,841.

Antioxidant Capacity of Methanol Extract of Turkish Endemic Species Origanum haussknechtii

Köseoglu, A. — 2016-05-30T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this study is to reveal antioxidant capacity of methanol extract of Origanum haussknechtii aerial parts. The antioxidant capacity of methanol extract were assayed with various methods, metal chelating capacity, DPPH free radical and ABTS radical cation scavenging activity, including total phenolic compound contents by Folin – Ciocalteu reagent (FCR). The obtained results were compared with standard antioxidants such as Ascorbic acid, BHT and EDTA. The methanol extract of O.haussknechtii aerial parts showed free radical scavenging activity similar to that of BHT. Also, this extract exhibited strong ABTS radical cation activity. As a conclusion of this study, the methanol extract of O.haussknechtii has beneficial effects on metal chelating, ABTS radical cation , DPPH radical scavenging abilities and may thus exert protection against oxidative damage.

ENERGY BALANCED CLUSTERING ALGORITHMS ON LEACH PROTOCOL FOR WSN

Charaan, Dilip — 2016-05-30T00:00:00-00:00

The rise of wireless sensor networks (WSN) is one of the leading innovations that postures different breed of intrusions, vitality and better performances in the nearing decades. However, in WSN, energy plays a vital role in transmitting data between sources. Also several communication protocols are available in cluster based for energy conservation and it varies depending on its application. Among the routing protocols, LEACH is chosen so that the vitality problem can be minimized. Few enhancements to improve its efficiency and ability to deliver data without packet loss is achieved to a greater extent. Increasing their energy through Solar means will prolong the network lifetime. Different enhanced LEACH protocols are collated to increase node alive rate, packet delivery ratio, and average residual energy, throughputs. The above parameters are derived for the R-LEACH, solar powered R-S-LEACH and SLEEP LEACH. The results are obtained using Network Simulator-2.

On Composite Convolution Operators with Weight

Gupta, Anupama — 2016-05-30T00:00:00-00:00

In this paper composite convolution operators with weight are introduced on Hilbert space H. Some basic properties for composite convolution operators with weight have been investigated. The characterization of normal, Hermitian and idempotent composite convolution operators with weight are explored. The commutant of composite convolution operators with weight has also been characterized.

BAUNELI, Etienne BUTUNA — 2016-05-30T00:00:00-00:00

Self-esteem has become an essential element of individual success in different life domains: work, social relations, sport, physical appearance, behaviour. However, context plays a particularly important role. This article unveils the role of family context in the structuring of self-esteem. Children brought up by single mothers live in a particular context, where parental identification exhibits quite serious defects coupled with the emotional deprivation of one parent, the father. After correlating self-esteem with age, we got a negative value (-0.117), which shows that the more these children grow, the more self-esteem declines. Yet, the said children already exhibit a low self-esteem with differences that are not significant to sex and age (9-12 years and 13-18 years).

Designing an application that teachs programming to college students using incremental methodology and instructional design model ADDIE

Caballero, René López — 2016-05-30T00:00:00-00:00

The aim of this paper is to describe a methodology used to create an application that teaches programing to college students. The instructional design model and incremental software development model are used as a base. The instructional design model is a general methodology for the development of educational materials. This methodology is composed by 5 phases: Analysis Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation, commonly refereed as ADDIE. We use the software incremental methodology, this software methodology divide software development into increments, in each increment, a functional software is developed and can be tested, for each increment will use the 5 phases of instructional design presented before. The software teaches programming to college students, detecting the students learning style and providing a personalized experience, we use the visual programming paradigm. This application is developed in a web environment, using as tool set: HTML, Javascript, Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP. At the end of this work we have realized that the incremental software development methodology and the incremental development model is a good combination in the development of educational software focused on the web.

Influence of surface states on the distribution of trace metals in the soil landscape: Case of Penga-Penga (Lubumbashi, Haut-Katanga / DR Congo)

Kalala, Serge Kashimbo — 2016-05-30T00:00:00-00:00

Katanga is one of the regions of the world, where we find abundant geochemical anomalies in most of these soils. These geochemical anomalies contain rich deposits mainly copper but also cobalt, zinc, cadmium and gold. The rich deposits of copper, cobalt, zinc, cadmium and gold are either in the hills or in the depths of the basement. Under these conditions these elements constituting a danger reduced to humans, plants and animals. From the time man, through its various activities (mining, metallurgical, plastic manufacturing) interrupts the strong links between these elements that begin the redistribution issues, release of these hazardous metals in the different compartments of environment: soil, water, air. They reach very high levels and become a real problem for humans. Atmospheric fallout from the rich fumes SO2 discharged through the chimney smelter plant Gecamines contributed to the accumulation of metals in the soils of Penga Penga-tray. The digging of the Quartz and brick-making contributed to the remobilization of these metals through the landscape, soil, air, and water are a serious public health problem in this part of the city Lubumbashi.

Impacts of liquid discharges Society Terril of Lubumbashi (STL) on the water quality of the river Lubumbashi: Case of Watershed Kafubu (Haut-Katanga / DR Congo)

Kalala, Serge Kashimbo — 2016-05-30T00:00:00-00:00

Katanga is nowadays dominated by mining activities, due to the presence of rich deposits of copper ore mainly but also cobalt, zinc, germanium and many others. These deposits left on the Katangan Copperbelt arc attracted investment capital needed to implant metal production plants (Cu, Co,…). These plants are generally hydrometallurgical expected to use large amounts of water and generated waste in the form of large quantities of liquid effluents. Sustainable Environmental Management recommends the use of modern devices to recycle wastewater from hydrometallurgical plants; unfortunately this is not the case of the STL, which discharges into the river Lubumbashi. Its rich effluents discharged minerals in the water have contributed to the change of the physicochemical conditions of the river. contents of the increase is noted in trace metals such as Cu, Co, Pb and Fe in water, soil and plants along the river Lubumbashi, through one of the Kafubu before flowing in the watershed of the Kafubu. This places the river water Lubumbashi on the list of those subject to special treatment before being used for various needs. Unfortunately, the population ignorant and uninformed on the matter is in use in the risk of contracting various diseases.

Impact of atmospheric emissions (SO2) from the chimney of the pyrometallurgical plant Gécamines on the soil in Lubumbashi: Case of quarter Penga-Penga (Lubumbashi, Haut-Katanga / DR Congo)

Kalala, Serge Kashimbo — 2016-05-30T00:00:00-00:00

Metal contamination of soils, following local atmospheric deposition (industrial and urban) and to different inputs (compost, manure ...) or former explains in particular the presence in surface horizons, current levels ETM such as Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb. However, despite the obvious effect of accumulation, transfer of metal to the depth is also noted, usually deducted from total contents comparisons metals in different soil horizons. Among the cited metallic elements, some are essential trace elements such as zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu), but become toxic at high concentrations. Others such as lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) are toxic when trace. Their accumulation and transfer in the soil on the site of Penga Penga-therefore a risk to human health through contamination of the food chain but also for the environment as a whole.

Neuro-Fuzzy Classification Techniques for Sentiment Analysis using Intelligent Agents on Twitter Data

Soundarya, V. — 2016-05-30T00:00:00-00:00

In this paper, we propose a new classification algorithm called Intelligent Agent and Neuro-Fuzzy Rule based Group Support Vector Machines (IGSVM) to perform major classification of sentiments and to form groups based on the sentiments of people with respect to change in time and place. Finally, the groups are used to form discussion forums on various topics including business, e-learning, tour and sports. The main advantage of the proposed work is to identify the user interest based on the sentiments identified from tweets and to form similar interest users groups for discussion on specific topics. From the experiments conducted in this work, it is proved that the user groups formed by sentiment analysis provided more than 94% accuracy in identifying members for forming interest groups on twitter and hence is more accurate than the existing systems.

REFUS D’EXISTENCE DU GENOCIDE COMMIS CONTRE LES TUTSI EN 1994 AU RWANDA A SA RECONNAISSANCE PAR L’ONU

HITIMANA, Justine — 2016-05-30T00:00:00-00:00

Genocide committed against the Tutsis in 1994 is a reality of the XXe century that is the specificity of Africa, since it was the first genocide that has been committed in this continent. In this manner Rwanda became unfortunately famous. The régime of Habyarimana had planned seriously and had executed genocide against the Tutsis. All the Institutions have been mobilized as well as a part of the population extremist Hutu to kill more possible Tutsi. The perpetrators had for mission to eliminate the Tutsis methodically using the lists of the names and the identification cards which mention the ethnicity. Thus, the Tutsis have been exterminated because the barriers were set up everywhere to stop the Tutsis from fleeing toward the neighboring countries. Before this genocide, the idleness of the International Community appeared a lot when some Tutsis have been killed without intervening. The following day of the beginning of slaughters in April 07 1994, the troops of RPF decided to leave their position in order to go to save the Tutsis that were again in life. The militias and the Presidential Guard killed the Tutsis while escaping the advanced of RPF toward the neighboring countries, but the big number of these perpetrators took refuge to the former Zaire, the current DRC. Finally, July 4, 1994, the RPF stopped genocide and liberated the country.